Ground-water samples were collected from 33 domestic wells to assess the water quality of the eastern part of the Silurian-Devonian and Upper Carbonate aquifers in the Eastern Iowa Basins National Water-Quality Assessment Program study unit. Samples were collected during June and July 1996 and analyzed for major ions, nutrients, pesticides and pesticide metabolites, volatile organic compounds, tritium, radon222, and environmental isotopes.
\nCalcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate were the dominant ions in most samples and were likely derived from the solution of carbonate minerals (calcite and dolomite) present in the aquifer materials. The dominance of sulfate in samples from several wells suggests the dissolution of evaporite minerals. Ammonia and orthophosphorus were the most commonly detected nutrients. Nitrate was detected in about half of the samples and exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level (10 milligrams per liter) in 6 percent of samples. Atrazine and metolachlor were the only pesticides detected and were present in 18 percent and 12 percent of samples, respectively. Alachlor ethanesulfonic acid and deethylatrazine were the most commonly detected pesticide metabolites and were present in 16 percent and 9 percent of samples, respectively. Radon-222 was detected in all samples, and 47 percent had concentrations in excess of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency previously proposed maximum contaminant level (300 picocuries per liter). Radon-222 concentrations were significantly higher in samples from wells that produced recently recharged water. This relation suggests that uranium-bearing glacial deposits (Schumann, 1993) may be a source of radon-222 in the underlying aquifers.
\nThe presence of regional confining units and thick overlying Quaternary-age deposits have an effect on water quality in the Silurian-Devonian and Upper Carbonate aquifers in the study area. Tritium-based ground-water ages were significantly older, and dissolved-solids concentrations were significantly higher in relatively well protected areas (where the aquifers are overlain by a bedrock confining unit or more than 100 feet of Quaternary-age deposits). Ammonia concentrations were significantly higher in relatively well protected areas and in samples from wells that produced older water. Higher ammonia concentrations also were observed in ground water with dissolved-oxygen concentrations of 0.5 milligram per liter or less, allowing for the anaerobic reduction of nitrate to ammonia. Nitrate concentrations were significantly higher in relatively poorly protected areas (where the aquifers are not overlain by a bedrock confining unit or are overlain by less than 100 feet of Quaternaryage deposits) and in samples from wells that produced recently recharged water. Pesticide and metabolite concentrations were significantly higher in samples from wells that produced recently recharged water. Atrazine, metolachlor, and deethylatrazine were not detected in any samples from relatively well protected areas of the aquifers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/wri984224","usgsCitation":"Savoca, M.E., Sadorf, E.M., and Akers, K.K., 1999, Ground-water quality in the eastern part of the Silurian-Devonian and upper Carbonate aquifers in the eastern Iowa basins, Iowa and Minnesota, 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4224, vi, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984224.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159802,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2382,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/wri984224/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.614990234375,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -91.3623046875,\n 40.83874913796459\n ],\n [\n -91.07666015625,\n 40.72228267283148\n ],\n [\n -91.20849609375,\n 40.9052096972736\n ],\n [\n -91.29638671875,\n 41.03793062246529\n ],\n [\n -91.16455078125,\n 41.1455697310095\n ],\n [\n -91.087646484375,\n 41.15384235711447\n ],\n [\n -91.175537109375,\n 41.261291493919856\n ],\n [\n -91.07666015625,\n 41.393294288784865\n ],\n [\n -91.065673828125,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n -90.8349609375,\n 41.590796851056005\n ],\n [\n -90.615234375,\n 41.6154423246811\n ],\n [\n -90.3955078125,\n 41.68932225997044\n ],\n [\n -90.28564453124999,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -90.406494140625,\n 41.983994270935625\n ],\n [\n -90.670166015625,\n 41.983994270935625\n ],\n [\n -90.966796875,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -91.38427734374999,\n 42.24478535602799\n ],\n [\n -91.58203125,\n 42.431565872579185\n ],\n [\n -91.92260742187499,\n 42.706659563510385\n ],\n [\n -92.208251953125,\n 42.94838139765314\n ],\n [\n -92.48291015625,\n 43.17313537107136\n ],\n [\n -92.6806640625,\n 43.42898792344157\n ],\n [\n -92.92236328125,\n 43.723474896114816\n ],\n [\n -93.065185546875,\n 43.94537239244209\n ],\n [\n -93.262939453125,\n 44.07969327425713\n ],\n [\n -93.460693359375,\n 44.01652134387754\n ],\n [\n -93.61450195312499,\n 43.937461690316646\n ],\n [\n -93.84521484375,\n 43.76315996157264\n ],\n [\n -93.9990234375,\n 43.48481212891603\n ],\n [\n -94.10888671875,\n 43.34116005412307\n ],\n [\n -94.163818359375,\n 43.1811470593997\n ],\n [\n -94.075927734375,\n 43.08493742707592\n ],\n [\n -93.93310546875,\n 42.956422511073335\n ],\n [\n -93.834228515625,\n 42.779275360241904\n ],\n [\n -93.84521484375,\n 42.577354839557856\n ],\n [\n -94.010009765625,\n 42.44778143462245\n ],\n [\n -94.06494140625,\n 42.26917949243506\n ],\n [\n -94.04296874999999,\n 42.00848901572399\n ],\n [\n -93.878173828125,\n 41.77131167976407\n ],\n [\n -93.53759765625,\n 41.50857729743935\n ],\n [\n -93.05419921875,\n 41.45919537950706\n ],\n [\n -92.757568359375,\n 41.261291493919856\n ],\n [\n -92.427978515625,\n 41.12074559016745\n ],\n [\n -92.17529296875,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -91.812744140625,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -91.614990234375,\n 40.91351257612758\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db6671c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savoca, Mark E. mesavoca@usgs.gov","contributorId":1961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoca","given":"Mark","email":"mesavoca@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sadorf, Eric M. emsadorf@usgs.gov","contributorId":2245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadorf","given":"Eric","email":"emsadorf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":201691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Akers, Kymm K.B.","contributorId":20790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akers","given":"Kymm","email":"","middleInitial":"K.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25712,"text":"wri984220 - 1999 - Potentiometric levels and water quality in the aquifers underlying Belvidere, Illinois, 1993–96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-30T18:36:47.762909","indexId":"wri984220","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4220","displayTitle":"Potentiometric Levels and Water Quality in the Aquifers Underlying Belvidere, Illinois, 1993–96","title":"Potentiometric levels and water quality in the aquifers underlying Belvidere, Illinois, 1993–96","docAbstract":"In 1992, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), began a study of the hydrogeology and water quality of the aquifers underlying the vicinity of Belvidere, Boone County, Ill. Previously, volatile organic compounds (VOC's) and other constituents of industrial origin were detected in one or more ground-water samples from about 100 of the approximately 700 monitoring and water-supply wells in the area, including the 8 municipal wells in Belvidere. A glacial drift aquifer underlies at least 50 percent of the 80-square-mile study area; bedrock aquifers that underlie virtually all of the study area include the Galena-Platteville, St. Peter Sandstone, Ordovician, and Cambrian-Ordovician aquifers.
