n May 31, 2003 unusual artifacts appeared within image data collected by the Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) instrument on-board the Landsat 7 spacecraft. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), with the support of NASA, has been working to find a means of compensating for the data gaps that result from a failure of the instrument’s scan line corrector (SLC). The SLC is an electromechanical device that compensates for the forward motion of the spacecraft by modifying the instrument’s optical path. The problem is likely due to a mechanical failure of the device for which there is no redundancy and that cannot be repaired or coaxed back into service. Further information regarding Landsat 7 and the SLC failure can be found at the Landsat Project home page (http://landsat7.usgs.gov).
","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","usgsCitation":"Howard, S.M., and Lacasse, J.M., 2004, An evaluation of gap-filled Landsat SLC-off imagery for wildland fire burn severity mapping: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 70, no. 8, p. 877-880.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"877","endPage":"880","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307597,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e034b1e4b0f42e3d040dec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, Stephen M. 0000-0001-5255-5882 smhoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5255-5882","contributorId":3483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Stephen","email":"smhoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lacasse, James M. jmlacasse@usgs.gov","contributorId":5704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacasse","given":"James","email":"jmlacasse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":570294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156530,"text":"70156530 - 2004 - Development of a 2001 National Land Cover Database for the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-24T13:27:45","indexId":"70156530","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of a 2001 National Land Cover Database for the United States","docAbstract":"Multi-Resolution Land Characterization 2001 (MRLC 2001) is a second-generation Federal consortium designed to create an updated pool of nation-wide Landsat 5 and 7 imagery and derive a second-generation National Land Cover Database (NLCD 2001). The objectives of this multi-layer, multi-source database are two fold: first, to provide consistent land cover for all 50 States, and second, to provide a data framework which allows flexibility in developing and applying each independent data component to a wide variety of other applications. Components in the database include the following: (1) normalized imagery for three time periods per path/row, (2) ancillary data, including a 30 m Digital Elevation Model (DEM) derived into slope, aspect and slope position, (3) perpixel estimates of percent imperviousness and percent tree canopy, (4) 29 classes of land cover data derived from the imagery, ancillary data, and derivatives, (5) classification rules, confidence estimates, and metadata from the land cover classification. This database is now being developed using a Mapping Zone approach, with 66 Zones in the continental United States and 23 Zones in Alaska. Results from three initial mapping Zones show single-pixel land cover accuracies ranging from 73 to 77 percent, imperviousness accuracies ranging from 83 to 91 percent, tree canopy accuracies ranging from 78 to 93 percent, and an estimated 50 percent increase in mapping efficiency over previous methods. The database has now entered the production phase and is being created using extensive partnering in the Federal government with planned completion by 2006.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","doi":"10.14358/PERS.70.7.829","usgsCitation":"Homer, C.G., Huang, C., Yang, L., Wylie, B.K., and Coan, M., 2004, Development of a 2001 National Land Cover Database for the United States: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 70, no. 7, p. 829-840, https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.70.7.829.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"829","endPage":"840","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478035,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14358/pers.70.7.829","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":307256,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dc402de4b0518e354d10ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Homer, Collin G. 0000-0003-4755-8135 homer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-8135","contributorId":2262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Homer","given":"Collin","email":"homer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":569410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huang, Chengquan","contributorId":25378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huang","given":"Chengquan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yang, Limin 0000-0002-2843-6944 lyang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2843-6944","contributorId":4305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"Limin","email":"lyang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":569412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wylie, Bruce K. 0000-0002-7374-1083 wylie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","email":"wylie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":569413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coan, Michael mcoan@usgs.gov","contributorId":5398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coan","given":"Michael","email":"mcoan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":569414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":53846,"text":"cir1252 - 2004 - Urban growth in American cities : glimpses of U.S. urbanization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T10:18:00","indexId":"cir1252","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1252","title":"Urban growth in American cities : glimpses of U.S. urbanization","docAbstract":"The Earth's surface is changing rapidly. Changes are local, regional, national, and even global in scope. Some changes have natural causes, such as earthquakes or drought. Other changes, such as urban expansion, agricultural intensification, resource extraction, and water resources development, are examples of human-induced change that have significant impact upon people, the economy, and resources. The consequences that result from these changes are often dramatic and widespread (Buchanan, Acevedo, and Zirbes, 2002)
It is the role of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to provide useful and relevant scientific information both to the agencies within the Department of the Interior and to the Nation in general. In an effort to comply with this task, USGS scientists are assessing the status of, and the trends in, the Nation's land surface. This assessment provides useful information for regional and national land use decisionmaking. This knowledge can be used to deal with issues of significance to the Nation, such as quality-of-life, ecology of urban environments, ecosystem health, ecological integrity, water quality and quantity concerns, resource availability, vulnerability to natural hazards, safeguards to human health, air and land quality, and accessibility to scientific information. Results of these assessments can also be analyzed to reveal rates and trends in land use change. Results from urban growth studies provide a firm foundation for continuing research that explores the consequences of human modification of the landscape.
The USGS seeks to illustrate and explain the spatial history of urban growth and corresponding land use change. Scientists are studying urban environments from a regional perspective and a time scale of decades to measure the changes that have occurred in order to help understand the impact of anticipated changes in the future.
Within this booklet are pairs of images of selected urbanized regions from across the Nation. These image pairs illustrate the transformation that these areas have undergone over two decades. Specifically, they depict changes in the extent of urban land. Each change pair is composed of one image from the 1970s and one image from the 1990s. Accompanying each image pair is a brief historical geography of factors that helped facilitate major changes that have occurred since the founding of the main city and the consequences and challenges of regional urban growth. The goal of this publication is to provide an illustration of urban change that is easily understood by a broad audience.
