{"pageNumber":"473","pageRowStart":"11800","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16446,"records":[{"id":29832,"text":"wri904143 - 1990 - Hydrologic effects of well-field operations in a wetland, Dade County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-13T15:00:06.816128","indexId":"wri904143","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-13T11:05:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4143","title":"Hydrologic effects of well-field operations in a wetland, Dade County, Florida","docAbstract":"Water-level, canal stage and discharge, and rainfall data collected in a wetland in Dade County, Florida, were analyzed to determine the effects of pumping at the Northwest Well Field on water levels in the wetland. The Northwest Well Field is the first major well field in south Florida to be operated in a wetland, away from saltwater intrusion and the potential for contamination caused by urbanization.\r\n\r\nDuration curves were used to analyze trends in water levels for seven observation wells near the Northwest Well Field. One observation well is 5.5 miles north of the well field, three wells are outside the cone of depression of the well field, and three are within the cone of depression. The water level data were analyzed for four time periods that were determined by a double-mass analysis of cumulative rainfall and cumulative canal discharge. Before 1984, water levels in all seven wells were above land surface 25 to 50 percent of the time. Since the well field began operating in 1984, water levels in the three wells within the cone of depression have been above land surface less than 1 percent of the time. Water levels at the four wells outside the cone of depression showed no effect from pumping at the well field.\r\n\r\nWater levels have declined in 30 percent of the 65- square mile study area since the well field began operating. In 15 percent of the area, water levels have been lowered below land surface.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri904143","usgsCitation":"Sonenshein, R., and Hofstetter, R.H., 1990, Hydrologic effects of well-field operations in a wetland, Dade County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4143, iv, 16 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904143.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58629,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4143/wri904143.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.86 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 90-4143"},{"id":124058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4143/report-thumb.jpg"}],"contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3321 College Avenue<br>Davie, FL 33314</p><p><a href=\"../contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db606f0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sonenshein, R.S.","contributorId":10415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sonenshein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hofstetter, Ronald H.","contributorId":51335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofstetter","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":13532,"text":"Department of Biology, University of Miami","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":202209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70179032,"text":"70179032 - 1990 - Ground-water hydrology of Pahvant Valley and adjacent areas, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-13T15:22:30","indexId":"70179032","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"98","title":"Ground-water hydrology of Pahvant Valley and adjacent areas, Utah","docAbstract":"<p>The primary ground-water reservoir in Pahvant Valley and adjacent areas is in the unconsolidated basin fill and interbedded basalt. Recharge in 1959 was estimated to be about 70,000 acre-feet per year and was mostly by seepage from streams, canals, and unconsumed irrigation water and by infiltration of precipitation. Discharge in 1959 was estimated to be about 109,000 acre-feet and was mostly from springs, evapotranspiration, and wells.</p><p>Water-level declines of more than 50 feet occurred in some areas between 1953 and 1980 because of less-than-normal precipitation and extensive pumping for irrigation. Water levels recovered most of these declines between 1983 and 1986 because of reduced withdrawals and record quantities of precipitation.</p><p>The quality of ground water in the area west of Kanosh has deteriorated since large ground-water withdrawals began in about 1953. The cause of the deterioration probably is movement of poor quality water into the area from the southwest and possibly the west during periods of large ground-water withdrawals and recycling of irrigation water. The quality of water from some wells has improved since 1983, due to increased recharge and decreased withdrawals for irrigation.</p><p>Water-level declines of m:&gt;re than 80 feet in some parts of Pahvant Valley are projected if ground-water withdrawals continue for 20 years at the 1977 rate of about 96,000 acre-feet. Rises of as much as 58 feet and declines of as much as 47 feet are projected with withdrawals of 48,000 acre-feet per year for 20 years. The elimination of recharge from the Central Utah Canal is projected to cause water-level declines of up to 8 feet near the canal.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared by the United State Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources Division of Water Rights","usgsCitation":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights, 1990, Ground-water hydrology of Pahvant Valley and adjacent areas, Utah: Technical Publication 98, vi, 64 p.","productDescription":"vi, 64 p.","numberOfPages":"73","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332074,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332072,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=50-1-204"},{"id":332073,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/docSys/v920/y920/y9200006.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Beaver County, Millard County","otherGeospatial":"Pahvant Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -113.17840576171875,\n              38.52453288748686\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.17840576171875,\n              39.39587712612034\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.1868896484375,\n              39.39587712612034\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.1868896484375,\n              38.52453288748686\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.17840576171875,\n              38.52453288748686\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"585116bee4b08138bf1abd68"}
,{"id":70177129,"text":"70177129 - 1990 - Monitoring the hydrologic system for potential effects of geothermal and ground-water development in the Long Valley caldera, Mono County, California, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-19T13:17:47","indexId":"70177129","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1827,"text":"Geothermal Resources Council Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring the hydrologic system for potential effects of geothermal and ground-water development in the Long Valley caldera, Mono County, California, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"<div class=\"hidden-xs\"><div class=\"sb-section-body\"><div class=\"sb-expander\" data-collapsed-height=\"300\" data-min-height-to-collapse=\"400\"><div class=\"sb-expander-content\"><span>In the early 1980's, renewed interest in the geothermal potential of the Long Valley caldera, California, highlighted the need to balance the benefits of energy development with the established recreational activities of the area. The Long Valley Hydrologic Advisory Committee, formed in 1987, instituted a monitoring program to collect data during the early stages of resource utilization to evaluate potential effects on the hydrologic system. Early data show declines in streamflow, spring flow, and ground-water levels caused by 6 years of below-average precipitation. Springs in the Hot Creek State Fish Hatchery area discharge water that is a mixture of nonthermal and hydrothermal components. Possible sources of nonthermal water have been identified by comparing deuterium concentrations in streams and springs. The equivalent amount of undiluted thermal water discharged from the springs was calculated on the basis of boron and chloride concentrations. Quantifying the thermal and nonthermal fractions of the total flow may allow researchers to assess changes in flow volume or temperature of the springs caused by groundwater or geothermal development.</span></div></div></div></div>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"1990 International Symposium on Geothermal Energy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"1990 International Symposium on Geothermal Energy","conferenceDate":"Aug 20-24, 1990","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA","usgsCitation":"Farrar, C.D., and Lyster, D., 1990, Monitoring the hydrologic system for potential effects of geothermal and ground-water development in the Long Valley caldera, Mono County, California, U.S.A.: Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 14, p. 669-674.