Bydrologic data were collected for the proposed Quitchupah and Pines coal-lease tracts in Sevier and Bnery Counties, Utah, in order to describe the hydrology and potential effects of mining on the hydrologic system. The Quitchupah and Pines coal-lease tracts are near the Southern Utah Fuel Company coal mine in an area of the central Wasatch Plateau that is characterized by a relatively flat plateau deeply dissected by steep-sided canyons.
Surface water in the Quitchupah and Pines study area drains to two perennial streams, Muddy Creek to the north and Quitchupah Creek to the south. Peak streamflow is usually in May and June in response to snowmelt runoff; however, thunderstorms can cause short-term high flows in late summer and fall. The specific conductance of surface water in and near the study area measured during the 1987 water year ranged from 440 (iS/cm to 860 (iS/cm. Suspended-sediment concentrations ranged from 17 to 10,900 mg/L in the Quitchupah Creek drainage and 34 to 312 mg/L in the Muddy Creek drainage.
Stable-isotope studies indicate that recharge to aquifers in the study area is by seepage of snowmelt into rock outcrops. Discharge from the aquifers is at springs, seeps, mines, and zones of seepage in streambeds. The chemical quality of ground water is related to the mineralogy of the formations with which the water has contact. Water from the upper part of the Cast legate Sandstone has the smallest concentration of dissolved solids, 61 mg/L, and water from the North Horn Formation has the largest concentration, 1,080 mg/L.
Observed effects of underground coal mining at the nearby active mine are considered indicative of the changes that can be expected in the Quitchupah and Pines coal-lease tracts. Subsidence above the mined area could cause dewatering of the Blackhawk Formation and the Star Point Sandstone, changes in the natural drainage patterns, and alteration of both surface- and ground-water quality. Additional studies are needed to gain a better understanding of the hydrologic effects of underground mining in the Quitchupah and Pines coal-lease tracts.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, Utah","doi":"10.3133/wri904084","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Thiros, S.A., and Cordy, G., 1991, Hydrology and potential effects of mining in the Quitchupah and Pines coal-lease tracts, central Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4084, Report: vii, 63 p.; Plate: 26.82 x 24.37 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904084.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 63 p.; Plate: 26.82 x 24.37 inches","numberOfPages":"72","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58920,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4084/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4084/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58919,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4084/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.4208,\n 39.03333\n ],\n [\n -111.2583,\n 39.03333\n ],\n [\n -111.2583,\n 38.95\n ],\n [\n -111.3208,\n 38.95\n ],\n [\n -111.3208,\n 38.88333\n ],\n [\n -111.425,\n 38.88333\n ],\n [\n -111.425,\n 38.93333\n ],\n [\n -111.4589,\n 38.93333\n ],\n [\n -111.4589,\n 38.9875\n ],\n [\n -111.4208,\n 38.9875\n ],\n [\n -111.4208,\n 39.03333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db60517d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thiros, Susan A. 0000-0002-8544-553X sthiros@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8544-553X","contributorId":965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiros","given":"Susan","email":"sthiros@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cordy, G. E.","contributorId":59075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cordy","given":"G. 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W.","contributorId":39768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomsen","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eychaner, J.H.","contributorId":34511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eychaner","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":67986,"text":"ha711M - 1991 - Correlation of regional geohydrologic units to geological formations in southern Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T09:28:42","indexId":"ha711M","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"711","chapter":"M","title":"Correlation of regional geohydrologic units to geological formations in southern Missouri","docAbstract":"As part of the U.S Geological Survey's Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program, geologic formations in southern Missouri (index map) were grouped into eight regional geohydrologic units on the basis of relative rock permeability and well yields (imes and Emmett, in press). Geohydrologic unit boundaries do not necessarily coincide with geologic unit boundaries or geologic time lines, but are determined by regional hydrologic properties, which may vary from one area to another. The geologic formaitons were grouped into the geohydrologic units to determine the hydrologic characteristics of regional aquifer systems and associated regional confining units in parts of Arkansas, Kansas,Missouri, and Oklahoma. This report presents a correlation of the regional geohydrologic units to corresponding geologic formations in southern Missouri. Included in the report is a brief geologic history of southern Missouri.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ha711M","usgsCitation":"Smith, B.J., and Imes, J.L., 1991, Correlation of regional geohydrologic units to geological formations in southern Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 711, 2 Plates: 39.59 x 28.62 inches and 29.23 x 28.16 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha711M.