The water-quantity and water-quality data for the Fraser River watershed through water year 1997 were compiled for ground-water and surface-water sites. In order to assess the water-quality data, the data were related to land use/land cover in the watershed. Data from 81 water-quantity and water-quality sites, which consisted of 9 ground-water sites and 72 surface-water sites, were available for analysis. However, the data were limited and frequently contained only one or two water-quality analyses per site.The Fraser River flows about 28 miles from its headwaters at the Continental Divide to the confluence with the Colorado River. Ground-water resources in the watershed are used for residential and municipal drinking-water supplies. Surface water is available for use, but water diversions in the upper parts of the watershed reduce the flow in the river. Land use/land cover in the watershed is predominantly forested land, but increasing urban development has the potential to affect the quantity and quality of the water resources.Analysis of the limited ground-water data in the watershed indicates that changes in the land use/land cover affect the shallow ground-water quality. Water-quality data from eight shallow monitoring wells in the alluvial aquifer show that iron and manganese concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant level. Radon concentrations from these monitoring wells exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency proposed maximum contaminant level. The proposed radon contaminant level is currently being revised. The presence of volatile organic compounds at two monitoring wells in the watershed indicates that land use affects the shallow ground water. In addition, bacteria detected in three samples are at concentrations that would be a concern for public health if the water was to be used as a drinking supply. Methylene blue active substances were detected in the ground water at some sites and are a possible indication of contamination from wastewater. Age of the alluvial ground water ranged from 10 to 30 years; therefore, results of land-management practices to improve water quality may not be apparent for many years.Surface-water-quality data for the Fraser River watershed are sparse. The surface-water-quality data show that elevated concentrations of selected constituents generally are related to specific land uses in the watershed. For one sample (about 2 percent; 1 of 53), dissolved manganese concentration exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant level. Two samples from two surface-water sites in the watershed exceeded the un-ionized ammonia chronic criterion. Spatial distribution of nutrient species (ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and total phosphorus) shows that elevated concentrations occur primarily downstream from urban areas. Sites with five or more years of record were analyzed for temporal trends in concentration of nutrient species. Downward trends were identified for ammonia and nitrite for three surface-water sites. For nitrate, no trends were observed at two sites and a downward trend was observed at one site. Total phosphorus showed no trend for the site near the mouth of the Fraser River. Downward trends in the nutrient species may reflect changes in the wastewater-treatment facilities in the watershed. Bacteria sampling completed in the watershed indicates that more bacteria are present in the water near urban settings.The limited ground-water and surface-water data for the Fraser River watershed provide a general assessment of the quantity and quality of these resources. Concentrations of most water-quality constituents generally are less than ground- and surface-water-quality standards, but the presence of bacteria, some volatile organic compounds, methylene blue active substances, and increased nutrients in the water may indicate that land use is affecting the water quality.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984255","usgsCitation":"Apodaca, L.E., and Bails, J.B., 1999, Fraser River watershed, Colorado — Assessment of available water-quantity and water-quality data through water year 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4255, v, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984255.","productDescription":"v, 58 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393983,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13256.htm"},{"id":157667,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1966,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri98-4255","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Fraser River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.04,\n 39.78\n ],\n [\n -105.696,\n 39.78\n ],\n [\n -105.696,\n 40.105\n ],\n [\n -106.04,\n 40.105\n ],\n [\n -106.04,\n 39.78\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bff9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Apodaca, Lori Estelle","contributorId":82294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Apodaca","given":"Lori","email":"","middleInitial":"Estelle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bails, Jeffrey B. jbbails@usgs.gov","contributorId":813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bails","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jbbails@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28636,"text":"wri994051 - 1999 - Investigation of the distribution of organochlorine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in the Lower Columbia River using semipermeable-membrane devices","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T09:10:08","indexId":"wri994051","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4051","title":"Investigation of the distribution of organochlorine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in the Lower Columbia River using semipermeable-membrane devices","docAbstract":"Organochlorine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds are of concern in the Columbia River Basin because of their adverse effects on fish and wildlife. Because these compounds can have important biological consequences at concentrations well below the detection limits associated with conventional water-sampling techniques, we used semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) to sample water, and achieved sub-parts-per-quintillion detection limits. We deployed SPMDs during 1997 low-flow conditions and 1998 high-flow conditions at nine main-stem sites and seven tributary sites, spanning approximately 700 miles of the Columbia River. We also collected streambed sediment from three sites. SPMD extracts and sediments were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides and related transformation products, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Our data indicate that (1) in the absence of additional sources, mechanisms such as volatilization, dilution, and settling of suspended particles can act to significantly reduce concentrations of contaminants along the river's flow path, (2) elevated concentrations of contaminants in the Portland-Vancouver area are primarily from local rather than upstream sources, (3) elevated concentrations of many compounds tend to be diluted during periods of high discharge, (4) much higher discharge in the main stem considerably dilutes elevated concentrations entering from tributaries, (5) the distribution of hydrophobic organic compounds in streambed sediment is not necessarily indicative of their distribution in the dissolved-phase, and (6) SPMDs can reveal patterns of contaminant occurrence at environmentally relevant concentrations that are undetectable by conventional water-sampling techniques.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/wri994051","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lower Columbia River Estuary Program and the National Stream Quality Accounting Network Program","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, K.A., and Gale, R.W., 1999, Investigation of the distribution of organochlorine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in the Lower Columbia River using semipermeable-membrane devices: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4051, ix, 136 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994051.","productDescription":"ix, 136 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158784,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri994051.PNG"},{"id":311173,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4051/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"557.47 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Lower Columbia River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.5849609375,\n 42.85985981506279\n ],\n [\n -124.5849609375,\n 46.51351558059737\n ],\n [\n -118.09204101562501,\n 46.51351558059737\n ],\n [\n -118.09204101562501,\n 42.85985981506279\n ],\n [\n -124.5849609375,\n 42.85985981506279\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47c8e4b07f02db4ab7a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, Kathleen A. mccarthy@usgs.gov","contributorId":1159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"Kathleen","email":"mccarthy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":200154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gale, Robert W. 0000-0002-8533-141X rgale@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8533-141X","contributorId":2808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gale","given":"Robert","email":"rgale@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25402,"text":"wri984143 - 1999 - Areal studies aid protection of ground-water quality in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-04T12:24:40.745538","indexId":"wri984143","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4143","displayTitle":"Areal Studies Aid Protection of Ground-Water Quality in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin","title":"Areal studies aid protection of ground-water quality in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin","docAbstract":"In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, initiated studies designed to characterize the ground-water quality and hydrogeology in northern Illinois, and southern and eastern Wisconsin (with a focus on the north-central Illinois cities of Belvidere and Rockford, and the Calumet region of northeastern Illinois and northwestern Indiana). These areas are considered especially susceptible to ground-water contamination because of the high density of industrial and waste-disposal sites and the shallow depth to the unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifers and the fractured, carbonate bedrock aquifers that underlie the areas. The data and conceptual models of ground-water flow and contaminant distribution and movement developed as part of the studies have allowed Federal, State, and local agencies to better manage, protect, and restore the water supplies of the areas.