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"669","endPage":"674","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329746,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Mono","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.00665283203124,\n              37.55002139332707\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.00665283203124,\n              37.79784832917947\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.53836059570311,\n              37.79784832917947\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.53836059570311,\n              37.55002139332707\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.00665283203124,\n              37.55002139332707\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5808868ae4b0f497e78e24f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farrar, C. D.","contributorId":71978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrar","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyster, D. L.","contributorId":175532,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lyster","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70157489,"text":"70157489 - 1990 - Estimating groundwater exchange with lakes: 1. The stable isotope mass balance method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:26:04","indexId":"70157489","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating groundwater exchange with lakes: 1. The stable isotope mass balance method","docAbstract":"<p><span>Groundwater inflow and outflow contributions to the hydrologic budget of lakes can be determined using a stable isotope (</span><sup>18</sup><span>O/</span><sup>16</sup><span>O) mass balance method. The stable isotope method provides a way of integrating the spatial and temporal complexities of the flow field around a lake, thereby offering an appealing alternative to the traditional time and labor intensive methods using seepage meters and an extensive piezometer network. In this paper the method is applied to a lake in northern Wisconsin, demonstrating that it can be successfully applied to lakes in the upper midwest where thousands of similar lakes exist. Inflow and outflow rates calculated for the Wisconsin lake using the isotope mass balance method are 29 and 54 cm/yr, respectively, which compare well to estimates, derived independently using a three-dimensional groundwater flow and solute transport model, of 20 and 50 cm/yr. Such a favorable comparison lends confidence to the use of the stable isotope method to estimate groundwater exchange with lakes. In addition, utilization of stable isotopes in studies of groundwater-lake systems lends insight into mixing processes occurring in the unsaturated zone and in the aquifer surrounding the lake and verifies assumed flow paths based on head measurements in piezometers.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR026i010p02445","usgsCitation":"Krabbenhoft, D.P., Bowser, C.J., Anderson, M.P., and Valley, J.W., 1990, Estimating groundwater exchange with lakes: 1. The stable isotope mass balance method: Water Resources Research, v. 26, no. 10, p. 2445-2453, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR026i010p02445.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2445","endPage":"2453","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":308540,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Vilas County","otherGeospatial":"Sparkling Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.71040725708008,\n              45.99857150435143\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.71040725708008,\n              46.01723083989765\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.69023704528809,\n              46.01723083989765\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.69023704528809,\n              45.99857150435143\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.71040725708008,\n              45.99857150435143\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56051ebde4b058f706e512ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowser, Carl J.","contributorId":14050,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowser","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16925,"text":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Mary P.","contributorId":30704,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":16925,"text":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Valley, John W.","contributorId":52895,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Valley","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":16925,"text":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70046124,"text":"70046124 - 1990 - Hydrology of the Arbuckle Mountains area, south-central Oklahoma","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":8777,"text":"ofr82775 - 1982 - Hydrology of the Arbuckle Mountain area, south-central Oklahoma","indexId":"ofr82775","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology of the Arbuckle Mountain area, south-central Oklahoma"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70046124,"text":"70046124 - 1990 - Hydrology of the Arbuckle Mountains area, south-central Oklahoma","indexId":"70046124","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology of the Arbuckle Mountains area, south-central Oklahoma"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":48798,"text":"ofr8328 - 1983 - Hydrologic data for the Arbuckle Mountain area, south-central Oklahoma","indexId":"ofr8328","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrologic data for the Arbuckle Mountain area, south-central Oklahoma"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70046124,"text":"70046124 - 1990 - Hydrology of the Arbuckle Mountains area, south-central Oklahoma","indexId":"70046124","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology of the Arbuckle Mountains area, south-central Oklahoma"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-28T12:37:48","indexId":"70046124","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":244,"text":"Circular","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"91","title":"Hydrology of the Arbuckle Mountains area, south-central Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Rocks that make up the Arbuckle-Simpson aquifer crop out over ~500 mi<sup>2</sup> in the Arbuckle Mountains province in south-central Oklahoma. The aquifer consists of limestone, dolomite, and sandstone of the Arbuckle and Simpson Groups of Late Cambrian to Middle Ordovician age and is about 5,000-9,000 ft thick. The rocks were subjected to intensive folding and faulting associated with major uplift of the area during Early to Late Pennsylvanian time.","language":"English","publisher":"Oklahoma Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Norman, OK","collaboration":"Prepared by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Oklahoma Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Fairchild, R.W., Hanson, R.L., and Davis, R.E., 1990, Hydrology of the Arbuckle Mountains area, south-central Oklahoma: Circular 91, v, 112 p.; Maps: 2 Sheets: 48 x 27 inches.","productDescription":"v, 112 p.; Maps: 2 Sheets: 48 x 27 inches","numberOfPages":"117","costCenters":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272869,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70046124.jpg"},{"id":272865,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/Circulars/circular91mm.pdf"},{"id":272896,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/CircularsPlates/C91P1.pdf"},{"id":272897,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/CircularsPlates/C91P2.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Arbuckle Mountains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103.0,33.6192 ], [ -103.0,37.0 ], [ -94.4312,37.0 ], [ -94.4312,33.6192 ], [ -103.0,33.6192 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51a5d1eae4b0605bc571efd2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fairchild, Roy W.","contributorId":79155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairchild","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":478970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanson, Ronald L.","contributorId":65054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":478969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, Robert E.","contributorId":10403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":478968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70046330,"text":"wdrNM89 - 1990 - Water resources data, New Mexico, water year 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-08T10:55:10","indexId":"wdrNM89","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NM-89","title":"Water resources data, New Mexico, water year 1989","docAbstract":"This annual hydrologic data report of New Mexico is one of a series of annual reports that document hydrologic data gathered frOm the u.s. Geological Survey's surface- and ground-water data-collection networks in each State, Puerto\nRico, and the Trust Territories. These records of streamflow, ground-water levels, and water quality provide the hydrologic information needed by Federal, State, and local agencies and the private sector for developing and managing our Nation's land and water resources. Hydrologic data for New Mexico are contained in this volume. This report is the culmination of a concerted effort by dedicated personnel of the u.S. Geological Survey who collected, compiled, analyzed, verified, and organized the data, and who typed, edited, and assembled the report. The authors had primary responsibility for assuring that the information contained herein is accurate, complete, and adheres to Geological Survey policy and established guidelines. The following individuals contributed significantly to the completion of the report: Linda V. Beal Harriet R. Allen K.M. Lange, M.F. Ortiz, and L.A. Watson processed the text of the report, and H.M. Grossman drafted the illustrations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Santa Fe, NM","doi":"10.3133/wdrNM89","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of New Mexico and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990, Water resources data, New Mexico, water year 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NM-89, 440 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNM89.","productDescription":"440 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":273458,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274527,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1989/nm-89/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.052,31.3322 ], [ -109.052,37.0003 ], [ -103.002,37.0003 ], [ -103.002,31.3322 ], [ -109.052,31.3322 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51b300ebe4b01368e589e433","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016331,"text":"70016331 - 1990 - Dolomite dissolution rates and possible Holocene dedolomitization of water-bearing units in the Edwards aquifer, south-central Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-24T17:29:15.545845","indexId":"70016331","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dolomite dissolution rates and possible Holocene dedolomitization of water-bearing units in the Edwards aquifer, south-central Texas","docAbstract":"<p><span>Rates of dolomite dissolution can be used to test the concept, based on geomorphologic evidence, that a major part of the Edwards aquifer could have formed within the Holocene, a timeframe of approximately 10,000 years. During formation of the aquifer in the Edwards limestone (Cretaceous, Albian) of the Balcones fault zone, dolomite dissolution and porosity development were synchronous and the result of mixing-zone dedolomitization. Initiation of the mixing zone in the early Holocene (∼11,000 years before present) is suggested by the maximum age of formation of major discharge sites that allowed the influx of meteoric water into brine-filled, dolomitic preaquifer units. Dedolomitization, the dissolution of dolomite and net precipitation of calcite, has left aquifer units that are calcitic, and 40 vol.