The images used throughout this booklet were generated from land cover data developed by the USGS. The data sources include the Geographic Information Retrieval and Analysis System (GIRAS) for the 1970s images and the National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) for the 1990s images. GIRAS digital maps are based on photointerpretations completed in the mid-1970s. The NLCD is a land cover dataset for the conterminous United States based on 1992 Landsat thematic mapper (TM) satellite imagery and supplemental data (fig. 1a and fig. 1b). The USGS distributes both of these land use and land cover digital datasets.
The images were developed by using a geographic information system (GIS). The GIRAS and NLCD datasets were used to identify urban land within each region. In the final images all urban areas are shown in red. A shaded-relief map of each region was used to display the topographic context of the red polygon coverage. For all of these images, urban land is defined as areas transformed into a built-up environment for human use. It includes residential areas, commercial and industrial developments, transportation features, and institutions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1252","usgsCitation":"Auch, R., Taylor, J., and Acevedo, W., 2004, Urban growth in American cities : glimpses of U.S. urbanization: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1252, iv, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1252.","productDescription":"iv, 52 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126329,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1252.jpg"},{"id":5277,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/circ1252/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":338406,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/circ1252/pdf/circ1252.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db6052b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Auch, Roger 0000-0002-5382-5044","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5382-5044","contributorId":59868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auch","given":"Roger","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Janis 0000-0002-9418-5215 jltaylor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9418-5215","contributorId":3869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Janis ","email":"jltaylor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":248487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Acevedo, William wacevedo@usgs.gov","contributorId":2689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acevedo","given":"William","email":"wacevedo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":55689,"text":"ofr20041040A - 2004 - Processed Landsat 7 satellite imagery of the Espanola Basin region, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-06T21:14:26.756742","indexId":"ofr20041040A","displayToPublicDate":"2004-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1040","chapter":"A","title":"Processed Landsat 7 satellite imagery of the Espanola Basin region, New Mexico","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041040A","isbn":"0607969466","usgsCitation":"Sawyer, D.A., 2004, Processed Landsat 7 satellite imagery of the Espanola Basin region, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1040, 1 CD-ROM ; 4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041040A.","productDescription":"1 CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":500897,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1040-a/ofr20041040A.zip","text":"CD-ROM","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":181471,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Espanola Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698361","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sawyer, David A. dsawyer@usgs.gov","contributorId":1262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sawyer","given":"David","email":"dsawyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":254009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55688,"text":"ofr20041040B - 2004 - Processed Landsat 7 satellite imagery of the Taos Plateau-San Luis Valley region, New Mexico and Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-06T21:13:45.894255","indexId":"ofr20041040B","displayToPublicDate":"2004-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1040","chapter":"B","title":"Processed Landsat 7 satellite imagery of the Taos Plateau-San Luis Valley region, New Mexico and Colorado","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041040B","isbn":"0607969474","usgsCitation":"Sawyer, D.A., 2004, Processed Landsat 7 satellite imagery of the Taos Plateau-San Luis Valley region, New Mexico and Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1040, 1 CD-ROM ; 4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041040B.","productDescription":"1 CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":500901,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1040-b/ofr20041040B.zip","text":"CD-ROM","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":181470,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"San Luis Valley, Taos Plateau","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db6602fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sawyer, David A. dsawyer@usgs.gov","contributorId":1262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sawyer","given":"David","email":"dsawyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":254008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70046982,"text":"70046982 - 2004 - Landsat yesterday and today: An American vision and an old challenge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-11T13:58:18","indexId":"70046982","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T13:54:35","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2374,"text":"Journal of Map & Geography Libraries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat yesterday and today: An American vision and an old challenge","docAbstract":"Since the late 1960s, the United States government has invested more than $1 billion in designing, launching, and operating the Landsat (land satellite) series of Earth-observing satellites. Global change researchers, geologists, and environmental scientists have used images gathered by the satellites for purposes ranging from human health research, energy exploration, and pollution detection to agricultural assessments, urban growth monitoring, and earthquake lineament studies. The earliest data were captured on a digital medium called wide-band video tape (WBVT). However, two decades of unsound media storage conditions and a poorly maintained processing system have left the physically deteriorating WBVTs with no mechanism for interpretation. A national treasure was in jeopardy. With seed money from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began a project to rescue the data. More than 21,000 tapes from the 1970s have been transcribed to stable, archival media, preserving the data for future studies in Earth System Science.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Map & Geography Libraries","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1300/J230v01n01_04","usgsCitation":"Faundeen, J., Williams, D.L., and Greenhagen, C.A., 2004, Landsat yesterday and today: An American vision and an old challenge: Journal of Map & Geography Libraries, v. 1, no. 1, p. 59-73, https://doi.org/10.1300/J230v01n01_04.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"73","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274884,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274883,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J230v01n01_04"}],"country":"United States","volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51dfd3e5e4b0d332bf22f3a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faundeen, John 0000-0003-0287-2921 faundeen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0287-2921","contributorId":3097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faundeen","given":"John","email":"faundeen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":480797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Darrel L.","contributorId":20627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Darrel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greenhagen, Cheryl A.","contributorId":99449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenhagen","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015159,"text":"1015159 - 2004 - Landsat TM inventory and assessment of waterbird habitat in the southern altiplano of South America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-27T10:38:50","indexId":"1015159","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3751,"text":"Wetlands Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Landsat TM inventory and assessment of waterbird habitat in the southern altiplano of South America","title":"Landsat TM inventory and assessment of waterbird habitat in the southern altiplano of South America","docAbstract":"The diverse set of wetlands in southern altiplano of South America supports a number of endemic and migratory waterbirds. These species include endangered endemic flamingos and shorebirds that nest in North America and winter in the altiplano. This research developed maps from nine Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images (254,300 km2) to provide an inventory of aquatic waterbird habitats. Image processing software was used to produce a map with a classification of wetlands according to the habitat requirements of different types of waterbirds. A hierarchical procedure was used to, first, isolate the bodies of water within the TM image; second, execute an unsupervised classification on the subsetted image to produce 300 signatures of cover types, which were further subdivided as necessary. Third, each of the classifications was examined in the light of field data and personal experience for relevance to the determination of the various habitat types. Finally, the signatures were applied to the entire image and other adjacent images to yield a map depicting the location of the various waterbird habitats in the southern altiplano. The data sets referenced with a global positioning system receiver were used to test the classification system. Multivariate analysis of the bird communities censused at each lake by individual habitats indicated a salinity gradient, and then the depth of the water separated the birds. Multivariate analysis of the chemical and physical data from the lakes showed that the variation in lakes were significantly associated with difference in depth, transparency, latitude, elevation, and pH. The presence of gravel bottoms was also one of the qualities distinguishing a group of lakes. This information will be directly useful to the Flamingo Census Project and serve as an element for risk assessment for future development.
