{"pageNumber":"471","pageRowStart":"11750","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16446,"records":[{"id":70016760,"text":"70016760 - 1991 - National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. A basis for water-resource policy development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:50","indexId":"70016760","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. A basis for water-resource policy development","docAbstract":"The concepts that are the basis for the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program began forming in the early 1980's. By 1986, a pilot phase was initiated to test and refine assessment concepts and in 1991, the NAWQA program began a multi-year transition to a fully operational program. The goals of the program are to describe the status and trends in the quality of a large representative part of the Nation's ground- and surface-water resources and to develop an understanding of the natural and human factors affecting the quality of these resources. This information will provide a sound scientific basis upon which water resources decision making at all governmental levels can be based. To meet its goals, the program will integrate water-quality information at local, regional, and national scales. The program will be perennial and consist of two major components -- study-unit investigations and national assessment activities. Investigations of surface- and ground-water resources of major regional hydrologic systems (river basins and aquifer systems) each covering 1200 to about 60,000 square miles, will be conducted on a rotating basis for 60 study units located throughout the Nation. Key findings from these study-unit investigations will be used along with other information to provide issue-oriented water-quality assessments of regional and national interest.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage","conferenceDate":"22 July 1991 through 26 July 1991","conferenceLocation":"Honolulu, HI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628116","usgsCitation":"Leahy, P.P., and Wilber, W.G., 1991, National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. A basis for water-resource policy development, Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage, Honolulu, HI, USA, 22 July 1991 through 26 July 1991, p. 711-717.","startPage":"711","endPage":"717","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224802,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6202e4b0c8380cd71ca9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leahy, P. Patrick","contributorId":80648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leahy","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilber, William G. wgwilber@usgs.gov","contributorId":297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilber","given":"William","email":"wgwilber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":374424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016900,"text":"70016900 - 1991 - Evaluation of geographic information systems for three-dimensional ground-water modeling, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:53","indexId":"70016900","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Evaluation of geographic information systems for three-dimensional ground-water modeling, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"Fully three-dimensional representations of the geologic system at Yucca Mountain have been developed using a Geoscientific Information System, which is an expansion of a traditional Geographic Information Systems. These advanced, three dimensional, representations of Yucca Mountain are required to adequately evaluate the complex geologic and hydrologic conditions surrounding the site. This Geoscientific Information System will be used to store, analyze, and display site data. The system also will provide a link between geologic and hydrologic data and the numerical ground-water-flow model resulting in more easy testing of hypotheses concerning the conceptual model of the geohydrologic system at Yucca Mountain.","largerWorkTitle":"High Level Radioactive Waste Management","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Conference on High Level Radioactive Waste Management","conferenceDate":"28 April 1991 through 3 May 1991","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628310","usgsCitation":"Turner, A.K., Ervin, E.M., and Downey, J.S., 1991, Evaluation of geographic information systems for three-dimensional ground-water modeling, Yucca Mountain, Nevada, <i>in</i> High Level Radioactive Waste Management, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 28 April 1991 through 3 May 1991, p. 520-528.","startPage":"520","endPage":"528","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224468,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c79e4b0c8380cd52b79","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Anon","contributorId":128316,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Anon","id":536353,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Turner, A. Keith","contributorId":39400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Keith","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ervin, Elisabeth M.","contributorId":28377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ervin","given":"Elisabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Downey, Joe S.","contributorId":102454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downey","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016756,"text":"70016756 - 1991 - Geochemical mass-balance in a small forested watershed in southwestern Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:50","indexId":"70016756","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geochemical mass-balance in a small forested watershed in southwestern Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"An intensive hydrologic investigation of the North Fork Bens Creek Watershed on Laurel Hill in southwestern Pennsylvania was made during 1984-85. Precipitation was sampled weekly, and stream water was sampled monthly and during selected storms for discharge and chemical composition. The watershed is underlain by sandstone and sandy shale consisting of quartz, feldspar, muscovite, chlorite, calcite, and kaolinite. Watershed chemical flux for the sum of Ca++, Mg++, Na+, and K+ shows that solutes from wet deposition account for 19 to 21 percent of the load in runoff from the watershed. Cation exchange and weathering account for the net changes in the chemistry of streamflow. Alteration of orthoclase, muscovite, chlorite, and albite to kaolinite accounts for 36 percent of the neutralization of H+ resulting from precipitation input and carbonic-acid weathering. Dissolution of calcite accounts for 34 percent of H+ neutralization. Dissolution of aluminum-bearing minerals in the soil matrix accounts for 25 percent of H+ neutralization.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage","conferenceDate":"22 July 1991 through 26 July 1991","conferenceLocation":"Honolulu, HI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628116","usgsCitation":"Witt, E.C., and Bikerman, M., 1991, Geochemical mass-balance in a small forested watershed in southwestern Pennsylvania, Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage, Honolulu, HI, USA, 22 July 1991 through 26 July 1991, p. 516-523.","startPage":"516","endPage":"523","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1686e4b0c8380cd5519e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Witt, Emitt C. III 0000-0002-1814-7807 ecwitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1814-7807","contributorId":1612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witt","given":"Emitt","suffix":"III","email":"ecwitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":404,"text":"NGTOC Rolla","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bikerman, Michael","contributorId":12983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bikerman","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016755,"text":"70016755 - 1991 - Hydrologic and geochemical approaches for determining ground-water flow components","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:50","indexId":"70016755","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hydrologic and geochemical approaches for determining ground-water flow components","docAbstract":"Lyman Lake is an irrigation-storage reservoir on the Little Colorado River near St. Johns, Arizona. The main sources of water for the lake are streamflow in the Little Colorado River and ground-water inflow from the underlying Coconino aquifer. Two approaches, a hydrologic analysis and a geochemical analysis, were used to compute the quantity of ground-water flow to and from Lyman Lake. Hydrologic data used to calculate a water budget were precipitation on the lake, evaporation from the lake, transpiration from dense vegetation, seepage through the dam, streamflow in and out of the lake, and changes in lake storage. Geochemical data used to calculate the ground-water flow components were major ions, trace elements, and the stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen. During the study, the potentiometric level of the Coconino aquifer was above the lake level at the upstream end of the lake and below the lake level at the downstream end. Hydrologic and geochemical data indicate that about 10 percent and 8 percent, respectively, of the water in the lake is ground-water inflow and that about 35 percent of the water in the Little Colorado River 6 miles downgradient from the lake near Salado Springs is ground water. These independent estimates of ground-water flow derived from each approach are in agreement and support a conceptual model of the water budget.