Water-quality, hydrologic, geologic, and geophysical data collected as part of these areal studies indicate that industrial contaminants are present locally in the aquifers underlying the areas. Most of the contaminants, particularly those at concentrations that exceeded regulatory water-quality levels, were detected in the sand and gravel aquifers near industrial or waste-disposal sites. In water from water-supply wells, the contaminants that were present generally were at concentrations below regulatory levels. The organic compounds detected most frequently at concentrations near or above regulatory levels varied by area. Trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (volatile chlorinated compounds) were most prevalent in north-central Illinois; benzene (a petroleum-related compound) was most prevalent in the Calumet region. Differences in the type of organic compounds that were detected in each area likely reflect differences in the types of industrial sites that predominate in the areas. Nickel and aluminum were the trace metals detected most frequently at concentrations above regulatory levels in both areas. Contaminants in the shallow sand and gravel aquifers and carbonate aquifers appear to have moved with ground water discharging to local lakes, streams, and wetlands. Ground-water flow and possibly contaminant movement is concentrated in the weathered surface zones and in deeper fractures of the carbonate aquifers underlying both areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984143","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Mills, P., Kay, R.T., Brown, T.A., and Yeskis, D.J., 1999, Areal studies aid protection of ground-water quality in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4143, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984143.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":1953,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4143/wrir98_4143.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.88 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 98–4143"},{"id":157775,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4143/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.36328125,\n 45.336701909968134\n ],\n [\n -89.12109375,\n 45.644768217751924\n ],\n [\n -92.197265625,\n 45.583289756006316\n ],\n [\n -90.87890625,\n 43.83452678223682\n ],\n [\n -89.912109375,\n 41.77131167976407\n ],\n [\n -90.703125,\n 40.64730356252251\n ],\n [\n -89.033203125,\n 37.23032838760387\n ],\n [\n -86.8359375,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n -85.69335937499999,\n 38.41055825094609\n ],\n [\n -84.990234375,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -84.83642578125,\n 41.77131167976407\n ],\n [\n -86.63818359375,\n 41.78769700539063\n ],\n [\n -87.451171875,\n 41.672911819602085\n ],\n [\n -87.73681640625,\n 42.27730877423709\n ],\n [\n -87.69287109375,\n 43.78695837311561\n ],\n [\n -86.7919921875,\n 45.506346901083425\n ],\n [\n -87.36328125,\n 45.336701909968134\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
405 North Goodwin
Urbana, IL 61801
This evaluation of the water resources on the Prairie Island Indian Reservation includes data collected from 8 surface-water sites and 22 wells during 1994–97 and historical data. The Mississippi River and the lakes and wetlands connected to it are separated from the Vermillion River and the lakes and wetlands connected to it by the surficial aquifer on Prairie Island and by Lock and Dam Number 3. These surface-water groups form hydrologic boundaries of the surficial aquifer. The aquifer is 130–200 feet thick, extends to bedrock (the Franconia Formation, which is also an aquifer), and is composed primarily of sand and gravel, but also contains thin, isolated lenses of finer-grained material. Flow in the surficial aquifer is normally from the Mississippi River to the Vermillion River (southwest). During spring snowmelt or heavy rains, a ground-water mound forms in the center of the study area and causes radial ground-water flow toward the surrounding surface waters.
\nSurface- and ground-water quality was generally similar, but the median ground-water nitrate concentration was 3.6-times greater than that for surface water. Water samples were dominated by calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate ions, were usually oxygenated, and had a median dissolved solids concentration of 250 milligrams per liter (mg/L). Thirty-nine percent of groundwater samples showed evidence of anthropogenic nitrate. Most samples contained low concentrations of ammonia (less than 0.04 milligrams per liter as nitrogen). All 15 surface-water samples contained coliform or fecal streptococci bacteria, with 33 percent exceeding 100 colonies per milliliter. Two ground-water and two surface-water samples analyzed for trace metals contained natural concentrations except for one ground-water sample that contained 30 mg/L of lead (probably from a bullet). No volatile organic compounds were detected in 3 ground-water and 3 surface-water samples. Triazine herbicides and their degradation products were detected in one-half of the ground-water samples at concentrations below 1 microgram per liter (µg/L) except for one sample at 3 µg/L. Wells with initially high concentrations of nitrate or triazines continued to have high concentrations throughout the study. Several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and monoaromatic chemicals were detected at low concentration (less than 89 micrograms per kilogram) in 4 samples of 1993 Mississippi River flood sediments deposited in the study area.
\nGround-water recharge dates based on chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) concentrations indicate that sampled ground water was young (less than 2 decades old) and that all tritium contained in samples from this study can be explained by atmospheric sources. Most historical tritium concentrations can also be explained by atmospheric sources through recharge from spatially and temporally constant precipitation and snowmelt. However, samples from three wells within 800 feet of the Prairie Island Nuclear Power Plant contained tritium at concentrations that cannot be explained by such atmospheric sources. These concentrations decline to that explainable by atmospheric sources within 800 feet of the wells. Many samples contained CFC-113 concentrations higher than that possible from equilibrium with the atmosphere. This CFC-113 contamination is presumably from Mississippi River recharge and complicated the recharge date estimates.
