Although scientific understanding of volcanoes is advancing, eruptions continue to take a substantial toll of life and property. Some of these losses could be reduced by better advance preparation, more effective flow of information between scientists and public officials, and better understanding of volcanic behavior by all segments of the public. The greatest losses generally occur at volcanoes that erupt infrequently where people are not accustomed to dealing with them. Scientists sometimes tend to feel that the blame for poor decisions in emergency management lies chiefly with officials or journalists because of their failure to understand the threat. However, the underlying problem embraces a set of more complex issues comprising three pervasive factors. The first factor is the volcano: signals given by restless volcanoes are often ambiguous and difficult to interpret, especially at long-quiescent volcanoes. The second factor is people: people confront hazardous volcanoes in widely divergent ways, and many have difficulty in dealing with the uncertainties inherent in volcanic unrest. The third factor is the scientists: volcanologists correctly place their highest priority on monitoring and hazard assessment, but they sometimes fail to explain clearly their conclusions to responsible officials and the public, which may lead to inadequate public response. Of all groups in society, volcanologists have the clearest understanding of the hazards and vagaries of volcanic activity; they thereby assume an ethical obligation to convey effectively their knowledge to benefit all of society. If society resists, their obligation nevertheless remains. They must use the same ingenuity and creativity in dealing with information for the public that they use in solving scientific problems. When this falls short, even excellent scientific results may be nullified.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB093iB05p04161","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Peterson, D.W., 1988, Volcanic hazards and public response: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 93, no. B5, p. 4161-4170, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB093iB05p04161.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"4161","endPage":"4170","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226045,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2eee4b08c986b32ae67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, D. W.","contributorId":84326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014456,"text":"70014456 - 1988 - Crustal structure of east central Oregon: Relation between Newberry Volcano and regional crustal structure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-07T14:54:37.865133","indexId":"70014456","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure of east central Oregon: Relation between Newberry Volcano and regional crustal structure","docAbstract":"A 180-km-long seismic refraction transect from the eastern High Cascades, across Newberry Volcano, to the eastern High Lava Plains is used to investigate the subvolcanic crustal and upper mantle velocity structure there. Near-surface volcanic flows and sedimentary debris (1.6-4.7 km/s), ranging from 3 to 5 km in thickness, overlie subvolcanic Basin and Range structures. East and west of Newberry Volcano, the subvolcanic basement (5.6 km/s) has been downwarped, producing 5-km-deep basins. The midcrust (8- to 28-km depth) is characterized by velocities ranging from 6.1 to 6.5 km/s and varies laterally in thicknesses. The lower crust is characterized by an unusually high velocity (about 7.4 km/s), and its geometry mirrors the subvolcanic basement geometry. The Moho is located at a depth of 37 km and represents a transition to an upper mantle velocity of 8.1 km/s. The shallow subsurface (1.2 km) beneath Newberry Volcano is characterized by high-velocity 5.6 km/s, versus 4.1 km/s for the surrounding area) intrusions and appears to be located on a basement high. Beneath the seismic refraction array at Newberry Volcano, an absence of low-velocity anomalies suggests that large silicic magma chambers do not exist in the upper crust, but apparent high attenuation of the seismic wave field may be consistent with either partial melts in small volumes, elevated crustal temperatures, and/or poor geophone-recording site coupling.
","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/JB093iB09p10081","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Catchings, R.D., and Mooney, W.D., 1988, Crustal structure of east central Oregon: Relation between Newberry Volcano and regional crustal structure: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93, no. B9, p. 10081-10094, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB093iB09p10081.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"10081","endPage":"10094","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.00292968749999,\n 42.924251753870685\n ],\n [\n -118.36669921875,\n 42.924251753870685\n ],\n [\n -118.36669921875,\n 44.5278427984555\n ],\n [\n -123.00292968749999,\n 44.5278427984555\n ],\n [\n -123.00292968749999,\n 42.924251753870685\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"93","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcece4b0c8380cd4e501","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Catchings, R. D.","contributorId":98738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Catchings","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":368435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014815,"text":"70014815 - 1988 - Response of well aquifer systems to Earth tides: Problem revisited","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-19T17:53:35","indexId":"70014815","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of well aquifer systems to Earth tides: Problem revisited","docAbstract":"Two recent works cause us to reexamine Bredehoeft's (1967) analysis of earthtide response of water wells. Narasimhan et al. (1984) raise several questions regarding Bredehoeft's (1967) analysis and suggest that the analysis is internally inconsistent. They argue that one cannot directly estimate the specific storage, which characterizes the drained behavior of a porous medium, from earth tide response, which is an undrained phenomenon. We resolve the questions raised by Narasimhan et al. (1984) and show that Bredehoeft's analysis is internally consistent. In addition, we show that it is possible to determine the specific storage from undrained loading. While Bredehoeft's analysis is somewhat heuristic and neglects grain compressibility, Van der Kamp and Gale (1983) present a more rigorous analysis that is based on Biot's (1941) constitutive relationships and accounts for grain compressibility. However, their results reduce to Bredehoeft's results when grains are assumed incompressible. This suggests that Bredehoeft's analysis has incorporated all the essential features of Biot's relationships except for grain compressibility. Upon reexamining Bredehoeft's analysis we find that this is indeed the case.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR024i003p00468","usgsCitation":"Hsieh, P.A., Bredehoeft, J.D., and Rojstaczer, S., 1988, Response of well aquifer systems to Earth tides: Problem revisited: Water Resources Research, v. 24, no. 3, p. 468-472, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR024i003p00468.