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage","conferenceDate":"22 July 1991 through 26 July 1991","conferenceLocation":"Honolulu, HI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628116","usgsCitation":"Hjalmarson, H., and Robertson, F.N., 1991, Hydrologic and geochemical approaches for determining ground-water flow components, Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage, Honolulu, HI, USA, 22 July 1991 through 26 July 1991, p. 267-274.","startPage":"267","endPage":"274","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224750,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3546e4b0c8380cd5fdc6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hjalmarson, H. W.","contributorId":95872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hjalmarson","given":"H. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, F. N.","contributorId":66737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016735,"text":"70016735 - 1991 - Application of electromagnetic techniques in survey of contaminated groundwater at an abandoned mine complex in southwestern Indiana, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:51","indexId":"70016735","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1540,"text":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of electromagnetic techniques in survey of contaminated groundwater at an abandoned mine complex in southwestern Indiana, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"In part of a large abandoned mining complex, electromagnetic geophysical surveys were used along with data derived from cores and monitoring wells to infer sources of contamination and subsurface hydrologic connections between acidic refuse deposits and adjacent undisturbed geologic materials. Electrical resistivity increases sharply along the boundary of an elevated deposit of pyritic coarse refuse, which is highly contaminated and electrically conductive, indicating poor subsurface hydrologic connections with surrounding deposits of fine refuse and undisturbed glacial material. Groundwater chemistry, as reflected in values of specific conductance, also differs markedly across the deposit's boundary, indicating that a widespread contaminant plume has not developed around the coarse refuse in more than 40 yr since the deposit was created. Most acidic drainage from the coarse refuse is by surface runoff and is concentrated around stream channels. Although most of the contaminated groundwater within the study area is concentrated within the surficial refuse deposits, transects of apparent resistivity and phase angle indicate the existence of an anomalous conductive layer at depth (>4 m) in thick alluvial sediments along the northern boundary of the mining complex. Based on knowledge of local geology, the anomaly is interpreted to represent a subsurface connection between the alluvium and a flooded abandoned underground mine. ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01704576","issn":"01775146","usgsCitation":"Brooks, G., Olyphant, G., and Harper, D., 1991, Application of electromagnetic techniques in survey of contaminated groundwater at an abandoned mine complex in southwestern Indiana, U.S.A.: Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, v. 18, no. 1, p. 39-47, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01704576.","startPage":"39","endPage":"47","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205483,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01704576"},{"id":224457,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec9de4b0c8380cd493a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, G.A.","contributorId":23566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olyphant, G.A.","contributorId":51023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olyphant","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harper, D.","contributorId":28752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harper","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016733,"text":"70016733 - 1991 - Development and application of a hillslope hydrologic model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-02T11:56:57.589053","indexId":"70016733","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development and application of a hillslope hydrologic model","docAbstract":"<p><span>A vertically integrated two-dimensional lateral flow model of soil moisture has been developed. Derivation of the governing equation is based on a physical interpretation of hillslope processes. The lateral subsurface-flow model permits variability of precipitation and evapotranspiration, and allows arbitrary specification of soil-moisture retention properties. Variable slope, soil thickness, and saturation are all accommodated. The numerical solution method, a Crank-Nicolson, finite-difference, upstream-weighted scheme, is simple and robust. A small catchment in northeastern Kansas is the subject of an application of the lateral subsurface-flow model. Calibration of the model using observed discharge provides estimates of the active porosity (0.1 cm</span><sup>3</sup><span>/cm</span><sup>3</sup><span>) and of the saturated horizontal hydraulic conductivity (40 cm/hr). The latter figure is at least an order of magnitude greater than the vertical hydraulic conductivity associated with the silty clay loam soil matrix. The large value of hydraulic conductivity derived from the calibration is suggestive of macropore-dominated hillslope drainage. The corresponding value of active porosity agrees well with a published average value of the difference between total porosity and field capacity for a silty clay loam.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0309-1708(91)90012-D","usgsCitation":"Blain, C.A., and Milly, P., 1991, Development and application of a hillslope hydrologic model: Advances in Water Resources, v. 14, no. 4, p. 168-174, https://doi.org/10.1016/0309-1708(91)90012-D.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"168","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225181,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0017e4b0c8380cd4f5ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blain, C. A.","contributorId":45843,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blain","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015076,"text":"70015076 - 1991 - Importance of hydrologic data for interpreting wetland maps and assessing wetland loss and mitigation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:59","indexId":"70015076","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1022,"text":"Biological Report - US Fish & Wildlife Service","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of hydrologic data for interpreting wetland maps and assessing wetland loss and mitigation","docAbstract":"The US Geological Survey collects and disseminates, in written and digital formats, groundwater and surface-water information related to the tidal and nontidal wetlands of the United States. This information includes quantity, quality, and availability of groundwater and surface water; groundwater and surface-water interactions (recharge-discharge); groundwater flow; and the basic surface-water characteristics of streams, rivers, lakes, and wetlands. Water resources information in digital format can be used in geographic information systems (GISs) for many purposes related to wetlands. US Geological Survey wetland-related activities include collection of information important for assessing and mitigating coastal wetland loss and modification, hydrologic data collection and interpretation, GIS activities, identification of national trends in water quality and quantity, and process-oriented wetland research. -Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Report - US Fish & Wildlife Service","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Carter, V., 1991, Importance of hydrologic data for interpreting wetland maps and assessing wetland loss and mitigation: Biological Report - US Fish & Wildlife Service, v. 90, no. 18, p. 