A revision of the Birkenes model of streamwater acidification has been attempted to incorporate additional chemical and hydrologic information gained in the last 6 years since its original construction. The first stage of this effort has been an analysis of the hydrologic submodel with the goal of extending it to predict concentrations of a conservative tracer in streamwater. An objective calibration of the model indicated that the model is overparameterized. Only one passive store is identifiabile, not two as currently contained in the model and the routing between the two reservoirs is not determined by the data. Inclusion of the conservative tracer improved the identifiability of the dimensional parameters, but had little effect on the rate or routing parameters. If the hydrologic structure is to be determined from the hydrograph and conservative tracer alone, it must be simplified to eliminate unidentifiable parameters. The validity of using more complex rainfall-runoff models in hydrochemical models which seek to test chemical mechanisms is called into question by this analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR024i008p01308","usgsCitation":"Hooper, R.P., Stone, A., Christophersen, N., Grosbois, D., and Seip, H.M., 1988, Assessing the Birkenes Model of stream acidification using a multisignal calibration methodology: Water Resources Research, v. 24, no. 8, p. 1308-1316, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR024i008p01308.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1308","endPage":"1316","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225946,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ede4e4b0c8380cd49aa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hooper, Richard P.","contributorId":19144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Alex","contributorId":198669,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stone","given":"Alex","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christophersen, Nils","contributorId":198668,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christophersen","given":"Nils","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grosbois, de","contributorId":77668,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grosbois","given":"de","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seip, Hans M.","contributorId":69720,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seip","given":"Hans","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70014291,"text":"70014291 - 1988 - No evidence for post-icesheet cirque glaciation in New England","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-08T16:40:24.433184","indexId":"70014291","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"No evidence for post-icesheet cirque glaciation in New England","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.288.5.495","usgsCitation":"Waitt, R.B., and Davis, P.T., 1988, No evidence for post-icesheet cirque glaciation in New England: American Journal of Science, v. 288, no. 5, p. 495-533, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.288.5.495.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"495","endPage":"533","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226014,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont","otherGeospatial":"New 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\"}}]}","volume":"288","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a670be4b0c8380cd73148","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waitt, Richard B. 0000-0002-6392-5604 waitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6392-5604","contributorId":2343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waitt","given":"Richard","email":"waitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":368052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, P. Thompson","contributorId":269510,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thompson","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014301,"text":"70014301 - 1988 - Mechanisms for aqueous photolysis of adsorbed benzoate, oxalate, and succinate on iron oxyhydroxide (goethite) surfaces","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-19T15:37:47.648587","indexId":"70014301","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanisms for aqueous photolysis of adsorbed benzoate, oxalate, and succinate on iron oxyhydroxide (goethite) surfaces","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00174a015","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, K., 1988, Mechanisms for aqueous photolysis of adsorbed benzoate, oxalate, and succinate on iron oxyhydroxide (goethite) surfaces: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 22, no. 9, p. 1090-1097, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00174a015.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1090","endPage":"1097","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226145,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a536ae4b0c8380cd6ca7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, K.M.","contributorId":100020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014303,"text":"70014303 - 1988 - Near-infrared reflectance spectra of mixtures of kaolin-group minerals: Use in clay mineral studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-27T11:08:53","indexId":"70014303","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Near-infrared reflectance spectra of mixtures of kaolin-group minerals: Use in clay mineral studies","docAbstract":"Near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectra for mixtures of ordered kaolinite and ordered dickite have been found to simulate the spectral response of disordered kaolinite. The amount of octahedral vacancy disorder in nine disordered kaolinite samples was estimated by comparing the sample spectra to the spectra of reference mixtures. The resulting estimates are consistent with previously published estimates of vacancy disorder for similar kaolin minerals that were modeled from calculated X-ray diffraction patterns. The ordered kaolinite and dickite samples used in the reference mixtures were carefully selected to avoid undesirable particle size effects that could bias the spectral results.
NIR spectra were also recorded for laboratory mixtures of ordered kaolinite and halloysite to assess whether the spectra could be potentially useful for determining mineral proportions in natural physical mixtures of these two clays. Although the kaolinite-halloysite proportions could only be roughly estimated from the mixture spectra, the halloysite component was evident even when halloysite was present in only minor amounts. A similar approach using NIR spectra for laboratory mixtures may have applications in other studies of natural clay mixtures.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Mineral Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1988.0360404","usgsCitation":"Crowley, J.K., and Vergo, N., 1988, Near-infrared reflectance spectra of mixtures of kaolin-group minerals: Use in clay mineral studies: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 36, no. 4, p. 310-316, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1988.0360404.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"310","endPage":"316","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226212,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63fbe4b0c8380cd727dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowley, James K.","contributorId":10928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vergo, Norma","contributorId":18394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vergo","given":"Norma","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013725,"text":"70013725 - 1988 - Groundwater flow and transport modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-23T16:45:10.120868","indexId":"70013725","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater flow and transport modeling","docAbstract":"Deterministic, distributed-parameter, numerical simulation models for analyzing groundwater flow and transport problems have come to be used almost routinely during the past decade. A review of the theoretical basis and practical use of groundwater flow and solute transport models is used to illustrate the state-of-the-art. Because of errors and uncertainty in defining model parameters, models must be calibrated to obtain a best estimate of the parameters. For flow modeling, data generally are sufficient to allow calibration. For solute-transport modeling, lack of data not only limits calibration, but also causes uncertainty in process description. Where data are available, model reliability should be assessed on the basis of sensitivity tests and measures of goodness-of-fit. Some of these concepts are demonstrated by using two case histories.