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"468","endPage":"472","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226181,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaa7ce4b0c8380cd8636a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bredehoeft, John D.","contributorId":86747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bredehoeft","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rojstaczer, Stuart","contributorId":102101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rojstaczer","given":"Stuart","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014446,"text":"70014446 - 1988 - US Geological Survey begins seismic ground response experiments in Washington State","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:31","indexId":"70014446","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"US Geological Survey begins seismic ground response experiments in Washington State","docAbstract":"This article briefly describes the experimental monitoring of minor seismic features caused by distant nuclear explosions, mining blasts and rhythmic human pushing against wooden homes. Some means of response prediction are outlined in Washington State and some effects of seismic amplification by weak clayey sediments are described. The results of several experiments are described. -A.Scarth","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Tarr, A., and King, K.W., 1988, US Geological Survey begins seismic ground response experiments in Washington State: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 19, no. 5, p. 160-170.","startPage":"160","endPage":"170","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225639,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbb4ce4b08c986b328608","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tarr, Arthur C.","contributorId":75903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tarr","given":"Arthur C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, K. W.","contributorId":105729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014027,"text":"1014027 - 1988 - A bioassay for production capacity assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-09T15:53:00.071043","indexId":"1014027","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":852,"text":"Aquacultural Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A bioassay for production capacity assessment","docAbstract":"Given sufficient oxygen, fish production can be limited by a multiplicity of factors. Accurate determination of production capacity requires something other than an estimate of the biomass at which ambient un-ionized ammonia will reach a recommended, non-site-specific, maximum safe concentration. A chronic (1- to 2-month) bioassay can be used to determine the point at which metabolite buildup reduces growth by some predetermined proportion, or causes unacceptable tissue damage. The bioassay is conducted as a series reuse, single-pass system, in which incoming water to each rearing unit is aerated to 90% dissolved oxygen saturation. The assessment of production capacity is based on the relation between cumulative oxygen consumption and growth reduction.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0144-8609(88)90011-8","usgsCitation":"Meade, J.W., 1988, A bioassay for production capacity assessment: Aquacultural Engineering, v. 7, p. 139-146, https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-8609(88)90011-8.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"146","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129118,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1272","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meade, J. W.","contributorId":38082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014459,"text":"70014459 - 1988 - Secondary mineralogy of core from geothermal drill hole CTGH-1, High Cascade Range, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:30","indexId":"70014459","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Secondary mineralogy of core from geothermal drill hole CTGH-1, High Cascade Range, Oregon","docAbstract":"Geothermal drill hole CTGH-1, located near Breitenbush Hot Springs in the Cascade Mountains of northwest Oregon, was drilled to a depth of 1463 m. The maximum reported temperature at the bottom of the drill hole was 96.4??C. The drill core consists predominantly of basalt to basaltic andesite lava flows, tuffs, and volcanic breccia. Red to orange iron-oxide stained tuffs are at least partly altered to smectite. Vesicles, fractures, and open spaces between breccia fragments are partly to completely filled by secondary minerals. All of the minerals are compatible with the present low-temperature conditions.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceTitle":"New Horizons","conferenceDate":"9 October 1988 through 12 October 1988","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, United States","issn":"01935933","usgsCitation":"Bargar, K.E., 1988, Secondary mineralogy of core from geothermal drill hole CTGH-1, High Cascade Range, Oregon, in Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 12, San Diego, CA, USA, 9 October 1988 through 12 October 1988, p. 283-289.","startPage":"283","endPage":"289","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8922e4b08c986b316d35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bargar, Keith E.","contributorId":9643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bargar","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014814,"text":"70014814 - 1988 - Late Pleistocene drainage systems beneath Delaware Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-30T22:40:51.677744","indexId":"70014814","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Pleistocene drainage systems beneath Delaware Bay","docAbstract":"Analyses of an extensive grid of seismic-reflection profiles, along with previously published sedimentary data and geologic information from surrounding coastal areas, outline the ancestral drainage systems of the Delaware River beneath lower Delaware Bay. Major paleovalleys within these systems have southeast trends, relief of 10-35 m, widths of 1-8 km, and axial depths of 31-57 m below present sea level. The oldest drainage system was carved into Miocene sands, probably during the late Illinoian lowstand of sea level. It followed a course under the northern half of the bay, continued beneath the Cape May peninsula, and extended onto the present continental shelf. This system was buried by a transgressive sequence of fluvial, estuarine, and shallow-marine sediments during Sangamonian time. At the height of the Sangamonian sea-level transgression, littoral and nearshore processes built the Cape May peninsula southward over the northern drainage system and formed a contiguous submarine sedimentary ridge that extended partway across the present entrance to the bay. When sea level fell during late Wisconsinan time, a second drainage system was eroded beneath the southern half of the bay in response to the southerly shift of the bay mouth. This system, which continued across the shelf, was cut into Coastal Plain deposits of Miocene and younger age and included not only the trunk valley of the Delaware River but a large tributary valley formed by the convergence of secondary streams that drained the Delaware coastal area. During the Holocene rise of sea level, the southern drainage system was covered by a transgressive sequence of fluvial, estuarine, and paralic deposits that accumulated due to the passage of the estuarine circulation cell and to the landward and upward migration of coastal sedimentary environments. Some Holocene deposits have been scoured subsequently by strong tidal currents. The southward migration of the ancestral drainage systems beneath Delaware Bay is analogous to that found under nearby Chesapeake Bay. In both areas, shifts in the bay mouths and river courses have preserved the morphologies and sedimentary fill of former drainage systems and provided a clear record of major sea-level fluctuations. Data from this study demonstrate that important information concerning ancient estuarine environments can be derived from the locations and characteristics of former fluvial systems. ?? 1988.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(88)90114-4","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Knebel, H., and Circe, R., 1988, Late Pleistocene drainage systems beneath Delaware Bay: Marine Geology, v. 78, no. 3-4, p. 285-302, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(88)90114-4.