% interconnected pore space. The mass of dolomite missing is obtained by comparison of stratigraphically equivalent altered and unaltered units. One dissolution rate (1.76 × 10</span><sup>−4</sup><span>&nbsp;mmol dolomite kg</span><sub>H2O</sub><sup>−1</sup><i>yr</i><sup>−1</sup><span>) is determined from this mass, 10</span><sup>4</sup><span>yr reaction time, and a log-linear function describing the increase in mass discharge (three orders of magnitude) during aquifer formation.</span></p><p><span>The second estimated dissolution rate is obtained from the mass transfer of dolomite to solution calculated from the increase in magnesium in pore fluids selected from the modern aquifer to represent a typical flowpath during aquifer formation. A reaction time of 10<sup>4</sup>yr for this mass transfer yields a rate of 0.56 × 10<sup>−4</sup>&nbsp;mmol dolomite kg<sub>H2O</sub><sup>−1</sup>yr<sup>−1</sup></span></p><p><span>Both of these rates are comparable to modern rates of dolomite dissolution (0.3 to 4.5 × 10</span><sup>−4</sup><span>&nbsp;mmol dolomite kg</span><sub>H2O</sub><sup>−1</sup><span>yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) calculated from measured reaction times in the Tertiary Floridan aquifer system in Florida and the Madison aquifer in the Mississippian Madison Limestone of the Northern Great Plains. Similarity of these rates to the estimated paleo-rates of dolomite dissolution supports a 10</span><sup>4</sup><span>&nbsp;yr reaction timeframe.</span><span>Both of these rates are comparable to modern rates of dolomite dissolution (0.3 to 4.5 × 10</span><sup>−4</sup><span>&nbsp;mmol dolomite kg</span><sub>H2O</sub><sup>−1</sup><span>yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) calculated from measured reaction times in the Tertiary Floridan aquifer system in Florida and the Madison aquifer in the Mississippian Madison Limestone of the Northern Great Plains. Similarity of these rates to the estimated paleo-rates of dolomite dissolution supports a 10</span><sup>4</sup><span>&nbsp;yr reaction timeframe.</span></p><p><span>The Holocene reaction time also can be compared to a series of reaction times calculated by assuming that the mass of dolomite missing from the Edwards was removed at rates observed in the Floridan and Madison aquifers. These reaction times (for complete removal of dolomite) range from 2700 to 58,500 yr and span the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary.</span></p><p><span>Finally, an estimated dolomite reaction rate during dedolomitization of the Edwards aquifer based on surface area of exposed dolomite [mmol cm<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>&nbsp;(millimoles per square centimeter per second)] may be approximated from reaction times. This rate is directly a function of the mass of dolomite removed and the surface area exposed per pore volume passing through the rock. The surface area is available from the observed dolomite rhomb size in unaltered rock. The rate of pore fluid movement is obtained from the averaged annual discharge. Rates during formation of the Edwards aquifer calculated from all reaction times range from 10<sup>−13</sup>&nbsp;to 10<sup>−14</sup>&nbsp;mmol dolomite cm<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>. These rates are faster than rates (10<sup>−18</sup>&nbsp;mmol cm<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>), measured in the pure laboratory system, CaMg(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2 </sub>CO<sub>2 </sub>H<sub>2</sub>O, but slower than rates determined in an alpine stream study (10<sup>−10</sup>&nbsp;to 10<sup>−11</sup>&nbsp;mmol cm<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>) where cold glacial melt water flows over dolostone.</span></p><p><span>Dolomite dissolution rates from both the Edwards and other aquifers support the concept that a major part of the Edwards aquifer could have formed within the Holocene.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90023-Q","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Deike, R., 1990, Dolomite dissolution rates and possible Holocene dedolomitization of water-bearing units in the Edwards aquifer, south-central Texas: Journal of Hydrology, v. 112, no. 3-4, p. 335-373, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90023-Q.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"373","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222903,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"south-central Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -100.46550029210039,\n              29.57260405929422\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.46550029210039,\n              27.75101642105942\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.73974517883627,\n              27.75101642105942\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.73974517883627,\n              29.57260405929422\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.46550029210039,\n              29.57260405929422\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a039ee4b0c8380cd5058b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deike, R.G.","contributorId":63953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deike","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015999,"text":"70015999 - 1990 - Monitoring moisture storage in trees using time domain reflectometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:08:55.236545","indexId":"70015999","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring moisture storage in trees using time domain reflectometry","docAbstract":"<p><span>Laboratory and field tests were performed to examine the feasibility of using time domain reflectometry (TDR) to monitor changes in the moisture storage of the woody parts of trees. To serve as wave guides for the TDR signal, pairs of stainless steel rods (13 cm long, 0.32 cm in diameter, and 2.5 cm separation) were driven into parallel pilot holes drilled into the woody parts of trees, and a cable testing oscilloscope was used to determine the apparent dielectric constant. A laboratory calibration test was performed on two sapwood samples, so that the relation between the volumetric water content and the apparent dielectric constant of the sapwood could be determined over a range of water contents. The resulting calibration curve for these sapwood samples was significantly different than the general calibration curve used for soils, showing a smaller change in the apparent dielectric constant for a given change in the volumetric water content than is typical for soils. The calibration curve was used to estimate the average volumetric water content to a depth of 13 cm in living trees. One field experiment was conducted on an English walnut tree (</span><i>Juglans regia</i><span>) with a diameter of 40 cm, growing in a flood-irrigated orchard on a Hanford sandy loam near Modesto, California (U.S.A.). Rods were driven into the tree at about 50 cm above the soil surface and monitored hourly for the month of August, 1988. The moisture content determined by TDR showed a gradual decrease from 0.44 to 0.42 cm</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;cm</span><sup>−3</sup><span>&nbsp;over a two week period prior to flood irrigation, followed by a rapid rise to 0.47 cm</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;cm</span><sup>−3</sup><span>&nbsp;over a four day period after irrigation, then again a gradual decline approaching the next irrigation. A second field experiment was made on ten evergreen and deciduous trees with diameters ranging from 30 to 120 cm, growing in the foothills of the Coast Range of central California. Rods were driven into each tree at 50 to 100 cm above the soil surface and monitored on a biweekly to monthly basis for over a year. Most trees showed an early spring maximum in moisture content determined by TDR associated with leaf growth, and a late summer minimum in moisture content associated with the end of the dry season. Moisture contents ranged from 0.20 to 0.70 cm</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;cm</span><sup>−3</sup><span>, with an annual percentage change in moisture of 15% to 70% depending on species and environmental conditions. A final field test was performed in northern New Mexico (U.S.A.) to examine the effect of trunk freezing on TDR measurements. This test confirmed that freezing conditions were recorded as a total loss of liquid water by the TDR method. These results suggest that further TDR calibration for wood, plus some understanding of the relation between tree moisture and physiological stress could be useful to several disciplines, ranging from irrigation scheduling to watershed management to forest ecology.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90032-S","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Constantz, J., and Murphy, F., 1990, Monitoring moisture storage in trees using time domain reflectometry: Journal of Hydrology, v. 119, no. 1-4, p. 31-42, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90032-S.