A large amount of water suitable for most uses is available in the lower Rio Grande de Anasco Valley, the major source of which is the Rio Grande de Anasco which contributes about 95% of the surface water inflow to the lower valley. River flow at El Espino exceeds 100 cu ft/sec about 85% of the time and 200 cu ft/sec 50% of the time. Average daily flow for the driest months of the year (February, March, and April), is almost always <100 cu ft/sec. In contrast, the average daily flow for the wettest, months of the year (September, October, and November), is > 120 cu ft/sec. During the study period, flows of the Rio Canas averaged about 5 cu ft/sec. The lower valley is underlain by igneous rocks that have been eroded to depths of 350 ft or more below sea level. The valley is filled with 250 ft or more of limestone and clay, that in turn is overlain by as much as 100 ft of alluvium. The amount of groundwater available is unknown. There are large volumes of water in the saturated mostly fine-grained alluvium of Zone II, but as a whole the alluvium does not yield water readily to wells. Sand and gravel deposits associated with former river channels yield an estimated 100 to 150 gal/min to wells. The principal source of groundwater is the limestone of Zone III, that reportedly yields as much as 500 gal/min to wells. The quality of surface water especially that of Rio Grande de Anasco was very good. Specific conductance seldom exceeds 250 microsiemens/cm, even at low flows. Both salinity and sodium are low, falling in the Cl-S1 irrigation water classification. Water quality in the lower 5,000 ft or so of the river was affected by saltwater encroachment from the sea. The water quality of the other streams and canals in the lower valley was variable depending on susceptibility of saltwater encroachment, contamination from man-made sources, and concentration of minerals by evapotranspiration. Specific conductance however seldom exceeded 500 microsiemens/cm and the water usually falls in the C1-S2 classification. The quality of groundwater in the alluvial aquifer was about the same as that of the water of the Rio Grande de Anasco except where encroached by saltwater or contaminated. The water from the limestone was more mineralized than that of the alluvium (about 600 to 700 microsiemens/cm), and was somewhat similar to that of the smaller streams and canals in the valley.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854237","usgsCitation":"Diaz, J.R., and Jordan, D., 1987, Water resources of the Rio Grande de Añasco-lower valley, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4237, vii, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854237.","productDescription":"vii, 48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394913,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36385.htm"},{"id":55720,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4237/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4237/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","otherGeospatial":"Rio Grande de Anasco - lower valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.23770141601562,\n 18.248915760544524\n ],\n [\n -67.06878662109375,\n 18.248915760544524\n ],\n [\n -67.06878662109375,\n 18.293253626696984\n ],\n [\n -67.23770141601562,\n 18.293253626696984\n ],\n [\n -67.23770141601562,\n 18.248915760544524\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f03b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diaz, Jose Raul","contributorId":18363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diaz","given":"Jose","email":"","middleInitial":"Raul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jordan, Donald G.","contributorId":9519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"Donald G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26801,"text":"wri874007 - 1987 - Ground-water quality and geochemistry of Las Vegas Valley, Clark County, Nevada, 1981-83: Implementation of a monitoring network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-02T21:59:20.341167","indexId":"wri874007","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4007","title":"Ground-water quality and geochemistry of Las Vegas Valley, Clark County, Nevada, 1981-83: Implementation of a monitoring network","docAbstract":"As a result of rapid urban growth in Las Vegas Valley, rates of water use and wastewater disposal have grown rapidly during the last 25 years. Concern has developed over the potential water quality effects of this growth. The deep percolation of wastewater and irrigation return flow (much of which originates as imported water from Lake Mead), along with severe overdraft conditions in the principal aquifers of the valley, could combine to pose a long-term threat to groundwater quality. The quantitative investigations of groundwater quality and geochemical conditions in the valley necessary to address these concerns would include the establishment of data collection networks on a valley-wide scale that differ substantially from existing networks. The valley-wide networks would have a uniform areal distribution of sampling sites, would sample from all major depth zones, and would entail repeated sampling from each site. With these criteria in mind, 40 wells were chosen for inclusion in a demonstration monitoring network. Groundwater in the northern half of the valley generally contains 200 to 400 mg/L of dissolved solids, and is dominated by calcium, magnesium , and bicarbonate ions, reflecting a chemical equilibrium between the groundwater and the dominantly carbonate rocks in the aquifers of this area. The intermediate to deep groundwater in the southern half of the valley is of poorer quality (containing 700 to 1,500 mg/L of dissolved solids) and is dominated by calcium, magnesium, sulfate, and bicarbonate ions, reflecting the occurrence of other rock types including evaporite minerals among the still-dominant carbonate rocks in the aquifers of this