79-85.","startPage":"79","endPage":"85","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224403,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a393be4b0c8380cd61856","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, V.","contributorId":61115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016510,"text":"70016510 - 1991 - Selectivity and effectiveness of extractants used to release metals associated with organic matter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-28T06:36:46","indexId":"70016510","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selectivity and effectiveness of extractants used to release metals associated with organic matter","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"ab1\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id5\"><p>Partial extraction procedures can be used to release metals associated with organic matter in natural materials. Reagents commonly employed for this purpose include hydrogen peroxide, Na hypochlorite and Na pyrophosphate. This study tested the selectivity of these reagents by comparing the amount of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu they released from sulfide and oxide minerals and determined the ability of these reagents to release the same metals from peat. Sodium hypochlorite and Na pyrophosphate released between 0.2 and 8.7% of the total metal content of the Fe, Cu and Zn minerals. In contrast, three commonly used hydrogen peroxide reagents released significantly more metals from the oxides and sulfides. Percentages of Zn and Mn released from the peat samples were comparable for all extractions tested. Per cent Cu released from peat by Na pyrophosphate was very low compared to that released by hydrogen peroxide/HNO<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>or na hypochlorite. A smaller fraction of Fe was released from peat by Na hypochlorite than by the other reagents. Iron release by Na hypochlorite correlates with the organic carbon content of the peat samples. A universal extractant for metals associated with organic matter in all types of samples has not been identified. Sodium hypochlorite and Na pyrophosphate are better than hydrogen peroxide in selectively releasing metals bound to organic matter because they do not release significant amounts of metals from oxide and sulfide minerals.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(91)90010-M","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Papp, C.S., Filipek, L., and Smith, K., 1991, Selectivity and effectiveness of extractants used to release metals associated with organic matter: Applied Geochemistry, v. 6, no. 3, p. 349-353, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(91)90010-M.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"349","endPage":"353","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8ce2e4b08c986b31819a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Papp, C. S.E.","contributorId":69304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papp","given":"C.","middleInitial":"S.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Filipek, L.H.","contributorId":58392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Filipek","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, K. S. 0000-0001-8547-9804","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-9804","contributorId":47779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"K. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70015066,"text":"70015066 - 1991 - Use of colloid filtration theory in modeling movement of bacteria through a contaminated sandy aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-07T09:42:39","indexId":"70015066","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of colloid filtration theory in modeling movement of bacteria through a contaminated sandy aquifer","docAbstract":"<p>\\A filtration model commonly used to describe removal of colloids during packed-bed filtration in water treatment applications was modified for describing downgradient transport of bacteria in sandy, aquifer sediments. The modified model was applied to the results of a small-scale (7 m), natural-gradient tracer test and to observations of an indigenous bacterial population moving downgradient within a plume of organically contaminated groundwater in Cape Cod, MA. The model reasonably accounted for concentration histories of labeled bacteria appearing at samplers downgradient from the injection well in the tracer experiment and for the observed 0.25-μm increase in average cell length for an unlabeled, indigenous bacterial population, 0.6 km downgradient from the source of the plume. Several uncertainties were apparent in applying filtration theory to problems involving transport of bacteria in groundwater. However, adsorption (attachment) appeared to be a major control of the extent of bacterial movement downgradient, which could be described, in part, by filtration theory. Estimates of the collision efficiency factor, which represents the physicochemical factors that determine adsorption of the bacteria onto the grain surfaces, ranged from 5.4 x 10<sup>-3</sup> to 9.7 x 10<sup>-3</sup>.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00013a021","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Harvey, R., and Garabedian, S., 1991, Use of colloid filtration theory in modeling movement of bacteria through a contaminated sandy aquifer: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 25, no. 1, p. 178-185, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00013a021.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"178","endPage":"185","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbed7e4b08c986b3297f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, R.W. 0000-0002-2791-8503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":11757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garabedian, S. P.","contributorId":56657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"S. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016529,"text":"70016529 - 1991 - Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon in a Coastal Plain aquifer. 1. Sulfate from confining beds as an oxidant in microbial CO2 production","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-10T08:48:12","indexId":"70016529","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon in a Coastal Plain aquifer. 1. Sulfate from confining beds as an oxidant in microbial CO2 production","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id4\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id5\"><p>A primary source of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the Black Creek aquifer of South Carolina is carbon dioxide produced by microbially mediated oxidation of sedimentary organic matter. Groundwater chemistry data indicate, however, that the available mass of inorganic electron acceptors (oxygen, Fe(III), and sulfate) and observed methane production is inadequate to account for observed CO<sub>2</sub>production. Although sulfate concentrations are low (approximately 0.05–0.10 mM) in aquifer water throughout the flow system, sulfate concentrations are greater in confining-bed pore water (0.4–20 mM). The distribution of culturable sulfate-reducing bacteria in these sediments suggests that this concentration gradient is maintained by greater sulfate-reducing activity in sands than in clays. Calculations based on Fick's Law indicate that possible rates of sulfate diffusion to aquifer sediments are sufficient to explain observed rates of CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>production (about 10<sup>−5</sup>mmoll<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>year<sup>−1</sup>), thus eliminating the apparent electron-acceptor deficit. Furthermore, concentrations of dissolved hydrogen in aquifer water are in the range characteristic of sulfate reduction (2–6 nM), which provides independent evidence that sulfate reduction is the predominant terminal electron-accepting process in this system. The observed accumulation of pyrite- and calcite-cemented sandstones at sand-clay interfaces is direct physical evidence that these processes have been continuing over the history of these sediments.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90110-4","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Chapelle, F.H., and McMahon, P., 1991, Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon in a Coastal Plain aquifer. 1. Sulfate from confining beds as an oxidant in microbial CO2 production: Journal of Hydrology, v. 127, no. 1-4, p. 85-108, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90110-4.