\nThe only surface-water constituents exceeding U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking water standards was coliform or fecal streptococci bacteria, which was exceeded in all samples. Thirteen percent of ground-water samples exceeded the nitrate maximum contaminant level (MCL), but this is probably higher than the percentage of the aquifer exceeding the nitrate MCL because most of the wells sampled were shallow. Surface-water recharge to and ground-water discharge from the surficial aquifer influence the water quality in both the aquifer and the surrounding surface water. However, surface water probably influences ground-water quality more because of the greater amount of surface water flowing through the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri994069","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Prairie Island Dakota Community","usgsCitation":"Cowdery, T.K., 1999, Water resources of the Prairie Island Indian Reservation, Minnesota, 1994-97: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4069, Document: iv, 36 p.; 1 Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994069.","productDescription":"Document: iv, 36 p.; 1 Appendix","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_99_4069.jpg"},{"id":12248,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://mn.water.usgs.gov/publications/pubs/99-4069.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":12249,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://mn.water.usgs.gov/publications/pubs/Appendixes.xls"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Prairie Island Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.683333,\n 44.658333\n ],\n [\n -92.683333,\n 44.6\n ],\n [\n -92.6,\n 44.6\n ],\n [\n -92.6,\n 44.658333\n ],\n [\n -92.683333,\n 44.658333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f03e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cowdery, Timothy K. 0000-0001-9402-6575 cowdery@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9402-6575","contributorId":456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowdery","given":"Timothy","email":"cowdery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":196813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29545,"text":"wri984257 - 1999 - Potential for advection of volatile organic compounds in ground water to the Cochato River, Baird & McGuire Superfund Site, Holbrook, Massachusetts, March and April 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-17T15:00:37","indexId":"wri984257","displayToPublicDate":"2000-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4257","title":"Potential for advection of volatile organic compounds in ground water to the Cochato River, Baird & McGuire Superfund Site, Holbrook, Massachusetts, March and April 1998","docAbstract":"In March and April 1998, a network of water-to-vapor diffusion samplers was installed along the Cochato River at the Baird & McGuire Superfund Site in Holbrook, Massachusetts, where a plume of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is present in ground water. The purpose of installing the sampler network was to determine if VOCs were present in river-bottom sediments while a ground-water extraction system was operating and after the system had been shut down for two weeks. Water-to-water diffusion samplers placed at selected locations provided supplemental information about concentrations of VOCs in pore water in the river-bottom sediments. Water levels in piezometers and river stage were measured concurrently to determine if ground water was discharging to the river.
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX compounds) were detected in water-tovapor and water-to-water diffusion samplers located in the area where the plume is known to pass beneath the river for both pumping and nonpumping conditions. Concentrations of total BTEX compounds in water-to-vapor diffusion samplers ranged from non-detect upriver and downriver from the plume area to greater than 200 parts per million by volume in the plume area. Concentrations of total BTEX compounds were not significantly different for pumping than for non-pumping conditions. Concentrations of total BTEX compounds in water-to-water diffusion samplers ranged from non-detect to 680 micrograms per liter. The limited number of water-to-water diffusion samplers did not indicate that concentrations were higher for pumping or non-pumping conditions. Trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene also were detected in water-to-vapor diffusion samplers downriver from the area where the BTEX compounds were detected. Water levels in four piezometers were consistently higher than the river stage, indicating an upward hydraulic gradient and ground-water discharge to the river. The concentrations of VOCs in riverbottom sediments and the upward hydraulic gradients observed indicate that contaminants from the Baird & McGuire ground-water plume were discharging to the Cochato River during the study period for both pumping and non-pumping conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984257","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Savoie, J., Lyford, F.P., and Clifford, S., 1999, Potential for advection of volatile organic compounds in ground water to the Cochato River, Baird & McGuire Superfund Site, Holbrook, Massachusetts, March and April 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4257, Report: iv, 19 p.; Plate: 30.85 x 21.21 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984257.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 19 p.; Plate: 30.85 x 21.21 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290199,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4257/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":290200,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4257/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":346720,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4257/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","city":"Holbrook","otherGeospatial":"Cochato River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.027062,42.149166 ], [ -71.027062,42.153542 ], [ -71.022276,42.153542 ], [ -71.022276,42.149166 ], [ -71.027062,42.149166 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68384f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savoie, Jennifer G.","contributorId":52218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoie","given":"Jennifer G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyford, Forest P.","contributorId":43334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyford","given":"Forest","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clifford, Scott","contributorId":63042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clifford","given":"Scott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26555,"text":"wri984233 - 1999 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Lawrenceville area, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-28T18:47:58.827142","indexId":"wri984233","displayToPublicDate":"2000-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4233","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Lawrenceville area, Georgia","docAbstract":"The population of the Atlanta Metropolitan area continues to grow at a rapid pace and the demand for water supplies steadily increases. Exploration for ground-water resources, as a supplement to surface-water supplies, is being undertaken by many city and county governments. The application of effective investigative methods to characterization of the complex igneous and metamorphic fractured bedrock aquifers of the Piedmont physiographic province is essential to the success of these ground-water exploration programs. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Lawrenceville, Ga., began a study in December 1994 to apply various investigative techniques for field characterization of fractured crystalline-bedrock aquifers near Lawrenceville.\r\n\r\nFive major lithologic units were mapped in the Lawrenceville, Ga., area as part of an ongoing study of ground-water resources-amphibolite, biotite gneiss, button schist, granite gneiss, and quartzite/aluminous schist. These units generally are thin in outcrop width, have low angles of dip (nearly 0 to 20 degrees, dip reversals occur over short distances), and exhibit some shearing characteristics. The most productive unit for ground-water resources, on the basis of subsurface data collected through 1997, is the amphibolite. Historically, two wells drilled into this unit are recognized as having possibly the highest yields in the Piedmont region of northern Georgia. The City of Lawrenceville refurbished one well at the Rhodes Jordan Wellfield in 1990, and has pumped this well at an average rate of about 230 gallons per minute since 1995. In general, the composition of water collected from the bedrock wells, regolith wells, and City Lake is similar; calcium and bicarbonate are the dominant cation and anion, respectively. Water from the regolith wells and the lake have lower concentrations of major ions than does water from the bedrock wells. Many of the ground-water samples collected from the Rhodes Jordan Wellfield during October-November 1995, and from the wellfield and three additional observation well sites during August 1996, contain volatile organic compounds. Volatile organic compounds were detected in ground-water samples collected from several bedrock and regolith wells located in urban areas. Trace concentrations of tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, 1,1-dichloroethane, trichlorofluoromethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and cis-1,2-dichloroethene were detected. Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE)-a compound used to increase the octane level in gasoline-was detected at concentrations above expected urban background levels in bedrock wells in the Rhodes Jordan Wellfield. Concentrations of MTBE ranged from 0.6 to 12 micrograms per liter in October-November 1995, and from 0.6 to 26 micrograms per liter in August 1996.