part of the valley. The poorest quality groundwater in the valley is generally in the lowland parts of the valley in the first few feet beneath the water table, where dissolved solids concentrations range from 2,000 to > 7,000 mg/L , and probably reflects the effects of evaporite dissolution, secondary recharge, and evapotranspiration. The most common water quality constraint on potential groundwater use is the high salinity. No evidence of large-scale contamination of deep groundwater was found in this study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri874007","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M.D., 1987, Ground-water quality and geochemistry of Las Vegas Valley, Clark County, Nevada, 1981-83: Implementation of a monitoring network: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4007, v, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874007.","productDescription":"v, 69 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395317,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46696.htm"},{"id":55689,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4007/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4007/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Clark County","otherGeospatial":"Las Vegas Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.2883,\n 35.95\n ],\n [\n -114.9231,\n 35.95\n ],\n [\n -114.9231,\n 36.3444\n ],\n [\n -115.2883,\n 36.3444\n ],\n [\n -115.2883,\n 35.95\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6673c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":197027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":41938,"text":"ofr87336 - 1987 - Aeromagnetic map of the Goshute area, northeastern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:31","indexId":"ofr87336","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-336","title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Goshute area, northeastern Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr87336","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1987, Aeromagnetic map of the Goshute area, northeastern Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-336, 1 map :photocopy ;140 x 73 cm., on sheet 150 x 77 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87336.","productDescription":"1 map :photocopy ;140 x 73 cm., on sheet 150 x 77 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":172748,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":21241,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0336/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af8e4b07f02db694084","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":530718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29300,"text":"wri854038 - 1987 - Quality of water in mines in the Western Middle Coal Field, Anthracite Region, east-central Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-20T08:41:03","indexId":"wri854038","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4038","title":"Quality of water in mines in the Western Middle Coal Field, Anthracite Region, east-central Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The quality of mine water in the 75 sq-mi Western Middle anthracite field, Pennsylvania was determined by sampling discharges and boreholes at 60 abandoned and flooded mines during 1975-78. The Vulcan-Buck Mountain mine, east-northeast of Mahanoy City, contains an estimated 6,100 acre-ft of water with a specific conductance of 380 to 460 micromhos and a pH of 4.4 to 4.6 units. Twenty-two mines are in a 15-sq mi area between Mahanoy City and Girardville, all of which closed prior to 1958. Seven of these mines in the Mahanoy Basin may contain 30,000 acre-ft of water. Specific conductance ranges from 630 micromhos in the Tunnel mine to 1,800 micromhos in the Gilberton mine. Fifteen of these mines are in the Shenandoah complex; specific conductance ranges from 240 to 310 micromhos in mines in the eastern end of the complex to 2,400 micromhos in the western end. The specific conductance of water in 25 mines in the Mount Carmel-Shamokin area ranges from 460 to 980 micromhos. The North Franklin mine near Trevorton contains about 4,900 acre-ft of water with a specific conductance of about 1,100 micromhos. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854038","usgsCitation":"Reed, L., Beard, M., and Growitz, D., 1987, Quality of water in mines in the Western Middle Coal Field, Anthracite Region, east-central Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4038, vi, 51 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854038.","productDescription":"vi, 51 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58144,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4038/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58141,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4038/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58145,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4038/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58143,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4038/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58146,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4038/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58147,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4038/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58148,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4038/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58149,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4038/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4038/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58142,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4038/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8be4b07f02db6516a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, L.A.","contributorId":14454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beard, M.M.","contributorId":8897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beard","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Growitz, D.J.","contributorId":60273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Growitz","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":41868,"text":"ofr8792 - 1987 - Aeromagnetic map of the Hernandez-Parkfield area, southwestern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:08","indexId":"ofr8792","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-92","title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Hernandez-Parkfield area, southwestern California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr8792","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1987, Aeromagnetic map of the Hernandez-Parkfield area, southwestern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-92, 1 map :photocopy ;53 x 57 cm., on sheet 76 x 61 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8792.","productDescription":"1 map :photocopy ;53 x 57 cm., on sheet 76 x 61 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":79598,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0092/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af5e4b07f02db69226b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":530673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14196,"text":"ofr8769 - 1987 - Audio-magnetotelluric data release for the Newcastle, Utah geothermal area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:41","indexId":"ofr8769","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-69","title":"Audio-magnetotelluric data release for the Newcastle, Utah geothermal area","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr8769","usgsCitation":"Hoover, D., and Pierce, H.A., 1987, Audio-magnetotelluric data release for the Newcastle, Utah geothermal area: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-69, 6 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8769.","productDescription":"6 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145689,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0069/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42864,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0069/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668a92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoover, D.B.","contributorId":37734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoover","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierce, H. A.","contributorId":99951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":14055,"text":"ofr86301 - 1987 - Evapotranspiration and microclimate at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site in northwestern Illinois","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14055,"text":"ofr86301 - 1987 - Evapotranspiration and microclimate at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site in northwestern Illinois","indexId":"ofr86301","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Evapotranspiration and microclimate at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site in northwestern Illinois"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1816,"text":"wsp2327 - 1989 - Evapotranspiration and microclimate at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site in northwestern Illinois","indexId":"wsp2327","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Evapotranspiration and microclimate at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site in northwestern Illinois"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":1816,"text":"wsp2327 - 1989 - Evapotranspiration and microclimate at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site in northwestern Illinois","indexId":"wsp2327","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Evapotranspiration and microclimate at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site in northwestern Illinois"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-03T22:02:33.215354","indexId":"ofr86301","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-301","title":"Evapotranspiration and microclimate at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site in northwestern Illinois","docAbstract":"From July 1982 through June 1984, a study was made of the microclimate and evapotranspiration at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Bureau County, Illinois. Vegetation at the site consists of mixed pasture grasses, primarily brome (Bromus inermis) and red clover (Trifoleum pratense). Three methods were used to estimate evapotranspiration: (1) an energy-budget with the Bowen ratio, (2) an aerodynamic-profile, and (3) a soil-based water-budget. For the aerodynamic-profile method, sensible-heat flux was estimated by a profile equation and evapotranspiration was then calculated as the residual in the energy-balance equation. Estimates by the energy-budget and aerodynamic-profile methods were computed from hourly data, then summed by days and months. Yearly estimates for March through November, by these methods, were quite close--648 and 626 millimeters, respectively. Daily estimates range up to a maximum of about 6 millimeters. The water-budget method produced only monthly estimates based on weekly or biweekly soil-moisture content measurements. The yearly evapotranspiration estimated by this method (which actually included only the months of April through October) was 655 millimeters. The March-through-November average for the three methods of 657 millimeters was equivalent to 70 percent of precipitation.\r\nContinuous measurements were made of incoming and reflected shortwave radiation, incoming and emitted longwave radiation, net radiation, soil-heat flux, soil temperature, horizontal windspeed, and wet- and dry-bulb air temperature. Windspeed and air temperature were measured at heights of 0.5 and 2.0 meters (and also at 1.0 meter after September 1983). Soil-moisture content of the soil zone was measured with a gamma-attenuation gage.