This field study focuses on quantitatively defining the chemical changes occurring in Falling Spring Creek, a travertine-depositing stream located in Alleghany County, Virginia. The processes of CO2outgassing and calcite precipitation or dissolution control the chemical evolution of the stream. The observed chemical composition of the water was used with the computerized geochemical model WATEQF to calculate aqueous speciation, saturation indices, and CO2 partial pressure values. Mass balance calculations were performed to obtain mass transfers of CO2 and calcite. Reaction times, estimated from stream discharge, were used with the mass transfer results to calculate rates of CO2, outgassing and calcite precipitation between consecutive sampling points. The stream, which is fed by a carbonate spring, is supersaturated with respect to CO2 along the entire 5.2-km flow path. Outgassing of CO2 drives the solution to high degrees of supersaturation with respect to calcite. Metabolic uptake of CO2 by photosynthetic plants is insignificant, because the high supply rate of dissolved carbon dioxide and the extreme agitation of the stream at waterfalls and rapids causes a much greater amount of inorganic CO2 outgassing to occur. Calcite precipitation is kinetically inhibited until near the crest of a 20-m vertical waterfall. Calcite precipitation rates then reach a maximum at the waterfall where greater water turbulence allows the most rapid escape of CO2. Physical evidence for calcite precipitation exists in the travertine deposits which are first observed immediately above the waterfall and extend for at least 1.0 km below the falls. Net calcite precipitation occurs at all times of the year but is greatest during low-flow conditions in the summer and early fall.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR024i009p01541","usgsCitation":"Lorah, M.M., and Herman, J.S., 1988, The chemical evolution of a travertine-depositing stream: Geochemical processes and mass transfer reactions: Water Resources Research, v. 24, no. 9, p. 1541-1552, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR024i009p01541.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1541","endPage":"1552","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225567,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa2be4b08c986b322740","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorah, Michelle M. 0000-0002-9236-587X mmlorah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-587X","contributorId":1437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorah","given":"Michelle","email":"mmlorah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":368129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herman, Janet S.","contributorId":62138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014304,"text":"70014304 - 1988 - Dipolar-dephasing 13C NMR studies of decomposed wood and coalified xylem tissue: Evidence for chemical structural changes associated with defunctionalization of lignin structural units during coalification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-16T00:54:55.97725","indexId":"70014304","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1506,"text":"Energy & Fuels","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dipolar-dephasing 13C NMR studies of decomposed wood and coalified xylem tissue: Evidence for chemical structural changes associated with defunctionalization of lignin structural units during coalification","docAbstract":"A series of decomposed and coalified gymnosperm woods was examined by conventional solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and by dipolar-dephasing NMR techniques. The results of these NMR studies for a histologically related series of samples provide clues as to the nature of codification reactions that lead to the defunctionalization of lignin-derived aromatic structures. These reactions sequentially involve the following: (1) loss of methoxyl carbons from guaiacyl structural units with replacement by hydroxyls and increased condensation; (2) loss of hydroxyls or aryl ethers with replacement by hydrogen as rank increases from lignin to high-volatile bituminous coal; (3) loss of alkyl groups with continued replacement by hydrogen. The dipolar-dephasing data show that the early stages of coalification in samples examined (lignin to lignite) involve a decreasing degree of protonation on aromatic rings and suggest that condensation is significant during coalification at this early stage. An increasing degree of protonation on aromatic rings is observed as the rank of the sample increases from lignite to anthracite.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ef00007a008","issn":"08870624","usgsCitation":"Hatcher, P.G., 1988, Dipolar-dephasing 13C NMR studies of decomposed wood and coalified xylem tissue: Evidence for chemical structural changes associated with defunctionalization of lignin structural units during coalification: Energy & Fuels, v. 2, no. 1, p. 48-58, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef00007a008.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"48","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226213,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01a8e4b0c8380cd4fcc2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatcher, Patrick G.","contributorId":93625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014352,"text":"1014352 - 1988 - Lack of dietary effects on the timing of smoltification in Atlantic salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T15:38:49.853602","indexId":"1014352","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lack of dietary effects on the timing of smoltification in Atlantic salmon","docAbstract":"Six commercially available diets varying in lipid, protein, water, ash, and carbohydrate contents were fed to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) for 2 years to determine if diet affected smoltification. Each month, from March to September of the second year, sampled fish were exposed to 33‰ seawater for 24 h to determine smolt readiness, defined as the ability to maintain water and salt balance in a seawater challenge. Regardless of diet, Atlantic salmon were able to regulate plasma sodium and chloride ions (smoltify) only during early May. It is unlikely that hatchery managers could effectively use high‐energy diets to control the time of smoltification in Atlantic salmon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1988)050%3C0007:ALODEO%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Redell, L.A., Rottiers, D.V., and Lemm, C.A., 1988, Lack of dietary effects on the timing of smoltification in Atlantic salmon: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 50, p. 7-11, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1988)050%3C0007:ALODEO%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"11","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131419,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4401","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Redell, Lori A.","contributorId":66204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redell","given":"Lori","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rottiers, D. V.","contributorId":49301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rottiers","given":"D.","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lemm, C. A.","contributorId":42162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemm","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014308,"text":"70014308 - 1988 - Simulation technique for modeling flow on floodplains and in coastal wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:32","indexId":"70014308","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Simulation technique for modeling flow on floodplains and in coastal wetlands","docAbstract":"The system design is premised on a proven, areal two-dimensional, finite-difference flow/transport model which is supported by an operational set of computer programs for input data management and model output interpretation. The purposes of the project are (1) to demonstrate the utility of the model for providing useful highway design information, (2) to develop guidelines and procedures for using the simulation system for evaluation, analysis, and optimal design of highway crossings of floodplain and coastal wetland areas, and (3) to identify improvements which can be effected in the simulation system to better serve the needs of highway design engineers. Two case study model implementations, being conducted to demonstrate the simulation system and modeling procedure, are presented and discussed briefly.","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1988 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"8 August 1988 through 12 August 1988","conferenceLocation":"Colorado Springs, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872626709; 0872626709","usgsCitation":"Schaffranek, R.W., and Baltzer, R.A., 1988, Simulation technique for modeling flow on floodplains and in coastal wetlands, Hydraulic Engineering: Proceedings of the 1988 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, Colorado Springs, CO, USA, 8 August 1988 through 12 August 1988, p. 732-739.","startPage":"732","endPage":"739","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225242,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90c1e4b08c986b319658","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaffranek, Raymond W.","contributorId":86314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaffranek","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baltzer, Robert A.","contributorId":34269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baltzer","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014325,"text":"70014325 - 1988 - The molecular composition of ambers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-14T20:42:31.122132","indexId":"70014325","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The molecular composition of ambers","docAbstract":"Bulk (elemental composition, IR, CP/MAS 13C NMR) and molecular (GC-MS) analyses have been performed on a series of ambers and resins derived from different locations (Dominican Republic, Philippines, Canada, Israel, New Zealand, Chile) having diverse botanical affinities (Araucariaceae, Hymenaea) and variable age (from Holocene to Early Cretaceous). No major differences have been observed from the elemental composition and the spectroscopic data; however, the molecular analyses of the solvent extractable fraction show that a specific mixture of components is present in each sample. These are mainly diterpenoid products that in general are also found abundantly in the higher plants from which the ambers and resins originate. Nevertheless, a direct relationship between major terpenoid constituents in fossil resins and precursor plant materials can only be established for the younger samples.
Irrespective of the geographical or botanical origin of the ambers and resins, several common age-dependent molecular transformation trends can be recognized: (1) progressive loss of olefinic bonds (especially those located in exocyclic positions), (2) decrease of functionalized products, and (3) increasing proportion of aromatized components. However, even in the samples of older age (Cretaceous) the degree of aromatization is very low when compared with that of other higher-plant related materials such as fossilized woods or low rank coals. This indicates that maturation must involve essentially olefin polymerization processes instead of extensive aromatization.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(88)90089-7","usgsCitation":"Grimalt, J., Simoneit, B.R., Hatcher, P.G., and Nissenbaum, A., 1988, The molecular composition of ambers: Organic Geochemistry, v. 13, no. 4-6, p. 677-690, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(88)90089-7.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"677","endPage":"690","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225503,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"4-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bade2e4b08c986b323e44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grimalt, J.O.","contributorId":51920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grimalt","given":"J.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simoneit, Bernd R. T.","contributorId":51021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simoneit","given":"Bernd","email":"","middleInitial":"R. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hatcher, Patrick G.","contributorId":93625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nissenbaum, A.","contributorId":103008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nissenbaum","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013813,"text":"70013813 - 1988 - Fluid inclusions in vadose cement with consistent vapor to liquid ratios, Pleistocene Miami Limestone, southeastern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T16:11:14.614081","indexId":"70013813","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid inclusions in vadose cement with consistent vapor to liquid ratios, Pleistocene Miami Limestone, southeastern Florida","docAbstract":"Vadose cements in the Late Pleistocene Miami Limestone contain regions with two-phase aqueous fluid inclusions that have consistent vapor to liquid (V-L) ratios. When heated, these seemingly primary inclusions homogenize to a liquid phase in a range between 75°C and 130°C (mean = 100°C) and have final melting temperatures between −0.3° and 0.0°C. The original distribution of Th was broadened during measurements because of fluid inclusion reequilibration. The narrow range of Th in these fluid inclusions suggest unusually consistent V-L ratios. They occur with small, obscure, single phase liquid-filled inclusions, which infer a low temperature origin (less than 60°C), and contradict the higher temperature origin implied by the two phase inclusions.
The diagenetic environment producing these seemingly primary fluid inclusions can be inferred from the origin of the host calcite enclosing them. The δ18O composition of these cements (−4 to−5.5%., PDB) and the fresh water in the fluid inclusions are consistent with precipitation from low-temperature meteoric water. The carbon-isotope composition of the vadose cements that contain only rare two-phase fluid inclusions are comparable to the host rock matrix (δ13C between 0 and +4%., PDB). Cements that contain common two-phase fluid-inclusions have a distinctly lighter carbon isotopic composition of −3 to −5%.. The carbon isotope composition of cements that contain common two-phase inclusions are about 6%. lighter than those of other vadose cements; models of early meteoric diagenesis indicate that this is the result of precipitation from water that has been influenced by soil gas CO2.