\r\n\r\nContinuous ground-water-level data suggest that the fractured crystalline-bedrock aquifer (amphibolite unit) at the Rhodes Jordan Wellfield, generally is dewatered to a depth near a productive fracture during the regular pumping cycle of 18 hours per day, 5 days on and 2 days off per week. However, when the stress on the aquifer is increased by extending the pumping period up to as much as 18 days, or by pumping longer that 18 hours per day, the aquifer exhibits an unusual condition of recovery. Areal effects of pumping have been observed at distances of as much as one mile, extending across surface-water drainage divides.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984233","usgsCitation":"Chapman, M.J., Crawford, T.J., and Tharpe, W.T., 1999, Geology and ground-water resources of the Lawrenceville area, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4233, Report: v, 46 p.; 2 Plates; 36.00 × 22.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984233.","productDescription":"Report: v, 46 p.; 2 Plates; 36.00 × 22.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":397732,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18959.htm"},{"id":9247,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri984233/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Lawrenceville","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.26239013671875,\n 33.80596747503222\n ],\n [\n -84.26239013671875,\n 34.09872793958119\n ],\n [\n -83.79959106445312,\n 34.09872793958119\n ],\n [\n -83.79959106445312,\n 33.80596747503222\n ],\n [\n -84.26239013671875,\n 33.80596747503222\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68550b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapman, Melinda J. 0000-0003-4021-0320 mjchap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4021-0320","contributorId":1597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Melinda","email":"mjchap@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crawford, Thomas J.","contributorId":73640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tharpe, W. Todd","contributorId":74413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tharpe","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Todd","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22156,"text":"ofr99182 - 1999 - Selection procedure and salient information for volatile organic compounds emphasized in the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:06","indexId":"ofr99182","displayToPublicDate":"1999-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-182","title":"Selection procedure and salient information for volatile organic compounds emphasized in the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr99182","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Bender, D.A., Zogorski, J.S., Halde, M., and Rowe, B., 1999, Selection procedure and salient information for volatile organic compounds emphasized in the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-182, vi, 32 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99182.","productDescription":"vi, 32 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155471,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0182/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51601,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0182/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a01e4b07f02db5f7e59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bender, David A. 0000-0002-1269-0948 dabender@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1269-0948","contributorId":985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"David","email":"dabender@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":187364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zogorski, John S. jszogors@usgs.gov","contributorId":189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"John","email":"jszogors@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":187363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halde, M.J.","contributorId":108142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halde","given":"M.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rowe, B.L.","contributorId":22384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":23221,"text":"ofr99207 - 1999 - A plan for assessing the occurrence and distribution of methyl tert-butyl ether and other volatile organic compounds in drinking water and ambient ground water in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:56","indexId":"ofr99207","displayToPublicDate":"1999-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-207","title":"A plan for assessing the occurrence and distribution of methyl tert-butyl ether and other volatile organic compounds in drinking water and ambient ground water in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States","docAbstract":"A plan to assess the occurrence and distribution of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in drinking water and ambient ground water in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States was designed to meet two primary objectives. This study will provide the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency with information on potential human exposure to MTBE and other VOCs from drinking water. In addition, the study will further the goals of the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) by providing additional information on the occurrence and distribution of VOCs in ambient ground water beneath a large, highly urbanized part of the Nation. The study will proceed in two phases-a drinking-water assessment (phase 1) and an ambient ground-water assessment (phase 2). The drinking-water assessment will involve compilation, review, and analysis of available water- quality and ancillary data for approximately 20 percent of the community water systems in 12 States in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions. This effort will summarize the occurrence and distribution of MTBE and other VOCs in drinking water supplied by 2,110 community water systems. The ambient ground-water assessment will involve compilation, review, and analysis of data on MTBE and other VOCs from previous USGS studies in the 12-State area, including regional water-quality assessments conducted for the USGS's NAWQA, plus other available State or local datasets. These data will be related, to the extent allowed by the completeness and quality of the data, to land-use patterns, population density, and other anthropogenic and natural factors using statistical tests. The occurrence and distribution of MTBE and other VOCs in ambient ground water and, to the extent possible, drinking water in relation to such factors, will be evaluated.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr99207","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Grady, S.J., and Casey, G.D., 1999, A plan for assessing the occurrence and distribution of methyl tert-butyl ether and other volatile organic compounds in drinking water and ambient ground water in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-207, iv, 36 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99207.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154397,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0207/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52527,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0207/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab79e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grady, Stephen J.","contributorId":101636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grady","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casey, George D.","contributorId":105689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":824,"text":"wsp2355A - 1999 - Water-quality assessment of the Delmarva Peninsula, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia: Results of investigations, 1987-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-27T21:22:37.641525","indexId":"wsp2355A","displayToPublicDate":"1999-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2355","chapter":"A","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Delmarva Peninsula, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia: Results of investigations, 1987-91","docAbstract":"A regional ground-water-quality assessment of the Delmarva Peninsula was conducted as a pilot study for the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. The study focused on the surficial aquifer and used both existing data and new data collected between 1988 and 1991. The new water samples were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, radon, volatile organic compounds, and a suite of herbicides and insecticides commonly used on corn, soybeans, and small grains. Samples also were collected from wells completed in deeper, confined aquifers and from selected streams, and analyzed for most of these constituents. The study employed a multi-scale network design. Regional networks were chosen to provide broad geographic coverage of the study area and to ensure that the major hydrogeologic settings of the surficial aquifer were adequately represented. Both the existing data and the data from samples collected during the study showed that agricultural activities had affected the quality of water in the surficial aquifer over most of the Peninsula.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2355A","isbn":"0607922621","usgsCitation":"Shedlock, R.J., Denver, J.M., Hayes, M.A., Hamilton, P.A., Koterba, M., Bachman, L., Phillips, P.J., and Banks, W.S., 1999, Water-quality assessment of the Delmarva Peninsula, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia: Results of investigations, 1987-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2355, vii, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2355A.","productDescription":"vii, 41 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136998,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2355a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25391,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2355a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":393474,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22635.