On several occasions, winter freezes have wrought severe destruction on Florida agriculture. A series of devastating freezes around the turn of the twentieth century, and again during the 1980s, were related to anomalies in the large-scale flow of the ocean–atmosphere system. During the twentieth century, substantial areas of wetlands in south Florida were drained and converted to agricultural land for winter fresh vegetable and sugarcane production. During this time, much of the citrus industry also was relocated to those areas to escape the risk of freeze farther to the north. The purpose of this paper is to present a modeling study designed to investigate whether the conversion of the wetlands to agriculture itself could have resulted in or exacerbated the severity of recent freezes in those agricultural areas of south Florida.
For three recent freeze events, a pair of simulations was undertaken with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System. One member of each pair employed land surface properties that represent pre-1900s (near natural) land cover, whereas the other member of each pair employed data that represent near-current land-use patterns as derived from analysis of Landsat data valid for 1992/93. These two different land cover datasets capture well the conversion of wetlands to agriculture in south Florida during the twentieth century. Use of current land surface properties resulted in colder simulated minimum temperatures and temperatures that remained below freezing for a longer period at locations of key agricultural production centers in south Florida that were once natural wetlands. Examination of time series of the surface energy budget from one of the cases reveals that when natural land cover is used, a persistent moisture flux from the underlying wetlands during the nighttime hours served to prevent the development of below-freezing temperatures at those same locations. When the model results were subjected to an important sensitivity factor, the depth of standing water in the wetlands, the outcome remained consistent. These results provide another example of the potential for humans to perturb the climate system in ways that can have severe socioeconomic consequences by altering the land surface alone.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2243:HTCONW>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00270644","usgsCitation":"Marshall, C.H., Pielke, R., and Steyaert, L.T., 2004, Has the conversion of natural wetlands to agricultural land increased the incidence and severity of damaging freezes in south Florida?: Monthly Weather Review, v. 132, no. 9, p. 2243-2258, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2243:HTCONW>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"2243","endPage":"2258","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478195,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2243:htconw>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234424,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208589,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2243:HTCONW>2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"132","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f82e4b0c8380cd5ce48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marshall, C. H.","contributorId":31050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pielke, R.A. Sr.","contributorId":96224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.A.","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steyaert, L. T.","contributorId":71303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steyaert","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186760,"text":"70186760 - 2004 - Landsat-7 ETM+ on-orbit reflective-band radiometric characterization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T11:51:46","indexId":"70186760","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat-7 ETM+ on-orbit reflective-band radiometric characterization","docAbstract":"The Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) has been and continues to be radiometrically characterized using the Image Assessment System (IAS), a component of the Landsat-7 Ground System. Key radiometric properties analyzed include: overall, coherent, and impulse noise; bias stability; relative gain stability; and other artifacts. The overall instrument noise is characterized across the dynamic range of the instrument during solar diffuser deployments. Less than 1% per year increases are observed in signal-independent (dark) noise levels, while signal-dependent noise is stable with time. Several coherent noise sources exist in ETM+ data with scene-averaged magnitudes of up to 0.4 DN, and a noise component at 20 kHz whose magnitude varies across the scan and peaks at the image edges. Bit-flip noise does not exist on the ETM+. However, impulse noise due to charged particle hits on the detector array has been discovered. The instrument bias is measured every scan line using a shutter. Most bands show less than 0.1 DN variations in bias across the instrument lifetime. The panchromatic band is the exception, where the variation approaches 2 DN and is related primarily to temperature. The relative gains of the detectors, i.e., each detector's gain relative to the band average gain, have been stable to /spl plusmn/0.1% over the mission life. Two exceptions to this stability include band 2 detector 2, which dropped about 1% in gain about 3.5 years after launch and stabilized, and band 7 detector 5, which has changed several tenths of a percent several times since launch. Memory effect and scan-correlated shift, a hysteresis and a random change in bias between multiple states, respectively, both of which have been observed in previous Thematic Mapper sensors, have not been convincingly found in ETM+ data. Two artifacts, detector ringing and \"oversaturation\", affect a small amount of ETM+ data.
