Twenty-four wells (21 locations) were core drilled into the limestone beneath the Keys, reef tract, and outer reefs to determine if sewage effluents injected in Class V wells onshore are reaching offshore reef areas via underground flow. These wells were fitted with PVC casings and well screens and were sampled every three months for a period of one year. Analyses showed consistent hypersalinity in most wells and a marked increase in nitrogen (as ammonia) in offshore ground water. Other forms of nitrogen (NO2 and NO3) and phosphorous were not particularly elevated in offshore ground water but were above the levels found in surface marine water. The highest levels of nitrogen (NO2 and NO3 ) and phosphorous were in shallow onshore ground waters. Sources for the nutrients in the shallow onshore ground water consist of septic tanks and cesspools (@ 24,000 and 5,000 in the Florida Keys, respectively), agricultural fertilizers, and natural vegetation. Ammonia concentrations were low in shallow ground waters beneath the Florida Keys, probably because of oxidizing conditions.
Tidal pumping is particularly active, especially nearshore. Hydraulic heads sufficient to elevate well water as much as 7 cm above sea level during falling tides were detected in all nearshore wells. During rising tides, the situation was reversed and water flowed into the wells. Tidal pumping implies considerable water movement both in and out of the upper few meters of limestone. Tidal pumping is a likely mechanism for mixing and transferring nutrient-rich ground water into the overlying marine waters. Although tidal pumping should cause rather complete mixing and dilution of any freshwater-based effluents entering the limestone via the more than 600 disposal wells in the Florida Keys, the ground waters in the 30- to 40-ft-depth range (9-12 m) nevertheless remained slightly hypersaline relative to sea water throughout the year.
Fecal coliform and fecal streptococcal bacteria were associated with three Lower Keys offshore wells and two shallow onshore wells at Key Largo. On occasions, these bacteria were detected farther offshore, once in a well 4 miles off Key Largo. The bacterial analyses for Key Largo (both onshore and offshore) are supported by two independent bacteriological researchers using more sophisticated methods than the standard 100-ml membrane-filter method used in this study. Fecal bacteria can serve as tracers; thus, we conclude their presence is possible evidence for offshore transport of ground waters originating on Key Largo. Elevated nutrients (ammonia) and slightly elevated dissolved total phosphorous in offshore ground waters, however, cannot be tied to onshore sources with existing data.
Rock analyses of material from our cores do not prove or disprove the hypothesis that limestone beneath the Keys or reef tract is serving as a sink for phosphorus or other nutrients. The data, however, do not rule out phosphorus uptake by limestone adjacent to disposal sources. For the purposes of this study, monitoring wells were not positioned sufficiently close to injection wells to determine if uptake of phosphorous is taking place. Ground waters were found to contain more dissolved solids than could be accounted for if hypersalinity resulted from simple evaporation of sea water. These data indicate that ground waters in the vicinity of our wells are dissolving solids from the rock rather than precipitating material within the rock framework; however, as mentioned above, our wells were not positioned sufficiently close to disposal wells to determine if localized uptake is occurring.
Examination of rock cores from these wells revealed a general distribution of reef- and grainstone-facies belts. The Upper and Middle Keys are composed of a thin coral reef facies that extends only a few hundred feet seaward of the Keys. Reef facies give way to mudstone facies within a few yards of shore on the Florida Bay side of the Keys. On the seaward side of the Keys, beneath Hawk Channel and White Bank, the Pleistocene limestone is a mixed grainstone, packstone, and wackstone facies. Corals are rare or absent. The Pleistocene limestone beneath the outer reefs 4 to 5 miles offshore, however, consists of reef facies with the same coral fauna as that found on Key Largo. This pattern of two major reef-facies belts separated by a 2- to 4-mile-wide belt of grainstone facies may have as yet undetermined effects on groundwater circulation beneath the Florida reef tract. Grainstone is approximately an order of magnitude less permeable than the coralline Key Largo Limestone facies.