Our hypothesis is that the primary fluid inclusions, those with consistent V-L ratios and the single-phase liquid inclusions, form at near-surface temperature (25°C) and pressure when consistent proportions of soil gas and meteoric water percolating through the vadose zone are trapped within elongate vacuoles.
This study corroborates that Th measurements on two phase inclusions in vadose cements can be misleading evidence of thermal diagenesis, even if the measurements are well grouped.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(88)90256-6","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Barker, C., and Halley, R.B., 1988, Fluid inclusions in vadose cement with consistent vapor to liquid ratios, Pleistocene Miami Limestone, southeastern Florida: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 52, no. 5, p. 1019-1025, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90256-6.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1019","endPage":"1025","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220668,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1277e4b0c8380cd542fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, C.E.","contributorId":69991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halley, R. B.","contributorId":87941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halley","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014359,"text":"70014359 - 1988 - Elastic-wave propagation and site amplification in the Salt Lake Valley, Utah, from simulated normal faulting earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-28T13:29:14.16058","indexId":"70014359","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Elastic-wave propagation and site amplification in the Salt Lake Valley, Utah, from simulated normal faulting earthquakes","docAbstract":"The two-dimensional seismic response of the Salt Lake valley to near- and far-field earthquakes has been investigated from simulations of vertically incident plane waves and from normal-faulting earthquakes generated on the basin-bounding Wasatch fault. The response to normal faulting earthquakes was simulated using a two-dimensional finite-element method and the plane-wave response was calculated from two-dimensional finite-difference simulations. The plane-wave simulations were then compared with observed site amplifications in the Salt Lake valley, based on seismic recordings from nuclear explosions in southern Nevada, that show 10 times greater amplification within the basin than measured values on hard-rock sites. While previous studies attribute this increased site amplification to the near-surface unconsolidated/consolidated alluvial fill contact, our synthetic seismograms suggest that in the frequency band 0.3 to 1.5 Hz at least one-half the site amplification can be attributed to the impedance contrast between the basin sediments and higher velocity basement rocks. Synthetic seismograms from vertically incident plane-wave sources and buried double-couple sources predict large amplitude Rayleigh-wave propagation from the edges of the basin and, in general, uniform site amplification. In contrast, near-field simulations of basin-bounding, normal-faulting earthquakes predict large-amplitude Rayleigh waves propagating westward from the fault across the basin. Spectra of synthetic accelerograms computed from the normal-faulting earthquakes shows that spectral amplification within the basin is primarily due to source directivity with a maxima near the surface projection of the fault that decays rapidly away from the fault. Importantly, the synthetic modeling of near-field earthquake sources show that near-field directivity effects are important and should be considered in an earthquake hazard assessment of the Salt Lake valley and similar geologic settings along the Wasatch Front.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0780061851","usgsCitation":"Benz, H., and Smith, R.B., 1988, Elastic-wave propagation and site amplification in the Salt Lake Valley, Utah, from simulated normal faulting earthquakes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 78, no. 6, p. 1851-1874, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0780061851.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"1851","endPage":"1874","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226151,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Salt Lake Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.56378026249851,\n 41.01057844273427\n ],\n [\n -112.56378026249851,\n 39.940909170477454\n ],\n [\n -110.98174901249853,\n 39.940909170477454\n ],\n [\n -110.98174901249853,\n 41.01057844273427\n ],\n [\n -112.56378026249851,\n 41.01057844273427\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"78","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1988-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0883e4b0c8380cd51b5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benz, H.M.","contributorId":21594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, R. B.","contributorId":64589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":69537,"text":"hu21 - 1988 - Hydrologic Unit Map – 1988, states of Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-28T19:19:37.397831","indexId":"hu21","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":319,"text":"Hydrologic Unit","code":"HU","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"21","title":"Hydrologic Unit Map – 1988, states of Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/hu21","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1988, Hydrologic Unit Map – 1988, states of Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Unit 21, Report: 1 p.; 1 Plate: 37.87 x 21.73 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/hu21.","productDescription":"Report: 1 p.; 1 Plate: 37.87 x 21.73 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420200,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611923","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014369,"text":"70014369 - 1988 - The metal oxide fraction of pelagic sediment in the equatorial North Pacific Ocean: A source of metals in ferromanganese nodules","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T16:18:41.285508","indexId":"70014369","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The metal oxide fraction of pelagic sediment in the equatorial North Pacific Ocean: A source of metals in ferromanganese nodules","docAbstract":"Pelagic sediment recovered at DOMES Site A in the equatorial North Pacific (151°W, 9° 15′N) consists of a surface homogeneous layer, approximately 10 cm thick, overlying a strongly mottled layer that is lighter in color. The radiolarian composition of both units is Quaternary. In areas where this sediment was only a few centimeters thick, the underlying sediment was early Tertiary. Clay mineralogy and major oxide composition of the two Quaternary sediments are uniform. Their similarity to continental shale suggests that the sediment has a terrigenous source. Clay mineralogy and major oxide composition of the Tertiary sediment also are uniform, although they differ markedly from the Quarternary sediment.
In contrast to the major oxides, concentrations of Mn, Co, Cu, and Ni soluble in hydroxylamine hydrochlorideacetic acid are strongly different in the surface and subsurface Quaternary sediment. Mn and Ni exhibit pronounced depletions in the subsurface sediment, Ni slightly more than Mn. Cu is also depleted in the subsurface sediment, but less than Mn. It is also depleted in the subsurface Tertiary sediment, whereas the Mn concentration remains high. Concentration of Co relative to Mn increases into the subsurface Quaternary sediment to a constant Co:Mn ratio of 3 × 10−2. The trivalent REE (the REE exclusive of Ce) and Fe exhibit little down-core variation.