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"285","endPage":"302","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226180,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Delaware bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.48161565019512,\n 39.348130187297784\n ],\n [\n -75.48161565019512,\n 38.74867521775795\n ],\n [\n -74.8564927492127,\n 38.74867521775795\n ],\n [\n -74.8564927492127,\n 39.348130187297784\n ],\n [\n -75.48161565019512,\n 39.348130187297784\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"78","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a450fe4b0c8380cd66fdb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knebel, H.J.","contributorId":79092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Circe, R.C.","contributorId":90300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Circe","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014807,"text":"70014807 - 1988 - The Argos seismic data message system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-27T23:35:49.355785","indexId":"70014807","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Argos seismic data message system","docAbstract":"A reliable, inexpensive method for sending limited daily seismic data messages from remote observatories to the National Earthquake Information Center has been developed for use with the Argos satellite system. Data messages are compressed on a microcomputer and passed automatically to a simple transmitter. About 4 hr later, the data are available at the National Earthquake Information Center, where they are decompressed and reformatted into standard telegrams for use in quick epicenter determinations. Epicenter data are available daily to the international scientific community.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0780021000","usgsCitation":"Derr, J., and Hunter, R., 1988, The Argos seismic data message system: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 78, no. 2, p. 1000-1005, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0780021000.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1000","endPage":"1005","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226044,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1988-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba68ae4b08c986b3211c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Derr, J.S.","contributorId":37477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derr","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunter, R.N.","contributorId":43115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"R.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014123,"text":"1014123 - 1988 - Effects of the antimicrobic tiamulin on seven gram-negative bacterial fish pathogens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-15T23:46:45.392015","indexId":"1014123","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of the antimicrobic tiamulin on seven gram-negative bacterial fish pathogens","docAbstract":"In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out with tiamulin and gram-negative bacterial pathogens of fish. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration for 51 strains of seven species of gram-negative bacterial pathogens showed that only strains of Vibrio anguillarum were sensitive at 1.6–6.25 ppm, while the rest of test strains required 25– >100 ppm. Control of infection was not achieved when tiamulin was fed for 14 days at 5 or 50 mg/kg to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) experimentally infected with Yersinia ruckeri.
Marine geophysical surveys employing Seabeam, multi- and single-channel seismic reflection, gravity and magnetic instruments were conducted at two locations along the continental slope of the Peru Trench during the Seaperc cruise of the R/V “Jean Charcot” in July 1986. These areas are centered around 5°30′S and 9°30′S off the coastal towns of Paita and Chimbote respectively.
\nThese data indicate that (1) the continental slope off Peru consists of three distinct morpho-structural domains (from west to east are the lower, middle and upper slopes) instead of just two as previously reported; (2) the middle slope has the characteristics of a zone of tectonic collapse at the front of a gently flexured upper slope; (3) the upper half of the lower slope appears to represent the product of mass wasting; (4) thrusting at the foot of the margin produces a continuous morphologic feature representing a deformation front where the products of mass-wasting are overprinted by a compressional tectonic fabric; (5) a change in the tectonic regime from tensional to compressional occurs at the mid-slope-lower slope boundary, the accretionary prism being restricted to the very base of the lower slope in the Paita area.
\nThe Andean margin off Peru is an “extensional active margin” or a “collapsing active margin” developing a subordinated accretionary complex induced by massive collapse of the middle slope area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(88)90068-4","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Bourgois, J., Pautot, G., Bandy, W., Boinet, T., Chotin, P., Huchon, P., Mercier de Lepinay, B., Monge, F., Monlau, J., Pelletier, B., Sosson, M., and von Huene, R.E., 1988, Seabeam and seismic reflection imaging of the tectonic regime of the Andean continental margin off Peru (4°S to 10°S): Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 87, no. 1-2, p. 111-126, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(88)90068-4.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"126","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b881de4b08c986b3167e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bourgois, J.","contributorId":83281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bourgois","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pautot, G.","contributorId":105059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pautot","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bandy, W.","contributorId":88887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bandy","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boinet, T.","contributorId":70123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boinet","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chotin, P.","contributorId":21290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chotin","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Huchon, P.","contributorId":89672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huchon","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mercier de Lepinay, B.","contributorId":27617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mercier de Lepinay","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Monge, F.","contributorId":44674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monge","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Monlau, J.","contributorId":98050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monlau","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Pelletier, B.","contributorId":31531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pelletier","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Sosson, M.","contributorId":48322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sosson","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"von Huene, Roland E. 0000-0003-1301-3866 rvonhuene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":191070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","email":"rvonhuene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":367616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70142175,"text":"70142175 - 1988 - Extracting topographic structure from digital elevation data for geographic information-system analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:31:27","indexId":"70142175","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extracting topographic structure from digital elevation data for geographic information-system analysis","docAbstract":"Software tools have been developed at the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data Center to extract topographic structure and to delineate watersheds and overland flow paths from digital elevation models. The tools are specialpurpose FORTRAN programs interfaced with general-purpose raster and vector spatial analysis and relational data base management packages.