During 1993, water levels were measured in 152 wells and water-quality samples were collected from 97 wells distributed throughout the study area. During 1994–96, similar data were collected from 31 wells. Potentiometric levels in the glacial drift and Galena-Platteville aquifers are similar and range from about 750 to 900 feet above sea level. The potentiometric surfaces of the aquifers are subdued representations of the land surface. Horizontal ground-water flow in the aquifers primarily is towards the Kishwaukee River, which flows through the central part of the study area, and its principal tributaries. Vertical ground-water flow appears to be downward at most locations in the study area, particularly in the urbanized areas affected by pumping of the Belvidere municipal wells and upland areas remote from the principal surface-water drainages. Flow appears to be upward between the Galena-Platteville and glacial drift aquifers where ground water discharges to the Kishwaukee River and its principal tributaries.
All water samples were analyzed for VOC's. Selected samples also were analyzed for trace metals, cyanide, semivolatile organic compounds, or other constituents. VOC's were detected in samples from 50 wells (52 percent of total wells sampled). Twenty-seven specific VOC's were identified in the samples. Samples were collected from six municipal wells in use during the study; two wells were not in use because one or more VOC's exceeded maximum contaminant levels (MCL's). Two VOC's were detected in one of the samples at concentrations below MCL's established by the USEPA for protection of public-water supplies. Samples from 21 wells had at least one VOC detected at a concentration above MCL's. The VOC's detected above MCL's and their maximum concentrations were 1,2-dichloroethene (total), 470 micrograms per liter; trichloroethene (TCE), 360 micrograms per liter; tetrachloroethene (PCE), 82 micrograms per liter; benzene, 53 micrograms per liter; and vinyl chloride, 11 micrograms per liter. TCE and PCE were the most frequently detected VOC's and generally had the highest concentrations. VOC's with concentrations above MCL's were detected in samples from 15 wells open to the glacial drift aquifer and 6 wells open to the Galena-Platteville aquifer.
Generally, the concentrations of VOC's were higher, and number and type of VOC's detected were greater in the glacial drift aquifer than in the Galena-Platteville aquifer and the deeper bedrock aquifers. The high concentrations and spatial distribution of VOC's in the glacial drift aquifer usually were related to nearby sources of contamination. Except in the immediate vicinity of a known hazardous-waste site, possible sources of VOC's in the bedrock aquifers were difficult to identify in the study area; VOC concentrations at most locations in the bedrock aquifers were below 5 micrograms per liter. Most locations where VOC's were detected in the glacial and bedrock aquifers were within about 1,000 feet of the Kishwaukee River. Hydrogeologic factors that affect the distribution of VOC's in the aquifers include ground-water flow through (1) the glacial drift aquifer with discharge to the nearby Kishwaukee River; and (2) the weathered-surface deposits, bedding-plane partings, and fractures in the Galena-Platteville aquifer. One bedding-plane parting intersecting wells that represent an area of about 1.5 square miles has a horizontal hydraulic conductivity as high as 220 feet per day. Pumping of high-capacity wells may contribute to the widespread distribution of VOC’s at low concentrations in the bedrock aquifers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984220","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Mills, P., Thomas, C., Brown, T., Yeskis, D., and Kay, R., 1999, Potentiometric levels and water quality in the aquifers underlying Belvidere, Illinois, 1993–96: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4220, Report: v, 106 p.; 2 Plates: 31.33 x 34.65 inches and 29.39 x 34.79 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984220.","productDescription":"Report: v, 106 p.; 2 Plates: 31.33 x 34.65 inches and 29.39 x 34.79 inches","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95555,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4220/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 98–4220 Plate 2"},{"id":95554,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4220/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 98–4220 Plate 1"},{"id":156887,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4220/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":361757,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4220/wrir98_4220.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 98–4220"},{"id":463438,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19292.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Belvidere","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.97003173828125,\n 42.16340342422401\n ],\n [\n -88.758544921875,\n 42.16340342422401\n ],\n [\n -88.758544921875,\n 42.332153998913704\n ],\n [\n -88.97003173828125,\n 42.332153998913704\n ],\n [\n -88.97003173828125,\n 42.16340342422401\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
405 North Goodwin
Urbana, IL 61801
The water-quantity and water-quality data for the Fraser River watershed through water year 1997 were compiled for ground-water and surface-water sites. In order to assess the water-quality data, the data were related to land use/land cover in the watershed. Data from 81 water-quantity and water-quality sites, which consisted of 9 ground-water sites and 72 surface-water sites, were available for analysis. However, the data were limited and frequently contained only one or two water-quality analyses per site.The Fraser River flows about 28 miles from its headwaters at the Continental Divide to the confluence with the Colorado River. Ground-water resources in the watershed are used for residential and municipal drinking-water supplies. Surface water is available for use, but water diversions in the upper parts of the watershed reduce the flow in the river. Land use/land cover in the watershed is predominantly forested land, but increasing urban development has the potential to affect the quantity and quality of the water resources.Analysis of the limited ground-water data in the watershed indicates that changes in the land use/land cover affect the shallow ground-water quality. Water-quality data from eight shallow monitoring wells in the alluvial aquifer show that iron and manganese concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant level. Radon concentrations from these monitoring wells exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency proposed maximum contaminant level. The proposed radon contaminant level is currently being revised. The presence of volatile organic compounds at two monitoring wells in the watershed indicates that land use affects the shallow ground water. In addition, bacteria detected in three samples are at concentrations that would be a concern for public health if the water was to be used as a drinking supply. Methylene blue active substances were detected in the ground water at some sites and are a possible indication of contamination from wastewater. Age of the alluvial ground water ranged from 10 to 30 years; therefore, results of land-management practices to improve water quality may not be apparent for many years.Surface-water-quality data for the Fraser River watershed are sparse. The surface-water-quality data show that elevated concentrations of selected constituents generally are related to specific land uses in the watershed. For one sample (about 2 percent; 1 of 53), dissolved manganese concentration exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant level. Two samples from two surface-water sites in the watershed exceeded the un-ionized ammonia chronic criterion. Spatial distribution of nutrient species (ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and total phosphorus) shows that elevated concentrations occur primarily downstream from urban areas. Sites with five or more years of record were analyzed for temporal trends in concentration of nutrient species. Downward trends were identified for ammonia and nitrite for three surface-water sites. For nitrate, no trends were observed at two sites and a downward trend was observed at one site. Total phosphorus showed no trend for the site near the mouth of the Fraser River. Downward trends in the nutrient species may reflect changes in the wastewater-treatment facilities in the watershed. Bacteria sampling completed in the watershed indicates that more bacteria are present in the water near urban settings.The limited ground-water and surface-water data for the Fraser River watershed provide a general assessment of the quantity and quality of these resources. Concentrations of most water-quality constituents generally are less than ground- and surface-water-quality standards, but the presence of bacteria, some volatile organic compounds, methylene blue active substances, and increased nutrients in the water may indicate that land use is affecting the water quality.