The Q3 surface, a major subsurface unconformity thought to form an effective confining zone elsewhere in south Florida, was not detected in wells drilled more than 1 mile from shore. This unconformity, however, was detected in all wells drilled on or near the Keys. What was found to be a more effective and widespread confining layer is the Holocene sediment deposited on the Pleistocene limestone during the past 6,000 to 7,000 years. These relatively impermeable sediments are extensive, forming a belt up to 5 miles wide beginning about 0.5 mile offshore. Holocene sediments generally consist of low-permeability lime mud just above the Pleistocene surface, overlain by more permeable carbonate sands and reefs. Leakage of ground water by tidal pumping is not likely to occur through lime-mud-dominated areas such as Hawk Channel but is likely to occur through isolated porous and permeable Holocene reefs situated on Pleistocene limestone highs, and in places where Holocene sediment does not cover the limestone bedrock. Leakage is therefore limited to 1) a shallow-water 0.5-mile-wide nearshore belt of exposed Key Largo Limestone, 2) Holocene patch reefs, which grow on mud-free topographic rock highs, and 3) along the seaward side of the outermost reef in 35 to 65 ft (10-20 m) of water, where Holocene reef and sediment accumulations are thin or absent.
This study did not address direct measurements of lateral groundwater movement or a hydrologic mechanism for transporting hypersaline ground water away from the Florida Keys. More recent work, however (Halley et al., 1994), shows that sea level in Florida Bay is higher than on the Atlantic side of the Keys more than 50% of the time. Higher sea level on the bay side of the Keys provides a potential for groundwater flow toward the Atlantic most of the time. Use of tracers (dyes or harmless bacteriological tracers) injected into the center of tightly spaced clusters of monitoring wells is a simple way to ascertain the net direction and rate of groundwater movement. Knowing the direction and rate of groundwater movement is needed for prediction and modeling efforts in the future
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94276","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with NOAA Sanctuaries Reserves Division, NOAA National Underwater Research Program, Florida Keys Sanctuary Advisory Committee","usgsCitation":"Shinn, E., Reese, R.S., and Reich, C.D., 1994, Fate and pathways of injection-well effluent in the Florida Keys: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-276, v, 116 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94276.","productDescription":"v, 116 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":50491,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0276/ofr94276.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.90 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":153559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0276/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Keys","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.20794677734374,\n 24.477150011148677\n ],\n [\n -81.727294921875,\n 24.467150664739002\n ],\n [\n -81.18896484375,\n 24.58459276519208\n ],\n [\n -80.64239501953125,\n 24.816653556469955\n ],\n [\n -80.36773681640625,\n 25.0383270525352\n ],\n [\n -80.17822265625,\n 25.341543769441667\n ],\n [\n -80.14801025390625,\n 25.527571660479637\n ],\n [\n -80.22491455078125,\n 25.527571660479637\n ],\n [\n -80.26885986328125,\n 25.43087300404471\n ],\n [\n -80.42266845703124,\n 25.232273973019627\n ],\n [\n -80.55450439453125,\n 25.22978942503438\n ],\n [\n -80.6781005859375,\n 25.13533901613099\n ],\n [\n -81.1065673828125,\n 25.07316070640961\n ],\n [\n -81.20269775390624,\n 25.175116531621764\n ],\n [\n -82.20794677734374,\n 24.749325626697196\n ],\n [\n -82.20794677734374,\n 24.477150011148677\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
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Operating Criteria and Procedures established in 1988 for delivery of water for irrigation in the Newlands Project area include regulations and methods to increase Project efficiency. Public Law 101-618 of 1990 includes a target of 75-percent Project efficiency and a program of water-rights acquisition for wetlands maintenance. The directives could result in large reductions in water used for irrigation in the Carson Desert, potentially affecting ground-water supplies. Previous studies of the area have been evaluated to determine the current understanding of how aquifers are recharged, what controls the flow and quality of ground water, potential effects of changes in water use, and what additional information would be needed to quantify further changes in water use.