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Delmarva Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.278076171875,\n 37.09900294387622\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 37.09900294387622\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 39.64799732373418\n ],\n [\n -76.278076171875,\n 39.64799732373418\n ],\n [\n -76.278076171875,\n 37.09900294387622\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d2e4b07f02db54826b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shedlock, Robert J. rjshedlo@usgs.gov","contributorId":2616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedlock","given":"Robert","email":"rjshedlo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":142764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Denver, J. M.","contributorId":100356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denver","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayes, M. A.","contributorId":65055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamilton, P. A.","contributorId":7247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Koterba, M.T.","contributorId":62570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koterba","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bachman, L. J.","contributorId":47760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bachman","given":"L. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Phillips, P. J.","contributorId":31728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Banks, W. S.","contributorId":47761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":22267,"text":"ofr9966 - 1999 - Water-quality assessment of the eastern Iowa basins: Data, September 1995 through September 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-01T21:39:08.495779","indexId":"ofr9966","displayToPublicDate":"1999-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-66","title":"Water-quality assessment of the eastern Iowa basins: Data, September 1995 through September 1996","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey began data-collection activities in the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program in September 1995 with the purpose of determining the status and trends in water quality. Surface-water data were collected, beginning in March 1996, on a monthly basis with occasional extra high- and low-flow samples. Data collected from 12 sites on rivers and streams in the study unit included determinations of the physical properties and concentrations of nutrients, major ions, organic carbon, trace elements, suspended sediment, and dissolved pesticides. Data collected at four additional sites included physical parameters and determination of the concentration of dissolved pesticides. In addition, bed-sediment and fish-tissue samples were collected at 16 sites and analyzed for trace elements and hydrophobic pesticides. There were two ground-water studies conducted in June and July 1996. The first looked at the quality of ground water in the Silurian-Devonian and Upper Carbonate aquifers and sampled 33 wells once, and the second examined the effects of agriculture on shallow ground water of the Iowa River alluvial aquifer and sampled 23 wells once. Ground-water samples were analyzed for physical properties, nutrients, major ions, organic carbon, trace elements, dissolved pesticides, and volatile organic compounds.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9966","usgsCitation":"Akers, K.K., Schnoebelen, D.J., Savoca, M.E., Roberts, L.R., and Becher, K., 1999, Water-quality assessment of the eastern Iowa basins: Data, September 1995 through September 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-66, viii, 154 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9966.","productDescription":"viii, 154 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1351,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr99-066/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":409038,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22511.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.24169921875,\n 41.85319643776675\n ],\n [\n -90.439453125,\n 41.64828831259535\n ],\n [\n -90.758056640625,\n 41.508577297439324\n ],\n [\n -91.153564453125,\n 41.44272637767212\n ],\n [\n -91.219482421875,\n 41.236511201246216\n ],\n [\n -91.0546875,\n 40.979898069620155\n ],\n [\n -91.241455078125,\n 40.75557964275591\n ],\n [\n -91.614990234375,\n 40.74725696280421\n ],\n [\n -91.856689453125,\n 40.68896903762434\n ],\n [\n -92.373046875,\n 40.979898069620155\n ],\n [\n -92.70263671874999,\n 41.20345619205129\n ],\n [\n -93.09814453125,\n 41.409775832009565\n ],\n [\n -93.50463867187499,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n -93.702392578125,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -93.966064453125,\n 41.9921602333763\n ],\n [\n -93.97705078125,\n 42.26917949243506\n ],\n [\n -93.80126953124999,\n 42.391008609205045\n ],\n [\n -93.7353515625,\n 42.53689200787317\n ],\n [\n -93.71337890625,\n 42.73894375124379\n ],\n [\n -93.922119140625,\n 43.02874525134882\n ],\n [\n -94.09790039062499,\n 43.23719944365308\n ],\n [\n -94.053955078125,\n 43.476840397778915\n ],\n [\n -93.75732421875,\n 43.67581809328341\n ],\n [\n -93.515625,\n 43.874138181474734\n ],\n [\n -93.09814453125,\n 43.59630591596548\n ],\n [\n -92.43896484375,\n 43.1090040242731\n ],\n [\n -92.318115234375,\n 42.89206418807337\n ],\n [\n -92.16430664062499,\n 42.819580715795915\n ],\n [\n -92.032470703125,\n 42.53689200787317\n ],\n [\n -91.790771484375,\n 42.374778361114195\n ],\n [\n -91.47216796875,\n 42.17968819665961\n ],\n [\n -91.175537109375,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -90.867919921875,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n -90.802001953125,\n 41.78769700539063\n ],\n [\n -90.5712890625,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -90.24169921875,\n 41.85319643776675\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"Abstract
Introduction
Purpose and Scope
Description of the Eastern Iowa Basins
Implementation of Water-Quality Studies
Surface-Water-Quality Data Collection
Sampling Sites
Surface-Water Sample
Biologic Sample Collection
Analytical Procedures
Ground-Water-Quality Data
Geohydrology
Site Selection
Ground-Water Sample
Analytical Procedures
Water-Quality Analysis and Quality Control
Surface Water
Biology
Ground Water
Acknowledgments
Selected References
Hydrologic and Biologic Data
The atmosphere as a source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in shallow groundwater was evaluated over an area in southern New Jersey. Chloroform, methyl tertbutyl ether (MTBE), 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), and carbon disulfide (not a VOC) were detected frequently at low‐level concentrations in a network of 78 shallow wells in the surficial Kirkwood‐Cohansey aquifer system. The atmosphere was sampled for these compounds and only MTBE concentrations were high enough to potentially explain frequent detection in shallow groundwater. A mathematical model of reactive transport through the unsaturated zone is presented to explain how variations in unsaturated properties across the study area could explain differences in MTBE concentrations in shallow groundwater given the atmosphere as the source. Even when concentrations of VOCs in groundwater are low compared to regulatory concentration limits, it is critical to know the source. If the VOCs originate from a point source((), concentrations in groundwater could potentially increase over time to levels of concern as groundwater plumes evolve, whereas if the atmosphere is the source, then groundwater concentrations would be expected to remain at low‐level concentrations not exceeding those in equilibrium with atmospheric concentrations. This is the first analysis of VOC occurrence in shallow groundwater involving colocated atmosphere data.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1998WR900030","usgsCitation":"Baehr, A.L., Stackelberg, P.E., and Baker, R.J., 1999, Evaluation of the atmosphere as a source of volatile organic compounds in shallow groundwater: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 1, p. 127-136, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900030.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"136","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487376,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1998wr900030","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0cdde4b0c8380cd52d15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stackelberg, Paul E. 0000-0002-1818-355X pestack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1818-355X","contributorId":1069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stackelberg","given":"Paul","email":"pestack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, Ronald J. rbaker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Ronald","email":"rbaker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":731441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022090,"text":"70022090 - 1999 - Improved method for the determination of nonpurgeable suspended organic carbon in natural water by silver filter filtration, wet chemical oxidation, and infrared spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-27T18:40:02.793711","indexId":"70022090","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improved method for the determination of nonpurgeable suspended organic carbon in natural water by silver filter filtration, wet chemical oxidation, and infrared spectrometry","docAbstract":"Precision and accuracy are reported for the first time for the analysis of nonpurgeable suspended organic carbon by silver membrane filtration followed by wet chemical oxidation. A water sample is pressure filtered through a 0.45‐μm‐pore‐size, 47‐mm‐diameter silver membrane filter. The silver membrane filter then is cut into ribbons and placed in a flame‐sealable glass ampule. The organic material trapped on the membrane filter strips is acidified, purged with oxygen to remove inorganic carbonates and volatile organic compounds, and oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) using phosphoric acid and potassium persulfate in the sealed glass ampule. The resulting CO2 is measured by a nondispersive infrared CO2 detector. The amount of CO2 is proportional to the concentration of chemically oxidizable nonpurgeable organic carbon in the environmental water sample. The quantitation and method detection limit for routine analysis is 0.2 mg/L. The average percent recovery in five representative matrices was 97 ± 11%. The errors associated with sampling and sample preparation of nonpurgeable suspended organic carbon are also described.