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984255","usgsCitation":"Apodaca, L.E., and Bails, J.B., 1999, Fraser River watershed, Colorado — Assessment of available water-quantity and water-quality data through water year 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4255, v, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984255.","productDescription":"v, 58 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393983,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13256.htm"},{"id":157667,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1966,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri98-4255","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Fraser River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.04,\n 39.78\n ],\n [\n -105.696,\n 39.78\n ],\n [\n -105.696,\n 40.105\n ],\n [\n -106.04,\n 40.105\n ],\n [\n -106.04,\n 39.78\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bff9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Apodaca, Lori Estelle","contributorId":82294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Apodaca","given":"Lori","email":"","middleInitial":"Estelle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bails, Jeffrey B. jbbails@usgs.gov","contributorId":813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bails","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jbbails@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28636,"text":"wri994051 - 1999 - Investigation of the distribution of organochlorine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in the Lower Columbia River using semipermeable-membrane devices","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T09:10:08","indexId":"wri994051","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4051","title":"Investigation of the distribution of organochlorine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in the Lower Columbia River using semipermeable-membrane devices","docAbstract":"Organochlorine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds are of concern in the Columbia River Basin because of their adverse effects on fish and wildlife. Because these compounds can have important biological consequences at concentrations well below the detection limits associated with conventional water-sampling techniques, we used semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) to sample water, and achieved sub-parts-per-quintillion detection limits. We deployed SPMDs during 1997 low-flow conditions and 1998 high-flow conditions at nine main-stem sites and seven tributary sites, spanning approximately 700 miles of the Columbia River. We also collected streambed sediment from three sites. SPMD extracts and sediments were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides and related transformation products, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Our data indicate that (1) in the absence of additional sources, mechanisms such as volatilization, dilution, and settling of suspended particles can act to significantly reduce concentrations of contaminants along the river's flow path, (2) elevated concentrations of contaminants in the Portland-Vancouver area are primarily from local rather than upstream sources, (3) elevated concentrations of many compounds tend to be diluted during periods of high discharge, (4) much higher discharge in the main stem considerably dilutes elevated concentrations entering from tributaries, (5) the distribution of hydrophobic organic compounds in streambed sediment is not necessarily indicative of their distribution in the dissolved-phase, and (6) SPMDs can reveal patterns of contaminant occurrence at environmentally relevant concentrations that are undetectable by conventional water-sampling techniques.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/wri994051","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lower Columbia River Estuary Program and the National Stream Quality Accounting Network Program","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, K.A., and Gale, R.W., 1999, Investigation of the distribution of organochlorine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in the Lower Columbia River using semipermeable-membrane devices: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4051, ix, 136 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994051.","productDescription":"ix, 136 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158784,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri994051.PNG"},{"id":311173,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4051/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"557.47 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Lower Columbia River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.5849609375,\n 42.85985981506279\n ],\n [\n -124.5849609375,\n 46.51351558059737\n ],\n [\n -118.09204101562501,\n 46.51351558059737\n ],\n [\n -118.09204101562501,\n 42.85985981506279\n ],\n [\n -124.5849609375,\n 42.85985981506279\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47c8e4b07f02db4ab7a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, Kathleen A. mccarthy@usgs.gov","contributorId":1159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"Kathleen","email":"mccarthy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":200154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gale, Robert W. 0000-0002-8533-141X rgale@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8533-141X","contributorId":2808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gale","given":"Robert","email":"rgale@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25402,"text":"wri984143 - 1999 - Areal studies aid protection of ground-water quality in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-04T12:24:40.745538","indexId":"wri984143","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4143","displayTitle":"Areal Studies Aid Protection of Ground-Water Quality in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin","title":"Areal studies aid protection of ground-water quality in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin","docAbstract":"In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, initiated studies designed to characterize the ground-water quality and hydrogeology in northern Illinois, and southern and eastern Wisconsin (with a focus on the north-central Illinois cities of Belvidere and Rockford, and the Calumet region of northeastern Illinois and northwestern Indiana). These areas are considered especially susceptible to ground-water contamination because of the high density of industrial and waste-disposal sites and the shallow depth to the unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifers and the fractured, carbonate bedrock aquifers that underlie the areas. The data and conceptual models of ground-water flow and contaminant distribution and movement developed as part of the studies have allowed Federal, State, and local agencies to better manage, protect, and restore the water supplies of the areas.
Water-quality, hydrologic, geologic, and geophysical data collected as part of these areal studies indicate that industrial contaminants are present locally in the aquifers underlying the areas. Most of the contaminants, particularly those at concentrations that exceeded regulatory water-quality levels, were detected in the sand and gravel aquifers near industrial or waste-disposal sites. In water from water-supply wells, the contaminants that were present generally were at concentrations below regulatory levels. The organic compounds detected most frequently at concentrations near or above regulatory levels varied by area. Trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (volatile chlorinated compounds) were most prevalent in north-central Illinois; benzene (a petroleum-related compound) was most prevalent in the Calumet region. Differences in the type of organic compounds that were detected in each area likely reflect differences in the types of industrial sites that predominate in the areas. Nickel and aluminum were the trace metals detected most frequently at concentrations above regulatory levels in both areas. Contaminants in the shallow sand and gravel aquifers and carbonate aquifers appear to have moved with ground water discharging to local lakes, streams, and wetlands. Ground-water flow and possibly contaminant movement is concentrated in the weathered surface zones and in deeper fractures of the carbonate aquifers underlying both areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984143","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Mills, P., Kay, R.T., Brown, T.A., and Yeskis, D.J., 1999, Areal studies aid protection of ground-water quality in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4143, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984143.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":1953,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4143/wrir98_4143.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.88 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 98–4143"},{"id":157775,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4143/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.36328125,\n 45.336701909968134\n ],\n [\n -89.12109375,\n 45.644768217751924\n ],\n [\n -92.197265625,\n 45.583289756006316\n ],\n [\n -90.87890625,\n 43.83452678223682\n ],\n [\n -89.912109375,\n 41.77131167976407\n ],\n [\n -90.703125,\n 40.64730356252251\n ],\n [\n -89.033203125,\n 37.23032838760387\n ],\n [\n -86.8359375,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n -85.69335937499999,\n 38.41055825094609\n ],\n [\n -84.990234375,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -84.83642578125,\n 41.77131167976407\n ],\n [\n -86.63818359375,\n 41.78769700539063\n ],\n [\n -87.451171875,\n 41.672911819602085\n ],\n [\n -87.73681640625,\n 42.27730877423709\n ],\n [\n -87.69287109375,\n 43.78695837311561\n ],\n [\n -86.7919921875,\n 45.506346901083425\n ],\n [\n -87.36328125,\n 45.336701909968134\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
405 North Goodwin
Urbana, IL 61801
This evaluation of the water resources on the Prairie Island Indian Reservation includes data collected from 8 surface-water sites and 22 wells during 1994–97 and historical data. The Mississippi River and the lakes and wetlands connected to it are separated from the Vermillion River and the lakes and wetlands connected to it by the surficial aquifer on Prairie Island and by Lock and Dam Number 3. These surface-water groups form hydrologic boundaries of the surficial aquifer. The aquifer is 130–200 feet thick, extends to bedrock (the Franconia Formation, which is also an aquifer), and is composed primarily of sand and gravel, but also contains thin, isolated lenses of finer-grained material. Flow in the surficial aquifer is normally from the Mississippi River to the Vermillion River (southwest). During spring snowmelt or heavy rains, a ground-water mound forms in the center of the study area and causes radial ground-water flow toward the surrounding surface waters.