Distribution of elements in these sediments is closely related to their concentration in associated surface ferromanganese nodules. The nodules are of two distinct types: those from the area where the Quaternary sediment is relatively thick have δ-MnO2 as the dominant manganese mineral. The ratios of Ni:Mn, Cu:Mn, and Fe:Mn in these nodules approximate the corresponding ratios of the soluble fraction of surface sediment. Todorokite is the dominant mineral of nodules recovered from areas where the Quaternary sediment is thin. Relatively high Cu/Mn, Ni/Mn, and low Fe/Mn ratios of these nodules mirror differences between the soluble fraction of surface and subsurface Quaternary sediment. These compositional trends of sediment and nodules at DOMES Site A reflect a diagenetic origin for the todorokite nodules and a predominantly hydrogenous origin for the δ-MnO2 nodules.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(88)90193-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Piper, D., 1988, The metal oxide fraction of pelagic sediment in the equatorial North Pacific Ocean: A source of metals in ferromanganese nodules: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 52, no. 8, p. 2127-2145, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90193-7.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"2127","endPage":"2145","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225310,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505badcbe4b08c986b323df4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, D.Z.","contributorId":34154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014385,"text":"70014385 - 1988 - Isotopic evidence for organic matter oxidation by manganese reduction in the formation of stratiform manganese carbonate ore","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T16:25:52.510351","indexId":"70014385","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic evidence for organic matter oxidation by manganese reduction in the formation of stratiform manganese carbonate ore","docAbstract":"Unlike other marine-sedimentary manganese ore deposits, which are largely composed of manganese oxides, the primary ore at Molango (Hidalgo State, Mexico) is exclusively manganese carbonate (rhodochrosite, Mn-calcite, kutnahorite). Stable isotope studies of the carbonates from Molango provide critical new information relevant to the controversy over syngenetic and diagenetic models of stratiform manganese deposit formation.
Negative δ13C values for carbonates from mineralized zones at Molango are strongly correlated with manganese content both on a whole rock scale and by mineral species. Whole rock δ13C data fall into three groups: high-grade ore = −16.4 to −11.5%.; manganese-rich, sub-ore-grade = −5.2 to 0%.; and unmineralized carbonates = 0 to +2.5%. (PDB). δ18O data show considerable overlap in values among the three groups: +4.8 to −2.8, −5.4 to −0.3%., and −7.4 to +6.2 (PDB), respectively. Isotopic data for individual co-existing minerals suggest a similar separation of δ13C values: δ13C values from calcite range from −1.1 to +0.7%. (PDB), whereas values from rhodochrosite are very negative, −12.9 to −5.5%., and values from kutnahorite or Mn-calcite are intermediate between calcite and rhodochrosite.
13C data are interpreted to indicate that calcite (i.e. unmineralized carbonate) formed from a normal marine carbon reservoir. However, 13C data for the manganese-bearing carbonates suggest a mixed seawater and organic source of carbon. The presence of only trace amounts of pyrite suggests sulfate reduction may have played a minor part in oxidizing organic matter. It is possible that manganese reduction was the predominant reaction that oxidized organic matter and that it released organic-derived CO2 to produce negative δ13C values and manganese carbonate mineralization.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(88)90036-1","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Okita, P., Maynard, J., Spiker, E., and Force, E.R., 1988, Isotopic evidence for organic matter oxidation by manganese reduction in the formation of stratiform manganese carbonate ore: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 52, no. 11, p. 2679-2685, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90036-1.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2679","endPage":"2685","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225573,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3face4b0c8380cd64709","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Okita, P.M.","contributorId":63031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okita","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maynard, J.B.","contributorId":9007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maynard","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spiker, E.C.","contributorId":103275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spiker","given":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Force, E. R.","contributorId":28235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Force","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013646,"text":"70013646 - 1988 - Experimental oxygen isotope fractionation between siderite-water and phosphoric acid liberated CO2-siderite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T16:24:19.801348","indexId":"70013646","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Experimental oxygen isotope fractionation between siderite-water and phosphoric acid liberated CO2-siderite","title":"Experimental oxygen isotope fractionation between siderite-water and phosphoric acid liberated CO2-siderite","docAbstract":"The equilibrium fractionation of O isotopes between synthetic siderite and water has been measured at temperatures ranging from 33° to 197°C. The fractionation between siderite and water over this temperature range can be represented by the equation: 103 ln α = 3.13 × 106T−2 − 3.50. Comparison between the experimental and theoretical fractionations is favorable only at approximately 200°C; at lower temperatures, they generally differ by up to 2 permil.
Siderite was prepared by the slow addition of ferrous chloride solutions to sodium bicarbonate solutions at the experimental temperatures. It was also used to determine the O isotope fractionation factors between phosphoric acid liberated CO2 and siderite. The fractionation factors for this pair at 25° and 50°C are 1.01175 and 1.01075, respectively.
Preliminary results of the measured C isotope fractionation between siderite and Co2 also indicate C isotopic equilibrium during precipitation of siderite. The measured distribution of 13C between siderite and CO2 coincides with the theoretical values only at about 120°C. Experimental and theoretical C fractionations differ up to 3 permil at higher and lower temperatures.