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1998WR900052","usgsCitation":"Burkhardt, M.R., Brenton, R.W., Kammer, J.A., Jha, V.K., O’Mara-Lopez, P.G., and Woodworth, M.T., 1999, Improved method for the determination of nonpurgeable suspended organic carbon in natural water by silver filter filtration, wet chemical oxidation, and infrared spectrometry: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 1, p. 329-334, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900052.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"329","endPage":"334","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489063,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1998wr900052","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a395ee4b0c8380cd618cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkhardt, Mark R.","contributorId":27872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkhardt","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brenton, Ronald W.","contributorId":124579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brenton","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kammer, James A.","contributorId":20759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kammer","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jha, Virenda K.","contributorId":124578,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jha","given":"Virenda","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"O’Mara-Lopez, Peggy G.","contributorId":33347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Mara-Lopez","given":"Peggy","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Woodworth, Mark T. woodwort@usgs.gov","contributorId":3452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodworth","given":"Mark","email":"woodwort@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":392320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70021247,"text":"70021247 - 1999 - Estimation of nitrate contamination of an agro-ecosystem outwash aquifer using a nitrogen mass-balance budget","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-29T00:56:36.790895","indexId":"70021247","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of nitrate contamination of an agro-ecosystem outwash aquifer using a nitrogen mass-balance budget","docAbstract":"A mass-balance budget of N cycling was developed for an intensive agricultural area in west-central Minnesota to better understand NO3/- contamination of ground water in the Otter Tail outwash aquifer. Fertilizer, biological fixation, atmospheric deposition, and animal feed were the N sources, and crop harvests, animal product exports, volatilization from fertilizer and manure, and denitrification were the N sinks in the model. Excess N, calculated as the difference between the sources and sinks, was assumed to leach to ground water as NO3/-. The budget was developed using ground water data collected throughout the 212-km2 study area. Denitrification was estimated by adjusting its value so the predicted and measured concentrations of NO3/- in ground water agreed. Although biological fixation was the largest single N source, most was removed when crops were harvested, indicating that inorganic fertilizer was the primary source of N reaching the water table. It was estimated that denitrification removed almost half of the excess NO3/- that leached below the root zone. Even after accounting for denitrification losses, however, it was concluded that the ground water system was receiving approximately three times as much N as would be expected under background conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800060043x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Puckett, L., Cowdery, T., Lorenz, D., and Stoner, J., 1999, Estimation of nitrate contamination of an agro-ecosystem outwash aquifer using a nitrogen mass-balance budget: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 28, no. 6, p. 2015-2025, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800060043x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2015","endPage":"2025","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479450,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.567.6377","text":"External Repository"},{"id":229861,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b9be4b0c8380cd527c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Puckett, L.J.","contributorId":27503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cowdery, T.K.","contributorId":92658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowdery","given":"T.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lorenz, D. L.","contributorId":10776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenz","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stoner, J.D.","contributorId":58261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoner","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021205,"text":"70021205 - 1999 - Micrometeorologic methods for measuring the post-application volatilization of pesticides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:50","indexId":"70021205","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Micrometeorologic methods for measuring the post-application volatilization of pesticides","docAbstract":"A wide variety of micrometeorological measurement methods can be used to estimate the postapplication volatilization of pesticides from treated fields. All these estimation methods require that the entire study area have the same surficial characteristics, including the area surrounding the actual study site, and that the pesticide under investigation be applied as quickly and as uniformly as possible before any measurements are made. Methods such as aerodynamic profile, energy balance, eddy correlation, and relaxed eddy accumulation require a large (typically 1 or more hectare) study area so that the flux measurements can be made in a well developed atmospheric boundary- layer and that steady-state conditions exist. The area surrounding the study plot should have similar surficial characteristics as the study plot with sufficient upwind extent so the wind speed and temperature gradients are fully developed. Mass balance methods such as integrated horizontal flux and trajectory simulations do not require a large source area, but the area surrounding the study plot should have similar surficial characteristics. None of the micrometeorological techniques for estimating the postapplication volatilization fluxes of pesticides disturb the environment or the soil processes that influence the gas exchange from the surface to the atmosphere. They allow for continuous measurements and provide a temporally averaged flux value over a large area. If the behavior of volatilizing pesticides and the importance of the volatilization process in redistributing pesticides in the environment are to be fully understood, it is critical that we understand not only the processes that govern pesticide entry into the lower atmosphere, but also how much of the millions of kilograms of pesticides that are applied annually are introduced into, and redistributed by, the atmosphere. We also must be aware of the assumptions and limitations of the estimation techniques used, and adapt the field of pesticide volatilization flux measurements to advances in atmospheric science.","largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht, Netherlands","doi":"10.1023/A:1005297121445","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Majewski, M., 1999, Micrometeorologic methods for measuring the post-application volatilization of pesticides, in Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, v. 115, no. 1-4, p. 83-113, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005297121445.","startPage":"83","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206457,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005297121445"},{"id":229818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5684e4b0c8380cd6d649","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Majewski, M.S.","contributorId":88501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Majewski","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021273,"text":"70021273 - 1999 - Emission of pesticides into the air","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:40","indexId":"70021273","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Emission of pesticides into the air","docAbstract":"During and after the application of a pesticide in agriculture, a substantial fraction of the dosage may enter the atmosphere and be transported over varying distances downwind of the target. The rate and extent of the emission during application, predominantly as spray particle drift, depends primarily on the application method (equipment and technique), the formulation and environmental conditions, whereas the emission after application depends primarily on the properties of the pesticide, soils, crops and environmental conditions. The fraction of the dosage that misses the target area may be high in some cases and more experimental data on this loss term are needed for various application types and weather conditions. Such data are necessary to test spray drift models, and for further model development and verification as well. Following application, the emission of soil fumigants and soil incorporated pesticides into the air can be measured and computed with reasonable accuracy, but further model development is needed to improve the reliability of the model predictions. For soil surface applied pesticides reliable measurement methods are available, but there is not yet a reliable model. Further model development is required which must be verified by field experiments. Few data are available on pesticide volatilization from plants and more field experiments are also needed to study the fate processes on the plants. Once this information is available, a model needs to be developed to predict the volatilization