\nThe first phase of analysis is a conditioning phase that generates three data sets: the original OEM with depressions filled, a data set indicating the flow direction for each cell, and a flow accumulation data set in which each cell receives a value equal to the total number of cells that drain to it. The original OEM and these three derivative data sets can then be processed in a variety of ways to optionally delineate drainage networks, overland paths, watersheds for userspecified locations, sub-watersheds for the major tributaries of a drainage network, or pour point linkages between watersheds. The computer-generated drainage lines and watershed polygons and the pour point linkage information can be transferred to vector-based geographic information systems for futher analysis. Comparisons between these computergenerated features and their manually delineated counterparts generally show close agreement, indicating that these software tools will save analyst time spent in manual interpretation and digitizing.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Jenson, S.K., and Domingue, J.O., 1988, Extracting topographic structure from digital elevation data for geographic information-system analysis: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 54, no. 11, p. 1593-1600.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1593","endPage":"1600","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298224,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54f597cae4b02419550d2f45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jenson, Susan K.","contributorId":66859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenson","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Domingue, Julia O.","contributorId":91832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domingue","given":"Julia","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2001088,"text":"2001088 - 1988 - Avian cholera and related topics: an annotated bibliography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-23T16:28:18","indexId":"2001088","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8,"text":"Biological Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"88(40)","title":"Avian cholera and related topics: an annotated bibliography","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Mulcahy, D.M., Warpinski, P., Benjamin, L., and Hamilton, D., 1988, Avian cholera and related topics: an annotated bibliography: Biological Report 88(40), 190 p.","productDescription":"190 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199093,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64afac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mulcahy, Daniel M. dmulcahy@usgs.gov","contributorId":3102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"Daniel","email":"dmulcahy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":325369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warpinski, Patrick","contributorId":12591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warpinski","given":"Patrick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Benjamin, Linda","contributorId":98013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benjamin","given":"Linda","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamilton, D.","contributorId":54316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1017358,"text":"1017358 - 1988 - U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service continues pintail and white-fronted goose telemetry studies in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-26T16:52:00","indexId":"1017358","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1157,"text":"California Waterfowl","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service continues pintail and white-fronted goose telemetry studies in California","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"California Waterfowl","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.R., Takekawa, J.Y., Fleskes, J., and Orthmeyer, D., 1988, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service continues pintail and white-fronted goose telemetry studies in California: California Waterfowl, no. Fall 1988.","productDescription":"p. 50","startPage":"50","numberOfPages":"50","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"Fall 1988","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696759","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, M. R.","contributorId":19104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":324763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fleskes, J.","contributorId":50469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleskes","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Orthmeyer, D.","contributorId":86302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orthmeyer","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1001272,"text":"1001272 - 1988 - Ingestion of lead shot and aluminum bands by bald eagles during winter in Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T12:51:35","indexId":"1001272","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ingestion of lead shot and aluminum bands by bald eagles during winter in Nebraska","docAbstract":"Abstract has not been submitted","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Lingle, G., and Krapu, G., 1988, Ingestion of lead shot and aluminum bands by bald eagles during winter in Nebraska: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 100, no. 2, p. 326-327.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"326","endPage":"327","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128539,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"100","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee4ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lingle, G.R.","contributorId":26648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lingle","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krapu, Gary L.","contributorId":56994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapu","given":"Gary L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014437,"text":"70014437 - 1988 - Relic magma chamber structures preserved within the Mesozoic North Atlantic crust?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-27T13:23:22.57901","indexId":"70014437","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relic magma chamber structures preserved within the Mesozoic North Atlantic crust?","docAbstract":"The North Atlantic Transect seismic reflection data, collected southwest of Bermuda, have been reinterpreted following post-stack migration and reveal two major intracrustal reflections. The shallower of these two events, located ∼1 s below the igneous basement, is a subhorizontal, undulating surface that in some places is continuous for as much as 10 km. On the basis of its position within the section and its laterally discontinuous nature, we believe that this upper crustal reflection corresponds to the intermittently sharp contact between the sheeted dikes and the underlying isotropic gabbro. A second set of lower crustal reflections, dipping ∼20°-40° eastward, is also prominent on the migrated profile and terminates downdip against the subhorizontal reflection Moho. Several lines of evidence argue against these features being either artifacts or out-of-the-plane events. Instead, their presence may be ascribed either to crustal-penetrating fault zones or to mafic-ultramafic cumulate layers frozen into the oceanic crust at the time of formation at the paleo-spreading center. Because of the laminated character of these events and their typical occurrence within 1.0 to 1.5 s of the reflection Moho, we prefer a compositional versus a structural interpretation for their origin.
The gradual thinning in the crust approaching the fracture zones is shown to be more complex than was originally inferred; although the interpretation that the crust gradually thins toward fracture zones may still apply in a few localities, significant departures are recognized elsewhere. Similarly, the improved image on the migrated profile documents an increase in complexity across the localized region directly surrounding the Blake Spur fracture zone. An interpretation advocating crustal thickening in this narrow zone is proposed as an alternative to the crustal-thinning model of Mutter and others.