The central San Juan caldera complex consists of seven calderas from which eight major ash-flow tuffs were erupted during a period of intense volcanic activity that lasted for approximately 2 m.y. about 26–28 Ma. The analytical precision of conventional K-Ar dating in this time interval is not sufficient to unambiguously resolve this complex history. However,
The serologic response of Rio Grande wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia) to Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) was determined. Free-ranging turkeys were caught in southern Texas, shipped to the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and housed in isolation facilities. Fourteen birds were exposed to MG, by intratracheal and intranasal inoculation. Eight birds received sterile broth only. Two wk prior to the end of the experiment, MG exposed turkeys were stressed by challenge with a serologically unrelated mycoplasma. Serum from all exposed birds reacted positively for MG antibody by the rapid plate agglutination (RPA) procedure within 2 mo postexposure (PE) and all but one remained positive for 14 mo PE. Less than one half of the exposed birds developed positive MG antibody titers detectable by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test within 2 mo PE, and by 10 mo PE, none had positive titers. Antibody was detected by the HI test in two of 11 infected turkeys, 14 mo PE, and titers increased significantly within 2 wk. MG was isolated from tracheal swabs from two infected birds 2 mo PE, but attempts thereafter failed. However, at the termination of the experiment 15 mo later, MG was isolated from lung tissue of three of 11 exposed turkeys and from a blood clot found in the lower trachea of one bird.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-24.4.668","usgsCitation":"Rocke, T.E., and Yuill, T.M., 1988, Serologic response of Rio Grande wild turkeys to experimental infections of Mycoplasma gallisepticum: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 24, no. 4, p. 668-671, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-24.4.668.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"668","endPage":"671","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480048,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-24.4.668","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":135963,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100.16921997070312,\n 28.496453927665872\n ],\n [\n -100.16921997070312,\n 28.84707946871795\n ],\n [\n -99.8272705078125,\n 28.84707946871795\n ],\n [\n -99.8272705078125,\n 28.496453927665872\n ],\n [\n -100.16921997070312,\n 28.496453927665872\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rocke, Tonie E. 0000-0003-3933-1563 trocke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3933-1563","contributorId":2665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rocke","given":"Tonie","email":"trocke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":314035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yuill, Thomas M.","contributorId":60580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yuill","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014773,"text":"70014773 - 1988 - Parkfield, California, liquefaction prediction (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-27T23:45:38.438668","indexId":"70014773","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Parkfield, California, liquefaction prediction (USA)","docAbstract":"The primary purpose of this short note is to formally record the liquefaction prediction (Holzer et al., 1986) made in connection with this predicted earthquake. In addition, this note serves to alert the seismic engineering community to special instrumentation being installed at the prediction site. The instrumentation will consist of 4 downhole accelerometers at depths ranging from 3-30 m, a surface accelerometer, 7 dynamic piezometers distributed in the sand strata between depths of 5 and 15 m, and a network of bench marks for measuring permanent ground deformation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0780010385","usgsCitation":"Holzer, T., Bennett, M., Youd, T., and Chen, A., 1988, Parkfield, California, liquefaction prediction (USA): Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 78, no. 1, p. 385-389, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0780010385.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"385","endPage":"389","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225531,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Califonia","city":"Parkfield","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.74302797675936,\n 36.2501844714552\n ],\n [\n -120.74302797675936,\n 35.899437968728634\n ],\n [\n -120.18547182441559,\n 35.899437968728634\n ],\n [\n -120.18547182441559,\n 36.2501844714552\n ],\n [\n -120.74302797675936,\n 36.2501844714552\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"78","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1988-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7514e4b0c8380cd77997","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holzer, T.L.","contributorId":35739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holzer","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, M.J.","contributorId":67504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Youd, T. L.","contributorId":73593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Youd","given":"T. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chen, A.T.F.","contributorId":47523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"A.T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1003789,"text":"1003789 - 1988 - A survey of the prevalence of selected bacteria in wild birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-15T23:50:06.050616","indexId":"1003789","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A survey of the prevalence of selected bacteria in wild birds","docAbstract":"We determined the prevalence of six genera of bacteria from a sample of 387 cloacal swabs from 364 passerines and woodpeckers. The prevalence of bacteria were as follows: Escherichia coli (1%), Pseudomonas spp. (22%), Salmonella spp. (0%), Staphylococcus spp. (15%), Streptococcus spp. (18%), and Yersinia spp. (1%). The prevalence of Streptococcus spp. was higher in omnivorous species than in granivorous species (20% versus 8%). Individuals captured at feeders had a lower prevalence of both Streptococcus spp. (15% versus 33%) and Escherichia coli (0.5% versus 4%) than birds that did not have access to feeders. These differences are probably not due to the feeder per se, but instead to other site related differences. The prevalence of bacteria did not differ between male and female black-capped chickadees, Parus atricapillus. For 279 color marked black-capped chickadees, we calculated the cumulative mortality rate during 12 wk following swabbing. Although the cumulative mortality rates of infected birds were consistently higher than the rates of non-infected birds, none of these differences were significant. Infections may cause slight reductions in survival rates, but we were not able to confirm this with our data.