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223138,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Modesto","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.1140801245068,\n              37.72075117136899\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.1140801245068,\n              37.570755481439576\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.87833353846591,\n              37.570755481439576\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.87833353846591,\n              37.72075117136899\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.1140801245068,\n              37.72075117136899\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"119","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5dc0e4b0c8380cd70592","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Constantz, J.","contributorId":29953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murphy, F.","contributorId":42358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016189,"text":"70016189 - 1990 - Simulation of dispersion in layered coastal aquifer systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T15:33:49.969643","indexId":"70016189","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of dispersion in layered coastal aquifer systems","docAbstract":"<p>A density-dependent solute-transport formulation is used to examine ground-water flow in layered coastal aquifers. The numerical experiments indicate that although the transition zone may be thought of as an impermeable 'sharp' interface with freshwater flow parallel to the transition zone in homogeneous aquifers, this is not the case for layered systems. Freshwater can discharge through the transition zone in the confining units. Further, for the best simulation of layered coastal aquifer systems, either a flow-direction-dependent dispersion formulation is required, or the dispersivities must change spatially to reflect the tight thin confining unit.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90057-5","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Reilly, T.E., 1990, Simulation of dispersion in layered coastal aquifer systems: Journal of Hydrology, v. 114, no. 3-4, p. 211-228, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90057-5.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"228","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222839,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b901be4b08c986b319317","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reilly, T. E.","contributorId":79460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016222,"text":"70016222 - 1990 - Using 222Rn to examine groundwater/surface discharge interaction in the Rio Grande de Manati, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T15:43:35.6799","indexId":"70016222","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using 222Rn to examine groundwater/surface discharge interaction in the Rio Grande de Manati, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"<p><sup>222</sup><span>Rn was used in the karst drainage basin of the Rio Grande de Manati in Puerto Rico to study groundwater/surface flow relationships. Locations of groundwater influx along two sections of the Rio Grande de Manati were identified. The&nbsp;</span><sup>222</sup><span>Rn measurements were used together with stream discharge data in a mass balance equation to quantify the groundwater inputs. The investigation established that both of the sections of the Rio Manati surveyed not only gained groundwater, but lost surface flow. It was calculated that the river gained about 1.2m</span><sup>3</sup><span>s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;and lost 0.5m</span><sup>3</sup><span>s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;to the aquifer between Ciales and United States Geological Survey gauging station 5. Between United States Geological Survey gauging stations 6 and 7, groundwater influx and stream flow loss occurred simultaneously with groundwater inputs equalling surface discharge losses of 4m</span><sup>3</sup><span>s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. The study successfully demonstrated the innovative application of&nbsp;</span><sup>222</sup><span>Rn as a geochemical tracer in examining groundwater/surface flow relationships in a karst system.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90212-G","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Ellins, K.K., Roman-Mas, A., and Lee, R., 1990, Using 222Rn to examine groundwater/surface discharge interaction in the Rio Grande de Manati, Puerto Rico: Journal of Hydrology, v. 115, no. 1-4, p. 319-341, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90212-G.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"341","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223457,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -66.58188252129682,\n              18.497093307989488\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.58188252129682,\n              18.35562602091997\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.45482756482293,\n              18.35562602091997\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.45482756482293,\n              18.497093307989488\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.58188252129682,\n              18.497093307989488\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"115","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc00be4b08c986b329ec2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellins, K. Kelly","contributorId":32681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellins","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kelly","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roman-Mas, A.","contributorId":29578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roman-Mas","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, R.","contributorId":97153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016186,"text":"70016186 - 1990 - Movement and fate of atrazine and bromide in central Kansas croplands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T16:04:01.35378","indexId":"70016186","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement and fate of atrazine and bromide in central Kansas croplands","docAbstract":"<p>Two flooding experiments were conducted at two sites with different soils to study the transport and fate of the commonly used herbicide atrazine and inorganic chemicals in the Great Bend Prairie croplands of south-central Kansas. The instantaneous profile method supplemented by the use of an organic (atrazine) and an inorganic (bromide) tracer chemical was used to characterize in situ the hydraulic and chemical properties of the appropriately instrumented field sites. Atrazine readily degraded to hydroxyatrazine and biodegradation by-products and was not detected deeper in the soil profile and underlying shallow aquifer. The classical processes of chemical movement based on porous media-equilibrium-diffuse flow did not fit the data well at either site. Incompletely mixed, slug flow appeared to predominate at one of the sites and preferential flow at the other. The slug movement caused 'piston-type' displacement of more saline solutions in the soil profile to the shallow water table. Recommendations for conducting related field studies based on our sampling experience are given.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90201-8","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Sophocleous, M., Townsend, M., and Whittemore, D.O., 1990, Movement and fate of atrazine and bromide in central Kansas croplands: Journal of Hydrology, v. 115, no. 1-4, p. 115-137, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90201-8.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"137","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222786,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"central Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -99.61291576704008,\n              38.78061525709248\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.61291576704008,\n              37.33481314892835\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.20046808257854,\n              37.33481314892835\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.20046808257854,\n              38.78061525709248\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.61291576704008,\n              38.78061525709248\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"115","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5f0be4b0c8380cd70d35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sophocleous, M.","contributorId":13373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sophocleous","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Townsend, M.A.","contributorId":88785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Townsend","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whittemore, Donald O.","contributorId":28748,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whittemore","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016187,"text":"70016187 - 1990 - A method to extract soil water for stable isotope analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T15:37:27.692596","indexId":"70016187","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A method to extract soil water for stable isotope analysis","docAbstract":"<p><span>A method has been developed to extract soil water for determination of deuterium (D) and&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O content. The principle of this method is based on the observation that water and toluene form an azeotropic mixture at 84.1°C, but are completely immiscible at ambient temperature. In a specially designed distillation apparatus, the soil water is distilled at 84.1°C with toluene and is separated quantitatively in the collecting funnel at ambient temperature. Traces of toluene are removed and the sample can be analyzed by mass spectrometry. Kerosene may be substituted for toluene. The accuracy of this technique is ± 2 and </span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#xB1; 0.2&amp;#x2030;</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">± 0.2‰</span></span></span><span>, respectively, for δD and δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O. Reduced accuracy is obtained at low water contents.