of pesticides from plants, which, again, should be verified with field measurements. For regional emission estimates, a link between data on the temporal and spatial pesticide use and a geographical information system for crops and soils with their characteristics is needed.","largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht, Netherlands","doi":"10.1023/A:1005234329622","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Van Den, B.F., Kubiak, R., Benjey, W., Majewski, M., Yates, S., Reeves, G., Smelt, J., and Van Der Linden, A.M., 1999, Emission of pesticides into the air, in Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, v. 115, no. 1-4, p. 195-218, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005234329622.","startPage":"195","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":499908,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/emission-of-pesticides-into-the-air","text":"External Repository"},{"id":229745,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206433,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005234329622"}],"volume":"115","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08fbe4b0c8380cd51d3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Den, Berg F. F.","contributorId":74156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Den","given":"Berg","suffix":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kubiak, R.","contributorId":60802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kubiak","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Benjey, W.G.","contributorId":68059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benjey","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Majewski, M.S.","contributorId":88501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Majewski","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yates, S.R.","contributorId":6614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yates","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Reeves, G.L.","contributorId":58040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Smelt, J.H.","contributorId":31545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smelt","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Van Der Linden, A. M. A.","contributorId":38308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Der Linden","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"M. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70021280,"text":"70021280 - 1999 - Transformations of snow chemistry in the boreal forest: Accumulation and volatilization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-25T23:26:41.034256","indexId":"70021280","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transformations of snow chemistry in the boreal forest: Accumulation and volatilization","docAbstract":"This paper examines the processes and dynamics of ecologically-important inorganic chemical (primarily NO3-N) accumulation and loss in boreal forest snow during the cold winter period at a northern and southern location in the boreal forest of western Canada. Field observations from Inuvik, Northwest Territories and Waskesiu, Saskatchewan, Canada were used to link chemical transformations and physical processes in boreal forest snow. Data on the disposition and overwinter transformation of snow water equivalent, NO3-, SO42- and other major ions were examined. No evidence of enhanced dry deposition of chemical species to intercepted snow was found at either site except where high atmospheric aerosol concentrations prevailed. At Inuvik, concentrations of SO42- and Cl- were five to six times higher in intercepted snow than in surface snow away from the trees. SO4-S and Cl loads at Inuvik were correspondingly enhanced three-fold within the nearest 0.5 m to individual tree stems. Measurements of snow affected by canopy interception without rapid sublimation provided no evidence of ion volatilization from intercepted snow. Where intercepted snow sublimation rates were significant, ion loads in sub-canopy snow suggested that NO3- volatized with an efficiency of about 62% per snow mass sublimated. Extrapolating this measurement from Waskesiu to sublimation losses observed in other southern boreal environments suggests that 19-25% of snow inputs of NO3- can be lost during intercepted snow sublimation. The amount of N lost during sublimation may be large in high-snowfall, high N load southern boreal forests (Quebec) where 0.42 kg NO3-N ha-1 is estimated as a possible seasonal NO3- volatilization. The sensitivity of the N fluxes to climate and forest canopy variation and implications of the winter N losses for N budgets in the boreal forest are discussed.This paper examines the processes and dynamics of ecologically-important inorganic chemical (primarily NO3-N) accumulation and loss in boreal forest snow during the cold winter period at a northern and southern location in the boreal forest of western Canada. Field observations from Inuvik. Northwest Territories and Waskesiu, Saskatchewan, Canada were used to link chemical transformations and physical processes in boreal forest snow. Data on the disposition and overwinter transformation of snow water equivalent, NO3-, SO42- and other major ions were examined. No evidence of enhanced dry deposition of chemical species to intercepted snow was found at either site except where high atmospheric aerosol concentrations prevailed. At Inuvik, concentrations of SO42- and Cl- were five to six times higher in intercepted snow than in surface snow away from the trees. SO4-S and Cl loads at Inuvik were correspondingly enhanced three-fold within the nearest 0.5 m to individual tree stems. Measurements of snow affected by canopy interception without rapid sublimation provided no evidence of ion volatilization from intercepted snow. Where intercepted snow sublimation rates were significant, ion loads in sub-canopy snow suggested that NO3- volatized with an efficiency of about 62% per snow mass sublimated. Extrapolating this measurement from Waskesiu to sublimation losses observed in other southern boreal environments suggests that 19-25% of snow inputs of NO3- can be lost during intercepted snow sublimation. The amount of N lost during sublimation may be large in high-snowfall, high N load southern boreal forests (Quebec) where 0.42 kg NO3-N ha-1 is estimated as a possible seasonal NO3- volatilization. The sensitivity of the N fluxes to climate and forest canopy variation and implications of the winter N losses for N budgets in the boreal forest are discussed.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199910)13:14/15<2257::AID-HYP874>3.0.CO;2-G","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Pomeroy, J., Davies, T., Jones, H., Marsh, P., Peters, N., and Tranter, M., 1999, Transformations of snow chemistry in the boreal forest: Accumulation and volatilization: Hydrological Processes, v. 13, no. 14-15, p. 2257-2273, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199910)13:14/15<2257::AID-HYP874>3.0.CO;2-G.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"2257","endPage":"2273","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229862,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"14-15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb6f3e4b08c986b326f6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pomeroy, J.W.","contributorId":49223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pomeroy","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davies, T.D.","contributorId":86513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, H.G.","contributorId":106757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"H.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marsh, P.","contributorId":99279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tranter, M.","contributorId":22525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tranter","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70021047,"text":"70021047 - 1999 - Volatile organic compounds in untreated ambient groundwater of the United States, 1985-1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-30T13:32:37","indexId":"70021047","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volatile organic compounds in untreated ambient groundwater of the United States, 1985-1995","docAbstract":"As part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey, an assessment of 60 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in untreated, ambient groundwater of the conterminous United States was conducted based on samples collected from 2948 wells between 1985 and 1995. The samples represent urban and rural areas and drinking-water and nondrinking-water wells. A reporting level of 0.2 μg/L was used with the exception of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, which had a reporting level of 1.0 μg/L. Because ambient groundwater was targeted, areas of known point-source contamination were excluded from this assessment. VOC concentrations generally were low; 56% of the concentrations were less than 1 μg/L. In urban areas, 47% of the sampled wells had at least one VOC, and 29% had two or more VOCs; furthermore, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water criteria were exceeded in 6.4% of all sampled wells and in 2.5% of the sampled drinking-water wells. In rural areas, 14% of the sampled wells had at least one VOC; furthermore, drinking-water criteria were exceeded in 1.5% of all sampled wells and in 1.3% of the sampled drinking-water wells. Solvent compounds and the fuel oxygenate methyl tert-butyl ether were among the most frequently detected VOCs in urban and rural areas. It was determined that the probability of finding VOCs in untreated groundwater can be estimated on the basis of a logistic regression model by using population density as an explanatory variable. Although there are limitations to this national scale model, it fit the data from 2354 wells used for model development and adequately estimated the VOC presence in samples from 589 wells used for model validation. Model estimates indicate that 7% (6−9% on the basis of one standard error) of the ambient groundwater resources of the United States probably contain at least one VOC at a reporting level of 0.2 μg/L. Groundwater is used in these areas by 42 million people (35−50 million based on one standard error); however, human exposure to VOCs from this ambient groundwater is uncertain because the quality of the finished drinking water is generally unknown.