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"108","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223530,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"127","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16f2e4b0c8380cd55310","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70014918,"text":"70014918 - 1991 - Balloon and core sampling for determining bulk density of alluvial desert soil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-28T06:26:26","indexId":"70014918","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Balloon and core sampling for determining bulk density of alluvial desert soil","docAbstract":"<p><span>Samples were collected from major strata in the upper 5 m of an alluvial soil profile in the Amargosa Desert of southern Nevada to compare rubber-balloon and drive-core bulk-density measurement methods. For strate where the fine soil was &lt;82% sand and &lt;15% clay, differences between total and fine-soil bulk-density values determined by the two methods were typically &lt;10 and 15%, respectively, even where rock-fragment content was as great as 48% by volume. Outside this range of fine-soil texture, where soil consistency was either very loose or very hard, the core method appeared to sample inaccurately, resulting in bulk-density values &gt;0.30 Mg m</span><sup>−3</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>less than those determined by the balloon method. Under the severe sampling conditions encountered, large decreases in the relative accuracy of the core method were not directly related to rock-fragment content, but were related to extremes in the cohesiveness of the strata sampled.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500040048x","usgsCitation":"Andraski, B.J., 1991, Balloon and core sampling for determining bulk density of alluvial desert soil: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 55, no. 4, p. 1188-1190, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500040048x.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1188","endPage":"1190","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert","volume":"55","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efafe4b0c8380cd4a3d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":369604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70014976,"text":"70014976 - 1991 - Large-scale distribution of metal contamination in the fine-grained sediments of the Clark Fork River, Montana, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-15T12:16:58.288062","indexId":"70014976","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale distribution of metal contamination in the fine-grained sediments of the Clark Fork River, Montana, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"<p>Historic discharges from the mining and smelting complex at the head-waters of the Clark Fork River have resulted in elevated Ag, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations in the &lt;60 μm fraction of both bed and flood-plain sediments of the river. Processes affecting the trends in longitudinal distributions of these metals were investigated by repeated sampling over a 380 km river reach between August 1986 and July 1989. At the most upstream site, bed-sediment metal concentrations were enriched 18–115 times above least enriched tributaries, depending on the metal. All metals decreased exponentially with distance downstream away from mining. The exponential model predicts that elevated metal concentrations should occur over 550 km downstream, in Lake Pend Oreille. Longitudinal trends, obvious on a scale of hundreds of kilometers, were obscured by small-scale spatial variability when shorter stretches of the river were considered. Longitudinal dispersion appeared to be controlled largely by physical dilution with less-contaminated sediments.</p><p>Evidence suggests that erosion of contaminated flood-plains contributes to metal contamination in the bed sediments. Tributary input appeared to have little influence on the large-scale, downstream distribution of metals; however, it did contribute to local variability in bed-sediment metal concentrations. Association of metals with specific mineral grains, as well as variability in total organic C and Fe concentration, appeared also to contribute to variability.</p><p>Some year-to-year variability in bed-sediment metal concentrations was observed, however, trends in longitudinal dispersion were not significantly different between at least two of the years sampled.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(91)90064-V","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Axtmann, E., and Luoma, S., 1991, Large-scale distribution of metal contamination in the fine-grained sediments of the Clark Fork River, Montana, U.S.A.: Applied Geochemistry, v. 6, no. 1, p. 75-88, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(91)90064-V.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"88","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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 \"}}]}","volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4495e4b0c8380cd66c16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Axtmann, E.V.","contributorId":30652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Axtmann","given":"E.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016521,"text":"70016521 - 1991 - MBSSAS: A code for the computation of margules parameters and equilibrium relations in binary solid-solution aqueous-solution systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-10T09:03:20","indexId":"70016521","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"MBSSAS: A code for the computation of margules parameters and equilibrium relations in binary solid-solution aqueous-solution systems","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id3\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id4\"><p>The computer code MBSSAS uses two-parameter Margules-type excess-free-energy of mixing equations to calculate thermodynamic equilibrium, pure-phase saturation, and stoichiometric saturation states in binary solid-solution aqueous-solution (SSAS) systems. Lippmann phase diagrams, Roozeboom diagrams, and distribution-coefficient diagrams can be constructed from the output data files, and also can be displayed by MBSSAS (on IBM-PC compatible computers). MBSSAS also will calculate accessory information, such as the location of miscibility gaps, spinodal gaps, critical-mixing points, alyotropic extrema, Henry's law solid-phase activity coefficients, and limiting distribution coefficients. Alternatively, MBSSAS can use such information (instead of the Margules, Guggenheim, or Thompson and Waldbaum excess-free-energy parameters) to calculate the appropriate excess-free-energy of mixing equation for any given SSAS system.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(91)90090-Z","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Glynn, P.D., 1991, MBSSAS: A code for the computation of margules parameters and equilibrium relations in binary solid-solution aqueous-solution systems: Computers & Geosciences, v. 17, no. 7, p. 907-966, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(91)90090-Z.","productDescription":"60 p.","startPage":"907","endPage":"966","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266171,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(91)90090-Z"}],"volume":"17","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4abee4b0c8380cd68fe5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glynn, P. D.","contributorId":7008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016520,"text":"70016520 - 1991 - Drought description","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:41","indexId":"70016520","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3479,"text":"Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Drought description","docAbstract":"What constitutes a comprehensive description of drought, a description forming a basis for answering why a drought occurred is outlined. The description entails two aspects that are \"naturally\" coupled, named physical and economic, and treats the set of hydrologic measures of droughts in terms of their multivariate distribution, rather than in terms of a collection of the marginal distributions. ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01543133","issn":"09311955","usgsCitation":"Matalas, N., 1991, Drought description: Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics, v. 5, no. 4, p. 255-260, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01543133.","startPage":"255","endPage":"260","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205382,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543133"},{"id":223525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a03f5e4b0c8380cd50704","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matalas, N.C.","contributorId":25173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matalas","given":"N.