Horizon Guyot (Fig. 1) is a 300-km-long, 75-km-wide volcanic ridge with a relatively flat summit that is diagnostic of guyots (Hess, 1946). The U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) began a study of Horizon Guyot in 1983 as part of a program on the origin, distribution, and composition of ferromanganese-oxide precipitates that encrust the hard substrate of sea floor edifices, such as seamounts and volcanic ridges (Hein and others, 1985a). Mass movement and bedload transport of sediment appears to influence the thickness of these crusts on seamount flanks (Hein and others, 1985b). Because Horizon Guyot has been studied more extensively than any other volcanic edifice in the Mid-Pacific Mountains (Heezen, Fischer, and others, 1971; Lonsdale and others, 1972; Winterer, Ewing, and others, 1973), it was chosen as the principal site for a USGS study of sediment transport processes and the geotechnical behavior of sediment on seamounts (Cacchione and others, 1988; Schwab and others, 1988).
In March, 1987, Horizon Guyot was again investigated using the R/V ATLANTIS II and the D.S.R.V. ALVIN (cruise 118-12); sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Although primarily a biologic investigation, observations from 10 submersible dives, bottom samples collected at depth using ALVIN and from the surface using the ATLANTIS II, and Seabeam swath-bathymetry (sponsored by the USGS and the Office of Naval Research) add to the overall Horizon Guyot data set. In this report, we summarize the existing data base, present a Seabeam bathymetric map of the study area, ALVIN dive tracklines, the sample locations, and a brief description of the samples collected or other station activities on the ATLANTIS II cruise 118-12.
The detailed bathymetric map of the study area (Plate 1) was constructed by merging data obtained by a Deep-Tow study (Lonsdale and others, 1972) (Fig. 1) with data obtained from the swath-bathymetry mapping system onboard the ATLANTIS II. Detailed information on the Seabeam bathymetric system is given by Renard and Allenou (1979).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr88298","usgsCitation":"Schwab, W.C., Hein, J., Smith, K., de Moustier, C.P., Levin, L., Genin, A., Wakefield, W., and Baldwin, R., 1988, Maps showing the Seabeam bathymetry and sedimentologic and biologic sample locations on Horizon Guyot, Mid-Pacific Mountains and a summary of existing data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-298, Report: 14 p.; 1 Plate: 46.54 x 60.74 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88298.","productDescription":"Report: 14 p.; 1 Plate: 46.54 x 60.74 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":59673,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0298/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160899,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0298/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59674,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0298/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db606127","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwab, W. C.","contributorId":78740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, K.L. Jr.","contributorId":86391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"K.L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"de Moustier, C. P.","contributorId":42631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Moustier","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Levin, L.A.","contributorId":81149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levin","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Genin, Amatzia","contributorId":49833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Genin","given":"Amatzia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wakefield, W.W.","contributorId":23595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wakefield","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Baldwin, R.J.","contributorId":70813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70013975,"text":"70013975 - 1988 - Methane hydrate - A major reservoir of carbon in the shallow geosphere?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T20:56:05","indexId":"70013975","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methane hydrate - A major reservoir of carbon in the shallow geosphere?","docAbstract":"Methane hydrates are solids composed of rigid cages of water molecules that enclose methane. Sediment containing methane hydrates is found within specific pressure-temperature conditions that occur in regions of permafrost and beneath the sea in outer continental margins. Because methane hydrates are globally widespread and concentrate methane within the gas-hydrate structure, the potential amount of methane present in the shallow geosphere at subsurface depths of < ???2000 m is very large. However, estimates of the amount are speculative and range over about three orders of magnitude, from 2 ?? 103 to 4 ?? 106 Gt (gigatons = 1015 g) of carbon, depending on the assumptions made. The estimate I favor is ??? 1 ?? 104 Gt of carbon. The estimated amount of organic carbon in the methane-hydrate reservoir greatly exceeds that in many other reservoirs of the global carbon cycle - for example, the atmosphere (3.6 Gt); terrestrial biota (830 Gt); terrestrial soil, detritus and peat (1960 Gt); marine biota (3 Gt); and marine dissolved materials (980 Gt). In fact, the amount of carbon may exceed that in all fossil fuel deposits (5 ?? 103 Gt). Because methane hydrates contain so much methane and occur in the shallow geosphere, they are of interest as a potential resource of natural gas and as a possible source of atmospheric methane released by global warming. As a potential resource, methane hydrates pose both engineering and production problems. As a contributor to a changing global climate, destabilized methane hydrates, particularly those in shallow, nearshore regions of the Arctic Ocean, may have some effect, but this effect will probably be minimal, at least during the next 100 years. ?? 1988.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(88)90104-0","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K., 1988, Methane hydrate - A major reservoir of carbon in the shallow geosphere?: Chemical Geology, v. 71, no. 1-3, p. 41-51, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(88)90104-0.","startPage":"41","endPage":"51","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266094,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(88)90104-0"},{"id":226259,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5527e4b0c8380cd6d144","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, K.A.","contributorId":80674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70162664,"text":"70162664 - 1988 - Measuring contemporary crustal motions; NASA’s Crustal Dynamics Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-11T16:11:36","indexId":"70162664","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measuring contemporary crustal motions; NASA’s Crustal Dynamics Project","docAbstract":"In the early and middle 1970's, two new space-based geodetic techniques became available that offered unprecedented accuracy in the measurement of distances over long baselines. As described below, Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) and Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) provided a capability to determine in relatively short periods of time the inter-site distance between two observing stations to a level of several centimeters, even if they were separated by thousands or tens of thousands of kilometers. During the 1980's the two techniques have evolved to the point where baselines can now be routinely measured to a level below one centimeter. This is a tenfold improvement in about ten years.