\nSurface- and ground-water quality was generally similar, but the median ground-water nitrate concentration was 3.6-times greater than that for surface water. Water samples were dominated by calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate ions, were usually oxygenated, and had a median dissolved solids concentration of 250 milligrams per liter (mg/L). Thirty-nine percent of groundwater samples showed evidence of anthropogenic nitrate. Most samples contained low concentrations of ammonia (less than 0.04 milligrams per liter as nitrogen). All 15 surface-water samples contained coliform or fecal streptococci bacteria, with 33 percent exceeding 100 colonies per milliliter. Two ground-water and two surface-water samples analyzed for trace metals contained natural concentrations except for one ground-water sample that contained 30 mg/L of lead (probably from a bullet). No volatile organic compounds were detected in 3 ground-water and 3 surface-water samples. Triazine herbicides and their degradation products were detected in one-half of the ground-water samples at concentrations below 1 microgram per liter (µg/L) except for one sample at 3 µg/L. Wells with initially high concentrations of nitrate or triazines continued to have high concentrations throughout the study. Several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and monoaromatic chemicals were detected at low concentration (less than 89 micrograms per kilogram) in 4 samples of 1993 Mississippi River flood sediments deposited in the study area.
\nGround-water recharge dates based on chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) concentrations indicate that sampled ground water was young (less than 2 decades old) and that all tritium contained in samples from this study can be explained by atmospheric sources. Most historical tritium concentrations can also be explained by atmospheric sources through recharge from spatially and temporally constant precipitation and snowmelt. However, samples from three wells within 800 feet of the Prairie Island Nuclear Power Plant contained tritium at concentrations that cannot be explained by such atmospheric sources. These concentrations decline to that explainable by atmospheric sources within 800 feet of the wells. Many samples contained CFC-113 concentrations higher than that possible from equilibrium with the atmosphere. This CFC-113 contamination is presumably from Mississippi River recharge and complicated the recharge date estimates.
\nThe only surface-water constituents exceeding U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking water standards was coliform or fecal streptococci bacteria, which was exceeded in all samples. Thirteen percent of ground-water samples exceeded the nitrate maximum contaminant level (MCL), but this is probably higher than the percentage of the aquifer exceeding the nitrate MCL because most of the wells sampled were shallow. Surface-water recharge to and ground-water discharge from the surficial aquifer influence the water quality in both the aquifer and the surrounding surface water. However, surface water probably influences ground-water quality more because of the greater amount of surface water flowing through the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri994069","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Prairie Island Dakota Community","usgsCitation":"Cowdery, T.K., 1999, Water resources of the Prairie Island Indian Reservation, Minnesota, 1994-97: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4069, Document: iv, 36 p.; 1 Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994069.","productDescription":"Document: iv, 36 p.; 1 Appendix","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_99_4069.jpg"},{"id":12248,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://mn.water.usgs.gov/publications/pubs/99-4069.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":12249,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://mn.water.usgs.gov/publications/pubs/Appendixes.xls"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Prairie Island Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.683333,\n 44.658333\n ],\n [\n -92.683333,\n 44.6\n ],\n [\n -92.6,\n 44.6\n ],\n [\n -92.6,\n 44.658333\n ],\n [\n -92.683333,\n 44.658333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f03e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cowdery, Timothy K. 0000-0001-9402-6575 cowdery@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9402-6575","contributorId":456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowdery","given":"Timothy","email":"cowdery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":196813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28794,"text":"wri994081 - 1999 - Hydrogeology and water quality of the Nutmeg Valley area, Wolcott and Waterbury, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:44","indexId":"wri994081","displayToPublicDate":"2000-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4081","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality of the Nutmeg Valley area, Wolcott and Waterbury, Connecticut","docAbstract":"Hydrogeologic investigations in an industrial area in Wolcott and Waterbury, Connecticut, have provided information on the geology, ground-water flow, and water quality of the area. Ground-water contamination by volatile organic compounds was discovered in the 1980?s in the Nutmeg Valley area, where approximately 43 industries and 25 residences use ground water for industrial and domestic supply. Unconsolidated surficial deposits, including glacial stratified deposits and till, are more than 85 feet thick and are interconnected with the underlying bedrock. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the stratified deposits ranges from 0.8 to 21 feet per day. Water in the surficial aquifer generally flows toward discharge points along Old Tannery Brook and the Mad River. Water in the bedrock aquifer flows through low-angle unroofing joints, high-angle fractures, and foliation-parallel fractures. Most high-angle water-bearing fractures strike north with an easterly dip. Most of the water pumped from bedrock wells in the study area comes from shallow fractures that are probably in hydraulic connection with the surficial aquifer. Short-circuit flow between fracture zones in wells is a likely pathway for contaminant transport. During periods of low streamflow, only a small amount of ground water discharges directly to Old Tannery Brook or to the Mad River. The amount of discharge is on the same order of magnitude as the estimated ground-water withdrawals. In northern parts of the valley bottom within the study area, downward vertical hydraulic gradients were present between wells in the surficial and bedrock aquifers. In southern parts of the valley, however, vertical gradients were upward from the bedrock to the surficial aquifer. Vertical gradients can change seasonally in response to different amounts of ground-water recharge and to stresses caused by ground-water withdrawals, which can in turn facilitate the spread of contamination. Vapor-diffusion samplers were installed in streambeds to identify zones where water containing volatile organic compounds was discharging to streams in the study area. Three areas with high vapor concentrations of trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene were identified. Concentrations of trichloroethene as high as 30,000 parts per billion by volume were detected. Three of 44 wells sampled contained concentrations of volatile organic compounds, including trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene, above primary drinking water standards. Based on the findings of this and previous investigations, water in the bedrock aquifer in the southern part of the study area is likely to contain trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Volatile organic compounds also were detected in stream samples from the downstream end of Old Tannery Brook and the Mad River. Concentrations of major ions and trace elements (with one exception) did not exceed primary drinking water standards in any ground-water or surface-water samples collected. Ground-water samples collected downgradient from the Waterbury North End Disposal Area contained ethyl ether, chlorobenzene, and elevated concentrations of dissolved solids, similar to samples of landfill leachate and groundwater samples collected from springs and wells adjacent to the landfill. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri994081","usgsCitation":"Mullaney, J.R., Mondazzi, R., and Stone, J.R., 1999, Hydrogeology and water quality of the Nutmeg Valley area, Wolcott and Waterbury, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4081, vi, 90 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm. [PGS - 89 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994081.","productDescription":"vi, 90 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm. [PGS - 89 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":264617,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4081/plate-1.pdf","size":"2695","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264618,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4081/plate-2.pdf","size":"1693","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264619,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4081/report.pdf","size":"18840","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264620,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4081/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6251e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mullaney, John R. 0000-0003-4936-5046","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4936-5046","contributorId":18808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullaney","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mondazzi, R.A.","contributorId":75563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mondazzi","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stone, J. R.","contributorId":87964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26555,"text":"wri984233 - 1999 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Lawrenceville area, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-28T18:47:58.827142","indexId":"wri984233","displayToPublicDate":"2000-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4233","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Lawrenceville area, Georgia","docAbstract":"The population of the Atlanta Metropolitan area continues to grow at a rapid pace and the demand for water supplies steadily increases. Exploration for ground-water resources, as a supplement to surface-water supplies, is being undertaken by many city and county governments. The application of effective investigative methods to characterization of the complex igneous and metamorphic fractured bedrock aquifers of the Piedmont physiographic province is essential to the success of these ground-water exploration programs. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Lawrenceville, Ga., began a study in December 1994 to apply various investigative techniques for field characterization of fractured crystalline-bedrock aquifers near Lawrenceville.\r\n\r\nFive major lithologic units were mapped in the Lawrenceville, Ga., area as part of an ongoing study of ground-water resources-amphibolite, biotite gneiss, button schist, granite gneiss, and quartzite/aluminous schist. These units generally are thin in outcrop width, have low angles of dip (nearly 0 to 20 degrees, dip reversals occur over short distances), and exhibit some shearing characteristics. The most productive unit for ground-water resources, on the basis of subsurface data collected through 1997, is the amphibolite. Historically, two wells drilled into this unit are recognized as having possibly the highest yields in the Piedmont region of northern Georgia. The City of Lawrenceville refurbished one well at the Rhodes Jordan Wellfield in 1990, and has pumped this well at an average rate of about 230 gallons per minute since 1995. In general, the composition of water collected from the bedrock wells, regolith wells, and City Lake is similar; calcium and bicarbonate are the dominant cation and anion, respectively. Water from the regolith wells and the lake have lower concentrations of major ions than does water from the bedrock wells. Many of the ground-water samples collected from the Rhodes Jordan Wellfield during October-November 1995, and from the wellfield and three additional observation well sites during August 1996, contain volatile organic compounds. Volatile organic compounds were detected in ground-water samples collected from several bedrock and regolith wells located in urban areas. Trace concentrations of tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, 1,1-dichloroethane, trichlorofluoromethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and cis-1,2-dichloroethene were detected. Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE)-a compound used to increase the octane level in gasoline-was detected at concentrations above expected urban background levels in bedrock wells in the Rhodes Jordan Wellfield. Concentrations of MTBE ranged from 0.6 to 12 micrograms per liter in October-November 1995, and from 0.6 to 26 micrograms per liter in August 1996.\r\n\r\nContinuous ground-water-level data suggest that the fractured crystalline-bedrock aquifer (amphibolite unit) at the Rhodes Jordan Wellfield, generally is dewatered to a depth near a productive fracture during the regular pumping cycle of 18 hours per day, 5 days on and 2 days off per week. However, when the stress on the aquifer is increased by extending the pumping period up to as much as 18 days, or by pumping longer that 18 hours per day, the aquifer exhibits an unusual condition of recovery. Areal effects of pumping have been observed at distances of as much as one mile, extending across surface-water drainage divides.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984233","usgsCitation":"Chapman, M.J., Crawford, T.J., and Tharpe, W.T., 1999, Geology and ground-water resources of the Lawrenceville area, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4233, Report: v, 46 p.; 2 Plates; 36.00 × 22.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984233.","productDescription":"Report: v, 46 p.; 2 Plates; 36.00 × 22.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":397732,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18959.htm"},{"id":9247,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri984233/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Lawrenceville","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.26239013671875,\n 33.80596747503222\n ],\n [\n -84.26239013671875,\n 34.09872793958119\n ],\n [\n -83.79959106445312,\n 34.09872793958119\n ],\n [\n -83.79959106445312,\n 33.80596747503222\n ],\n [\n -84.26239013671875,\n 33.80596747503222\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68550b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapman, Melinda J. 0000-0003-4021-0320 mjchap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4021-0320","contributorId":1597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Melinda","email":"mjchap@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crawford, Thomas J.","contributorId":73640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tharpe, W. Todd","contributorId":74413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tharpe","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Todd","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29545,"text":"wri984257 - 1999 - Potential for advection of volatile organic compounds in ground water to the Cochato River, Baird & McGuire Superfund Site, Holbrook, Massachusetts, March and April 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-17T15:00:37","indexId":"wri984257","displayToPublicDate":"2000-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4257","title":"Potential for advection of volatile organic compounds in ground water to the Cochato River, Baird & McGuire Superfund Site, Holbrook, Massachusetts, March and April 1998","docAbstract":"In March and April 1998, a network of water-to-vapor diffusion samplers was installed along the Cochato River at the Baird & McGuire Superfund Site in Holbrook, Massachusetts, where a plume of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is present in ground water. The purpose of installing the sampler network was to determine if VOCs were present in river-bottom sediments while a ground-water extraction system was operating and after the system had been shut down for two weeks. Water-to-water diffusion samplers placed at selected locations provided supplemental information about concentrations of VOCs in pore water in the river-bottom sediments. Water levels in piezometers and river stage were measured concurrently to determine if ground water was discharging to the river.
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX compounds) were detected in water-tovapor and water-to-water diffusion samplers located in the area where the plume is known to pass beneath the river for both pumping and nonpumping conditions. Concentrations of total BTEX compounds in water-to-vapor diffusion samplers ranged from non-detect upriver and downriver from the plume area to greater than 200 parts per million by volume in the plume area. Concentrations of total BTEX compounds were not significantly different for pumping than for non-pumping conditions. Concentrations of total BTEX compounds in water-to-water diffusion samplers ranged from non-detect to 680 micrograms per liter. The limited number of water-to-water diffusion samplers did not indicate that concentrations were higher for pumping or non-pumping conditions. Trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene also were detected in water-to-vapor diffusion samplers downriver from the area where the BTEX compounds were detected. Water levels in four piezometers were consistently higher than the river stage, indicating an upward hydraulic gradient and ground-water discharge to the river. The concentrations of VOCs in riverbottom sediments and the upward hydraulic gradients observed indicate that contaminants from the Baird & McGuire ground-water plume were discharging to the Cochato River during the study period for both pumping and non-pumping conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984257","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Savoie, J., Lyford, F.P., and Clifford, S., 1999, Potential for advection of volatile organic compounds in ground water to the Cochato River, Baird & McGuire Superfund Site, Holbrook, Massachusetts, March and April 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4257, Report: iv, 19 p.; Plate: 30.85 x 21.21 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984257.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 19 p.; Plate: 30.85 x 21.21 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290199,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4257/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":290200,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4257/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":346720,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4257/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","city":"Holbrook","otherGeospatial":"Cochato River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.027062,42.149166 ], [ -71.027062,42.153542 ], [ -71.022276,42.153542 ], [ -71.022276,42.149166 ], [ -71.027062,42.149166 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68384f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savoie, Jennifer G.","contributorId":52218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoie","given":"Jennifer G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyford, Forest P.","contributorId":43334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyford","given":"Forest","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clifford, Scott","contributorId":63042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clifford","given":"Scott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23221,"text":"ofr99207 - 1999 - A plan for assessing the occurrence and distribution of methyl tert-butyl ether and other volatile organic compounds in drinking water and ambient ground water in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:56","indexId":"ofr99207","displayToPublicDate":"1999-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-207","title":"A plan for assessing the occurrence and distribution of methyl tert-butyl ether and other volatile organic compounds in drinking water and ambient ground water in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States","docAbstract":"A plan to assess the occurrence and distribution of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in drinking water and ambient ground water in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States was designed to meet two primary objectives. This study will provide the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency with information on potential human exposure to MTBE and other VOCs from drinking water. In addition, the study will further the goals of the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) by providing additional information on the occurrence and distribution of VOCs in ambient ground water beneath a large, highly urbanized part of the Nation. The study will proceed in two phases-a drinking-water assessment (phase 1) and an ambient ground-water assessment (phase 2). The drinking-water assessment will involve compilation, review, and analysis of available water- quality and ancillary data for approximately 20 percent of the community water systems in 12 States in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions. This effort will summarize the occurrence and distribution of MTBE and other VOCs in drinking water supplied by 2,110 community water systems. The ambient ground-water assessment will involve compilation, review, and analysis of data on MTBE and other VOCs from previous USGS studies in the 12-State area, including regional water-quality assessments conducted for the USGS's NAWQA, plus other available State or local datasets. These data will be related, to the extent allowed by the completeness and quality of the data, to land-use patterns, population density, and other anthropogenic and natural factors using statistical tests. The occurrence and distribution of MTBE and other VOCs in ambient ground water and, to the extent possible, drinking water in relation to such factors, will be evaluated.