Inflow of surface water to the basin from Lahontan Reservoir averaged about 370,000 acre-ft/yr (acre-feet per year) from 1975 to 1992, supplying water for irrigation of more than 50,000 acres. More than half of the water released from the reservoir is lost to seepage, operational spills, and evaporation before delivery of about 170,000 acre-ft/yr to farm headgates. The volume of water delivered to farms that does not contribute to crop consumptive use (on-farm loss) is poorly known but could be as much as 60,000 acre-ft/yr. Consumptive use on irrigated land may be about 180,000 acre-ft/yr, of which 50,000 acre-ft/yr may be derived from the shallow aquifer. Outflow from irrigated land is a mixture of operational spill, runoff from irrigated fields, and ground-water seepage to drains. Total outflow averages about 170,000 to 190,000 acre-ft/yr. This water flows to wetlands at Carson Lake, Stillwater Wildlife Management Area, and Carson Sink.
Three sedimentary aquifers were previously defined in the basin: a shallow aquifer having highly variable lithology and water quality, an intermediate aquifer containing principally fresh water, and a deep aquifer having water of poor quality. The deep aquifer could possibly be divided into sedimentary and volcanic zones. In addition, a near-surface zone may exist near the top of the shallow aquifer where vertical flow is inhibited by underlying clay beds. A basalt aquifer near the center of the basin is the source of public supply and is recharged by the shallow, intermediate, and deep aquifers. Water levels in the basalt aquifer have declined about 10 feet from pre-pumping levels, and chloride and arsenic concentrations in the water have increased. The average depth to ground water has decreased beneath large areas of the Carson Desert since 1904 as a result of recharge of surface water used for irrigation. Ground water generally flows from west to east, and dissolvedsolids concentrations increase greatly near areas of ground-water discharge, where State of Nevada drinking-water standards commonly are exceeded.
Uncertainties in the rates of recharge to and discharge from the basin cause an imbalance in the calculated water budget. Estimates for total recharge range from 400,000 to 420,000 acreft/yr, whereas estimates for discharge range from 630,000 to 680,000 acre-ft/yr. Estimates of inflow to and outflow from aquifers of the study area are as follows: shallow aquifer, more than 120,000 acre-ft/yr; intermediate aquifer, possibly more than 25,000 acre-ft/yr; deep aquifer, unknown; and basalt aquifer, about 4,000 acre-ft/yr. Estimates for flow volumes to and from the shallow and intermediate aquifers are based on assumed aquifer properties and could be in error by an order of magnitude or more.
Conceptual models of the basin show that ground-water flow is downward from the shallow aquifer to the intermediate aquifer in the western part and near the center of the basin, and is upward in the eastern part of the basin. Little is known about flow in the deep aquifer. Nearsurface clay beds inhibit vertical flow near the center and eastern part of the basin except where breached by relict sand-filled channels of the Carson River.
Conceptual models of the basin show that changes in water use in the western part of the basin probably would affect recharge to the sedimentary and basalt aquifers. Near the center of the basin, water-use changes could affect the shallow and basalt aquifers but might have less effect on the intermediate aquifer. In the eastern part of the basin, changes could affect the shallow aquifer, but would probably not affect the intermediate or basalt aquifers.
If seepage is decreased by lining canals, and land is removed from production, water-level declines in the shallow aquifer could be greater than 10 feet as far as 2 miles from the lined canals. Depending upon the distribution of specific yield, decreasing recharge by 25,000 to 50,000 acre-ft/yr beneath 30,000 acres could cause water levels to decline from 4 to 17 feet. Where ground water supplements crop consumptive use, water levels could temporarily rise when land is removed from production. Where water is pumped from a near-surface zone of the shallow aquifer, water-level declines might not greatly affect pumped wells where the nearsurface zone is thickest, but could cause wells to go dry where the zone is thin.