\nPerhaps more important than providing the measurement capability are the consequences of this capability when applied over a few years: the motion of any one site with respect to another can be monitored at the level of better than a cm/yr. This has made possible, for the first time, direct measurement of the motion of the Earth's tectonic plates and of the deformation of its crust in active plate boundary regions. Because such measurements have the potential for providing important information on the mechanisms that drive plates and cause them to slip during earthquakes, a coordinated federal program for the application of this space technology to crustal dynamics and earthquake research was established in 1979. The participating agencies were the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the Defense Mapping Agency.
\nNASA formed the Crustal Dynamics Project to further develop the SLR and VLBI techniques, to implement global networks of stations with the cooperation of many different countries, and to conduct measurements of plate motions and regional deformations. this project has grown into an international effort to collect information directly relevant to understanding the threat of the earthquake hazard as well as fundamental research about the crust and upper mantle.
\nIn this article we describe briefly the two space geodetic techniques and how they are used by the Crustal Dynamics Project, show some of the very exciting results that have emerged at the halfway point in the project's life, describe the availability and utilization of the data being collected, and consider what the future may hold when measurement accuracies eventually exceed even those now available and when other international groups become more heavily involved.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Frey, H.V., and Bosworth, J.M., 1988, Measuring contemporary crustal motions; NASA’s Crustal Dynamics Project: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 20, no. 3, p. 96-113.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"96","endPage":"113","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314990,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ab49cce4b07ca61bfea589","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frey, H. V.","contributorId":152669,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frey","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bosworth, J. M.","contributorId":152670,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bosworth","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70137559,"text":"70137559 - 1988 - Causes of two slope-failure types in continental-shelf sediment, northeastern Gulf of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-09T09:03:47","indexId":"70137559","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Causes of two slope-failure types in continental-shelf sediment, northeastern Gulf of Alaska","docAbstract":"Slumps and sediment-gravity flows have been identified in Holocene glaciomarine sediment on declivities less than 1.3 degrees on the Gulf of Alaska continental shelf. Geologic and geotechnical investigation suggest that the processes responsible for these slope failures are earthquake and storm-wave loading, coupled with cyclic degradation of the sediment-shear strength. We propose that the failure type is related to the nature of the failure load. For example, a slump that occurs approximately 30 km seaward of Icy Bay in water depth of 70 to 150 m was most likely caused by earthquake loading, whereas sediment-gravity flows on the Alsek prodelta, which occur in water depths of 35 to 80 m, probably were caused primarily by storm-wave loading. Sediment remolding and redistribution and incorporation of water, which occurs more readily during wave loading from a long storm than during the limited number of loading cycles generated by an earthquake, reduces the shear strength and increases the fluidity of the failed sediment mass. Wave-induced slope failures thereby tend to transform into sediment-gravity flows.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geological Institute","doi":"10.1306/212F8CF6-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Schwab, W.C., and Lee, H., 1988, Causes of two slope-failure types in continental-shelf sediment, northeastern Gulf of Alaska: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 58, no. 1, p. 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1306/212F8CF6-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297092,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.4462890625,\n 59.866883195210214\n ],\n [\n -140.2734375,\n 60.6301017662667\n ],\n [\n -136.80175781249997,\n 57.80965135970151\n ],\n [\n -152.8857421875,\n 56.31653672211301\n ],\n [\n -152.4462890625,\n 59.866883195210214\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b4fe4b08de9379b330d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwab, William C. 0000-0001-9274-5154 bschwab@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9274-5154","contributorId":417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"William","email":"bschwab@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Homa J. hjlee@usgs.gov","contributorId":1021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Homa J.","email":"hjlee@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":537902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013976,"text":"70013976 - 1988 - Character, origin and occurrence of natural gases in the Anadarko basin, southwestern Kansas, western Oklahoma and Texas Panhandle, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T20:56:51","indexId":"70013976","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Character, origin and occurrence of natural gases in the Anadarko basin, southwestern Kansas, western Oklahoma and Texas Panhandle, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Natural gas production in the Anadarko basin comes from three geographically separated areas that can be differentiated by age of reservoir and by inferred nature of organic, thermal origin of the gases. In the central basin, non-associated gases are produced mainly from Upper Mississippian and Pennsylvanian sandstones. Gas samples are from reservoirs as much as 6588 m deep. Gases become isotopically heavier (??13C1-values range from -49.8 to -33.2???) and chemically drier (C2+-values range from 1-33%) with increasing level of thermal maturity. Gases were generated mainly from interbedded shales with type-III kerogen during the mature and post-mature stages of hydrocarbon generation. Deviations from the trend are due to vertical migration and mixing of gases generated at different levels of thermal maturity over the past 250 Myr. In the giant Panhandle-Hugoton field, non-associated gases are generally produced from Permian carbonates at depths of <900 m. Gases display little compositional variation (mean ??13C1-value is -43.2???, mean C2+-value is 14%). Because organic-rich, mature source rocks are not present in the area, gases probably were generated in the central basin from Pennsylvanian or older source rocks during the mature stage of hydrocarbon generation. This interpretation implies migration over distances as much as several hundred kilometers. In the Sooner Trend, associated gases are produced from Silurian, Devonian and Mississippian carbonates at depths as great as 2950 m and were generated from type-II kerogen during the mature stage of hydrocarbon generation. Associated oil usually correlates with extracts of the Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian Woodford Shale. Gases are isotopically lighter (mean ??13C1-value is -43.9???) and chemically wetter (mean C2+ value is 14%) than those derived from type-III kerogen at an equivalent level of thermal maturity. ?? 1988.