","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2004.839083","usgsCitation":"Scaramuzza, P.L., Markham, B.L., Barsi, J., and Kaita, E., 2004, Landsat-7 ETM+ on-orbit reflective-band radiometric characterization: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 42, no. 12, p. 2796-2809, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.839083.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2796","endPage":"2809","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339505,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ec99dbe4b0b4d95d33525f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scaramuzza, P. 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A study of the geometric performance characteristics of the ALI was conducted under the auspices of the EO-1 Science Validation Team. This study evaluated ALI performance with respect to absolute pointing knowledge, focal plane sensor chip assembly alignment, and band-to-band registration for purposes of comparing this new technology to the heritage Landsat systems. On-orbit geometric calibration procedures were developed that allowed the generation of ALI geometrically corrected products that compare favorably with their Landsat 7 counterparts with respect to absolute geodetic accuracy, internal image geometry, and band registration.","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2003.820603","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Storey, J.C., Choate, M., and Meyer, D.J., 2004, A geometric performance assessment of the EO-1 advanced land imager: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 42, no. 3, p. 602-607, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.820603.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"602","endPage":"607","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478116,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2003.820603","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":238091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210974,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.820603"}],"volume":"42","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e405e4b0c8380cd4635a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storey, James C. 0000-0002-6664-7232","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6664-7232","contributorId":35505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storey","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Choate, M.J.","contributorId":41194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choate","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, D. J.","contributorId":46721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1008248,"text":"1008248 - 2004 - The role of fire and fire management in the invasion of nonnative plants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-28T11:28:50","indexId":"1008248","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3014,"text":"Park Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of fire and fire management in the invasion of nonnative plants","docAbstract":"Spacecraft imagery, especially from the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration's Improved TIROS (Television Infra-Red Observational Satellite) Operational Satellites, permits timely evaluations of snow and ice conditions encountered by arctic nesting geese. Imagery from the TIROS satellite for 5 wide]y scattered locations in arctic North America was obtained for three 3-day intervals in June 1973 and 1974. These pictures were used to expand fragmentary habitat data available from ground observations. Late disappearance of snow and ice may prevent or retard nesting effort and reproductive success. Our immediate aim is to recognize years of catastrophic or very good production; however, supporting information from ground studies, LANDSAT imagery, analyses of banding data, and studies of age ratios in popu]ations and harvests eventua]]y may permit assessment of relative reproductive success. Satellite images from both Multi-Spectral Scanner and Very High Resolution Radiomder sensors were first used as management tools for consideration in setting the U.S. and Canadian regulations for the 1975-76 goose hunting season. Preliminary age ratio data from field observations and harvests substantiated the prediction of good production during the 1975 breeding season.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Merriam, K.E., McGinnis, T.W., and Keeley, J.E., 2004, The role of fire and fire management in the invasion of nonnative plants: Park Science, v. 22, no. 2, p. 32-36, 52.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"32","endPage":"36, 52","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131465,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":329066,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.nature.nps.gov/ParkScience/archive/PDF/ParkScience22(2)Fall2004.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640e7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merriam, Kyle E.","contributorId":82801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merriam","given":"Kyle","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGinnis, Thomas W.","contributorId":87272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGinnis","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1008240,"text":"1008240 - 2004 - Comparison of AVIRIS and Landsat ETM+ detection capabilities for burn severity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-26T16:04:15","indexId":"1008240","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of AVIRIS and Landsat ETM+ detection capabilities for burn severity","docAbstract":"Our study compares data on burn severity collected from multi-temporal Airborne Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) with similar data from the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) using the differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR). Two AVIRIS and ETM+ data acquisitions recorded surface conditions immediately before the Hoover Fire began to spread rapidly and again the following year. Data were validated with 63 field plots using the Composite Burn Index (CBI). The relationship between spectral channels and burn severity was examined by comparing pre- and post-fire datasets. Based on the high burn severity comparison, AVIRIS channels 47 and 60 at wavelengths of 788 and 913 nm showed the greatest negative response to fire. Post-fire reflectance values decreased the most on average at those wavelengths, while channel 210 at 2370 nm showed the greatest positive response on average. Fire increased reflectance the most at that wavelength over the entire measured spectral range. Furthermore, channel 210 at 2370 nm exhibited the greatest variation in spectral response, suggesting potentially high information content for fire severity. Based on general remote sensing principles and the logic of variable spectral responses to fire, dNBR from both sensors should produce useful results in quantifying burn severity. The results verify the band–response relationships to burn severity as seen with ETM+ data and confirm the relationships by way of a distinctly different sensor system.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2003.12.015","usgsCitation":"Van Wagtendonk, J.W., Root, R.R., and Key, C.H., 2004, Comparison of AVIRIS and Landsat ETM+ detection capabilities for burn severity: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 92, no. 3, p. 397-408, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.12.015.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"397","endPage":"408","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132209,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae429","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Wagtendonk, Jan W. jan_van_wagtendonk@usgs.gov","contributorId":2648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Wagtendonk","given":"Jan","email":"jan_van_wagtendonk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Root, Ralph R.","contributorId":174937,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Root","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Key, Carl H. carl_key@usgs.gov","contributorId":4138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Key","given":"Carl","email":"carl_key@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":317121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026738,"text":"70026738 - 2004 - A definitive calibration record for the Landsat-5 thematic mapper anchored to the Landsat-7 radiometric scale","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T10:52:42","indexId":"70026738","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1175,"text":"Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A definitive calibration record for the Landsat-5 thematic mapper anchored to the Landsat-7 radiometric scale","docAbstract":"A coordinated effort on the part of several agencies has led to the specification of a definitive radiometric calibration record for the Landsat-5 thematic mapper (TM) for its lifetime since launch in 1984. The time-dependent calibration record for Landsat-5 TM has been placed on the same radiometric scale as the Landsat-7 enhanced thematic mapper plus (ETM+). It has been implemented in the National Landsat Archive Production Systems (NLAPS) in use in North America. This paper documents the results of this collaborative effort and the specifications for the related calibration processing algorithms. The specifications include (i) anchoring of the Landsat-5 TM calibration record to the Landsat-7 ETM+ absolute radiometric calibration, (ii) new time-dependent calibration processing equations and procedures applicable to raw Landsat-5 TM data, and (iii) algorithms for recalibration computations applicable to some of the existing processed datasets in the North American context. The cross-calibration between Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-7 ETM+ was achieved using image pairs from the tandem-orbit configuration period that was programmed early in the Laridsat-7 mission. The time-dependent calibration for Landsat-5 TM is based on a detailed trend analysis of data from the on-board internal calibrator. The new lifetime radiometric calibration record for Landsat-5 will overcome problems with earlier product generation owing to inadequate maintenance and documentation of the calibration over time and will facilitate the quantitative examination of a continuous, near-global dataset at 30-m scale that spans almost two decades.