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es990234m","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Squillace, P.J., Moran, M., Lapham, W., Price, C.V., Clawges, R., and Zogorski, J., 1999, Volatile organic compounds in untreated ambient groundwater of the United States, 1985-1995: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 33, no. 23, p. 4176-4187, https://doi.org/10.1021/es990234m.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"4176","endPage":"4187","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206440,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es990234m"}],"volume":"33","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-10-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2c9e4b08c986b32ad72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Squillace, P. J.","contributorId":8878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squillace","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moran, M.J.","contributorId":7862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lapham, W.W.","contributorId":36583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lapham","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Price, C. V.","contributorId":19190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clawges, R.M.","contributorId":24779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clawges","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zogorski, J.S.","contributorId":108201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70020985,"text":"70020985 - 1999 - Natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in a freshwater tidal wetland: Field evidence of anaerobic biodegradation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-20T15:01:04","indexId":"70020985","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in a freshwater tidal wetland: Field evidence of anaerobic biodegradation","docAbstract":"Field evidence collected along two groundwater flow paths shows that anaerobic biodegradation naturally attenuates a plume of chlorinated volatile organic compounds as it discharges from an aerobic sand aquifer through wetland sediments. A decrease in concentrations of two parent contaminants, trichloroethylene (TCE) and 1,1,2,2‐tetrachloroethane (PCA), and a concomitant increase in concentrations of anaerobic daughter products occurs along upward flow paths through the wetland sediments. The daughter products 1,2‐dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, 1,1,2‐trichloroethane, and 1,2‐dichloroethane are produced from hydrogenolysis of TCE and from PCA degradation through hydrogenolysis and dichloroelimination (reductive dechlorination) pathways. Total concentrations of TCE, PCA, and their degradation products, however, decrease to below detection levels within 0.15–0.30 m of land surface. The enhanced reductive dechlorination of TCE and PCA in the wetland sediments is associated with the naturally higher concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and the lower redox state of the groundwater compared to the aquifer. This field study indicates that wetlands and similar organic‐rich environments at groundwater/surface‐water interfaces may be important in intercepting groundwater contaminated with chlorinated organics and in naturally reducing concentrations and toxicity before sensitive surface‐water receptors are reached.
Fly ash samples were collected in November and December of 1994, from generating units at a Kentucky power station using high- and low-sulfur feed coals. The samples are part of a two-year study of the coal and coal combustion byproducts from the power station. The ashes were wet screened at 100, 200, 325, and 500 mesh (150, 75, 42, and 25 mu m, respectively). The size fractions were then dried, weighed, split for petrographic and chemical analysis, and analyzed for ash yield and carbon content. The low-sulfur ''heavy side'' and ''light side'' ashes each have a similar size distribution in the November samples. In contrast, the December fly ashes showed the trend observed in later months, the light-side ash being finer (over 20 % more ash in the 500 mesh [25 mu m] fraction) than the heavy-side ash. Carbon tended to be concentrated in the coarse fractions in the December samples. The dominance of the 325 mesh (42 mum) fractions in the overall size analysis implies, though, that carbon in the fine sizes may be an important consideration in the utilization of the fly ash. Element partitioning follows several patterns. Volatile elements, such as Zn and As, are enriched in the finer sizes, particularly in fly ashes collected at cooler, light-side electrostatic precipitator (ESP) temperatures. The latter trend is a function of precipitation at the cooler-ESP temperatures and of increasing concentration with the increased surface area of the finest fraction. Mercury concentrations are higher in high-carbon fly ashes, suggesting Hg adsorption on the fly ash carbon. Ni and Cr are associated, in part, with the spinel minerals in the fly ash.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00908319950014641","usgsCitation":"Hower, J.C., Trimble, A., Eble, C.F., Palmer, C., and Kolker, A., 1999, Characterization of fly ash from low-sulfur and high-sulfur coal sources: Partitioning of carbon and trace elements with particle size: Energy Sources, v. 21, no. 6, p. 511-525, https://doi.org/10.1080/00908319950014641.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"511","endPage":"525","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229841,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4c8e4b0c8380cd4bef7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hower, James C.","contributorId":330827,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hower","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":79038,"text":"University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trimble, A.S.","contributorId":78110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trimble","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eble, Cortland F.","contributorId":255518,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eble","given":"Cortland","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":51568,"text":"Kentucky Geological Survey, U. of Kentucky","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Palmer, Curtis A.","contributorId":46967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"Curtis A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kolker, Allan 0000-0002-5768-4533 akolker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5768-4533","contributorId":643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolker","given":"Allan","email":"akolker@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021405,"text":"70021405 - 1999 - Technical note: A device for obtaining time-integrated samples of ruminal fluid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-01T16:22:48.391508","indexId":"70021405","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2160,"text":"Journal of Animal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Technical note: A device for obtaining time-integrated samples of ruminal fluid","docAbstract":"A device was adapted to allow for time-integrated sampling of fluid from the rumen via a cannula. The sampler consisted of a cup-shaped ceramic filter positioned in the ventral rumen of a cannulated cow and attached to a tube through which fluid entering the filter was removed continuously using a peristaltic pump. Rate of ruminal fluid removal using the device was monitored over two 36-h periods (at 6-h intervals) and was not affected (P > .05) by time, indicating that the system was not susceptible to clogging during this period. Two cows having ad libitum access to a totally mixed ration were used in a split-block design to evaluate the utility of the system for obtaining time-integrated samples of ruminal fluid. Ruminal fluid VFA concentration and pattern in samples collected in two replicated 8-h periods by the time-integrated sampler (at 1-h intervals) were compared with composite samples collected using a conventional suction-strainer device (at 30-min intervals). Each 8-h collection period started 2 h before or 6 h after feeding. Results indicated that total VFA concentration was not affected (P > .05) by the sampling method. Volatile fatty acid patterns were likewise unaffected (P > .05) except that acetate was 2.5% higher (P < .05) in samples collected 2 h before feeding and valerate was 5% higher (P < .05) in samples collected 6 h after feeding by the suction-strainer device. Although significant, these differences were not considered physiologically important. We concluded that use of the ceramic filter improved the sampling of ruminal fluid by simplifying the technique and allowing time-integrated samples to be obtained.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2527/1999.7792540x","issn":"00218812","usgsCitation":"Corley, R.N., Murphy, M., Lucena, J., and Panno, S., 1999, Technical note: A device for obtaining time-integrated samples of ruminal fluid: Journal of Animal Science, v. 77, no. 9, p. 2540-2544, https://doi.org/10.2527/1999.7792540x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"2540","endPage":"2544","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229954,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba401e4b08c986b320049","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Corley, R. N. III","contributorId":23299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corley","given":"R.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murphy, M.R.","contributorId":102646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lucena, J.","contributorId":13000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucena","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Panno, S.V.","contributorId":102990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panno","given":"S.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}