A 60-by-40-km trilateration network in the Yakataga seismic gap was surveyed in 1980, 1982, 1984, and 1986 with precise electro-optical distance-measuring equipment to measure strain accumulation. The overall deformation is roughly approximated by a 0.24±0.03 µstrain/yr N32°W±2.4° uniaxial contraction that is uniform in time. However, the spatial distribution of deformation shows some concentration of convergence in the neighborhood of the Chugach-St. Elias fault and of right-lateral shear across the Contact fault. A simple dislocation model of the plate interaction in the Yakataga gap fits the observed deformation reasonably well but seems to require that the motion of the Pacific plate relative to the North American plate be directed more nearly N36°W than N15°W, the generally accepted direction of relative motion for this location. However, the direction of plate motion inferred from the dislocation model depends upon details of the interaction at the plate boundary that may not have been modeled accurately. A nearby but smaller trilateration network at Icy Bay was surveyed in 1982, 1984, and 1986. This network spans the southwest corner of the rupture zone of the 1979 St. Elias earthquake. The deformation at Icy Bay consists of left-lateral shear across a northeast trending zone. The relation of this deformation to strain accumulation in the Yakataga gap, postseismic relaxation associated with the 1979 earthquake, or rebound from the unloading associated with the rapid recession of the Guyot glacier is not understood.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB093iB05p04731","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., and Lisowski, M., 1988, Deformation in the Yakataga seismic gap, Southern Alaska, 1980-1986: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 93, no. B5, p. 4731-4744, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB093iB05p04731.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"4731","endPage":"4744","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225597,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe46e4b0c8380cd4ec2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003961,"text":"1003961 - 1988 - Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report April 1988- June 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-28T12:23:50","indexId":"1003961","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3771,"text":"Wildlife Disease Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report April 1988- June 1988","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Disease Newsletter","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"Supplement to the Journal of Wildlife Diseases","usgsCitation":"Converse, K.A., Franson, J.C., and Windingstad, R., 1988, Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report April 1988- June 1988: Wildlife Disease Newsletter, v. 24, no. 4, 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129397,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -180.17578125,\n 17.14079039331665\n ],\n [\n -180.17578125,\n 72.71190310803662\n ],\n [\n -65.7421875,\n 72.71190310803662\n ],\n [\n -65.7421875,\n 17.14079039331665\n ],\n [\n -180.17578125,\n 17.14079039331665\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69845b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Converse, K. A.","contributorId":81436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Converse","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Windingstad, R.","contributorId":15558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Windingstad","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014765,"text":"70014765 - 1988 - Lateral fluid flow in a compacting sand-shale sequence: South Caspian basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-17T16:16:02.129163","indexId":"70014765","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lateral fluid flow in a compacting sand-shale sequence: South Caspian basin","docAbstract":"The South Caspian basin contains both sands and shales that have pore-fluid pressures substantially in excess of hydrostatic fluid pressure. Pore-pressure data from the South Caspian basin demonstrate that large differences in excess hydraulic head exist between sand and shale. The data indicate that sands are acting as drains for overlying and underlying compacting shales and that fluid flows laterally through the sand on a regional scale from the basin interior northward to points of discharge. The major driving force for the fluid movement is shale compaction. We present a first- order mathematical analysis in an effort to test if the permeability of the sands required to support a regional flow system is reasonable. The results of the analysis suggest regional sand permeabilities ranging from 1 to 30 md; a range that seems reasonable. This result supports the thesis that lateral fluid flow is occurring on a regional scale within the South Caspian basin. If vertical conduits for flow exist within the basin, they are sufficiently impermeable and do not provide a major outlet for the regional flow system. The lateral fluid flow within the sands implies that the stratigraphic sequence is divided into horizontal units that are hydraulically isolated from one another, a conclusion that has important implications for oil and gas migration.-Authors","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/703C8EA7-1707-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Bredehoeft, J.D., Djevanshir, R.D., and Belitz, K., 1988, Lateral fluid flow in a compacting sand-shale sequence: South Caspian basin: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 72, no. 4, p. 416-424, https://doi.org/10.1306/703C8EA7-1707-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"416","endPage":"424","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225464,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Azerbaijan, Iran, Russia","otherGeospatial":"South Caspian basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 54.06834519203673,\n 40.49282714086567\n ],\n [\n 49.02617788373277,\n 40.645788735394575\n ],\n [\n 48.264405462685716,\n 37.99132224800374\n ],\n [\n 51.312775955314294,\n 36.11873115433363\n ],\n [\n 54.056679406870785,\n 35.996731328314766\n ],\n [\n 54.83803852512622,\n 37.33443915347493\n ],\n [\n 54.06834519203673,\n 40.49282714086567\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"72","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4570e4b0c8380cd67303","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bredehoeft, John D.","contributorId":298465,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bredehoeft","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":36206,"text":"Retired","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":369233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Djevanshir, R. D.","contributorId":80551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Djevanshir","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014779,"text":"70014779 - 1988 - Resonance of a fluid-driven crack: Radiation properties and implications for the source of long-period events and harmonic