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute","doi":"10.5589/m04-022","issn":"07038992","usgsCitation":"Teillet, P., Helder, D., Ruggles, T., Landry, R., Ahern, F., Higgs, N., Barsi, J., Chander, G., Markham, B.L., Barker, J.L., Thome, K.J., Schott, J.R., and Palluconi, F.D., 2004, A definitive calibration record for the Landsat-5 thematic mapper anchored to the Landsat-7 radiometric scale: Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 30, no. 4, p. 631-643, https://doi.org/10.5589/m04-022.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"631","endPage":"643","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233955,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-06-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3ade4b0c8380cd46184","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Teillet, P.M.","contributorId":23717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teillet","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helder, D. 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L.","contributorId":88872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markham","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Barker, J. L.","contributorId":83518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Thome, K. J.","contributorId":88099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thome","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Schott, J. R.","contributorId":16613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Palluconi, Frank Don","contributorId":14952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palluconi","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"Don","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70026878,"text":"70026878 - 2004 - An automated approach to mapping corn from Landsat imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T10:48:12","indexId":"70026878","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1313,"text":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An automated approach to mapping corn from Landsat imagery","docAbstract":"Most land cover maps generated from Landsat imagery involve classification of a wide variety of land cover types, whereas some studies may only need spatial information on a single cover type. For example, we required a map of corn in order to estimate exposure to agricultural chemicals for an environmental epidemiology study. Traditional classification techniques, which require the collection and processing of costly ground reference data, were not feasible for our application because of the large number of images to be analyzed. We present a new method that has the potential to automate the classification of corn from Landsat satellite imagery, resulting in a more timely product for applications covering large geographical regions. Our approach uses readily available agricultural areal estimates to enable automation of the classification process resulting in a map identifying land cover as ‘highly likely corn,’ ‘likely corn’ or ‘unlikely corn.’ To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, we produced a map consisting of the three corn likelihood classes using a Landsat image in south central Nebraska. Overall classification accuracy of the map was 92.2% when compared to ground reference data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.compag.2003.09.001","issn":"01681699","usgsCitation":"Maxwell, S., Nuckols, J., Ward, M., and Hoffer, R., 2004, An automated approach to mapping corn from Landsat imagery: Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, v. 43, no. 1, p. 43-54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2003.09.001.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"54","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209309,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2003.09.001"}],"volume":"43","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea1fe4b0c8380cd48651","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maxwell, S.K.","contributorId":36665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maxwell","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nuckols, J.R.","contributorId":85385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nuckols","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ward, M.H.","contributorId":35939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoffer, R.M.","contributorId":6861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffer","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026971,"text":"70026971 - 2004 - Non-invasive exploration in an environmentally sensitive world","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026971","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Non-invasive exploration in an environmentally sensitive world","docAbstract":"Modern remote sensing provides a means for locating and characterizing exposed mineralized systems in many parts of the world. These capabilities are non-invasive and help target specific areas for more detailed exploration. An example of how remote sensing technology can be used is evident from a study of the Questa Mining District, New Mexico. Analysis of low spectral resolution data from the Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite system clearly shows the regional distribution of two broad mineral groups often associated with mineralized systems: clay-carbonate-sulfate and iron oxides-iron hydroxides. Analysis of high spectral resolution data from the Airborne Visible and Infrared Imaging System (AVIRIS) shows the occurrence and distribution of many individual mineral species that characterize the pattern of hydrothermally altered rocks in the district.","largerWorkTitle":"2004 SME Annual Meeting Preprints","conferenceTitle":"2004 SME Annual Meeting Preprints","conferenceDate":"23 February 2004 through 25 February 2004","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Livo, K., and Knepper, D.H., 2004, Non-invasive exploration in an environmentally sensitive world, in 2004 SME Annual Meeting Preprints, Denver, CO, 23 February 2004 through 25 February 2004, p. 1121-1128.","startPage":"1121","endPage":"1128","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235324,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a674ae4b0c8380cd7326c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Livo, K.E. 0000-0001-7331-8130","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-8130","contributorId":61471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livo","given":"K.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knepper, D. H. Jr.","contributorId":106129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knepper","given":"D.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027032,"text":"70027032 - 2004 - Mapping recent lava flows at Westdahl Volcano, Alaska, using radar and optical satellite imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-23T09:30:18","indexId":"70027032","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping recent lava flows at Westdahl Volcano, Alaska, using radar and optical satellite imagery","docAbstract":"Field mapping of young lava flows at Aleutian volcanoes is logistically difficult, and the utility of optical images from aircraft or satellites for this purpose is greatly reduced by persistent cloud cover. These factors have hampered earlier estimates of the areas and volumes of three young lava flows at Westdahl Volcano, including its most recent (1991–1992) flow. We combined information from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images with multispectral Landsat-7 data to differentiate the 1991–1992 flow from the 1964 flow and a pre-1964 flow, and to calculate the flow areas (8.4, 9.2, and 7.3 km2, respectively). By differencing a digital elevation model (DEM) from the 1970–1980s with a DEM from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) in February 2000, we estimated the average thickness of the 1991–1992 flow to be 13 m, which reasonably agrees with field observations (5–10 m). Lava-flow maps produced in this way can be used to facilitate field mapping and flow-hazards assessment, and to study magma-supply dynamics and thus to anticipate future eruptive activity. Based on the recurrence interval of recent eruptions and the results of this study, the next eruption at Westdahl may occur before the end of this decade.