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90217-L","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Revesz, K.M., and Woods, P.H., 1990, A method to extract soil water for stable isotope analysis: Journal of Hydrology, v. 115, no. 1-4, p. 397-406, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90217-L.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"397","endPage":"406","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222837,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e460e4b0c8380cd46602","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Revesz, Kinga M. krevesz@usgs.gov","contributorId":506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"Kinga","email":"krevesz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":372786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woods, Peter H.","contributorId":12980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woods","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016206,"text":"70016206 - 1990 - Theory and application of an approximate model of saltwater upconing in aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T15:59:24.858686","indexId":"70016206","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Theory and application of an approximate model of saltwater upconing in aquifers","docAbstract":"<p>Motion and mixing of salt water and fresh water are vitally important for water-resource development throughout the world. An approximate model of saltwater upconing in aquifers is developed, which results in three non-linear coupled equations for the freshwater zone, the saltwater zone, and the transition zone. The description of the transition zone uses the concept of a boundary layer. This model invokes some assumptions to give a reasonably tractable model, considerably better than the sharp interface approximation but considerably simpler than a fully three-dimensional model with variable density. We assume the validity of the Dupuit-Forchheimer approximation of horizontal flow in each layer. Vertical hydrodynamic dispersion into the base of the transition zone is assumed and concentration of the saltwater zone is assumed constant. Solute in the transition zone is assumed to be moved by advection only. Velocity and concentration are allowed to vary vertically in the transition zone by using shape functions. Several numerical techniques can be used to solve the model equations, and simple analytical solutions can be useful in validating the numerical solution procedures. We find that the model equations can be solved with adequate accuracy using the procedures presented. The approximate model is applied to the Smoky Hill River valley in central Kansas. This model can reproduce earlier sharp interface results as well as evaluate the importance of hydrodynamic dispersion for feeding salt water to the river. We use a wide range of dispersivity values and find that unstable upconing always occurs. Therefore, in this case, hydrodynamic dispersion is not the only mechanism feeding salt water to the river. Calculations imply that unstable upconing and hydrodynamic dispersion could be equally important in transporting salt water. For example, if groundwater flux to the Smoky Hill River were only about 40% of its expected value, stable upconing could exist where hydrodynamic dispersion into a transition zone is the primary mechanism for moving salt water to the river. The current model could be useful in situations involving dense saltwater layers.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90202-9","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"McElwee, C., and Kemblowski, M., 1990, Theory and application of an approximate model of saltwater upconing in aquifers: Journal of Hydrology, v. 115, no. 1-4, p. 139-163, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90202-9.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"163","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223150,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb1ffe4b08c986b32553c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McElwee, C.","contributorId":41596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McElwee","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kemblowski, M.","contributorId":54340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemblowski","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016257,"text":"70016257 - 1990 - Topographic effects on flow path and surface water chemistry of the Llyn Brianne catchments in Wales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T15:53:14.936616","indexId":"70016257","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topographic effects on flow path and surface water chemistry of the Llyn Brianne catchments in Wales","docAbstract":"<p>Topographic shape is a watershed attribute thought to influence the flow path followed by water as it traverses a catchment. Flow path, in turn, may affect the chemical composition of surface waters. Topography is quantified in the hydrological model TOPMODEL as the relative frequency distribution of the index ln(atanB), where a is the upslope area per unit contour that drains past a point and tanB is the local surface slope. Spatial distributions of ln(atanB) were calculated for eight catchments in Wales on a 25 m x 25 m grid. Among the catchments, mean observed stream H+ concentration during high flow periods was highly correlated with the mean of the ln(atanB) distribution. The steady-state gain of a transfer function (time series) model relating H+ to discharge was positively correlated with the mean of the ln(atanB) distribution. These results suggest that during high flow periods, both the average stream acidity and the magnitude of fluctuations in H+ are conditioned by the topographic shape of the catchment. By performing a sensitivity analysis on TOPMODEL, we also show that as the mean of the ln(atanB) distribution for a catchment increases, so does its theoretical likelihood to produce significant quantities of surface and near-surface runoff. Our observed results in the Llyn Brianne catchments are consistent with this theoretical expectation in that surface or near-surface runoff is often higher in acidity than are deeper sources of hillslope runoff.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90207-E","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Wolock, D., Hornberger, G., and Musgrove, T., 1990, Topographic effects on flow path and surface water chemistry of the Llyn Brianne catchments in Wales: Journal of Hydrology, v. 115, no. 1-4, p. 243-259, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90207-E.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"259","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223256,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United Kingdom","otherGeospatial":"Wales","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -5.126165378116639,\n              53.51661908857275\n            ],\n            [\n              -5.126165378116639,\n              51.36214123180656\n            ],\n            [\n              -2.9628795494702445,\n              51.36214123180656\n            ],\n            [\n              -2.9628795494702445,\n              53.51661908857275\n            ],\n            [\n              -5.126165378116639,\n              53.51661908857275\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"115","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb47ce4b08c986b3263c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hornberger, G.M.","contributorId":68463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Musgrove, T.J.","contributorId":24926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Musgrove","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016307,"text":"70016307 - 1990 - Storm-runoff generation in the Permanente Creek drainage basin, west central California - An example of flood-wave effects on runoff composition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-24T17:34:45.320706","indexId":"70016307","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Storm-runoff generation in the Permanente Creek drainage basin, west central California - An example of flood-wave effects on runoff composition","docAbstract":"<p>Variations in the isotopic and chemical composition of storm runoff in the 10.6-km<sup>2</sup> Permanente Creek basin, Santa Clara County, California, indicate that changes in water composition lag behind changes in streamflow. This lag occurs even though field observations and rainfall-runoff modeling indicate that much of the storm runoff must be composed of \"new\" water running off impervious surfaces. The apparent incompatibility posed by the presence of \"old\" water and the direct and indirect evidence that surface runoff contributes substantially to storm runoff can be explained if initial rises in streamflow result from effects of flood waves. Flood waves composed of old channel water reach downstream locations ahead of the new water derived from impervious areas. By this mechanism, streamflow can rise rapidly in response to surface runoff and still be composed of large amounts of old water. Data collected in Permanente Creek indicate that flood waves can occur even in small basins, at least when those basins contain impervious surfaces.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90183-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Nolan, K., and Hill, B.R., 1990, Storm-runoff generation in the Permanente Creek drainage basin, west central California - An example of flood-wave effects on runoff composition: Journal of Hydrology, v. 113, no. 1-4, p. 343-367, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90183-X.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"367","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223261,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"west central California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.14469523179008,\n              37.42551262779051\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.14469523179008,\n              37.36025739980698\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.0689730637554,\n              37.36025739980698\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.0689730637554,\n              37.42551262779051\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.14469523179008,\n              37.42551262779051\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"113","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9882e4b08c986b31c072","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nolan, K.M.","contributorId":36151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolan","given":"K.