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr99207","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Grady, S.J., and Casey, G.D., 1999, A plan for assessing the occurrence and distribution of methyl tert-butyl ether and other volatile organic compounds in drinking water and ambient ground water in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-207, iv, 36 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99207.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154397,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0207/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52527,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0207/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab79e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grady, Stephen J.","contributorId":101636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grady","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casey, George D.","contributorId":105689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22156,"text":"ofr99182 - 1999 - Selection procedure and salient information for volatile organic compounds emphasized in the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:06","indexId":"ofr99182","displayToPublicDate":"1999-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-182","title":"Selection procedure and salient information for volatile organic compounds emphasized in the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr99182","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Bender, D.A., Zogorski, J.S., Halde, M., and Rowe, B., 1999, Selection procedure and salient information for volatile organic compounds emphasized in the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-182, vi, 32 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99182.","productDescription":"vi, 32 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155471,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0182/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51601,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0182/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a01e4b07f02db5f7e59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bender, David A. 0000-0002-1269-0948 dabender@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1269-0948","contributorId":985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"David","email":"dabender@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":187364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zogorski, John S. jszogors@usgs.gov","contributorId":189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"John","email":"jszogors@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":187363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halde, M.J.","contributorId":108142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halde","given":"M.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rowe, B.L.","contributorId":22384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":22267,"text":"ofr9966 - 1999 - Water-quality assessment of the eastern Iowa basins: Data, September 1995 through September 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-01T21:39:08.495779","indexId":"ofr9966","displayToPublicDate":"1999-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-66","title":"Water-quality assessment of the eastern Iowa basins: Data, September 1995 through September 1996","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey began data-collection activities in the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program in September 1995 with the purpose of determining the status and trends in water quality. Surface-water data were collected, beginning in March 1996, on a monthly basis with occasional extra high- and low-flow samples. Data collected from 12 sites on rivers and streams in the study unit included determinations of the physical properties and concentrations of nutrients, major ions, organic carbon, trace elements, suspended sediment, and dissolved pesticides. Data collected at four additional sites included physical parameters and determination of the concentration of dissolved pesticides. In addition, bed-sediment and fish-tissue samples were collected at 16 sites and analyzed for trace elements and hydrophobic pesticides. There were two ground-water studies conducted in June and July 1996. The first looked at the quality of ground water in the Silurian-Devonian and Upper Carbonate aquifers and sampled 33 wells once, and the second examined the effects of agriculture on shallow ground water of the Iowa River alluvial aquifer and sampled 23 wells once. Ground-water samples were analyzed for physical properties, nutrients, major ions, organic carbon, trace elements, dissolved pesticides, and volatile organic compounds.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9966","usgsCitation":"Akers, K.K., Schnoebelen, D.J., Savoca, M.E., Roberts, L.R., and Becher, K., 1999, Water-quality assessment of the eastern Iowa basins: Data, September 1995 through September 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-66, viii, 154 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9966.","productDescription":"viii, 154 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1351,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr99-066/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":409038,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22511.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.24169921875,\n 41.85319643776675\n ],\n [\n -90.439453125,\n 41.64828831259535\n ],\n [\n -90.758056640625,\n 41.508577297439324\n ],\n [\n -91.153564453125,\n 41.44272637767212\n ],\n [\n -91.219482421875,\n 41.236511201246216\n ],\n [\n -91.0546875,\n 40.979898069620155\n ],\n [\n -91.241455078125,\n 40.75557964275591\n ],\n [\n -91.614990234375,\n 40.74725696280421\n ],\n [\n -91.856689453125,\n 40.68896903762434\n ],\n [\n -92.373046875,\n 40.979898069620155\n ],\n [\n -92.70263671874999,\n 41.20345619205129\n ],\n [\n -93.09814453125,\n 41.409775832009565\n ],\n [\n -93.50463867187499,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n -93.702392578125,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -93.966064453125,\n 41.9921602333763\n ],\n [\n -93.97705078125,\n 42.26917949243506\n ],\n [\n -93.80126953124999,\n 42.391008609205045\n ],\n [\n -93.7353515625,\n 42.53689200787317\n ],\n [\n -93.71337890625,\n 42.73894375124379\n ],\n [\n -93.922119140625,\n 43.02874525134882\n ],\n [\n -94.09790039062499,\n 43.23719944365308\n ],\n [\n -94.053955078125,\n 43.476840397778915\n ],\n [\n -93.75732421875,\n 43.67581809328341\n ],\n [\n -93.515625,\n 43.874138181474734\n ],\n [\n -93.09814453125,\n 43.59630591596548\n ],\n [\n -92.43896484375,\n 43.1090040242731\n ],\n [\n -92.318115234375,\n 42.89206418807337\n ],\n [\n -92.16430664062499,\n 42.819580715795915\n ],\n [\n -92.032470703125,\n 42.53689200787317\n ],\n [\n -91.790771484375,\n 42.374778361114195\n ],\n [\n -91.47216796875,\n 42.17968819665961\n ],\n [\n -91.175537109375,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -90.867919921875,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n -90.802001953125,\n 41.78769700539063\n ],\n [\n -90.5712890625,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -90.24169921875,\n 41.85319643776675\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"Abstract
Introduction
Purpose and Scope
Description of the Eastern Iowa Basins
Implementation of Water-Quality Studies
Surface-Water-Quality Data Collection
Sampling Sites
Surface-Water Sample
Biologic Sample Collection
Analytical Procedures
Ground-Water-Quality Data
Geohydrology
Site Selection
Ground-Water Sample
Analytical Procedures
Water-Quality Analysis and Quality Control
Surface Water
Biology
Ground Water
Acknowledgments
Selected References
Hydrologic and Biologic Data