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2004.03.015","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Lu, Z., Rykhus, R., Masterlark, T., and Dean, K., 2004, Mapping recent lava flows at Westdahl Volcano, Alaska, using radar and optical satellite imagery: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 91, no. 3-4, p. 345-353, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.03.015.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"345","endPage":"353","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209047,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.03.015"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Westdahl Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -164.79629516601562,\n 54.44449176335762\n ],\n [\n -164.43237304687497,\n 54.44449176335762\n ],\n [\n -164.43237304687497,\n 54.59593668117202\n ],\n [\n -164.79629516601562,\n 54.59593668117202\n ],\n [\n -164.79629516601562,\n 54.44449176335762\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"91","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5072e4b0c8380cd6b6c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rykhus, Russ","contributorId":53575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rykhus","given":"Russ","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Masterlark, Timothy","contributorId":92829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Masterlark","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35607,"text":"South Dakota School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":412074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dean, K.G.","contributorId":64402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027039,"text":"70027039 - 2004 - Thematic accuracy of the 1992 National Land-Cover Data for the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T11:53:51","indexId":"70027039","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thematic accuracy of the 1992 National Land-Cover Data for the western United States","docAbstract":"The MultiResolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) consortium sponsored production of the National Land Cover Data (NLCD) for the conterminous United States, using Landsat imagery collected on a target year of 1992 (1992 NLCD). Here we report the thematic accuracy of the 1992 NLCD for the six western mapping regions. Reference data were collected in each region for a probability sample of pixels stratified by map land-cover class. Results are reported for each of the six mapping regions with agreement defined as a match between the primary or alternate reference land-cover label and a mode class of the mapped 3×3 block of pixels centered on the sample pixel. Overall accuracy at Anderson Level II was low and variable across the regions, ranging from 38% for the Midwest to 70% for the Southwest. Overall accuracy at Anderson Level I was higher and more consistent across the regions, ranging from 82% to 85% for five of the six regions, but only 74% for the South-central region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2004.04.002","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Wickham, J., Stehman, S., Smith, J., and Yang, L., 2004, Thematic accuracy of the 1992 National Land-Cover Data for the western United States: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 91, no. 3-4, p. 452-468, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.04.002.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"452","endPage":"468","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235327,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209120,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.04.002"}],"volume":"91","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb1efe4b08c986b3254cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wickham, J.D.","contributorId":28329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wickham","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stehman, S.V.","contributorId":91974,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stehman","given":"S.V.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27852,"text":"State University of New York, Syracuse","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":412101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, J.H.","contributorId":49331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yang, L.","contributorId":6200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027099,"text":"70027099 - 2004 - Using lidar and effective LAI data to evaluate IKONOS and Landsat 7 ETM+ vegetation cover estimates in a ponderosa pine forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T11:56:23","indexId":"70027099","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using lidar and effective LAI data to evaluate IKONOS and Landsat 7 ETM+ vegetation cover estimates in a ponderosa pine forest","docAbstract":"Structural and functional analyses of ecosystems benefit when high accuracy vegetation coverages can be derived over large areas. In this study, we utilize IKONOS, Landsat 7 ETM+, and airborne scanning light detection and ranging (lidar) to quantify coniferous forest and understory grass coverages in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) dominated ecosystem in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Linear spectral mixture analyses of IKONOS and ETM+ data were used to isolate spectral endmembers (bare soil, understory grass, and tree/shade) and calculate their subpixel fractional coverages. We then compared these endmember cover estimates to similar cover estimates derived from lidar data and field measures. The IKONOS-derived tree/shade fraction was significantly correlated with the field-measured canopy effective leaf area index (LAIe) (r2=0.55, p<0.001) and with the lidar-derived estimate of tree occurrence (r2=0.79, p<0.001). The enhanced vegetation index (EVI) calculated from IKONOS imagery showed a negative correlation with the field measured tree canopy effective LAI and lidar tree cover response (r2=0.30, r=−0.55 and r2=0.41, r=−0.64, respectively; p<0.001) and further analyses indicate a strong linear relationship between EVI and the IKONOS-derived grass fraction (r2=0.99, p<0.001). We also found that using EVI resulted in better agreement with the subpixel vegetation fractions in this ecosystem than using normalized difference of vegetation index (NDVI). Coarsening the IKONOS data to 30 m resolution imagery revealed a stronger relationship with lidar tree measures (r2=0.77, p<0.001) than at 4 m resolution (r2=0.58, p<0.001). Unmixed tree/shade fractions derived from 30 m resolution ETM+ imagery also showed a significant correlation with the lidar data (r2=0.66, p<0.001). These results demonstrate the power of using high resolution lidar data to validate spectral unmixing results of satellite imagery, and indicate that IKONOS data and Landsat 7 ETM+ data both can serve to make the important distinction between tree/shade coverage and exposed understory grass coverage during peak summertime greenness in a ponderosa pine forest ecosystem.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2003.11.003","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Chen, X., Vierling, L., Rowell, E., and DeFelice, T., 2004, Using lidar and effective LAI data to evaluate IKONOS and Landsat 7 ETM+ vegetation cover estimates in a ponderosa pine forest: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 91, no. 1, p. 14-26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.11.003.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"14","endPage":"26","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235227,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209050,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.11.003"}],"volume":"91","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc068e4b08c986b32a0e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, X.","contributorId":76527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"X.