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(88)90111-8","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Rice, D.D., Threlkeld, C.N., and Vuletich, A., 1988, Character, origin and occurrence of natural gases in the Anadarko basin, southwestern Kansas, western Oklahoma and Texas Panhandle, U.S.A.: Chemical Geology, v. 71, no. 1-3, p. 149-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(88)90111-8.","startPage":"149","endPage":"157","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266095,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(88)90111-8"},{"id":226260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f489e4b0c8380cd4bd8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, D. D.","contributorId":41828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Threlkeld, C. N.","contributorId":80271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Threlkeld","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vuletich, A.K.","contributorId":43784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vuletich","given":"A.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162686,"text":"70162686 - 1988 - What is worse than the “big one”?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-16T16:49:14","indexId":"70162686","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"What is worse than the “big one”?","docAbstract":"The Whittier Narrows California earthquake sequence (local magnitude, Ml=5.9 or 1 October, 1987), which caused over $358 million damage, indicates that assessments of earthquake hazards in Los Angeles metropolitan area may be underestimated. the sequence ruptured a previously unidentified thrust fault that may be part of a large system of thrust faults that extends across the entire east-west length of the northern margin of the Los Angeles basin. Peak horizontal accelerations from the main shock, which were measured at ground level and in structures, were as high as 0.6g (where g is acceleration of gravity at sea level) within 50 kilometers of the epicenter
\nThe first thought in the minds of many residents of the city of Whittier when the first shock hit them was \"Is this the big one?\" the San Andreas' once-in-150-years great shaker? It might as well have been for Whittier, which is 20 kilometers east of downtown Los Angeles. The ground shook harder there this month than it will when the big one does strike the distant San Andreas, which lies 50 kilometers on the other side of the mountains. And this was only a moderate, magnitude 6.1 shock. Earthquake of magnitude 7 and large 30 times more powerful, could rupture faults beneath the feet of Angelenos at any time. The loss of life and destruction could exceed that caused by the big one.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Kerr, R.A., 1988, What is worse than the “big one”?: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 20, no. 6, p. 213-218.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"218","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":315012,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Whittier","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.02268981933594,\n 34.0079888707242\n ],\n [\n -118.06165695190428,\n 34.003292829485694\n ],\n [\n -118.06491851806639,\n 33.999877363673036\n ],\n [\n -118.04157257080078,\n 33.96770832591751\n ],\n [\n -118.00809860229492,\n 33.94919849708684\n ],\n [\n -117.99488067626953,\n 33.95916582840359\n ],\n [\n -117.98337936401366,\n 33.97397227882432\n ],\n [\n -118.00827026367186,\n 34.00556973039383\n ],\n [\n -118.01633834838866,\n 34.014676723581545\n ],\n [\n -118.02337646484375,\n 34.014676723581545\n ],\n [\n -118.02200317382812,\n 34.009269564176414\n ],\n [\n -118.02268981933594,\n 34.0079888707242\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ab49dbe4b07ca61bfea622","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kerr, R. A.","contributorId":152674,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kerr","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013240,"text":"70013240 - 1988 - Cambrian-Ordovician (500 Ma) alkalic plutonism in southwestern New Mexico: U-Th-Pb isotopic data from the Florida Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-08T16:44:18.22977","indexId":"70013240","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cambrian-Ordovician (500 Ma) alkalic plutonism in southwestern New Mexico: U-Th-Pb isotopic data from the Florida Mountains","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.288.7.735","usgsCitation":"Evans, K.V., and Clemons, R.E., 1988, Cambrian-Ordovician (500 Ma) alkalic plutonism in southwestern New Mexico: U-Th-Pb isotopic data from the Florida Mountains: American Journal of Science, v. 288, no. 7, p. 735-755, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.288.7.735.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"735","endPage":"755","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480042,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.288.7.735","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":220297,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Florida Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.55456177188844,\n 32.23422940554089\n ],\n [\n -107.70126981808708,\n 32.23422940554089\n ],\n [\n -107.70126981808708,\n 32.00430627548465\n ],\n [\n -107.55456177188844,\n 32.00430627548465\n ],\n [\n -107.55456177188844,\n 32.23422940554089\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"288","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f32ce4b0c8380cd4b639","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, Karl V. kvevans@usgs.gov","contributorId":194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Karl","email":"kvevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":365611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clemons, R. E.","contributorId":9919,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clemons","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014289,"text":"70014289 - 1988 - Limestone and chert in tectonic blocks from the Esk Head subterrane, South Island, New Zealand","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-28T00:50:35.741655","indexId":"70014289","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Limestone and chert in tectonic blocks from the Esk Head subterrane, South Island, New Zealand","docAbstract":"The Esk Head subterrane is a continuous belt, generally 10-20 km wide, of tectonic mélange and broken formation on the South Island of New Zealand. This subterrane separates older and younger parts of the Torlesse terrane which is an extensive accretionary prism composed mostly of quartzo-feldspathic, submarine-fan deposits ranging from Permian to Early Cretaceous in age. The Torlesse is the most Pacific-ward of several Permian and Mesozoic accreted terranes in New Zealand that record tectonic amalgamation and ultimate accretion against the Pacific-facing Gondwana margin. The Esk Head subterrane of the Torlesse is especially informative because it includes within it conspicuous tectonic blocks of submarine basalt and a variety of basalt-associated seamount and sea-floor limestones and cherty rocks thought to be representative of the subducted plate. Limestones in tectonic blocks are of Late Triassic and probably Jurassic ages and include (1) submarine-cemented, pelagic-bivalve, geopetal packstone-grainstone; (2) brachiopod-bryozoan encrinite; and (3) radiolarian, pelagic lime mudstone. Most of the Triassic blocks have been dated using conodonts which have remarkably low color alteration index (CAI) values (<1.5). An incomplete sampling of cherts in tectonic blocks and from Holocene gravels derived from the Esk Head subterrane yields radiolarian-based ages of Late Triassic, Early Jurassic, Middle Jurassic, and Late Jurassic.