Precision and accuracy are reported for the first time for the analysis of nonpurgeable suspended organic carbon by silver membrane filtration followed by wet chemical oxidation. A water sample is pressure filtered through a 0.45‐μm‐pore‐size, 47‐mm‐diameter silver membrane filter. The silver membrane filter then is cut into ribbons and placed in a flame‐sealable glass ampule. The organic material trapped on the membrane filter strips is acidified, purged with oxygen to remove inorganic carbonates and volatile organic compounds, and oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) using phosphoric acid and potassium persulfate in the sealed glass ampule. The resulting CO2 is measured by a nondispersive infrared CO2 detector. The amount of CO2 is proportional to the concentration of chemically oxidizable nonpurgeable organic carbon in the environmental water sample. The quantitation and method detection limit for routine analysis is 0.2 mg/L. The average percent recovery in five representative matrices was 97 ± 11%. The errors associated with sampling and sample preparation of nonpurgeable suspended organic carbon are also described.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1998WR900052","usgsCitation":"Burkhardt, M.R., Brenton, R.W., Kammer, J.A., Jha, V.K., O’Mara-Lopez, P.G., and Woodworth, M.T., 1999, Improved method for the determination of nonpurgeable suspended organic carbon in natural water by silver filter filtration, wet chemical oxidation, and infrared spectrometry: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 1, p. 329-334, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900052.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"329","endPage":"334","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489063,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1998wr900052","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a395ee4b0c8380cd618cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkhardt, Mark R.","contributorId":27872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkhardt","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brenton, Ronald W.","contributorId":124579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brenton","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kammer, James A.","contributorId":20759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kammer","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jha, Virenda K.","contributorId":124578,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jha","given":"Virenda","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"O’Mara-Lopez, Peggy G.","contributorId":33347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Mara-Lopez","given":"Peggy","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Woodworth, Mark T. woodwort@usgs.gov","contributorId":3452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodworth","given":"Mark","email":"woodwort@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":392320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022015,"text":"70022015 - 1999 - Evaluation of the atmosphere as a source of volatile organic compounds in shallow groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-14T07:10:11","indexId":"70022015","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of the atmosphere as a source of volatile organic compounds in shallow groundwater","docAbstract":"The atmosphere as a source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in shallow groundwater was evaluated over an area in southern New Jersey. Chloroform, methyl tertbutyl ether (MTBE), 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), and carbon disulfide (not a VOC) were detected frequently at low‐level concentrations in a network of 78 shallow wells in the surficial Kirkwood‐Cohansey aquifer system. The atmosphere was sampled for these compounds and only MTBE concentrations were high enough to potentially explain frequent detection in shallow groundwater. A mathematical model of reactive transport through the unsaturated zone is presented to explain how variations in unsaturated properties across the study area could explain differences in MTBE concentrations in shallow groundwater given the atmosphere as the source. Even when concentrations of VOCs in groundwater are low compared to regulatory concentration limits, it is critical to know the source. If the VOCs originate from a point source((), concentrations in groundwater could potentially increase over time to levels of concern as groundwater plumes evolve, whereas if the atmosphere is the source, then groundwater concentrations would be expected to remain at low‐level concentrations not exceeding those in equilibrium with atmospheric concentrations. This is the first analysis of VOC occurrence in shallow groundwater involving colocated atmosphere data.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1998WR900030","usgsCitation":"Baehr, A.L., Stackelberg, P.E., and Baker, R.J., 1999, Evaluation of the atmosphere as a source of volatile organic compounds in shallow groundwater: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 1, p. 127-136, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900030.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"136","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487376,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1998wr900030","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0cdde4b0c8380cd52d15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stackelberg, Paul E. 0000-0002-1818-355X pestack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1818-355X","contributorId":1069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stackelberg","given":"Paul","email":"pestack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, Ronald J. rbaker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Ronald","email":"rbaker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":731441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021998,"text":"70021998 - 1999 - Oxidation of ammonia and methane in an alkaline, saline lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T11:00:19","indexId":"70021998","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxidation of ammonia and methane in an alkaline, saline lake","docAbstract":"The oxidation of ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4) was investigated in an alkaline saline lake, Mono Lake, California (U.S.A.). Ammonia oxidation was examined in April and July 1995 by comparing dark 14CO2 fixation rates in the presence or absence of methyl fluoride (MeF), an inhibitor of NH3 oxidation. Ammonia oxidizer‐mediated dark 14CO2fixation rates were similar in surface (5–7 m) and oxycline (11–15 m) waters, ranging between 70–340 and 89–186 nM d−1, respectively, or 1–7% of primary production by phytoplankton. Ammonia oxidation rates ranged between 580–2,830 nM d−1 in surface waters and 732–1,548 nM d−1 in oxycline waters. Methane oxidation was examined using a 14 CH4 tracer technique in July 1994, April 1995, and July 1995. Methane oxidation rates were consistently higher in July, and rates in oxycline and anaerobic bottom waters (0.5–37 and 7–48 nM d−1, respectively) were 10‐fold higher than those in aerobic surface waters (0.04–3.8 nM d−1). The majority of CH4 oxidation, in terms of integrated activity, occurred within anoxic bottom waters. Water column oxidation reduced the potential lake‐atmosphere CH4 flux by a factor of two to three. Measured oxidation rates and water column concentrations were used to estimate the biological turnover times of NH3and CH4. The NH3 pool turns over rapidly, on time scales of 0.8 d in surface waters and 10 d within the oxycline, while CH4 is cycled on 103‐d time scales in surface waters and 10−2 time scales within oxycline and bottom waters. Our data suggest an important role for NH3 oxidation in alkaline, saline lakes since the process converts volatile NH3 to soluble NO2−, thereby reducing loss via lake‐atmosphere exchange and maintaining nitrogen in a form that is readily available to phyto‐plankton.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.4319/lo.1999.44.1.0178","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Joye, S., Connell, T., Miller, L., Oremland, R., and Jellison, R., 1999, Oxidation of ammonia and methane in an alkaline, saline lake: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 44, no. 1, p. 178-188, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1999.44.1.0178.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"178","endPage":"188","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479457,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1999.44.1.0178","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229161,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-01-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7262e4b0c8380cd76a7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joye, S.B.","contributorId":97266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joye","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Connell, T.L.","contributorId":96024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connell","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, L.G.","contributorId":32522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oremland, R.S.","contributorId":97512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jellison, R.S.","contributorId":62776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jellison","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021905,"text":"70021905 - 1999 - Estimated solar wind-implanted helium-3 distribution on the Moon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-08T12:22:44.055088","indexId":"70021905","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimated solar wind-implanted helium-3 distribution on the Moon","docAbstract":"Among the solar wind-implanted volatiles present in the lunar regolith, ³He is possibly the most valuable resource because of its potential as a fusion fuel. The abundance of ³He in the lunar regolith at a given location depends on surface maturity, the amount of solar wind fluence, and titanium content, because ilmenite (FeTiO3) retains helium much better than other major lunar minerals. Surface maturity and TiO2 maps from Clementine multispectral data sets are combined here with a solar wind fluence model to produce a ³He abundance map of the Moon. Comparison of the predicted ³He values to landing site observations shows good correlation. The highest ³He abundances occur in the farside maria (due to greater solar wind fluence received) and in higher TiO2 nearside mare regions.
The present lead (Pb)-isotopic database of over 200 analyses from nearly 90 samples of non-mare basalt, lunar highland rocks (>3.9 Ga) delineate at least three isotopically distinct signatures that in some combination can be interpreted to characterize the systematics of the entire database. Two are fairly new sets of lunar data and are typical of Pb data from other solar-system objects, describing nearly linear arrays slightly above the “geochron” values, with 207Pb/206Pb values <0.9. In aggregate, those data allow a relatively new interpretation of the Pb-isotopic evolution of the Moon, helping to identify and characterize a planetary evolutionary stage not preserved by Earth rocks.
From the Pb-isotopic compositions, a source 238U/204Pb (μ) value can be calculated; differences in μ values from one Pb signature to another can have important implications on the age and evolution of Moon-forming events. In particular, the U/Pb ratio is one method of measuring the fractionation between refractory and volatile elements, an important indicator when considering large-scale planetary differentiation stages.