tremor","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-30T16:52:20.906978","indexId":"70014779","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resonance of a fluid-driven crack: Radiation properties and implications for the source of long-period events and harmonic tremor","docAbstract":"A dynamic source model is presented, in which a three-dimensional crack containing a viscous compressible fluid is excited into resonance by an impulsive pressure transient applied over a small area ΔS of the crack surface. The crack excitation depends critically on two dimensionless parameters called the crack stiffness, C = (b/μ)(L/d), and viscous damping loss, F = (12ηL)/(ρƒd2α), where b is the bulk modulus, η is the viscosity, ρƒ is the density of the fluid, μ is the rigidity, α is the compressional velocity of the solid, L is the crack length, and d is the crack thickness. The first parameter characterizes the ability of the crack to vibrate and shapes the spectral signature of the source, and the second quantifies the effect of fluid viscosity on the duration of resonance. Resonance is sustained by a very slow wave trapped in the fluid-filled crack. This guided wave, called the crack wave, is similar to the tube wave propagating in a fluid-filled borehole; it is inversely dispersive, showing a phase velocity that decreases with increasing wavelength, and its wave speed is always lower than the acoustic velocity of the fluid, decreasing rapidly as the crack stiffness increases. The source spectrum shows many sharp peaks characterizing the individual modes of vibration of the crack; the variation of spectral shape, both in the number and width of peaks, is surprisingly complex, reflecting the interference between the lateral and longitudinal modes of resonance, as well as nodes for these modes. The far-field spectrum is marked by narrow-band dominant and subdominant peaks that reflect the interaction of the various source modes. The frequency of the dominant spectral peak radiated by the source is independent of the radiation direction. The frequency, bandwidth, and spacing of the resonant peaks are strongly dependent on the crack stiffness, larger values of the stiffness factor shifting these peaks to lower frequencies and decreasing their bandwidth. The excitation of a particular mode depends on the position of the trigger and on the extent of the crack surface affected by the pressure transient. Fluid viscosity decreases the amplitudes of the main spectral peaks, smears out the finer structure of the spectrum, and greatly reduces the duration of the radiated signal. The energy loss by radiation is stronger for high frequencies, producing a seismic signature that is marked by a high-frequency content near the onset of the signal and dominated by a longer-period component of much longer duration in the signal coda. Such signature is in harmony with those displayed by long-period events observed on active volcanoes and in hydrofracture experiments. The very low velocity which is possible in a crack with high stiffness (C ≥ 100) also provides an attractive explanation for very long period tremor, such as type 2 tremor at Aso volcano, Japan, without the requirement of an unrealistically large magma container. The standing wave pattern set up on the crack surface by the sustained resonance in the fluid is observable in the near field of the crack, suggesting that the location and extent of the source may be estimated from the mapping of the pattern of nodes and antinodes seen in its vicinity. According to the model, the long-period event and harmonic tremor share the same source but differ in the boundary conditions for fluid flow and in the triggering mechanism setting up the resonance of the source, the former being viewed as the impulse response of the tremor generating system and the latter representing the excitation due to more complex forcing functions.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB093iB05p04375","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Chouet, B., 1988, Resonance of a fluid-driven crack: Radiation properties and implications for the source of long-period events and harmonic tremor: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 93, no. B5, p. 4375-4400, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB093iB05p04375.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"4375","endPage":"4400","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225598,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa9dee4b0c8380cd86004","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chouet, B.","contributorId":68465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003816,"text":"1003816 - 1988 - Septicemic pasteurellosis in elk (Cervus elaphus) on the United States National Elk Refuge, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-24T13:30:36","indexId":"1003816","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Septicemic pasteurellosis in elk (Cervus elaphus) on the United States National Elk Refuge, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Septicemic pasteurellosis caused by Pasteurella multocida is believed responsible for the deaths of 48 elk (Cervus elaphus) on the National Elk Refuge near Jackson, Wyoming (USA) during 1986 and 1987. Clinical signs included depression and salivation; necropsy findings included congestion and petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages in lymph nodes, diaphragm, lungs and endocardium. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from femur marrow of eight carcasses and a variety of tissues from eight others.
","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-24.4.715","usgsCitation":"Franson, J.C., and Smith, B., 1988, Septicemic pasteurellosis in elk (Cervus elaphus) on the United States National Elk Refuge, Wyoming: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 24, no. 4, p. 715-717, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-24.4.715.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"715","endPage":"717","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"National Elk Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.76416015625,\n 43.48580852135182\n ],\n [\n -110.75111389160155,\n 43.55203173091177\n ],\n [\n -110.7366943359375,\n 43.549543451458504\n ],\n [\n -110.70167541503906,\n 43.60475908017313\n ],\n [\n -110.64125061035155,\n 43.62365009386727\n ],\n [\n -110.59524536132811,\n 43.630608445093486\n ],\n [\n -110.58425903320312,\n 43.64203827340191\n ],\n [\n -110.58425903320312,\n 43.65247230485361\n ],\n [\n -110.55953979492188,\n 43.650981839898684\n ],\n [\n -110.56571960449219,\n 43.58586213224808\n ],\n [\n -110.57395935058594,\n 43.558998366855526\n ],\n [\n -110.56503295898438,\n 43.53958930635379\n ],\n [\n -110.60211181640624,\n 43.51021500212034\n ],\n [\n -110.643310546875,\n 43.49527342979968\n ],\n [\n -110.67626953125,\n 43.488797600050006\n ],\n [\n -110.71540832519531,\n 43.48780125691884\n ],\n [\n -110.73051452636719,\n 43.476840397778915\n ],\n [\n -110.74218749999999,\n 43.4743490160941\n ],\n [\n -110.76416015625,\n 43.48580852135182\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, B.L.","contributorId":39740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}