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, B. R.","contributorId":72833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016336,"text":"70016336 - 1990 - Effect of faults on fluid flow and chloride contamination in a carbonate aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T16:14:46.677585","indexId":"70016336","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of faults on fluid flow and chloride contamination in a carbonate aquifer system","docAbstract":"<p>A unified, multidiscipline hypothesis is proposed to explain the anomalous pattern by which chloride has been found in water of the Upper Floridan aquifer in Brunswick, Glynn County, Georgia. Analyses of geophysical, hydraulic, water chemistry, and aquifer test data using the equivalent porous medium (EPM) approach are used to support the hypothesis and to improve further the understanding of the fracture-flow system in this area. Using the data presented herein we show that: (1) four major northeast-southwest trending faults, capable of affecting the flow system of the Upper Floridan aquifer, can be inferred from structural analysis of geophysical data and from regional fault patterns; (2) the proposed faults account for the anomalous northeastward elongation of the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer; (3) the faults breach the nearly impermeable units that confine the Upper Floridan aquifer from below, allowing substantial quantities of water to leak vertically upward; as a result, aquifer transmissivity need not be excessively large (as previously reported) to sustain the heavy, long-term pumpage at Brunswick without developing a steep cone of depression in the potentiometric surface; (4) increased fracturing at the intersection of the faults enhances the development of conduits that allow the upward migration of high-chloride water in response to pumping from the Upper Floridan aquifer; and (5) the anomalous movement of the chloride plume is almost entirely controlled by the faults.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90196-5","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Maslia, M., and Prowell, D., 1990, Effect of faults on fluid flow and chloride contamination in a carbonate aquifer system: Journal of Hydrology, v. 115, no. 1-4, p. 1-49, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90196-5.","productDescription":"49 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"49","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223006,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Glynn 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,{"id":70016143,"text":"70016143 - 1990 - Modelling streamwater chemistry as a mixture of soilwater end-members - An application to the Panola Mountain catchment, Georgia, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T16:21:04.448626","indexId":"70016143","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling streamwater chemistry as a mixture of soilwater end-members - An application to the Panola Mountain catchment, Georgia, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"<p>Streamwater chemistry at Panola Mountain research catchment, Georgia, U.S.A., is explained as a mixture of representative soilwater solutions that are considered to be temporally invariant to a first approximation. The selection of three end-members from all sampled soil waters is evaluated by comparing the observed and predicted streamwater concentration of six solutes (alkalinity, sulfate, sodium, magnesium, calcium and dissolved silica), which are assumed to mix conservatively, and by assessing the consistency of the implied hydrograph separation with the hydrological mechanisms that are believed to be operating in this catchment. The percentage of variation in the streamwater solute concentrations explained by the end-member mixing analysis (EMMA) ranges from 82 to &gt;97%, and the hydrograph separation is, intuitively, physically reasonable. If the correct end-members have been identified, the streamwater chemical response to different levels of acidic deposition can be predicted by examining the change in each end-member under different loads; no hydrological model is required. If a traditional hydrochemical model, which is driven by rainfall quantity and quality, is desired, this analysis provides an indication of the model structure that would be necessary to reproduce both streamwater and soilwater chemistry.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90131-G","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Hooper, R.P., Christophersen, N., and Peters, N., 1990, Modelling streamwater chemistry as a mixture of soilwater end-members - An application to the Panola Mountain catchment, Georgia, U.S.A.: Journal of Hydrology, v. 116, no. 1-4, p. 321-343, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90131-G.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"343","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222834,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Panola Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -84.67705761975864,\n              33.81397750526931\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.67705761975864,\n              33.46999873565858\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.00474554401298,\n              33.46999873565858\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.00474554401298,\n              33.81397750526931\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.67705761975864,\n              33.81397750526931\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"116","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c74e4b0c8380cd6fced","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hooper, R. P.","contributorId":26321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christophersen, N.","contributorId":69711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christophersen","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016042,"text":"70016042 - 1990 - Modelling streamwater chemistry as a mixture of soilwater end-members - A step towards second-generation acidification models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-29T13:21:31.182536","indexId":"70016042","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling streamwater chemistry as a mixture of soilwater end-members - A step towards second-generation acidification models","docAbstract":"<p>In present acidification models, soilwater characteristics, though modelled, are seldom checked against field observations. Given that such data are now collected as part of many catchment studies, a technique is developed whereby stream water can be predicted as a mixture of the observed soilwater classes or end-members. Provided that a sufficient set of end-members has been identified, a least-squares technique can be used to estimate the contribution to the stream from each end-member, whenever streamwater samples have been taken. For two catchments, Birkenes in southern Norway and Plynlimon in Mid-Wales, the analysis indicates that the soilwater end-members observed to date are insufficient to explain streamwater chemistry. However, properties of the missing soil waters have been identified, thus facilitating future field work. When an adequate set of soilwater end-members has been established, long-term predictions of changes in streamwater chemistry reduce to the problem of predicting the fate of each end-member. Thus, a separate hydrological submodel is not needed, since the mixing patterns are derived from the end-member analysis.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90130-P","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Christophersen, N., Neal, C., Hooper, R.P., Vogt, R., and Andersen, S., 1990, Modelling streamwater chemistry as a mixture of soilwater end-members - A step towards second-generation acidification models: Journal of Hydrology, v. 116, no. 1-4, p. 307-320, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90130-P.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"320","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223039,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c74e4b0c8380cd6fce4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christophersen, N.","contributorId":69711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christophersen","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neal, C.","contributorId":89269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hooper, R. P.","contributorId":26321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vogt, R.D.","contributorId":96012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogt","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Andersen, S.","contributorId":101016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":134,"text":"wsp2350 - 1990 - National water summary 1987: Hydrologic events and water supply and use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-28T21:03:11.195151","indexId":"wsp2350","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2350","title":"National water summary 1987: Hydrologic events and water supply and use","docAbstract":"<p>Water use in the United States, as measured by freshwater withdrawals in 1985, averaged 338,000 Mgal/d (million gallons per day), which is enough water to cover the 48 conterminous States to a depth of about 2.4 inches. Only 92,300 Mgal/d, or 27.3 percent of the water withdrawn, was consumptive use and thus lost to immediate further use; the remainder of the withdrawals (72.7 percent) was return flow available for reuse a number of times as the water flowed to the sea. The 1985 freshwater withdrawals were much less than the average 30 inches of precipitation that falls on the conterminous States each year; consumptive use accounted for only 7 percent of the estimated annual runoff of 1,230,000 Mgal/d. Nonetheless, as the State summaries on water supply and use clearly show, water is not always available when and where it is needed. Balancing water demands with available water supplies constitutes one of the major resource allocation issues that will face the United States in the coming decade.