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016492,"text":"70016492 - 1991 - Visible and near-infrared (0.4-2.5  μm) reflectance spectra of playa evaporite minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-29T13:25:56","indexId":"70016492","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Visible and near-infrared (0.4-2.5  μm) reflectance spectra of playa evaporite minerals","docAbstract":"<p><span>Visible and near-infrared (VNIR; 0.4&ndash;2.4 &mu;m) reflectance spectra were recorded for 35 saline minerals that represent the wide range of mineral and brine chemical compositions found in playa evaporite settings. The spectra show that many of the saline minerals exhibit diagnostic near-infrared absorption bands, chiefly attributable to vibrations of hydrogen-bonded structural water molecules. VNIR reflectance spectra can be used to detect minor hydrate phases present in mixtures dominated by anhydrous halite or thenardite, and therefore will be useful in combination with X ray diffraction data for characterizing natural saline mineral assemblages. In addition, VNIR reflectance spectra are sensitive to differences in sample hydration state and should facilitate in situ studies of minerals that occur as fragile, transitory dehydration products in natural salt crusts. The use of spectral reflectance measurements in playa studies should aid in mapping evaporite mineral distributions and may provide insight into the geochemical and hydrological controls on playa mineral and brine development.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1029/91JB01714","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Crowley, J.K., 1991, Visible and near-infrared (0.4-2.5  μm) reflectance spectra of playa evaporite minerals: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, no. B10, p. 16231-16240, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB01714.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"16231","endPage":"16240","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc289e4b08c986b32abd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowley, James K.","contributorId":10928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016484,"text":"70016484 - 1991 - Pumping tests in non-uniform aquifers - The linear strip case","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:58:48.257499","indexId":"70016484","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pumping tests in non-uniform aquifers - The linear strip case","docAbstract":"<p><span>Many pumping tests are performed in geologic settings that can be conceptualized as a linear infinite strip of one material embedded in a matrix of differing flow properties. A semi-analytical solution is presented to aid the analysis of drawdown data obtained from pumping tests performed in settings that can be represented by such a conceptual model. Integral transform techniques are employed to obtain a solution in transform space that can be numerically inverted to real space. Examination of the numerically transformed solution reveals several interesting features of flow in this configuration. If the transmissivity of the strip is much higher than that of the matrix, linear and bilinear flow are the primary flow regimes during a pumping test. If the contrast between matrix and strip properties is not as extreme, then radial flow should be the primary flow mechanism. Sensitivity analysis is employed to develop insight into the controls on drawdown in this conceptual model and to demonstrate the importance of temporal and spatial placement of observations. Changes in drawdown are sensitive to the transmissivity of the strip for a limited time duration. After that time, only the total drawdown remains a function of strip transmissivity. In the case of storativity, both the total drawdown and changes in drawdown are sensitive to the storativity of the strip for a time of quite limited duration. After that time, essentially no information can be gained about the storage properties of the strip from drawdown data. An example analysis is performed using data previously presented in the literature to demonstrate the viability of the semi-analytical solution and to illustrate a general procedure for analysis of drawdown data in complex geologic settings. This example reinforces the importance of observation well placement and the time of data collection in constraining parameter correlation, a major source of the uncertainty that arises in the parameter estimation procedure.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90132-2","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Butler, J., and Liu, W., 1991, Pumping tests in non-uniform aquifers - The linear strip case: Journal of Hydrology, v. 128, no. 1-4, p. 69-99, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90132-2.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"99","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223276,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"128","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9034e4b0c8380cd7fbcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butler, J.J. Jr.","contributorId":12194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"J.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, W.Z.","contributorId":99301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"W.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016468,"text":"70016468 - 1991 - Use of a single-bowl continuous-flow centrifuge for dewatering suspended sediments: effect on sediment physical and chemical characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-28T00:14:53.430863","indexId":"70016468","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of a single-bowl continuous-flow centrifuge for dewatering suspended sediments: effect on sediment physical and chemical characteristics","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>The use of a single-bowl continuous-flow centrifuge (CFC, Sharples-Pennwalt Model AS-12) for dewatering suspended sediment from large volumes of river water is evaluated. Sediment-recovery efficiency of 86-91 per cent is comparable to that of other types of CFC units. The recovery efficiency is limited by the particle-size distribution of the feed water and by the limiting particle diameter that is retained in the centrifuge bowl. The limiting particle diameter, using the parameters for this study (bowl radius = 10.5cm; bowl length = 71.1 cm; rotational velocity = 16000 r min<sup>−1</sup>; flow rate = 2 L min<sup>−1</sup>, and an assumed hydrated particle density = 1.7 gm cm<sup>−3</sup>), is 370 nm. There seems to be no particle-size fractionation within the centrifuge bowl—the median particle size was the same at the top as at the bottom. Particle electrophoretic mobility plays some role in fractionation of particles within the centrifuge. The mobility ranged from −1.19 to −2.01 × 10<sup>−8</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>V<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>s<sup>−1</sup>, which is typical of clays coated with organic matter, the charge of which is partially neutralized by divalent cations and iron. Contamination by trace metals and organics is minimized by coating all surfaces that come in contact with the sample with either FEP or PFA Teflon and using a removable FEP Teflon liner in the centrifuge bowl. Because of the physical and chemical factors affecting particle fractionation within the centrifuge, care must be exercised in interpreting the environmental consequences of particles collected by continuous-flow centrifugation.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.3360050207","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Rees, T., Leenheer, J., and Ranville, J., 1991, Use of a single-bowl continuous-flow centrifuge for dewatering suspended sediments: effect on sediment physical and chemical characteristics: Hydrological Processes, v. 5, no. 2, p. 201-214, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360050207.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"214","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223218,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-09-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe9ee4b08c986b3296bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rees, T.F.","contributorId":26068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rees","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ranville, J. F.","contributorId":54245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ranville","given":"J. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016467,"text":"70016467 - 1991 - Seismicity and shear strain in the southern Great Basin of Nevada and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-30T11:23:13.784988","indexId":"70016467","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismicity and shear strain in the southern Great Basin of Nevada and California","docAbstract":"<div class=\" metis-abstract\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>This study examines the relationship between the distribution of small earthquakes (M<sub>L</sub>≤4.3) and mechanisms of strain accumulation and relaxation in an area with long repeat times between large events, the Southern Great Basin Seismic Network (SGBSN) region. The Great Basin is a unique continental extensional province characterized by normal and strike-slip faulting, high heat flow, crust of thin to normal thickness, and high elevations. The SGBSN is operated to provide data to address suitability issues pertaining to Yucca Mountain, Nevada which is being evaluated as a potential site for a national mined geologic nuclear waste repository. Suitability issues include estimation of the probability of occurrence of future damaging earthquakes, the characterization of the mechanisms that drive hydrologic flow, and the identification of fractures (faults) that might act as flow conduits or barriers. This study attempts to explain the distribution of small earthquakes in terms of spatial variations in the shear strain field; where strain concentrates there should be a greater number of small earthquakes. Strain field models are constructed under the assumption that long term fault behavior perturbs an otherwise uniform strain field. These strain field models are then interpreted with regard to the regional tectonics and site suitability issues. Modeling results provide one possible explanation of why earthquake clusters cover regions much larger than the surface projections of any of mapped major faults; clusters in a wide band along and extending northeast of the northern half of the Furnace Creek fault may correspond to elevated shear strains along the fault and a broad cluster in the Pahranagat Shear Zone may be associated with shear strain arising from a distribution of smaller localized faults. The relatively large number of small earthquakes in the southern and eastern portions of the Nevada Test Site is consistent with the strain field models. A minimum in shear strain at Yucca Mountain is predicted by all models consistent with an almost total lack of earthquakes observed there. The region to the west of the Death Valley/Furnace Creek fault system, the portion of the study area with the most active deformation but few small earthquakes, is an area of low shear strain. A possible reason for this is that the fault configuration in the area is optimal for accommodating regional deformation via large earthquakes or creep. While there is also a relative lack of earthquakes at Yucca Mountain, this may be indicative of a lack of accumulating strain energy and thus, a lower potential for a large earthquake.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91JB01576","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Gomberg, J., 1991, Seismicity and shear strain in the southern Great Basin of Nevada and California: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, no. B10, p. 16383-16399, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB01576.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"16383","endPage":"16399","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223174,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b8fe4b08c986b31791c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomberg, J.","contributorId":95994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016730,"text":"70016730 - 1991 - Methylmercury decomposition in sediments and bacterial cultures: Involvement of methanogens and sulfate reducers in oxidative demethylation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T18:16:24.492516","indexId":"70016730","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methylmercury decomposition in sediments and bacterial cultures: Involvement of methanogens and sulfate reducers in oxidative demethylation","docAbstract":"<p><span>Demethylation of monomethylmercury in freshwater and estuarine sediments and in bacterial cultures was investigated with&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>CH</span><sub>3</sub><span>HgI. Under anaerobiosis, results with inhibitors indicated partial involvement of both sulfate reducers and methanogens, the former dominating estuarine sediments, while both were active in freshwaters. Aerobes were the most significant demethylators in estuarine sediments, but were unimportant in freshwater sediments. Products of anaerobic demethylation were mainly&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;as well as lesser amounts of&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>CH</span><sub>4</sub><span>. Acetogenic activity resulted in fixation of some&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;produced from&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>CH</span><sub>3</sub><span>HgI into acetate. Aerobic demethylation in estuarine sediments produced only&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>CH</span><sub>4</sub><span>, while aerobic demethylation in freshwater sediments produced small amounts of both&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>CH</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>. Two species of&nbsp;</span><i>Desulfovibrio</i><span>&nbsp;produced only traces of&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>CH</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;from&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>CH</span><sub>3</sub><span>HgI, while a culture of a methylotrophic methanogen formed traces of&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>CH</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;when grown on trimethylamine in the presence of the&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>CH</span><sub>3</sub><span>HgI. These results indicate that both aerobes and anaerobes demethylate mercury in sediments, but that either group may dominate in a particular sediment type. Aerobic demethylation in the estuarine sediments appeared to proceed by the previously characterized organomercurial-lyase pathway, because methane was the sole product. However, aerobic demethylation in freshwater sediments as well as anaerobic demethylation in all sediments studied produced primarily carbon dioxide. This indicates the presence of an oxidative pathway, possibly one in which methylmercury serves as an analog of one-carbon substrates.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.57.1.130-137.1991","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Oremland, R., Culbertson, C., and Winfrey, M., 1991, Methylmercury decomposition in sediments and bacterial cultures: Involvement of methanogens and sulfate reducers in oxidative demethylation: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 57, no. 1, p. 130-137, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.57.1.130-137.1991.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"130","endPage":"137","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479700,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.57.1.130-137.1991","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":225127,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mono Lake, San Francisco Bay, Searsville Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.41623903233038,\n              37.794604010393925\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.42173219639263,\n              37.61424262878592\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.3530676456114,\n              37.57724701004949\n            ],\n            [\n              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C.W.","contributorId":40326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Culbertson","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winfrey, M.R.","contributorId":52337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winfrey","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016448,"text":"70016448 - 1991 - Importance of geologic characterization of potential low-level radioactive waste disposal sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:44","indexId":"70016448","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1540,"text":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of geologic characterization of potential low-level radioactive waste disposal sites","docAbstract":"Using the example of the Geff Alternative Site in Wayne County, Illinois, for the disposal of low-level radioactive waste, this paper demonstrates, from a policy and public opinion perspective, the importance of accurately determining site stratigraphy. Complete and accurate characterization of geologic materials and determination of site stratigraphy at potential low-level waste disposal sites provides the frame-work for subsequent hydrologic and geochemical investigations. Proper geologic characterization is critical to determine the long-term site stability and the extent of interactions of groundwater between the site and its surroundings. Failure to adequately characterize site stratigraphy can lead to the incorrect evaluation of the geology of a site, which in turn may result in a lack of public confidence. A potential problem of lack of public confidence was alleviated as a result of the resolution and proper definition of the Geff Alternative Site stratigraphy. The integrity of the investigation was not questioned and public perception was not compromised. ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01740476","issn":"01775146","usgsCitation":"Weibel, C., and Berg, R.C., 1991, Importance of geologic characterization of potential low-level radioactive waste disposal sites: Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, v. 18, no. 3, p. 209-214, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01740476.","startPage":"209","endPage":"214","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205340,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01740476"},{"id":223118,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3939e4b0c8380cd61850","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weibel, C.P.","contributorId":33851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weibel","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berg, R. C.","contributorId":11673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berg","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015595,"text":"70015595 - 1991 - Brine evolution and mineral deposition in hydrologically open evaporite basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-03T15:32:54","indexId":"70015595","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brine evolution and mineral deposition in hydrologically open evaporite basins","docAbstract":"A lumped-parameter, solute mass-balance model is developed to define the role of water outflow from a well-mixed basin. A mass-balance model is analyzed with a geochemical model designed for waters with high ionic strengths. Two typical waters, seawater and a Na-HCO3 ground water, are analyzed to illustrate the control that the leakage ratio (or hydrologic openness of the basin) has on brine evolution and the suite and thicknesses of evaporite minerals deposited. The analysis suggests that brines evolve differently under different leakage conditions. -from Authors","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.291.7.687","issn":"00029599","usgsCitation":"Sanford, W., and Wood, W., 1991, Brine evolution and mineral deposition in hydrologically open evaporite basins: American Journal of Science, v. 291, no. 7, p. 687-710, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.291.7.687.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"687","endPage":"710","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480425,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.291.7.687","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":224106,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"291","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f282e4b0c8380cd4b1f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanford, W. E. 0000-0002-6624-0280","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":102112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"W. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, W.W.","contributorId":21974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015611,"text":"70015611 - 1991 - An intercomparison of hydrological network-design technologies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T16:14:49.886614","indexId":"70015611","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1927,"text":"Hydrological Sciences Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An intercomparison of hydrological network-design technologies","docAbstract":"<p><span>Two network-design technologies are compared by random sub-sampling of actual streamflow data. The technologies, Network Analysis for Regional Information (NARI) and Network Analysis Using Generalized Least Squares (NAUGLS), have a common objective, viz. to maximize regional information within a limited budget and time horizon. The data used for intercomparison are from a network of 146 streamgauges in the central part of the United States. In general, the results for the illustrative example indicate that the NAUGLS method conveys more information than the NARI method to the network designer interested in maximizing regional information about mean annual flows with a limited budget.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626669109492504","usgsCitation":"Moss, M.E., and Tasker, G.D., 1991, An intercomparison of hydrological network-design technologies: Hydrological Sciences Journal, v. 36, no. 3, p. 209-221, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626669109492504.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"221","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479775,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626669109492504","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":224381,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea84e4b0c8380cd488fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moss, M. E.","contributorId":50500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moss","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":83097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016726,"text":"70016726 - 1991 - In situ measurement of methane oxidation in groundwater by using natural-gradient tracer tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T18:58:23.620693","indexId":"70016726","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In situ measurement of methane oxidation in groundwater by using natural-gradient tracer tests","docAbstract":"<p>Methane oxidation was measured in an unconfined sand and gravel aquifer (Cape Cod, Mass.) by using in situ natural-gradient tracer tests at both a pristine, oxygenated site and an anoxic, sewage-contaminated site. The tracer sites were equipped with multilevel sampling devices to create target grids of sampling points; the injectate was prepared with groundwater from the tracer site to maintain the same geochemical conditions. Methane oxidation was calculated from breakthrough curves of methane relative to halide and inert gas (hexafluoroethane) tracers and was confirmed by the appearance of <sup>13</sup>C-enriched carbon dioxide in experiments in which <sup>13</sup>C-enriched methane was used as the tracer. A <i>V</i><sub>max</sub> for methane oxidation could be calculated when the methane concentration was sufficiently high to result in zero-order kinetics throughout the entire transport interval. Methane breakthrough curves could be simulated by modifying a one-dimensional advection-dispersion transport model to include a Michaelis-Menten-based consumption term for methane oxidation. The <i>K<sub>m</sub></i> values for methane oxidation that gave the best match for the breakthrough curve peaks were 6.0 and 9.0 <span>μ</span>M for the uncontaminated and contaminated sites, respectively. Natural-gradient tracer tests are a promising approach for assessing microbial processes and for testing in situ bioremediation potential in groundwater systems.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.57.7.1997-2004.1991","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.L., Howes, B., and Garabedian, S., 1991, In situ measurement of methane oxidation in groundwater by using natural-gradient tracer tests: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 57, no. 7, p. 1997-2004, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.57.7.1997-2004.1991.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1997","endPage":"2004","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479702,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.57.7.1997-2004.1991","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":225074,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.62866796895098,\n              41.74060853654436\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.66986890880726,\n              41.68422207473054\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.66712217948366,\n              41.647287791325255\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.65476189752637,\n              41.624706410763594\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.65888199151213,\n              41.591846644013486\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.65201516820277,\n              41.57746523339799\n        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]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39a4e4b0c8380cd619ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, R. L.","contributorId":93904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":374327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howes, B.L.","contributorId":41854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howes","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garabedian, S. P.","contributorId":56657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"S. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016696,"text":"70016696 - 1991 - Importance of closely spaced vertical sampling in delineating chemical and microbiological gradients in groundwater studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-10T09:15:15","indexId":"70016696","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of closely spaced vertical sampling in delineating chemical and microbiological gradients in groundwater studies","docAbstract":"Vertical gradients of selected chemical constituents, bacterial populations, bacterial activity and electron acceptors were investigated for an unconfined aquifer contaminated with nitrate and organic compounds on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Fifteen-port multilevel sampling devices (MLS's) were installed within the contaminant plume at the source of the contamination, and at 250 and 2100 m downgradient from the source. Depth profiles of specific conductance and dissolved oxygen at the downgradient sites exhibited vertical gradients that were both steep and inversely related. Narrow zones (2-4 m thick) of high N2O and NH4+ concentrations were also detected within the contaminant plume. A 27-fold change in bacterial abundance; a 35-fold change in frequency of dividing cells (FDC), an indicator of bacterial growth; a 23-fold change in 3H-glucose uptake, a measure of heterotrophic activity; and substantial changes in overall cell morphology were evident within a 9-m vertical interval at 250 m downgradient. The existence of these gradients argues for the need for closely spaced vertical sampling in groundwater studies because small differences in the vertical placement of a well screen can lead to incorrect conclusions about the chemical and microbiological processes within an aquifer.Vertical gradients of selected chemical constituents, bacterial populations, bacterial activity and electron acceptors were investigated for an unconfined aquifer contaminated with nitrate and organic compounds on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. Fifteen-port multilevel sampling devices (MLS's) were installed within the contaminant plume at the source of the contamination, and at 250 and 2100 m downgradient from the source. Depth profiles of specific conductance and dissolved oxygen at the downgradient sites exhibited vertical gradients that were both steep and inversely related. Narrow zones (2-4 m thick) of high N2O and NH4+ concentrations were also detected within the contaminant plume. A 27-fold change in bacterial abundance; a 35-fold change in frequency of dividing cells (FDC), an indicator of bacterial growth; a 23-fold change in 3H-glucose uptake, a measure of heterotrophic activity; and substantial changes in overall cell morphology were evident within a 9-m vertical interval at 250 m downgradient. The existence of these gradients argues for the need for closely spaced vertical sampling in ground-water studies because small differences in the vertical placement of a well screen can lead to incorrect conclusions about the chemical and microbiological processes within an aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-7722(91)90032-V","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.L., Harvey, R., and LeBlanc, D., 1991, Importance of closely spaced vertical sampling in delineating chemical and microbiological gradients in groundwater studies: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 7, no. 3, p. 285-300, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(91)90032-V.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"285","endPage":"300","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205505,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(91)90032-V"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3936e4b0c8380cd61846","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, R. L.","contributorId":93904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":374243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, R.W. 0000-0002-2791-8503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":11757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LeBlanc, D.R.","contributorId":87141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016403,"text":"70016403 - 1991 - Coprecipitation mechanisms and products in manganese oxidation in the presence of cadmium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-10T08:52:33","indexId":"70016403","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coprecipitation mechanisms and products in manganese oxidation in the presence of cadmium","docAbstract":"<p>Manganese oxidation products were precipitated in an aerated open-aqueous system where a continuous influx of mixed Mn<sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and Cd<sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>solution was supplied and pH was maintained with an automated pH-stat adding dilute NaOH. X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction identified the solids produced as mixtures of Cd<sub>2</sub>Mn<sub>3</sub><sup>4+</sup>O<sub>8</sub>, Mn<sup>2+</sup><sub>2</sub>Mn<sup>4+</sup><sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>, MnO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>(ramsdellite), and CdCO<sub>3</sub>. Mean oxidation numbers of the total precipitated Mn as great as 3.6 were reached during titrations. During subsequent aging in solution, oxidation numbers between 3.8 and 3.9 were reached in some precipitates in less than 40 days. Conditional oxidation rate constants calculated from a crystal-growth equation applied to titration data showed the overall precipitation rate, without considering manganese oxidation state in the precipitate, was increased by a factor of ~4 to ~7 when the mole ratio (Cd/Mn + Cd) of cadmium in the feed solution was 0.40 compared with rate constants for hausmannite (Mn<sup>2+</sup>Mn<sub>2</sub><sup>3+</sup>O<sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>precipitation under similar conditions but without accessory metals. Kinetic experiments were made to test effects of various Cd/Mn + Cd mole ratios and rates of addition of the feed solution, different temperatures from 5.0 to 35°C, and pH from 8.0 to 9.0. Oxidation rates were slower when the Cd mole ratio was less than 0.40. The rate increased by a factor of ~10 when pH was raised one-half unit. The effect of temperature on the rate constants was also substantial, but the meaning of this is uncertain because the rate of formation of Mn<sup>4+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>oxide in the absence of Cd or other accessory metals was too slow to be measurable in titration experiments.</p><p>The increased rate of Mn<sup>4+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>oxide formation in the presence of Cd<sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>can be ascribed to the formation of a labile adsorbed intermediate, CdMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4 Int</sub>, an analog of hausmannite, formed on precipitate surfaces at the beginning of the oxidation process. The increased lability of this structure, resulting from coordination-chemical behavior of Cd<sub>2+</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>during the titration, causes a rapid second-stage rearrangement and facilitates disproportionation of the Mn<sup>3+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>ions. The Mn<sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>ions thus released provide a positive feedback mechanism that couples the two steps of the conversion of Mn<sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>to Mn<sup>4+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>more closely than is possible when other metal ions besides manganese are not present. During aging of precipitates in contact with solutions, proportions of Cd<sub>2</sub>Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and MnO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>increased at the expense of other precipitate components.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(91)90364-B","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Hem, J., and Lind, C.J., 1991, Coprecipitation mechanisms and products in manganese oxidation in the presence of cadmium: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 9, p. 2435-2451, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90364-B.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"2435","endPage":"2451","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223212,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc04e4b0c8380cd4e09f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hem, J.D.","contributorId":54576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lind, Carol J.","contributorId":36110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lind","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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