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vierling, Lee","contributorId":17022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vierling","given":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowell, E.","contributorId":26867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowell","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeFelice, Tom","contributorId":9829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeFelice","given":"Tom","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":412342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026404,"text":"70026404 - 2004 - Contemporary carbon dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems in the Southeastern Plains of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T10:51:15","indexId":"70026404","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contemporary carbon dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems in the Southeastern Plains of the United States","docAbstract":"Quantifying carbon dynamics over large areas is frequently hindered by the lack of consistent, high-quality, spatially explicit land use and land cover change databases and appropriate modeling techniques. In this paper, we present a generic approach to address some of these challenges. Land cover change information in the Southeastern Plains ecoregion was derived from Landsat data acquired in 1973, 1980, 1986, 1992, and 2000 within 11 randomly located 20-km × 20-km sample blocks. Carbon dynamics within each of the sample blocks was simulated using the General Ensemble Biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS), capable of assimilating the variances and covariance of major input variables into simulations using an ensemble approach. Results indicate that urban and forest areas have been increasing, whereas agricultural land has been decreasing since 1973. Forest clear-cutting activity has intensified, more than doubling from 1973 to 2000. The Southeastern Plains has been acting as a carbon sink since 1973, with an average rate of 0.89 Mg C/ha/yr. Biomass, soil organic carbon (SOC), and harvested materials account for 56%, 34%, and 10% of the sink, respectively. However, the sink has declined continuously during the same period owing to forest aging in the northern part of the ecoregion and increased forest clear-cutting activities in the south. The relative contributions to the sink from SOC and harvested materials have increased, implying that these components deserve more study in the future. The methods developed here can be used to quantify the impacts of human management activities on the carbon cycle at landscape to global scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00267-003-9152-z","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Liu, S., Loveland, T., and Kurtz, R., 2004, Contemporary carbon dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems in the Southeastern Plains of the United States: Environmental Management, v. 33, no. S1, p. S442-S456, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-9152-z.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"S442","endPage":"S456","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234299,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208513,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-9152-z"}],"volume":"33","issue":"S1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-03-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa4be4b0c8380cd4da1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, S.","contributorId":93170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":106125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":409366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kurtz, R.M.","contributorId":51958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurtz","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026378,"text":"70026378 - 2004 - Cross calibration of the Landsat-7 ETM+ and EO-1 ALI sensor","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T10:52:12","indexId":"70026378","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cross calibration of the Landsat-7 ETM+ and EO-1 ALI sensor","docAbstract":"As part of the Earth Observer 1 (EO-1) Mission, the Advanced Land Imager (ALI) demonstrates a potential technological direction for Landsat Data Continuity Missions. To evaluate ALI's capabilities in this role, a cross-calibration methodology has been developed using image pairs from the Landsat-7 (L7) Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and EO-1 (ALI) to verify the radiometric calibration of ALI with respect to the well-calibrated L7 ETM+ sensor. Results have been obtained using two different approaches. The first approach involves calibration of nearly simultaneous surface observations based on image statistics from areas observed simultaneously by the two sensors. The second approach uses vicarious calibration techniques to compare the predicted top-of-atmosphere radiance derived from ground reference data collected during the overpass to the measured radiance obtained from the sensor. The results indicate that the relative sensor chip assemblies gains agree with the ETM+ visible and near-infrared bands to within 2% and the shortwave infrared bands to within 4%.
","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2004.836387","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Chander, G., Meyer, D.J., and Helder, D., 2004, Cross calibration of the Landsat-7 ETM+ and EO-1 ALI sensor: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 42, no. 12, p. 2821-2831, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.836387.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2821","endPage":"2831","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234474,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208616,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.836387"}],"volume":"42","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcb8e4b0c8380cd4e3d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chander, G.","contributorId":51449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chander","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, D. J.","contributorId":46721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Helder, D. L. 0000-0002-7379-4679","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7379-4679","contributorId":51496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helder","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026377,"text":"70026377 - 2004 - Landsat-5 TM reflective-band absolute radiometric calibration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T11:46:33","indexId":"70026377","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat-5 TM reflective-band absolute radiometric calibration","docAbstract":"The Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor provides the longest running continuous dataset of moderate spatial resolution remote sensing imagery, dating back to its launch in March 1984. Historically, the radiometric calibration procedure for this imagery used the instrument's response to the Internal Calibrator (IC) on a scene-by-scene basis to determine the gain and offset of each detector. Due to observed degradations in the IC, a new procedure was implemented for U.S.-processed data in May 2003. This new calibration procedure is based on a lifetime radiometric calibration model for the instrument's reflective bands (1-5 and 7) and is derived, in part, from the IC response without the related degradation effects and is tied to the cross calibration with the Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus. Reflective-band absolute radiometric accuracy of the instrument tends to be on the order of 7% to 10%, based on a variety of calibration methods.","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2004.836388","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Chander, G., Helder, D., Markham, B.L., Dewald, J., Kaita, E., Thome, K.J., Micijevic, E., and Ruggles, T., 2004, Landsat-5 TM reflective-band absolute radiometric calibration: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 42, no. 12, p. 2747-2760, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.836388.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2747","endPage":"2760","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208615,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.836388"}],"volume":"42","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a43f0e4b0c8380cd666fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chander, G.","contributorId":51449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chander","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helder, D. L. 0000-0002-7379-4679","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7379-4679","contributorId":51496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helder","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Markham, B. L.","contributorId":88872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markham","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dewald, J.D.","contributorId":99014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewald","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kaita, E.","contributorId":73777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaita","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thome, K. J.","contributorId":88099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thome","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Micijevic, E. 0000-0002-3828-9239","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3828-9239","contributorId":59939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Micijevic","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ruggles, T.A.","contributorId":42496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruggles","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70026249,"text":"70026249 - 2004 - Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper outgassing effects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T11:45:54","indexId":"70026249","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper outgassing effects","docAbstract":"A periodic 3% to 5% variation in detector response affecting both image and internal calibrator (IC) data has been observed in bands 5 and 7 of the Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper. The source for this variation is thought to be an interference effect due to buildup of an ice-like contaminant film on a ZnSe window, covered with an antireflective coating (ARC), of the cooled dewar containing these detectors. Periodic warming of the dewar is required in order to remove the contaminant and restore detector response to an uncontaminated level. These effects in the IC data have been characterized over four individual outgassing cycles using thin-film models to estimate transmittance of the window/ARC and ARC/contaminant film stack throughout the instrument lifetime. Based on the results obtained from this modeling, a lookup table procedure has been implemented that provides correction factors to improve the calibration accuracy of bands 5 and 7 by approximately 5%.","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2004.839086","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Helder, D., and Micijevic, E., 2004, Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper outgassing effects: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 42, no. 12, p. 2717-2729, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.839086.