The oldest Pb signature is represented solely by ferroan anorthosite 60025, presumably a piece of the early plagioclase-rich lunar crust produced from a magma ocean, and is characterized by source μ values between 35 and 100 at ~4.43 Ga. Another prominent and uniquely lunar Pb signature, identified more than 20 years ago, is representative of many ferroan anorthosites and most high-Mg suite rocks (particularly 15415, 62237, 76535, and 78235), and is characterized by extremely high 207Pb/206Pb values (∼1.45) that require extremely high source μ values (>500). Although the age and origin of this exotic Pb is not well constrained, it is interpreted to be related to the entrapment of incompatible-element-rich (U, Th) melts within the lunar upper mantle and crust between 4.36 and 4.46 Ga (urKREEP residuum?). The latest discovered Pb signature is found only in lunar meteorites and is characterized by relatively low source μ values between 10 and 50 at 3.9 Ga.
The fact that most lunar crustal rocks (>3.9 Ga) exhibit high 207Pb/206Pb values requires that they were derived from, mixed with, or contaminated by Pb produced from early-formed, high-μ sources. The ubiquity of these U-Pb characteristics in the sample collection is probably an artifact of Apollo and Luna sampling sites, all located on the near side of the Moon, which was deeply excavated during the basin-forming event(s). However, the newest Pb-isotopic data support the idea that the Moon originally had a μ value of ~8 to 35, slightly elevated from Earth values, and that progressive U-Pb fractionations occurred within the Moon during later stages of differentiation between 4.36 and 4.46 Ga.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00206819909465134","usgsCitation":"Premo, W.R., Tatsumoto, M., Misawa, K., Nakamuka, N., and Kita, N.I., 1999, Pb-isotopic systematics of lunar highland rocks (>3.9 Ga): Constraints on early lunar evolution: International Geology Review, v. 41, no. 2, p. 95-128, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206819909465134.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"128","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229238,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"the Moon","volume":"41","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7601e4b0c8380cd77e88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Premo, W. R. 0000-0001-9904-4801","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9904-4801","contributorId":22782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Premo","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Misawa, Keiji","contributorId":105459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Misawa","given":"Keiji","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nakamuka, N.","contributorId":102221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakamuka","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kita, N. I.","contributorId":51485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kita","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021876,"text":"70021876 - 1999 - Quantification of aerobic biodegradation and volatilization rates of gasoline hydrocarbons near the water table under natural attenuation conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T09:13:11","indexId":"70021876","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantification of aerobic biodegradation and volatilization rates of gasoline hydrocarbons near the water table under natural attenuation conditions","docAbstract":"Aerobic biodegradation and volatilization near the water table constitute a coupled pathway that contributes significantly to the natural attenuation of hydrocarbons at gasoline spill sites. Rates of hydrocarbon biodegradation and volatilization were quantified by analyzing vapor transport in the unsaturated zone at a gasoline spill site in Beaufort, South Carolina. Aerobic biodgradation rates decreased with distance above the water table, ranging from 0.20 to 1.5 g m−3 d−1 for toluene, from 0.24 to 0.38 g m−3 d−1for xylene, from 0.09 to 0.24 g m−3 d−1 for cyclohexene, from 0.05 to 0.22 g m−3 d−1 for ethylbenzene, and from 0.02 to 0.08 g m−3 d−1 for benzene. Rates were highest in the capillary zone, where 68% of the total hydrocarbon mass that volatilized from the water table was estimated to have been biodegraded. Hydrocarbons were nearly completely degraded within 1m above the water table. This large loss underscores the importance of aerobic biodradation in limiting the transport of hydrocarbon vapors in the unsaturated zone and implies that vapor‐plume migration to basements and other points of contact may only be significant if a source of free product is present. Furthermore, because transport of the hydrocarbon in the unsaturated zone can be limited relative to that of oxygen and carbon dioxide, soil‐gas surveys conducted at hydrocarbon‐spill sites would benefit by the inclusion of oxygen‐ and carbon‐dioxide‐gas concentration measurements. Aerobic degradation kinetics in the unsaturated zone were approximately first‐order. First‐order rate constants near the water table were highest for cyclohexene (0.21–0.65 d−1) and nearly equivalent for ethylbenzene (0.11–0.31 d−1), xylenes (0.10–0.31 d−1), toluene (0.09–0.30 d−1), and benzene (0.07–0.31 d−1). Hydrocarbon mass loss rates at the water table resulting from the coupled aerobic biodgradation and volatilization process were determined by extrapolating gas transport rates through the capillary zone. Mass loss rates from groundwater were highest for toluene (0.20–0.84 g m−2 d−1), followed by xylenes (0.12–0.69 g m−2 d−1), cyclohexene (0.05–0.15 g m−2 d−1), ethylbenzene (0.02–0.12 g m−2 d−1), and benzene (0.01–0.04 g m−2 d−1). These rates exceed predicted rates of solubilization to groundwater, demonstrating the effectiveness of aerobic biodgradation and volatilization as a combined natural attenuation pathway.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1998WR900087","usgsCitation":"Lahvis, M.A., Baehr, A.L., and Baker, R.J., 1999, Quantification of aerobic biodegradation and volatilization rates of gasoline hydrocarbons near the water table under natural attenuation conditions: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 3, p. 753-765, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900087.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"753","endPage":"765","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479647,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1998wr900087","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a91a8e4b0c8380cd803a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lahvis, Matthew A.","contributorId":104522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahvis","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, Ronald J. rbaker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Ronald","email":"rbaker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":391519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021405,"text":"70021405 - 1999 - Technical note: A device for obtaining time-integrated samples of ruminal fluid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-01T16:22:48.391508","indexId":"70021405","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2160,"text":"Journal of Animal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Technical note: A device for obtaining time-integrated samples of ruminal fluid","docAbstract":"A device was adapted to allow for time-integrated sampling of fluid from the rumen via a cannula. The sampler consisted of a cup-shaped ceramic filter positioned in the ventral rumen of a cannulated cow and attached to a tube through which fluid entering the filter was removed continuously using a peristaltic pump. Rate of ruminal fluid removal using the device was monitored over two 36-h periods (at 6-h intervals) and was not affected (P > .05) by time, indicating that the system was not susceptible to clogging during this period. Two cows having ad libitum access to a totally mixed ration were used in a split-block design to evaluate the utility of the system for obtaining time-integrated samples of ruminal fluid. Ruminal fluid VFA concentration and pattern in samples collected in two replicated 8-h periods by the time-integrated sampler (at 1-h intervals) were compared with composite samples collected using a conventional suction-strainer device (at 30-min intervals). Each 8-h collection period started 2 h before or 6 h after feeding. Results indicated that total VFA concentration was not affected (P > .05) by the sampling method. Volatile fatty acid patterns were likewise unaffected (P > .05) except that acetate was 2.5% higher (P < .05) in samples collected 2 h before feeding and valerate was 5% higher (P < .05) in samples collected 6 h after feeding by the suction-strainer device. Although significant, these differences were not considered physiologically important. We concluded that use of the ceramic filter improved the sampling of ruminal fluid by simplifying the technique and allowing time-integrated samples to be obtained.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2527/1999.7792540x","issn":"00218812","usgsCitation":"Corley, R.N., Murphy, M., Lucena, J., and Panno, S., 1999, Technical note: A device for obtaining time-integrated samples of ruminal fluid: Journal of Animal Science, v. 77, no. 9, p. 2540-2544, https://doi.org/10.2527/1999.7792540x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"2540","endPage":"2544","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229954,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba401e4b08c986b320049","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Corley, R. N. III","contributorId":23299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corley","given":"R.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murphy, M.R.","contributorId":102646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lucena, J.","contributorId":13000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucena","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Panno, S.V.","contributorId":102990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panno","given":"S.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}