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 39.59 x 28.62 inches and 29.23 x 28.16 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186282,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ha711M.PNG"},{"id":327492,"rank":1,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/711m/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":327493,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/711m/plate-2.pdf"}],"scale":"125000","country":"United States","state":"Missouri","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.5977783203125,\n 39.10875135935859\n ],\n [\n -94.295654296875,\n 39.223742741391305\n ],\n [\n -94.0704345703125,\n 39.142842478062505\n ],\n [\n -93.8287353515625,\n 39.22799807055236\n ],\n [\n -93.460693359375,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -93.3343505859375,\n 39.30454987014581\n ],\n [\n -93.2080078125,\n 39.41497702499074\n ],\n [\n -92.8509521484375,\n 39.232253141714885\n ],\n [\n -92.92785644531249,\n 39.10022600175344\n ],\n [\n -92.7850341796875,\n 38.976492485539424\n ],\n [\n -92.5323486328125,\n 38.96795115401593\n ],\n [\n -92.39501953125,\n 38.81403111409755\n ],\n [\n -92.3236083984375,\n 38.6897975322717\n ],\n [\n -92.0379638671875,\n 38.57823196583313\n ],\n [\n -91.878662109375,\n 38.646908247760706\n ],\n [\n -91.636962890625,\n 38.70265930723801\n ],\n [\n -91.3897705078125,\n 38.724090458956965\n ],\n [\n -91.2249755859375,\n 38.655488159953\n ],\n [\n -91.0546875,\n 38.61257832462118\n ],\n [\n -90.90087890624999,\n 38.55246141354153\n ],\n [\n -90.7470703125,\n 38.634036452919226\n ],\n [\n -90.560302734375,\n 38.70694605159386\n ],\n [\n -90.4339599609375,\n 38.83542884007303\n ],\n [\n -90.2471923828125,\n 38.865374851611634\n ],\n [\n -90.1153564453125,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -90.19226074218749,\n 38.71551876930462\n ],\n [\n -90.1812744140625,\n 38.62974534092597\n ],\n [\n -90.2691650390625,\n 38.53527591154413\n ],\n [\n -90.3131103515625,\n 38.39333888832238\n ],\n [\n -90.3680419921875,\n 38.298559092254344\n ],\n [\n -90.32409667968749,\n 38.1777509666256\n ],\n [\n -89.9395751953125,\n 37.97018468810549\n ],\n [\n -89.84069824218749,\n 37.9051994823157\n ],\n [\n -89.527587890625,\n 37.69251435532741\n ],\n [\n -89.417724609375,\n 37.38325280195101\n ],\n [\n -89.4342041015625,\n 37.18657859524883\n ],\n [\n -89.3023681640625,\n 37.081475648860525\n ],\n [\n -89.1046142578125,\n 36.96306042436515\n ],\n [\n -89.1265869140625,\n 36.74768773190056\n ],\n [\n -89.241943359375,\n 36.56260003738548\n ],\n [\n -89.4342041015625,\n 36.474306755095206\n ],\n [\n -89.5660400390625,\n 36.26199220445664\n ],\n [\n -89.615478515625,\n 36.13787471840729\n ],\n [\n -89.7308349609375,\n 36.00467348670187\n ],\n [\n -90.37353515625,\n 36.00022956178002\n ],\n [\n -90.24169921875,\n 36.18665862660457\n ],\n [\n -90.087890625,\n 36.292990818063394\n ],\n [\n -90.054931640625,\n 36.38591277287651\n ],\n [\n -90.1263427734375,\n 36.421282443649496\n ],\n [\n -90.1593017578125,\n 36.491973470593685\n ],\n [\n -94.61975097656249,\n 36.49638952000399\n ],\n [\n -94.5977783203125,\n 39.10875135935859\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db6845a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Brenda J.","contributorId":61421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Brenda","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Imes, Jeffrey L. jimes@usgs.gov","contributorId":2983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imes","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jimes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":277455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68285,"text":"ha711K - 1991 - Water type and concentration of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate in water from the Ozark aquifer in Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, and Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-28T11:59:54","indexId":"ha711K","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"711","chapter":"K","title":"Water type and concentration of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate in water from the Ozark aquifer in Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, and Oklahoma","docAbstract":"The Ozark aquifer is a thick sequence of water-bearing dolostone, limestone, and sandstone of latest Cambrian through Middle Devonian age that is widely used as a source of water throughout the Ozark Plateaus province (index map). The Ozark aquifer is the largest of three aquifers that form part of the Ozark Plateaus aquifer system. The aquifer was studied as part of the Central Midwest Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (CMRASA; Jorgensen and Signor, 1981), a study of regional aquifer systems in the midcontinent United States that includes parts of 10States. Because of its significance as a source of freshwater in parts of Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, and Oklahoma, a subregional project was established to investigate the Ozark Plateaus aquifer system in more detail than the regional study could provide.
The geologic and hydrologic relation between the Ozark Plateaus aquifer system and other regional aquifer systems of the Midwest is presented in Jorgensen and others (in press). The relation of the Ozark aquifer to the Ozark Plateaus aquifer system is explained in Imes [in press (a)]. A companion publication, Imes [1990 (b)], contains contour maps of the altitude of the top, thickness, and potentiometric surface of the Ozark aquifer. This report contains maps that show water type and concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate in water from the Ozark aquifer. Most of the data from which these maps are compiled is stored in the CMRASA hydrochemical data base (R.B. Leonard, U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 1986). Data for Oklahoma were also taken from data published by Havens (1978). The maps in this report on the Ozark subregion may contain small differences from maps in other CMRASA publications because the criteria for data selection may be different and the subregional maps may contain additional data. However, regional trends in these maps are consistent with other maps published as part of the regional project.