</p><p>Of the 1985 freshwater withdrawals, 78.3 percent (265,000 Mgal/d) came from surface-water sources (streams and lakes), and 21.7 percent (73,300 Mgal/d) came from ground water. Surface water provided drinking water for about 47 percent of the Nation's total population. It was the source of 59.9 percent of the Nation's public-supply systems. For self-supplied withdrawals, surface water accounted for 1.6 percent of the domestic and commercial uses; 64.0 percent of the industrial and mining use; 99.4 percent of the thermoelectric generation withdrawals, mainly for cooling water; and 65.6 percent of the agricultural withdrawals. Eight States accounted for 43 percent of the surface-water use; California, Colorado, and Idaho used surface water primarily for irrigation, and Dlinois, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas used surface-water primarily for cooling condensers or reactors in thermoelectric plants.</p><p>Ground water provided drinking water for 53 percent of the Nation's total population and nearly all the rural population. It was the source of 40.1 percent of the public-supply systems withdrawals. For self-supplied withdrawals, ground water accounted for 11.3 percent of the domestic and commercial use, 17.3 percent of the industrial and mining withdrawals, less than 1 percent of the thermoelectric generation withdrawals, and 34.4 percent of the agricultural withdrawals (irrigation and livestock). Eight States Arizona, Arkansas, California, Florida, Idaho, Kansas, Nebraska, and Texas accounted for 66 percent of the ground water used. In each of those States, as in many other States, irrigation was the major use of ground water. Each offstream-use category described in the State summaries public supply, domestic and commercial, industrial and mining, thermoelectric power, and agriculture (irrigation and livestock) followed its own geographic pattern as described below.</p><p>Consumptive use of water effectively removes the water from immediate further use downstream of the withdrawal point. Of the total amount of consumptive water use in 1985, agricultural use accounted for about 82.5 percent. More than one-half (53 percent) of irrigation water is consumptively used by evapotranspiration or is incorporated into the crop. This is a good indication of the effect that irrigated agriculture can have in a river basin where irrigation is a major activity. The availability of return flows for reuse depends largely on where the water reenters the system. If the return flows are discharged to a stream, they usually can be reused; if they are discharged to a saltwater estuary, they are effectively lost to further use because of water-quality degradation just as if the water had been consumptively used. Similarly, water that recharges a highly transmissive aquifer can be available for reuse either through pumpage from a well or as discharge to a local stream. Thus, much of the water withdrawn for different uses can and does become available for further use although the quality might degrade with each additional use.</p><p>The allocation and the management of water resources are the responsibilities of the individual States and water institutions within the States. These institutions are evolving in response to the challenges of water management problems. As the individual State summaries indicate, recent State legislation deals with facilitating water transfers within the States as a means of reducing imbalances between water supplies and use, with emphasizing water conservation in times of drought and at places where groundwater depletion is a problem of long standing, and with reducing threats to public health and the environment from water pollution.</p><p>Most of the State summaries indicate the expectation that water use will continue to increase in the future and that water contamination will continue to be a major water concern. Both issues will require increasingly intensive water management in the future. Whether the water resources under management are considered to be fully appropriated or over appropriated, as in some Western States, or whether the resource could support additional development, as is the situation in most States, improved water-use information will play a key role in future water management efforts.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2350","usgsCitation":"United States Geological Survey, 1990, National water summary 1987: Hydrologic events and water supply and use: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2350, xii, 553 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2350.","productDescription":"xii, 553 p.","numberOfPages":"567","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science 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,{"id":68668,"text":"ha720B - 1990 - Hydrogeology of the Ojo Alamo Sandstone in the San Juan structural basin, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:31","indexId":"ha720B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"720","chapter":"B","title":"Hydrogeology of the Ojo Alamo Sandstone in the San Juan structural basin, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona and Utah","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha720B","usgsCitation":"Thorn, C.R., Levings, G.W., Craigg, S.D., Dam, W.L., and Kernodle, J.M., 1990, Hydrogeology of the Ojo Alamo Sandstone in the San Juan structural basin, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 720, 9 maps on 2 sheets :col. ;sheets 86 x 109 cm. and 88 x 99 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha720B.","productDescription":"9 maps on 2 sheets :col. ;sheets 86 x 109 cm. and 88 x 99 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":90374,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/720b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":90375,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/720b/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1000000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.5,34.75 ], [ -109.5,37.75 ], [ -106.5,37.75 ], [ -106.5,34.75 ], [ -109.5,34.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db614f78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorn, Conde R.","contributorId":88397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"Conde","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Levings, G. W.","contributorId":12485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levings","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Craigg, S. D.","contributorId":59839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craigg","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dam, W. L.","contributorId":100890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dam","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kernodle, J. M.","contributorId":81139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kernodle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":68317,"text":"ha717 - 1990 - Areal variation of suspended-sediment yields within and adjacent to the coal fields of the eastern coal province and the eastern region of the interior coal province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:28","indexId":"ha717","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"717","title":"Areal variation of suspended-sediment yields within and adjacent to the coal fields of the eastern coal province and the eastern region of the interior coal province","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha717","usgsCitation":"Hickman, R.E., 1990, Areal variation of suspended-sediment yields within and adjacent to the coal fields of the eastern coal province and the eastern region of the interior coal province: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 717, 15 maps on 3 sheets :col. ;27 x 24 cm. and 13 x 17 cm., on sheets 79 x 61 cm. and 79 x 71 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha717.","productDescription":"15 maps on 3 sheets :col. ;27 x 24 cm. and 13 x 17 cm., on sheets 79 x 61 cm. and 79 x 71 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":89768,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/717/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89769,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/717/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89770,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/717/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"7000000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90,30 ], [ -90,45 ], [ -80,45 ], [ -80,30 ], [ -90,30 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db6732a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hickman, R. Edward 0000-0001-5160-3723 whickman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5160-3723","contributorId":3153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"R.","email":"whickman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":278018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":68165,"text":"ha730G - 1990 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 6, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":68165,"text":"ha730G - 1990 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 6, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina","indexId":"ha730G","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"chapter":"G","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 6, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-30T15:51:18","indexId":"ha730G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"730","chapter":"G","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 6, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina","docAbstract":"<p>The four States-Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina-that comprise Segment 6 of this Atlas are located adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean or the Gulf of Mexico, or both. These States are drained by numerous rivers and streams, the