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2717","endPage":"2729","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208389,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.839086"}],"volume":"42","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a43f1e4b0c8380cd66701","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helder, D. L. 0000-0002-7379-4679","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7379-4679","contributorId":51496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helder","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Micijevic, E. 0000-0002-3828-9239","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3828-9239","contributorId":59939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Micijevic","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026272,"text":"70026272 - 2004 - Four years of Landsat-7 on-orbit geometric calibration and performance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T10:57:06","indexId":"70026272","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Four years of Landsat-7 on-orbit geometric calibration and performance","docAbstract":"Unlike its predecessors, Landsat-7 has undergone regular geometric and radiometric performance monitoring and calibration since launch in April 1999. This ongoing activity, which includes issuing quarterly updates to calibration parameters, has generated a wealth of geometric performance data over the four-year on-orbit period of operations. A suite of geometric characterization (measurement and evaluation procedures) and calibration (procedures to derive improved estimates of instrument parameters) methods are employed by the Landsat-7 Image Assessment System to maintain the geometric calibration and to track specific aspects of geometric performance. These include geodetic accuracy, band-to-band registration accuracy, and image-to-image registration accuracy. These characterization and calibration activities maintain image product geometric accuracy at a high level - by monitoring performance to determine when calibration is necessary, generating new calibration parameters, and verifying that new parameters achieve desired improvements in accuracy. Landsat-7 continues to meet and exceed all geometric accuracy requirements, although aging components have begun to affect performance.","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2004.836769","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Lee, D., Storey, J.C., Choate, M., and Hayes, R.W., 2004, Four years of Landsat-7 on-orbit geometric calibration and performance: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 42, no. 12, p. 2786-2795, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.836769.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"2786","endPage":"2795","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":208595,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.836769"},{"id":234430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1399e4b0c8380cd546e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, D.S.","contributorId":50330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Storey, James C. 0000-0002-6664-7232","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6664-7232","contributorId":35505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storey","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Choate, M.J.","contributorId":41194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choate","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hayes, R. W.","contributorId":105493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":58304,"text":"sir20045239 - 2004 - Ground-water pumpage and artificial recharge estimates for calendar year 2000 and average annual natural recharge and interbasin flow by hydrographic area, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T13:20:53.801844","indexId":"sir20045239","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5239","title":"Ground-water pumpage and artificial recharge estimates for calendar year 2000 and average annual natural recharge and interbasin flow by hydrographic area, Nevada","docAbstract":"Nevada's reliance on ground-water resources has increased because of increased development and surface-water resources being fully appropriated. The need to accurately quantify Nevada's water resources and water use is more critical than ever to meet future demands. Estimated ground-water pumpage, artificial and natural recharge, and interbasin flow can be used to help evaluate stresses on aquifer systems. In this report, estimates of ground-water pumpage and artificial recharge during calendar year 2000 were made using data from a variety of sources, such as reported estimates and estimates made using Landsat satellite imagery. Average annual natural recharge and interbasin flow were compiled from published reports.\r\n\r\nAn estimated 1,427,100 acre-feet of ground water was pumped in Nevada during calendar year 2000. This total was calculated by summing six categories of ground-water pumpage, based on water use. Total artificial recharge during 2000 was about 145,970 acre-feet. At least one estimate of natural recharge was available for 209 of the 232 hydrographic areas (HAs). Natural recharge for the 209 HAs ranges from 1,793,420 to 2,583,150 acre-feet. Estimates of interbasin flow were available for 151 HAs.\r\n\r\nThe categories and their percentage of the total ground-water pumpage are irrigation and stock watering (47 percent), mining (26 percent), water systems (14 percent), geothermal production (8 percent), self-supplied domestic (4 percent), and miscellaneous (less than 1 percent). Pumpage in the top 10 HAs accounted for about 49 percent of the total ground-water pumpage. The most ground-water pumpage in an HA was due to mining in Pumpernickel Valley (HA 65), Boulder Flat (HA 61), and Lower Reese River Valley (HA 59). Pumpage by water systems in Las Vegas Valley (HA 212) and Truckee Meadows (HA 87) were the fourth and fifth highest pumpage in 2000, respectively. Irrigation and stock watering pumpage accounted for most ground-water withdrawals in the HAs with the sixth through ninth highest pumpage. Geothermal production accounted for most pumpage in the Carson Desert (HA 101).\r\n\r\nReinjection of ground water pumped for geothermal energy production accounted for about 64 percent (93,310 acre-feet) of the total artificial recharge. The only artificial recharge by water systems was in Las Vegas Valley, where 29,790 acre-feet of water from the Colorado River was injected into the aquifer system. Artificial recharge by mining totaled 22,870 acre-feet.\r\n\r\nNet ground-water flow was estimated only for the 143 HAs with available estimates of both natural recharge and interbasin flow. Of the 143 estimates, 58 have negative net ground-water flow, indicating that ground-water storage could be depleted if pumpage continues at the same rate. The State has designated HAs where permitted ground-water rights approach or exceed the estimated average annual recharge. Ten HAs were identified that are not designated and have a net ground-water flow between -1,000 to -35,000 acre-feet. Due to uncertainties in recharge, the water budgets for these HAs may need refining to determine if ground-water storage is being depleted.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045239","usgsCitation":"Lopes, T.J., and Evetts, D.M., 2004, Ground-water pumpage and artificial recharge estimates for calendar year 2000 and average annual natural recharge and interbasin flow by hydrographic area, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5239, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045239.","productDescription":"88 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181552,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5885,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045239/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United 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