Time courses for ingestion, retention and release via feces of microbial food was investigated using 2 bivalves with different feeding strategies, Potamocorbula amurensis and Macoma balthica. The results showed 2 pathways for the uptake of food material in these clams. The first is represented by an initial label pulse in the feces. The second pathway operates over longer time periods. Inert 51Cr-labeled beads were used to determine time frames for these pathways. The first pathway, involving extracellular digestion and intestinal uptake, is relatively inefficient in the digestion of bacterial cells by P. amurensis but more efficient in M. balthica. The second pathway, involving intracellular digestion within the digestive gland of both clams, was highly efficient in absorbing bacterial carbon, and was responsible for most chromium uptake. Differences in the overall retention of microbial 51Cr and 14C relate not to gut-passage times but to the processing and release strategies of the food material by these 2 clams.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter Research","usgsCitation":"Decho, A.W., and Luoma, S.N., 1991, Time-courses in the retention of food material in the bivalves Potamocorbula amurensis and Macoma balthica significance to the absorption of carbon and chromium: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 78, p. 303-314.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"303","endPage":"314","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314360,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314359,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v78/"}],"volume":"78","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5698d4d3e4b0fbd3f7fa4c6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Decho, Alan W.","contributorId":22107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decho","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70126465,"text":"70126465 - 1991 - A modeling assessment of the thermal regime for an urban sport fishery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-23T11:24:46","indexId":"70126465","displayToPublicDate":"1991-11-01T11:21:06","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A modeling assessment of the thermal regime for an urban sport fishery","docAbstract":"Water temperature is almost certainly a limiting factor in the maintenance of a self-sustaining rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, formerly Salmo gairdneri) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) fishery in the lower reaches of the Cache la Poudre River near Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. Irrigation diversions dewater portions of the river, but cold reservoir releases moderate water temperatures during some periods. The US Fish and Wildlife Service’s Stream Network Temperature Model (SNTEMP) was applied to a 31-km segment of the river using readily available stream geometry and hydrological and meteorological data. The calibrated model produced satisfactory water temperature predictions (R2=0.88,P<0.001, N=49) for a 62-day summer period. It was used to evaluate a variety of flow and nonflow alternatives to keep water temperatures below 23.3°C for the trout. Supplemental flows or reduced diversions of 3 m3/sec would be needed to maintain suitable summer temperatures throughout most of the study area. Such flows would be especially beneficial during weekends when current irrigation patterns reduce flows. The model indicated that increasing the riparian shade would result in little improvement in water temperatures but that decreasing the stream width would result in significant temperature reductions. Introduction of a more thermally tolerant redband trout (Oncorhynchus sp.), or smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) might prove beneficial to the fishery. Construction of deep pools for thermal refugia might also be helpful.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"New York","doi":"10.1007/BF02394821","usgsCitation":"Bartholow, J.M., 1991, A modeling assessment of the thermal regime for an urban sport fishery: Environmental Management, v. 15, no. 6, p. 833-845, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02394821.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"833","endPage":"845","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294317,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294316,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02394821"}],"volume":"15","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5422bb07e4b08312ac7ceeb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholow, John M.","contributorId":77598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholow","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70126917,"text":"70126917 - 1991 - Global warming and prairie wetlands: potential consequences for waterfowl habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-25T09:49:44","indexId":"70126917","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-01T09:29:53","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global warming and prairie wetlands: potential consequences for waterfowl habitat","docAbstract":"The accumulation of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is expected to warm the earth's climate at an unprecedented rate (Ramanathan 1988, Schneider 1989). If the climate models are correct, within 100 years the earth will not only be warmer than it has been during the past million years, but the change will have occurred more rapidly than any on record. Many profound changes in the earth's environment are expected, including rising sea level, increasing aridity in continental interiors, and melting permafrost.
\nEcosystems are expected to respond variously to a rapidly changing climate. Tree ranges in eastern North American are expected to shift northward, and seed dispersal may not be adequate to maintain current diversity (Cohn 1989, Johnson and Webb 1989). In coastal wetlands, rising sea level from melting icecaps and thermal expansion could flood salt-grass marshes and generally reduce the size and productivity of the intertidal zone (Peters and Darling 1985).
\nAs yet, little attention has been given to the possible effects of climatic warming on inland prairie wetland ecosystems. These wetlands, located in the glaciated portion of the North American Great Plains (Figure 1), constitute the single most important breeding area for waterfowl on this continent (Hubbard 1988). This region annually produces 50-80% of the continent's total duck production (Batt et al. 1989). These marshes also support a variety of other wildlife, including many species of nongame birds, muskrat, and mink (Kantrud et al. 1989a).
\nPrairie wetlands are relatively shallow, water-holding depressions that vary in size, water permanence, and water chemistry. Permanence types include temporary ponds (typically holding water for a few weeks in the springs), seasonal ponds (holding water from spring until early summer), semipermanent ponds (holding water throughout the growing season during most years), and large permanent lakes (Stewart and Kantrud 1971). Refilling usually occurs in spring from precipitation and runoff from melting snow on frozen or saturated soils (Figure 2). Annual water levels fluctuate widely due to climate variability in the Great Plains (Borchert 1950, Kantrud et al. 1989b).
\nClimate affects the quality of habitat for breeding waterfowl by controlling regional water conditions--water depth, areal extent, and length of wet/dry cycles (Cowardin et al. 1988)--and vegetation patterns such as the cover ration (the ratio of emergent plant cover to open water). With increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate models project warmer and, in some cases, drier conditions for the northern Great Plains (Karl et al. 1991, Manabe and Wetherald 1986, Mitchell 1983, Rind and Lebedeff 1984). In general, a warmer, drier climate could lower waterfowl production directly by increasing the frequency of dry basins and indirectly by producing less favorable cover rations (i.e., heavy emergent cover with few or no open-water areas).
\nThe possibility of diminished waterfowl production in a greenhouse climate comes at a time when waterfowl numbers have sharply declined for other reasons (Johnson and Shaffer 1987). Breeding habitat continues to be lost or altered by agriculture, grazing, burning, mowing, sedimentation, and drainage (Kantrud et al. 1989b). For example, it has been estimated that 60% of the wetland area in North Dakota has been drained (Tiner 1984). Pesticides entering wetlands from adjacent agricultural fields have been destructive to aquatic invertebrate populations and have significantly lowered duckling survival (Grue et al. 1988).
\nIn this article, we discuss current understanding and projections of global warming; review wetland vegetation dynamics to establish the strong relationship among climate, wetland hydrology, vegetation patterns, and waterflow habitat; discuss the potential effects of a greenhouse warming on these relationships; and illustrate the potential effects of climate change on wetland habitat by using a simulation model.
\nThe extent to which intensive management of the waterfowl resource will be needed in the future strongly depends on whether a changing climate exacerbates the current problem of waterfowl decline. Should this occur, efforts outlined the recent North American Waterfowl Management Plan between the United States and Canada to reduce the current decline (Patterson and Nelson 1988) may need to be redoubled in coming years.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"BioScience","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Biological Sciences","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.2307/1311698","usgsCitation":"Poiani, K.A., and Johnson, W., 1991, Global warming and prairie wetlands: potential consequences for waterfowl habitat: BioScience, v. 41, no. 9, p. 611-618, https://doi.org/10.2307/1311698.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"611","endPage":"618","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294462,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294461,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1311698"}],"volume":"41","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54252eb5e4b0e641df8a6ffa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poiani, Karen A.","contributorId":57385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poiani","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, W. Carter","contributorId":97237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W. Carter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185806,"text":"70185806 - 1991 - Ground-penetrating radar: A tool for mapping reservoirs and lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-28T06:31:10","indexId":"70185806","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2456,"text":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground-penetrating radar: A tool for mapping reservoirs and lakes","docAbstract":"Ground-penetrating radar was evaluated as a tool for mapping reservoir and lake bottoms and providing stage-storage information. An impulse radar was used on a 1.4-ha (3.5-acre) reservoir with 31 transects located 6.1 m (20 feet) apart. Depth of water and lateral extent of the lake bottom were accurately measured by ground-penetrating radar. A linear (positive) relationship existed between measured water depth and ground-penetrating radar-determined water depth (R2=0.989). Ground-penetrating radar data were used to create a contour map of the lake bottom. Relationships between water (contour) elevation and water surface area and volume were established. Ground-penetrating radar proved to be a useful tool for mapping lakes, detecting lake bottom variations, locating old stream channels, and determining water depths. The technology provides accurate, continuous profile data in a relatively short time compared to traditional surveying and depth-sounding techniques.