largest being the Tombigbee, Alabama, Chattahoochee, Suwannee, St. Johns, Altamaha, and Savannah Rivers. These large rivers and their tributaries supply water to cities such as Columbia, S.C., Atlanta, Ga., and Birmingham, Ala. However, the majority of the population, particularly in the Coastal Plain which comprises more than one-half of the four-State area, depends on ground water as a source of water supply. The aquifers that contain the water are mostly composed of consolidated to unconsolidated sedimentary rocks, but also include hard, crystalline rocks in parts of three of the States. This chapter describes the geology and hydrology of each of the principal aquifers throughout the four-State area. </p><p>Precipitation is the source of all the water in the four States of Segment 6. Average annual precipitation (1951-80) ranges from about 48 inches per year over a large part of central South Carolina and Georgia to about 80 inches per year in mountainous areas of northeastern Georgia and western South Carolina. (fig. 1) In general, precipitation is greatest in the mountains (because of their orographic effect) and near the coast, where water vapor, which has been evaporated primarily from the ocean and the gulf, is picked up by prevailing winds and subsequently condenses and falls as precipitation when reaching the shoreline. </p><p>Much of the precipitation either flows directly into rivers and stream as overland runoff or indirectly as baseflow discharging from aquifers where the water has been stored for a short time. Accordingly, the areal distribution of average annual runoff from 1951 to 1980 (fig. 2) directly reflects that of average annual precipitation during the same period: runoff is greater in mountainous areas and near the coast. Average annual runoff in the four-State area ranges from about 8 inches per year in parts of north-central Florida to about 50 inches per year in the mountains of northeastern Georgia. </p><p>Comparison of the precipitation and runoff maps shows precipitation is greater than runoff everywhere in the four-State area. Much of the precipitation that falls on the area is returned to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration-evaporation from surface-water bodies, such as lakes and marshes, and transpiration from plants. However, a substantial part of the precipitation is available for aquifer recharge throughout the area.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha730G","isbn":"0607767561","usgsCitation":"Miller, J.A., 1990, Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 6, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 730, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha730G.","productDescription":"28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11484,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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,{"id":68168,"text":"ha719 - 1990 - Geohydrology and water quality of Cenozoic and Mesozoic units in southeast Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-28T12:09:26","indexId":"ha719","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"719","title":"Geohydrology and water quality of Cenozoic and Mesozoic units in southeast Missouri","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey is conducting a regional water-resources investigation of the Gulf Coast Regional Aquifer System, which includes the Mississippi embayment aquifer system in the southeast lowlands of Missouri (Grubb, 1986). The regional study will describe and evaluate the significant aquifer systems of Tertiary and younger age in parts of 10 States (Grubb, 1984). Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic geologic units in southeast Missouri have been described and mapped to define the aquifers of the area (Mesko, in press). This report describes aquifers in unconsolidated sediments of Cenozoic and Mesozoic age of southeast Missouri and presents geohydrologic and water-quality information collected during the study.<br />The southeast lowlands of Missouri is underlain by a multiaquifer ground-water system consisting of unconsolidated and consolidated sediment (table 1, sheet 2). Unconsolidated aquifers, from youngest to oldest, are the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, Claiborne and Wilcox aquifers (Cenozoic age), and the McNairy aquifer (Mesozoic age). Numerous geologic formations that primarily consist of sand and clay comprise these units. Consolidated aquifers underlying the region are the Ozark and St. Francois aquifers (Paleozoic age). These aquifers in Paleozoic rocks occur at greater depth and produce saline quality water (except near the margin of the embayment), and are not discussed in detail in this report.</p>","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha719","usgsCitation":"Mesko, T.O., 1990, Geohydrology and water quality of Cenozoic and Mesozoic units in southeast Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 719, 23 maps on 2 sheets :col. ;sheets 76 x 99 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha719.","productDescription":"23 maps on 2 sheets :col. ;sheets 76 x 99 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":89475,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/719/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89476,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/719/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1000000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90,36 ], [ -90,37 ], [ 0,37 ], [ 0,36 ], [ -90,36 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8bb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mesko, Thomas O.","contributorId":81498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesko","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":67981,"text":"ha709 - 1990 - Hydrologic framework of Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-30T08:35:54","indexId":"ha709","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"709","title":"Hydrologic framework of Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"<p>Long Island, N.Y., is underlain by a mass of unconsolidated geologic deposits of clay, silt, sand, and gravel that overlie southward-sloping consolidated bedrock. These deposits are thinnest in northern Queens County (northwestern Long Island), where bedrock crops out, and increase to a maximum thickness of 2,000 ft in southeastern Long Island. This sequence of unconsolidated deposits consists of several distinct geologic units ranging in age from late Cretaceous through Pleistocene, with some recent deposits near shores and streams. These units are differentiated by age, depositional environment, and lithology in table 1. <br />Investigations of ground-water availability and flow patterns may require information on the internal geometry of the hydrologic system that geologic correlations and interpretation alone cannot provide; hydrologic interpretations in which deposits are differentiated on the basis of water-transmitting properties are generally needed also. This set of maps and vertical sections depicts the hydrogeologic framework of the unconsolidated deposits that form Long Island's ground-water system. These deposits can be classified into eight major hydrogeologic units (table 1). The hydrogeologic interpretations presented herein are not everywhere consistent with strict geologic interpretation owing to facies changes and local variations in the water-transmitting properties within geologic units. <br />These maps depict the upper-surface altitude of seven of the eight hydrogeologic units, which, in ascending order, are: consolidated bedrock, Lloyd aquifer, Raritan confining unit, Magothy aquifer, Monmouth greensand, Jameco aquifer, and Gardiners Clay. The upper glacial aquifer&mdash;the uppermost unit&mdash;is at land surface over most of Long Island and is, therefore, not included. The nine north-south hydrogeologic sections shown below depict the entire sequence of unconsolidated deposits and, together with the maps, provide a detailed three-dimensional interpretation of Long Island's hydrogeologic framework. <br />The structure-contour map that shows the upper-surface altitude of the Cretaceous deposits is included to illustrate the erosional unconformity between the Cretaceous and overlying Pleistocene deposits. Pleistocene erosion played a major role in determining the shape and extent of the Lloyd aquifer, the Raritan confining unit, and the Magothy aquifer, and thus partly determined their hydrogeologic relation with subsequent (post-Cretaceous) deposits.</p>","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha709","usgsCitation":"Smolensky, D.A., Buxton, H.T., and Shernoff, P.K., 1990, Hydrologic framework of Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 709, 7 maps on 3 sheets :col. ;32 x 79 cm., sheets 117 x 89 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha709.","productDescription":"7 maps on 3 sheets :col. ;32 x 79 cm., sheets 117 x 89 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":89217,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/709/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89218,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/709/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89219,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/709/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74.16666666666667,40.5 ], [ -74.16666666666667,41.333333333333336 ], [ -72.16666666666667,41.333333333333336 ], [ -72.16666666666667,40.5 ], [ -74.16666666666667,40.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606a39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smolensky, Douglas A.","contributorId":105341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smolensky","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buxton, Herbert T. hbuxton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"Herbert","email":"hbuxton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":277444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shernoff, Peter K.","contributorId":104030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shernoff","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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