The understanding of surface-water and ground-water relations, recharge and discharge of ground water, ground-water movement, and the potential effects of changes in water use in the Carson Desert can be refined by studying (1) the extent of potable water in the intermediate and basalt aquifers, (2) lithology and specific yield of aquifer materials, (3) data on ground-water levels and quality, and (4) data on surface-water flow and quality, as well as monitoring the effects of changes in water use as they take place.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93463","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Maurer, D.K., Johnson, A.K., and Welch, A., 1994, Hydrogeology and potential effects of changes in water use, Carson Desert agricultural area, Churchill County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-463, Report: ix, 101 p.; 3 Plates: 28.70 x 31.65 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93463.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 101 p.; 3 Plates: 28.70 x 31.65 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":351002,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":351001,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":351000,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":350999,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"150000","country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Churchill County","otherGeospatial":"Carson Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 39\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625535","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maurer, Douglas K. dkmaurer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"Douglas","email":"dkmaurer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":181895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Ann K.","contributorId":12457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Welch, Alan H.","contributorId":45286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"Alan H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44322,"text":"ofr94182A - 1994 - Analytical data for stream sediment, heavy-mineral concentrate, and outcrop samples, Sur Medio region, departments of Ica, Ayacucho, and Huancavelica, Peru; Part A, General discussion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:00","indexId":"ofr94182A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-182","chapter":"A","title":"Analytical data for stream sediment, heavy-mineral concentrate, and outcrop samples, Sur Medio region, departments of Ica, Ayacucho, and Huancavelica, Peru; Part A, General discussion","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr94182A","usgsCitation":"Learned, R.E., Long, K.R., Turner, R.L., Rios C., C., and Rodriguez C., J., 1994, Analytical data for stream sediment, heavy-mineral concentrate, and outcrop samples, Sur Medio region, departments of Ica, Ayacucho, and Huancavelica, Peru; Part A, General discussion: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-182, 9 p.; 2 v. : map ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94182A.","productDescription":"9 p.; 2 v. : map ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0182a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":81649,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0182a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acee4b07f02db67fd3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Learned, Robert Eugene","contributorId":11627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Learned","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Eugene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Long, K. R.","contributorId":94658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turner, R. L.","contributorId":93903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rios C., Cesar","contributorId":95945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rios C.","given":"Cesar","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rodriguez C., Joe","contributorId":39438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez C.","given":"Joe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":20090,"text":"ofr9483 - 1994 - Biology as an integrated component of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:43","indexId":"ofr9483","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-83","title":"Biology as an integrated component of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey?s (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program is designed to integrate chemical, physical, and biological data to assess the status of and trends in the Nation?s water quality at local, regional, and national levels. The Program consists of 60 study units (major river basins and large parts of aquifers) located throughout the Nation (fig. 1). Data are collected at stream, river, and ground-water sites that represent the Nation?s mix of major natural and human factors that influence water quality. Biological data are collected from streams and rivers, and include (1) fish and other aquatic organisms whose tissues are analyzed for a wide array of chemical contaminants; (2) characterizations of algal, benthic invertebrate, and fish communities; and (3) characterizations of vegetation growing in streams and along streambanks. These biological data are collected in conjunction with physical (streamflow, characterizations of instream, bank, and flood-plain habitats) and chemical data.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9483","usgsCitation":"Meador, M., and Gurtz, M.E., 1994, Biology as an integrated component of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-83, 4 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9483.","productDescription":"4 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0083/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49641,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0083/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db6231db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meador, Michael R. mrmeador@usgs.gov","contributorId":615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"Michael R.","email":"mrmeador@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":182043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gurtz, Martin E. megurtz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurtz","given":"Martin","email":"megurtz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":182044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19573,"text":"ofr94148 - 1994 - Granitic rocks in the Triassic-Jurassic magmatic arc of western Nevada and eastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:32","indexId":"ofr94148","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-148","title":"Granitic rocks in the Triassic-Jurassic magmatic arc of western Nevada and eastern California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94148","usgsCitation":"John, D., Schweickert, R., and Robinson, A., 1994, Granitic rocks in the Triassic-Jurassic magmatic arc of western Nevada and eastern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-148, 61 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94148.","productDescription":"61 