","language":"English","publisher":"Soil and Water Conservation Society","usgsCitation":"Truman, C., Asmussen, L., and Allison, H., 1991, Ground-penetrating radar: A tool for mapping reservoirs and lakes: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v. 46, no. 5, p. 370-373.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"370","endPage":"373","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338566,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338565,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jswconline.org/content/46/5/370.abstract"}],"volume":"46","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58dcc81fe4b02ff32c68572a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Truman, C.C.","contributorId":190010,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truman","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Asmussen, L.E.","contributorId":16276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asmussen","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allison, H.D.","contributorId":190009,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allison","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185492,"text":"70185492 - 1991 - Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon in a Coastal Plain aquifer. 2. Modeling carbon sources, sinks, and δ13C evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T14:35:17","indexId":"70185492","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon in a Coastal Plain aquifer. 2. Modeling carbon sources, sinks, and δ13C evolution","docAbstract":"Stable isotope data for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), carbonate shell material and cements, and microbial CO2 were combined with organic and inorganic chemical data from aquifer and confining-bed pore waters to construct geochemical reaction models along a flowpath in the Black Creek aquifer of South Carolina. Carbon-isotope fractionation between DIC and precipitating cements was treated as a Rayleigh distillation process. Organic matter oxidation was coupled to microbial fermentation and sulfate reduction. All reaction models reproduced the observed chemical and isotopic compositions of final waters. However, model 1, in which all sources of carbon and electron-acceptors were assumed to be internal to the aquifer, was invalidated owing to the large ratio of fermentation CO2 to respiration CO2 predicted by the model (5–49) compared with measured ratios (two or less). In model 2, this ratio was reduced by assuming that confining beds adjacent to the aquifer act as sources of dissolved organic carbon and sulfate. This assumption was based on measured high concentrations of dissolved organic acids and sulfate in confining-bed pore waters (60–100 μM and 100–380 μM, respectively) relative to aquifer pore waters (from less than 30 μM and 2–80 μM, respectively). Sodium was chosen as the companion ion to organic-acid and sulfate transport from confining beds because it is the predominant cation in confining-bed pore waters. As a result, excessive amounts of Na-for-Ca ion exchange and calcite precipitation (three to four times more cement than observed in the aquifer) were required by model 2 to achieve mass and isotope balance of final water. For this reason, model 2 was invalidated. Agreement between model-predicted and measured amounts of carbonate cement and ratios of fermentation CO2 to respiration CO2 were obtained in a reaction model that assumed confining beds act as sources of DIC, as well as organic acids and sulfate. This assumption was supported by measured high concentrations of DIC in confining beds (2.6–2.7 mM). Results from this study show that geochemical models of confined aquifer systems must incorporate the effects of adjacent confining beds to reproduce observed groundwater chemistry accurately.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elseiver","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90111-T","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P.B., and Chapelle, F.H., 1991, Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon in a Coastal Plain aquifer. 2. Modeling carbon sources, sinks, and δ13C evolution: Journal of Hydrology, v. 127, no. 1-4, p. 109-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90111-T.","productDescription":"27 p. ","startPage":"109","endPage":"135","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338088,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.91955566406249,\n 33.38099943104024\n ],\n [\n -81.903076171875,\n 33.33511774753217\n ],\n [\n -81.80419921875,\n 33.224903086263964\n ],\n [\n -81.551513671875,\n 33.063924198120645\n ],\n [\n -81.4141845703125,\n 32.8149783969858\n ],\n [\n -81.3922119140625,\n 32.60698915452777\n ],\n [\n -81.199951171875,\n 32.47732919639942\n ],\n [\n -81.123046875,\n 32.091882620021806\n ],\n [\n -80.8319091796875,\n 31.94750122367064\n ],\n [\n -79.9749755859375,\n 32.560703522325156\n ],\n [\n -79.156494140625,\n 33.19273094190692\n ],\n [\n -78.5577392578125,\n 33.8521697014074\n ],\n [\n -79.5025634765625,\n 34.66935854524543\n ],\n [\n -80.4583740234375,\n 34.252676117101515\n ],\n [\n -81.91955566406249,\n 33.38099943104024\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"127","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, Peter B. 0000-0001-7452-2379 pmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Peter","email":"pmcmahon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, Francis H. chapelle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Francis","email":"chapelle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70125922,"text":"70125922 - 1991 - Hydrologic pathways and chemical composition of runoff during snowmelt in Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:43:35","indexId":"70125922","displayToPublicDate":"1991-09-01T09:22:19","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic pathways and chemical composition of runoff during snowmelt in Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA","docAbstract":"Intensive sampling of a stream draining an alpine-subalpine basin revealed that depressions in pH and acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) of surface water at the beginning of the spring snowmelt in 1987 and 1988 were not accompanied by increases in strong acid anions, and that surface waters did not become acidic (ANC<0). Samples of meltwater collected at the base of the snowpack in 1987 were acidic and exhibited distinct ‘pulses’ of nitrate and sulfate. Solutions collected with lysimeters in forest soils adjacent to the stream revealed high levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total Al. Peaks in concentration of DOC, Al, and nutrient species in the stream samples indicate a flush of soil solution into the surface water at the beginning of the melt. Infiltration of meltwater into soils and spatial heterogeneity in the timing of melting across the basin prevented stream and lake waters from becoming acidic.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht","doi":"10.1007/BF00283175","usgsCitation":"Denning, A.S., Baron, J., Mast, M.A., and Arthur, M., 1991, Hydrologic pathways and chemical composition of runoff during snowmelt in Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 59, no. 1-2, p. 107-123, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00283175.