Paleogeographic inferences drawn from megafossils, bioclasts, and radiolarians, as well as from carbonate cements, indicate deposition of the oceanic sedimentary rocks at paleolatitudes somewhat lower than that of the New Zealand part of the Gondwana margin, but higher than paleoequatorial latitudes. These oceanic sediments and their basaltic substrates were evidently emplaced in the Torlesse accretionary prism following off-scraping from an extensive subducting oceanic plate, probably the Phoenix plate, which was obliquely convergent with the northwest-trending Gondwana margin during Late Jurassic and/or Early Cretaceous time.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<1213:LACITB>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Silberling, N.J., Nichols, K.M., Bradshaw, J., and Blome, C., 1988, Limestone and chert in tectonic blocks from the Esk Head subterrane, South Island, New Zealand: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 100, no. 8, p. 1213-1223, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<1213:LACITB>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1213","endPage":"1223","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226012,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"New Zealand","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 170.04128215047126,\n -39.054662922862036\n ],\n [\n 170.04128215047126,\n -44.583876245312744\n ],\n [\n 174.69948527547137,\n -44.583876245312744\n ],\n [\n 174.69948527547137,\n -39.054662922862036\n ],\n [\n 170.04128215047126,\n -39.054662922862036\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"100","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4784e4b0c8380cd678a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Silberling, Norman J.","contributorId":102438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silberling","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, K. M.","contributorId":14832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradshaw, J.D.","contributorId":48324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradshaw","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blome, C.D.","contributorId":60647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blome","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1014494,"text":"1014494 - 1988 - High calcium concentration in water increases mortality of salmon and trout eggs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T15:37:08.632597","indexId":"1014494","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High calcium concentration in water increases mortality of salmon and trout eggs","docAbstract":"Several experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of water chemistry during water hardening on survival of eggs of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), and. brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Results of these experiments showed that survival was very low when eggs were exposed to very hard water containing high concentrations of calcium (approximately 520 mg/L or greater) during the first few hours of water hardening. Such high concentrations of calcium were associated with gypsum (calcium sulfate) in the water supply. In contrast, survival of eggs significantly increased when they were initially water‐hardened (1–3 h) in softer water (Ca concentrations, 34–64 mg/L). Incubation of eggs in high‐calcium water after the initial water‐hardening period did not significantly affect survival. Results of another experiment on water hardening of rainbow trout eggs showed a significant increase in survival when eggs were initially water‐hardened in either low‐gypsum water or in high‐gypsum water softened by ion exchange to markedly reduce the calcium; but not the sulfate, content.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1988)050%3C0129:HCCIWI%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ketola, H.G., Longacre, D., Greulich, A., Phetterplace, L., and Lashomb, R., 1988, High calcium concentration in water increases mortality of salmon and trout eggs: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 50, p. 129-135, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1988)050%3C0129:HCCIWI%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"135","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131636,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635b29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ketola, H. G.","contributorId":60976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ketola","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Longacre, D.","contributorId":63352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longacre","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greulich, A.","contributorId":24733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greulich","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Phetterplace, L.","contributorId":73960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phetterplace","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lashomb, R.","contributorId":65042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lashomb","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70013798,"text":"70013798 - 1988 - Stability of loess","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-16T13:49:18.675763","indexId":"70013798","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stability of loess","docAbstract":"Lutenegger, A.J. and Hallberg, G.R., 1988. Stability of loess. Eng. Geol., 25: 247-261. The natural stability of loess soils can be related to fundamental geotechnical properties such as Atterberg limits, water content and void ratio. Field observations of unstable conditions in loess deposits in the upper midwest, U.S.A. show relationships between instability and the in situ moisture content and the liquidity index of the loess. Unstable loess can attain natural moisture contents equal to, or greater than, its liquid limit. Implications of these observations for applied engineering works are described.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0013-7952(88)90030-0","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Lutenegger, A., and Hallberg, G., 1988, Stability of loess: Engineering Geology, v. 25, no. 2-4, p. 247-261, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(88)90030-0.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"261","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220452,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9656e4b08c986b31b452","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lutenegger, A.J.","contributorId":43495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutenegger","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hallberg, G.R.","contributorId":67216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hallberg","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}