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0148/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49046,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0148/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672436","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"John, D. A.","contributorId":43748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"John","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schweickert, R.A.","contributorId":69577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweickert","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robinson, A.C.","contributorId":70409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":49717,"text":"ofr94574 - 1994 - Publications of the Branch of Atlantic Marine Geology for Calendar Year 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:13","indexId":"ofr94574","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-574","title":"Publications of the Branch of Atlantic Marine Geology for Calendar Year 1993","docAbstract":"This U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report [extract] contains a listing of publications authored or co-authored by members of the Branch of Atlantic Marine Geology and published in calendar year 1993. The Branch conducts a broad geologic and geophysical research and mapping program, primarily along the U.S. Atlantic Margin, in the Great Lakes, the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean and polar regions. A long range objective of this program is to develop a comprehensive understanding of the geology of the continental margin and a predictive capability to guide and assess the consequences of its use.\r\n\r\nHeadquarters of the Branch of Atlantic Marine Geology are located in Woods Hole, MA., and personnel are located in Woods Hole, MA., St Petersburg, FL., Reston, VA., Denver, CO., and San Juan, Puerto Rico. A brochure describing the Branch of Atlantic Marine Geology may be obtained by writing to Chief, Branch of Atlantic Marine Geology, Quissett Campus, Woods Hole, MA 02543.\r\n\r\nResults of Branch investigations are distributed in a variety of ways, including maps, journal articles, abstracts and U.S.G.S. publications. Copies of U.S.G.S. Open File Reports may be obtained from the author. Book publications can be obtained from U.S. Geological Survey, Books and Reports Sales, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225. Copies of U.S.G.S. Maps may be obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey, Map Sales, Federal Center, Box 25286, Denver, CO 80225.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr94574","usgsCitation":"Mons-Wengler, M.C., and Oldale, R.N., 1994, Publications of the Branch of Atlantic Marine Geology for Calendar Year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-574, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94574.","productDescription":"19 p.","temporalStart":"1993-01-01","temporalEnd":"1993-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":132,"text":"Atlantic Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":175692,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4341,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/bibliographies/ofr94-574x.html ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64943f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mons-Wengler, Margaret C.","contributorId":87158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mons-Wengler","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oldale, Robert N.","contributorId":38953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oldale","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19589,"text":"ofr9446 - 1994 - Description and use of a geographic-information-system-based Water Information Management and Analysis System (WIMAS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:29","indexId":"ofr9446","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-46","title":"Description and use of a geographic-information-system-based Water Information Management and Analysis System (WIMAS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9446","usgsCitation":"Juracek, K.E., 1994, Description and use of a geographic-information-system-based Water Information Management and Analysis System (WIMAS): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-46, iv, 20 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9446.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0046/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49059,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66db5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juracek, K. E. 0000-0002-2102-8980","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-8980","contributorId":44570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juracek","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20676,"text":"ofr94446 - 1994 - Planktic foraminifer census data from site RC-15-62 and Ocean Drilling Program holes 747A and 751A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:46","indexId":"ofr94446","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-446","title":"Planktic foraminifer census data from site RC-15-62 and Ocean Drilling Program holes 747A and 751A","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94446","usgsCitation":"Robinson, M., and Brown, S., 1994, Planktic foraminifer census data from site RC-15-62 and Ocean Drilling Program holes 747A and 751A: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-446, 6 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94446.","productDescription":"6 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0446/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50200,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0446/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6855a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, M.M.","contributorId":56263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, S.L.","contributorId":100154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":20134,"text":"ofr94144 - 1994 - Natural acid drainage from altered areas within and adjacent to the upper Alamosa River basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:43","indexId":"ofr94144","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-144","title":"Natural acid drainage from altered areas within and adjacent to the upper Alamosa River basin, Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94144","usgsCitation":"Miller, W.R., and McHugh, J.B., 1994, Natural acid drainage from altered areas within and adjacent to the upper Alamosa River basin, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-144, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94144.","productDescription":"47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0144/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49677,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0144/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6982b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, W. R.","contributorId":92239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McHugh, J. B.","contributorId":79462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHugh","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":49730,"text":"ofr94637 - 1994 - Geophysical database of the East Coast of the United States northern Atlantic margin: Cross sections and gridded database (Georges Bank Basin, Long Island Platform, and Baltimore Canyon Trough)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-05T18:55:24.728257","indexId":"ofr94637","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-637","title":"Geophysical database of the East Coast of the United States northern Atlantic margin: Cross sections and gridded database (Georges Bank Basin, Long Island Platform, and Baltimore Canyon Trough)","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94637","usgsCitation":"Klitgord, K.D., Poag, C.W., Schneider, C.M., and North, L., 1994, Geophysical database of the East Coast of the United States northern Atlantic margin: Cross sections and gridded database (Georges Bank Basin, Long Island Platform, and Baltimore Canyon Trough): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-637, 189 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94637.","productDescription":"189 p.","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":86279,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0637/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":404887,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12568.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":175506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0637/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"North Atlantic margin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -66,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -66,\n 43.016\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 43.016\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 34\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a87eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klitgord, Kim D.","contributorId":82307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klitgord","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poag, C. W.","contributorId":16402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schneider, C. M.","contributorId":27537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"North, L.","contributorId":20397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"North","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":20719,"text":"ofr94235 - 1994 - Gazetteer of Venusian nomenclature","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:41","indexId":"ofr94235","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-235","title":"Gazetteer of Venusian nomenclature","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94235","usgsCitation":"Russell, J., 1994, Gazetteer of Venusian nomenclature: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-235, 28 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94235.","productDescription":"28 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153243,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0235/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50277,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0235/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1261","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Russell, J.F.","contributorId":52210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20977,"text":"ofr93482 - 1994 - Water-quality data for selected wetland streams in central and eastern Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:55","indexId":"ofr93482","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-482","title":"Water-quality data for selected wetland streams in central and eastern Massachusetts","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93482","usgsCitation":"Socolow, R., 1994, Water-quality data for selected wetland streams in central and eastern Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-482, iv, 89 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93482.","productDescription":"iv, 89 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154346,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0482/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50559,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0482/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5facb7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Socolow, R.S.","contributorId":17639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Socolow","given":"R.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21023,"text":"ofr93658 - 1994 - Data on observation wells, ground-water levels, and ground-water quality for the stratified-drift aquifer in the northwestern basin of Country Pond, Kingston, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:54","indexId":"ofr93658","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-658","title":"Data on observation wells, ground-water levels, and ground-water quality for the stratified-drift aquifer in the northwestern basin of Country Pond, Kingston, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"Observation-well, ground-water-level, and ground- water-quality data were collected for a study of ground-water contamination in stratified drift at Country Pond in Kingston, New Hampshire. The report includes drilling records for 30 wells installed at various depths in stratified drift beneath Country Pond. Ground-water levels are recorded for nine wells drilled under the direction of the U.S. Geological Survey in May 1991. Water-quality analyses are presented for 56 ground-water samples collected from 30 wells drilled during the investigation. Samples were analyzed in the laboratory for 40 volatile organic compounds. Ground-water contamination from volatile organic compounds was found in 23 of the 56 samples collected.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93658","usgsCitation":"Stekl, P., 1994, Data on observation wells, ground-water levels, and ground-water quality for the stratified-drift aquifer in the northwestern basin of Country Pond, Kingston, New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-658, 18 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93658.","productDescription":"18 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154367,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0658/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50597,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0658/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c80c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stekl, P. 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As part of this evaluation process, a review of the literature pertaining to the testing of point-velocity current meters was conducted. A listing of current-meter testing found in the literature was compiled and is grouped according to the type of meter tested and the type of test conducted. Meter types included in the review were vertical- and horizontal-axis mechanical current meters and electromagnetic acoustic electronic current meters. Laser current meters are not included in the review because there are no practical laser meter designs for field velocity measurements. 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