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"107","endPage":"123","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294095,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283175"},{"id":294096,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.913714,40.158067 ], [ -105.913714,40.553787 ], [ -105.493583,40.553787 ], [ -105.493583,40.158067 ], [ -105.913714,40.158067 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"59","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541bf432e4b0e96537ddf722","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denning, A. Scott","contributorId":70710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denning","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mast, M. Alisa 0000-0001-6253-8162 mamast@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-8162","contributorId":827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"M.","email":"mamast@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alisa","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arthur, Mary","contributorId":99484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"Mary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70171484,"text":"70171484 - 1991 - Water-resources development and its influence on the water budget for the aquifer system in the Salinas to Patillas area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-02T10:29:51","indexId":"70171484","displayToPublicDate":"1991-07-17T14:30:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Water-resources development and its influence on the water budget for the aquifer system in the Salinas to Patillas area","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Regional aquifer systems of the United States, aquifers of the Caribbean Islands : papers presented at AWRA International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology","conferenceDate":"July 23-27, 1990","conferenceLocation":"San Juan, Puerto Rico","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Quinones-Aponte, V., 1991, Water-resources development and its influence on the water budget for the aquifer system in the Salinas to Patillas area, in Regional aquifer systems of the United States, aquifers of the Caribbean Islands : papers presented at AWRA International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, July 23-27, 1990, p. 37-55.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"55","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322027,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57500786e4b0ee97d51bb854","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gomez-Gomez, Fernando","contributorId":169637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gomez-Gomez","given":"Fernando","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631270,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, A.I.","contributorId":82676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631271,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, Vicente","contributorId":48552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185485,"text":"70185485 - 1991 - Quartz dissolution in organic-rich aqueous systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T13:59:31","indexId":"70185485","displayToPublicDate":"1991-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quartz dissolution in organic-rich aqueous systems","docAbstract":"Organic electrolytes are a common component of natural waters and are known to be important in many rock-water interactions. The influence of organic electrolytes on silica mobility, quartz solubility, and quartz dissolution kinetics, however, is less well understood. While there is mounting evidence supporting the presence of an aqueous organic-silica complex in natural waters, the significance of this species is difficult to characterize because of competing interactions in mixed inorganic-organic electrolyte environments. In the experiments reported here, the kinetics of quartz dissolution in dilute aqueous organic-acid solutions between 25 and 70°C were investigated to determine the influence of both organic and inorganic electrolytes.
Batch-reactor dissolution experiments in inorganic and organic electrolyte solutions were designed to investigate the hypothesis that organic acids at circum-neutral pH accelerate the dissolution and increase the solubility of quartz in water. Results suggest that multi-functional organic acids such as citrate and oxalate accelerate quartz dissolution by decreasing the activation energy by approximately 20%. The increase in dissolution rate was accompanied by a 100% increase in apparent quartz solubility at 25°C. Experiments using inorganic electrolytes, in contrast, increase the rate of quartz dissolution without decreasing the activation energy, and without increasing solubility.
From these data, a model for both a solution complex between dissolved organic acid and monomeric silicic acid, and an activated complex on quartz surfaces is proposed. The model suggests that dissolved organic compounds in natural waters at near-neutral pH and low temperatures are capable of accelerating the dissolution of quartz and increasing its solubility.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(91)90023-X","usgsCitation":"Bennett, P.C., 1991, Quartz dissolution in organic-rich aqueous systems: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 7, p. 1781-1797, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90023-X.","productDescription":"17 p. ","startPage":"1781","endPage":"1797","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338078,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, Philip C.","contributorId":30567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185807,"text":"70185807 - 1991 - Evaluation of hydraulic conductivities calculated from multi-port permeameter measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T11:07:39","indexId":"70185807","displayToPublicDate":"1991-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of hydraulic conductivities calculated from multi-port permeameter measurements","docAbstract":"A multiport permeameter was developed for use in estimating hydraulic conductivity over intact sections of aquifer core using the core liner as the permeameter body. Six cores obtained from one borehole through the upper 9 m of a stratified glacial-outwash aquifer were used to evaluate the reliability of the permeameter. Radiographs of the cores were used to assess core integrity and to locate 5- to 10-cm sections of similar grain size for estimation of hydraulic conductivity. After extensive testing of the permeameter, hydraulic conductivities were determined for 83 sections of the six cores. Other measurement techniques included permeameter measurements on repacked sections of core, estimates based on grain-size analyses, and estimates based on borehole flowmeter measurements. Permeameter measurements of 33 sections of core that had been extruded, homogenized, and repacked did not differ significantly from the original measurements. Hydraulic conductivities estimated from grain-size distributions were slightly higher than those calculated from permeameter measurements; the significance of the difference depended on the estimating equation used. Hydraulic conductivities calculated from field measurements, using a borehole flowmeter in the borehole from which the cores were extracted, were significantly higher than those calculated from laboratory measurements and more closely agreed with independent estimates of hydraulic conductivity based on tracer movement near the borehole. This indicates that hydraulic conductivities based on laboratory measurements of core samples may underestimate actual field hydraulic conductivities in this type of stratified glacial-outwash aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00543.x","usgsCitation":"Wolf, S.H., Celia, M.A., and Hess, K.M., 1991, Evaluation of hydraulic conductivities calculated from multi-port permeameter measurements: Groundwater, v. 29, no. 4, p. 516-525, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00543.x.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"516","endPage":"525","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338567,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58dcc81fe4b02ff32c68572c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolf, Steven H.","contributorId":189682,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wolf","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Celia, Michael A.","contributorId":189683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Celia","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hess, Kathryn M.","contributorId":49012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70170198,"text":"70170198 - 1991 - Mechanisms controlling the transport of organic chemicals in subsurface environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T11:26:07","indexId":"70170198","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-01T12:45:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Mechanisms controlling the transport of organic chemicals in subsurface environments","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program---Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Aiken, G., Capel, P., Furlong, E., Hult, M.F., and Thorn, K.A., 1991, Mechanisms controlling the transport of organic chemicals in subsurface environments, chap. of U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program---Proceedings of the technical meeting, Monterey, California, March 11-15, 1991, p. 633-637.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"633","endPage":"637","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319957,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"570ccab6e4b0ef3b7ca14723","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aiken, G. R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capel, P. D. 0000-0003-1620-5185","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":95498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"P. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Furlong, E. T. 0000-0002-7305-4603","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":98346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hult, M. F.","contributorId":29817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hult","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thorn, K. A.","contributorId":33294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70185802,"text":"70185802 - 1991 - Agricultural research to improve water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-28T11:00:41","indexId":"70185802","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2456,"text":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Agricultural research to improve water quality","docAbstract":"ime courses for ingest~on, retention and release via feces of microbial food was investigated
using 2 b~valves w~th d~fferent feeding strategies, Potamocorbula amurensis and Macoma
balthica. The results showed 2 pathways for the uptake of food material in these clams. The first is
represented by an initlal label pulse in the feces. The second pathway operates over longer time
periods. Inert \"Cr-labeled beads were used to determine time frames for these pathways. The first
pathway, involving extracellular digestion and intestinal uptake, is relatively inefficient In the
digestion of bacter~al cells by P amurensis but more efficient in M. balthica. The second pathway,
involving intracellular digestion withln the digestive gland of both clams, was highly efficient in
absorb~ng bacterial carbon, and was responsible for most chromium uptake. Differences in the overall
retention of microbial \"Cr and I4C relate not to gut-passage times but to the processing and release
strategies of the food material by these 2 clams.
Centrifugal force is an alternative to large pressure gradients for the measurement of low values of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat). With a head of water above a porous medium in a centrifuge bucket, both constant-head and falling-head measurements are practical at forces up to at least 1800 times normal gravity. Darcy's law applied to the known centrifugal potential leads to simple formulas for Ksat that are analogous to those used in the standard gravity-driven constant- and falling-head methods. Both centrifugal methods were tested on several fine-textured samples of soil and ceramic with Ksat between about 10−10 and 10−9 m/s. The results were compared to falling-head gravity measurements. The comparison shows most measurements agreeing to within 20% for a given sample, much of the variation probably resulting from run-to-run changes in sample structure. The falling-head centrifuge method proved to be especially simple in design and operation and was more accurate than the constant-head method. With modified apparatus, Ksat measurements less than 10−10 m/s should be attainable.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR00367","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J.R., and Mello, K.A., 1991, Centrifugal techniques for measuring saturated hydraulic conductivity: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 6, p. 1263-1269, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR00367.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"1263","endPage":"1269","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338090,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mello, Karen A.","contributorId":189694,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mello","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185487,"text":"70185487 - 1991 - Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 2. Analysis of spatial moments for a nonreactive tracer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:58:59","indexId":"70185487","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 2. Analysis of spatial moments for a nonreactive tracer","docAbstract":"A large-scale natural gradient tracer test was conducted to examine the transport of reactive and nonreactive tracers in a sand and gravel aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. As part of this test the transport of bromide, a nonreactive tracer, was monitored for about 280 m and quantified using spatial moments. The calculated mass of bromide for each sampling date varied between 85% and 105% of the injected mass using an estimated porosity of 0.39, and the center of mass moved at a nearly constant horizontal velocity of 0.42 m per day. A nonlinear change in the bromide longitudinal variance was observed during the first 26 m of travel distance, but afterward the variance followed a linear trend, indicating the longitudinal dispersivity had reached a constant value of 0.96 m. The transverse dispersivities were much smaller; transverse horizontal dispersivity was 1.8 cm, and transverse vertical dispersivity was about 1.5 mm.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR00242","usgsCitation":"Garabedian, S.P., LeBlanc, D.R., Gelhar, L.W., and Celia, M.A., 1991, Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 2. Analysis of spatial moments for a nonreactive tracer: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 5, p. 911-924, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR00242.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"911","endPage":"924","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338083,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.57273864746094,\n 41.6010669423553\n ],\n [\n -70.44708251953125,\n 41.6010669423553\n ],\n [\n -70.44708251953125,\n 41.697013213237994\n ],\n [\n -70.57273864746094,\n 41.697013213237994\n ],\n [\n -70.57273864746094,\n 41.6010669423553\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garabedian, Stephen P.","contributorId":91090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LeBlanc, Dennis R.","contributorId":189689,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gelhar, Lynn W.","contributorId":189690,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gelhar","given":"Lynn","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Celia, Michael A.","contributorId":189683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Celia","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185490,"text":"70185490 - 1991 - Sampling design for groundwater solute transport: Tests of methods and analysis of Cape Cod tracer test data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:36:12","indexId":"70185490","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sampling design for groundwater solute transport: Tests of methods and analysis of Cape Cod tracer test data","docAbstract":"Tests of a one-dimensional sampling design methodology on measurements of bromide concentration collected during the natural gradient tracer test conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, demonstrate its efficacy for field studies of solute transport in groundwater and the utility of one-dimensional analysis. The methodology was applied to design of sparse two-dimensional networks of fully screened wells typical of those often used in engineering practice. In one-dimensional analysis, designs consist of the downstream distances to rows of wells oriented perpendicular to the groundwater flow direction and the timing of sampling to be carried out on each row. The power of a sampling design is measured by its effectiveness in simultaneously meeting objectives of model discrimination, parameter estimation, and cost minimization. One-dimensional models of solute transport, differing in processes affecting the solute and assumptions about the structure of the flow field, were considered for description of tracer cloud migration. When fitting each model using nonlinear regression, additive and multiplicative error forms were allowed for the residuals which consist of both random and model errors. The one-dimensional single-layer model of a nonreactive solute with multiplicative error was judged to be the best of those tested. Results show the efficacy of the methodology in designing sparse but powerful sampling networks. Designs that sample five rows of wells at five or fewer times in any given row performed as well for model discrimination as the full set of samples taken up to eight times in a given row from as many as 89 rows. Also, designs for parameter estimation judged to be good by the methodology were as effective in reducing the variance of parameter estimates as arbitrary designs with many more samples. Results further showed that estimates of velocity and longitudinal dispersivity in one-dimensional models based on data from only five rows of fully screened wells each sampled five or fewer times were practically equivalent to values determined from moments analysis of the complete three-dimensional set of 29,285 samples taken during 16 sampling times.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/90WR02657","usgsCitation":"Knopman, D.S., Voss, C.I., and Garabedian, S.P., 1991, Sampling design for groundwater solute transport: Tests of methods and analysis of Cape Cod tracer test data: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 5, p. 925-949, https://doi.org/10.1029/90WR02657.","productDescription":"25 p. ","startPage":"925","endPage":"949","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338085,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knopman, Debra S.","contributorId":51472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopman","given":"Debra","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garabedian, Stephen P.","contributorId":91090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185491,"text":"70185491 - 1991 - Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 1. Experimental design and observed tracer movement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:58:34","indexId":"70185491","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 1. Experimental design and observed tracer movement","docAbstract":"A large-scale natural gradient tracer experiment was conducted on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, to examine the transport and dispersion of solutes in a sand and gravel aquifer. The nonreactive tracer, bromide, and the reactive tracers, lithium and molybdate, were injected as a pulse in July 1985 and monitored in three dimensions as they moved as far as 280 m down-gradient through an array of multilevel samplers. The bromide cloud moved horizontally at a rate of 0.42 m per day. It also moved downward about 4 m because of density-induced sinking early in the test and accretion of areal recharge from precipitation. After 200 m of transport, the bromide cloud had spread more than 80 m in the direction of flow, but was only 14 m wide and 4–6 m thick. The lithium and molybdate clouds followed the same path as the bromide cloud, but their rates of movement were retarded about 50% relative to bromide movement because of sorption onto the sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR00241","usgsCitation":"LeBlanc, D.R., Garabedian, S.P., Hess, K.M., Gelhar, L.W., Quadri, R.D., Stollenwerk, K.G., and Wood, W., 1991, Large-scale natural gradient tracer test in sand and gravel, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: 1. Experimental design and observed tracer movement: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 5, p. 895-910, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR00241.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"895","endPage":"910","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338087,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.58303833007812,\n 41.60774162535756\n ],\n [\n -70.46905517578125,\n 41.60774162535756\n ],\n [\n -70.46905517578125,\n 41.703165313736655\n ],\n [\n -70.58303833007812,\n 41.703165313736655\n ],\n [\n -70.58303833007812,\n 41.60774162535756\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeBlanc, Denis R. 0000-0002-4646-2628 dleblanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4646-2628","contributorId":1696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"Denis","email":"dleblanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garabedian, Stephen P.","contributorId":91090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hess, Kathryn M.","contributorId":49012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gelhar, Lynn W.","contributorId":189690,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gelhar","given":"Lynn","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Quadri, Richard D.","contributorId":189692,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quadri","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stollenwerk, Kenneth G. kgstolle@usgs.gov","contributorId":578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"Kenneth","email":"kgstolle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wood, Warren W.","contributorId":47770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Warren W.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70185800,"text":"70185800 - 1991 - Extent of reaction in open systems with multiple heterogeneous reactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T10:37:11","indexId":"70185800","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5349,"text":"American Institute of Chemical Engineers ","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extent of reaction in open systems with multiple heterogeneous reactions","docAbstract":"The familiar batch concept of extent of reaction is reexamined for systems of reactions occurring in open systems. Because species concentrations change as a result of transport processes as well as reactions in open systems, the extent of reaction has been less useful in practice in these applications. It is shown that by defining the extent of the equivalent batch reaction and a second contribution to the extent of reaction due to the transport processes, it is possible to treat the description of the dynamics of flow through porous media accompanied by many chemical reactions in a uniform, concise manner. This approach tends to isolate the reaction terms among themselves and away from the model partial differential equations, thereby enabling treatment of large problems involving both equilibrium and kinetically controlled reactions. Implications on the number of coupled partial differential equations necessary to be solved and on numerical algorithms for solving such problems are discussed. Examples provided illustrate the theory applied to solute transport in groundwater flow.
Short-term instability in the behaviour of a small, meandering alluvial channel is identified from the relation between sinuosity and either floodplain slope or channel slope within 17 reaches along an 81-kilometre section of the Belle Fourche River in western South Dakota. In reaches 1 to 4 and 11 to 17 the channel is relatively stable and sinuosity varies inversely with channel slope. In reaches 5 to 10, sinuosity is positively related to floodplain slope. Sinuosity increases markedly in reaches 5, 6, and 7 (which are immediately downstream from a discontinuity in the long profile of the floodplain) in association with an increase in floodplain slope. Immediately upstream from the discontinuity, bankfull channel depth and sinuosity decrease and the area of the floodplain reworked by meander migration between 1939 and 1981 increases, in association with a decrease in floodplain slope. Channel behaviour in reaches 5 to 10 is best explained as a consequence of neotectonic activity, as indicated by changes in elevation recorded along geodetic survey lines that cross lineaments that may delimit the eastern boundary of the Black Hills uplift. Sinuosity acts as a barometer of the effects of neotectonic activity on alluvial channels. Initial indications of channel and floodplain instability due to neotectonic activity may be derived from evidence of anomalously active channel migration, as documented from photographic or topographic sources.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/esp.3290160304","usgsCitation":"Gomez, B., and Marron, D.C., 1991, Neotectonic effects on sinuosity and channel migration, Belle Fourche River, Western South Dakota: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 16, no. 3, p. 227-235, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290160304.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"227","endPage":"235","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338084,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Belle Fourche River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.34564208984375,\n 44.620287898534244\n ],\n [\n -103.32298278808594,\n 44.61637785698343\n ],\n [\n -103.21517944335938,\n 44.5435052132082\n ],\n [\n -103.11012268066405,\n 44.4190688110522\n ],\n [\n -103.02978515625,\n 44.38865427337759\n ],\n [\n -103.01193237304688,\n 44.422011314236634\n ],\n [\n -103.05587768554686,\n 44.476910857223224\n ],\n [\n -103.15887451171875,\n 44.61784415342067\n ],\n [\n -103.260498046875,\n 44.65839700490685\n ],\n [\n -103.37860107421875,\n 44.66865287227321\n ],\n [\n -103.52073669433594,\n 44.68476556953855\n ],\n [\n -103.623046875,\n 44.681348099056066\n ],\n [\n -103.71231079101562,\n 44.687694669498015\n ],\n [\n -103.78578186035156,\n 44.70868221820806\n ],\n [\n -103.79814147949219,\n 44.69111176558736\n ],\n [\n -103.77342224121092,\n 44.66767620116954\n ],\n [\n -103.70750427246094,\n 44.64423115768092\n ],\n [\n -103.63334655761719,\n 44.63445959194018\n ],\n [\n -103.34564208984375,\n 44.620287898534244\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomez, Basil","contributorId":65475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomez","given":"Basil","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marron, Donna C.","contributorId":6900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marron","given":"Donna","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185493,"text":"70185493 - 1991 - Comment on the treatment of residual water content in “A consistent set of parametric models for the two-phase flow of immiscible fluids in the subsurface” by L. Luckner et al.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:52:58","indexId":"70185493","displayToPublicDate":"1991-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comment on the treatment of residual water content in “A consistent set of parametric models for the two-phase flow of immiscible fluids in the subsurface” by L. Luckner et al.","docAbstract":"Luckner et al. [1989] (hereinafter LVN) present a clear summary and generalization of popular formulations used for convenient representation of porous media fluid flow characteristics, including water content (θ) related to suction (h) and hydraulic conductivity (K) related to θ or h. One essential but problematic element in the LVN models is the concept of residual water content (θr; in LVN, θw,r). Most studies using θr determine its value as a fitted parameter and make the assumption that liquid flow processes are negligible at θ values less than θr. While the LVN paper contributes a valuable discussion of the nature of θr, it leaves several problems unresolved, including fundamental difficulties in associating a definite physical condition with θr, practical inadequacies of the models at low θ values, and difficulties in designating a main wetting curve.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR00165","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J.R., 1991, Comment on the treatment of residual water content in “A consistent set of parametric models for the two-phase flow of immiscible fluids in the subsurface” by L. Luckner et al.: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 4, p. 661-662, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR00165.","productDescription":"2 p. 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The Log Creek watershed (50 ha, 2067–2397 m elev.) is drained by a perennial stream, while Tharp's Creek watershed (13 ha, 2067–2255 m elev.) contains an intermittent stream. Dominant trees in the area include Abies concolor (white fir), Sequoiadendron giganteum (giant sequoia), A. magnifica (red fir), and Pinus lambertiana (sugar pine). Bedrock is predominantly granite and granodiorite, and the soils are mostly Pachic Xerumbrepts. Over the three year period, sulfate (SO4 2−), nitrate (NO3 −), and chloride (Cl−1) were the major anions in bulk precipitation with volume-weighted average concentrations of 12.6, 12.3 and 10.0 μeq/1, respectively. Annual inputs of NO3-N, NH4-N and SO4-S from wet deposition were about 60 to 75% of those reported from bulk deposition collectors. Discharge from the two watersheds occurs primarily during spring snowmelt. Solute exports from Log and Tharp's Creeks were dominated by HCO3 −, Ca2+ and Na+, while H+, NO3 −, NH4 + and PO4 3− outputs were relatively small. Solute concentrations were weakly correlated with instantaneous stream flow for all solutes (r2 <0.2) except HCO3 − (Log Cr. r2 = 0.72; Tharp's Cr. r2 = 0.38), Na+ (Log Cr. r2 = 0.56; Tharp's Cr. r2 = 0.47), and silicate (Log Cr. r2 = 0.71; Tharp's Cr. r2 = 0.49). Mean annual atmospheric contributions of NO3-N (1.6 kg ha−1), NH4-N (1.7 kg ha−1), and SO4-S (1.8 kg ha−1), which are associated with acidic deposition, greatly exceed hydrologic losses. Annual watershed yields (expressed as eq ha−1) of HCO3 − exceeded by factors of 2.5 to 37 the annual atmospheric deposition of H+.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00002608","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T.J., Melack, J., Esperanza, A.M., and Parsons, D.J., 1991, Atmospheric deposition and solute export in giant sequoia: Mixed conifer watersheds in the Sierra Nevada, California: Biogeochemistry, v. 12, no. 3, p. 207-230, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00002608.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"230","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294106,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.585302,37.721679 ], [ -119.585302,37.739329 ], [ -119.553287,37.739329 ], [ -119.553287,37.721679 ], [ -119.585302,37.721679 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541bf41ce4b0e96537ddf635","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, Thomas J. 0000-0001-9696-4450 stohlgrent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-4450","contributorId":2902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Thomas","email":"stohlgrent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melack, John M.","contributorId":25481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melack","given":"John M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Esperanza, Anne M.","contributorId":56165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esperanza","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parsons, David J.","contributorId":39249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70171494,"text":"70171494 - 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