\r\n\r\nAnnual precipitation (938 millimeters) and average temperature (10.8 degrees Celsius) were virtually identical to long-term averages from nearby National Weather Service stations. Solar radiation averaged 65 percent of that normally expected under clear skies. Net radiation averaged 70.1 watts per square meter and was highest in July and negative during some winter months. Wind direction varied but was predominately out of the south-southeast. Wind speed at the 2-meter height averaged 3.5 meters per second and was slightly higher in winter months than the rest of the year. The amount of water stored within the soil zone was greatest in early spring and least in late summer.\r\n\r\nSeasonal and diurnal trends in evapotranspiration rates mirrored those in net radiation; July was usually the month with the highest rate. The ratio of sensible- to latent-heat fluxes (commonly called the Bowen ratio) for the 2-year period was 0.38, as averaged from the three methods. Monthly Bowen ratios fluctuated somewhat but averaged about 0.35 for late spring through summer. In fall, the ratio declined to zero or to slightly negative values. When the ratio was negative, the latent-heat flux was slightly greater than the net radiation because of additional energy supplied by the cooling soil and air.\r\n\r\nEvapotranspiration calculated by the three methods averaged 75 percent of potential evapotranspiration, as estimated by the Penman equation. There was no apparent seasonal trend in the relation between actual and potential evapotranspiration rates.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr86301","usgsCitation":"Healy, R.W., DeVries, M., and Sturrock, A., 1987, Evapotranspiration and microclimate at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site in northwestern Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-301, viii, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86301.","productDescription":"viii, 88 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":382927,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0301/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147248,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0301/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.01074218749999,\n 40.74725696280421\n ],\n [\n -88.9453125,\n 40.74725696280421\n ],\n [\n -88.9453125,\n 42.58544425738491\n ],\n [\n -91.01074218749999,\n 42.58544425738491\n ],\n [\n -91.01074218749999,\n 40.74725696280421\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9ba5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Healy, R. W.","contributorId":89872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeVries, M.P.","contributorId":39760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeVries","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sturrock, A.M.","contributorId":25947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sturrock","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":14202,"text":"ofr87387 - 1987 - Temporal variations in the benthic communities at four intertidal sites in San Francisco Bay, California, 1983-85","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T11:01:50","indexId":"ofr87387","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-387","title":"Temporal variations in the benthic communities at four intertidal sites in San Francisco Bay, California, 1983-85","docAbstract":"Benthic core samples were collected monthly from January 1983 through January 1985 at four intertidal sites in San Francisco Bay, California, two in the northern part of the bay (North Bay) and two in the southern part of the bay (South Bay). Considerable variation was observed in numbers of species and individuals at the four sites, and abundances within species varied widely. Temporal changes in species abundances appeared to be related to freshwater inflow patterns and resultant salinity variations in the estuary. The 1982-83 winter season was extremely wet, with heavy freshwater inflow to the bay from January through March, whereas the 1983-84 winter was closer to a normal pattern, with most rainfall occurring from November through January. Species were grouped into four categories depending on their patterns of abundance during the 2-yr period. Species that showed an abundance peak in the North Bay in 1983 only were Corophium sp.B and a Chironomidae larva, apparently responding to the extended period of lowered salinity throughout spring and early summer. Species with an abundance peak only in 1984 included Corophium Acherusicum, Eteone californica, Nereis succinea, and Grandidierella japonica, typical estuarine species that might have been suppressed during the extended freshwater inflows in 1983. Species with peaks in both years were Gemma gemma and Ampelisca abdita in the South Bay; both showed strong seasonal variations. A number of species in both North and South Bays, including dominant members of the intertidal community such as Macoma balthical and Streblospio benedicti, did not show any consistent seasonal or year-to-year trends. Results of this study suggest that the intensity and timing of freshwater inflow to San Francisco Bay, particularly higher-than-normal inflow during late spring and early summer, may be an important factor in determining the composition of the intertidal benthic communities. (Author 's abstract)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr87387","usgsCitation":"Hopkins, D., 1987, Temporal variations in the benthic communities at four intertidal sites in San Francisco Bay, California, 1983-85: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-387, iv, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87387.","productDescription":"iv, 89 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":42878,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0387/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145233,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0387/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db68527f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hopkins, D.R.","contributorId":73212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":65323,"text":"i1869 - 1987 - Controlled photomosaic of part of the Kasei Valles Region of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:20","indexId":"i1869","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1869","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Controlled photomosaic of part of the Kasei Valles Region of Mars","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i1869","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1987, Controlled photomosaic of part of the Kasei Valles Region of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1869, 1 remote-sensing image ;61 x 57 cm., on sheet 96 x 65 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i1869.","productDescription":"1 remote-sensing image ;61 x 57 cm., on sheet 96 x 65 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":189359,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":100893,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1869/plate-1.pdf","size":"7858","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a81d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":533710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12087,"text":"ofr87579 - 1987 - Gloria study of the exclusive economic zone off Alaska-southern Bering Sea (Bowers Basin), initial report for cruise Fl-87-BS, 28 June to 27 July 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:35","indexId":"ofr87579","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-579","title":"Gloria study of the exclusive economic zone off Alaska-southern Bering Sea (Bowers Basin), initial report for cruise Fl-87-BS, 28 June to 27 July 1987","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87579","usgsCitation":"Cooper, A.K., Hunter, R.E., Huggett, Q., and Harris, M., 1987, Gloria study of the exclusive economic zone off Alaska-southern Bering Sea (Bowers Basin), initial report for cruise Fl-87-BS, 28 June to 27 July 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-579, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87579.","productDescription":"19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144983,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0579/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40122,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0579/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674863","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, A. K.","contributorId":50149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunter, R. E.","contributorId":48148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huggett, Quentin","contributorId":70393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huggett","given":"Quentin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harris, Malcolm","contributorId":34139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Malcolm","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26757,"text":"wri874084 - 1987 - Movement of ground water in coal-bearing rocks near Fishtrap Lake in Pike County, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri874084","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4084","title":"Movement of ground water in coal-bearing rocks near Fishtrap Lake in Pike County, Kentucky","docAbstract":"Eight test holes were core-drilled from various altitudes in a typical coal-bearing sequence rocks of Pennsylvania age in Pike County, eastern Kentucky. Vertical fractures were common in cores from shallow depths, but became less common or absent toward the bottom of two test holes drilled 400 and 291 ft deep. Most fractures readily injected water, and near the bottoms of the two deep holes, coal beds accepted water in the non-fractured rocks. Rhodamin-WT dye was injected in a 61-ft deep ridge-top well on October 24, 1985 and was detected in varying concentrations in water samples taken from all down-gradient piezometers at the study site on November 7, 1985. The presence of dye in down-gradient piezometers indicated that groundwater in the Eastern Kentucky coal field can move from areas of higher head to areas of lower head. The movement probably occurs in a stair-step fashion through a complex system of near-vertical fractures, and laterally through permeable rocks, which probably are the coal beds. This suggests that land uses on ridges could affect the quality of water from wells or springs at lower altitudes on hillsides or in the valley bottoms even though separated by a thick interval of rocks that include beds of low primary permeability. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874084","usgsCitation":"Davis, R.W., 1987, Movement of ground water in coal-bearing rocks near Fishtrap Lake in Pike County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4084, iv, 24 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874084.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126418,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4084/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55647,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4084/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a70e4b07f02db641027","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, R. W.","contributorId":93459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14097,"text":"ofr87481 - 1987 - In-situ stress measurements at Hi Vista, California; continuation of a deep borehole profile near the San Andreas Fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:54","indexId":"ofr87481","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-481","title":"In-situ stress measurements at Hi Vista, California; continuation of a deep borehole profile near the San Andreas Fault","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87481","usgsCitation":"Hickman, S., Zoback, M.D., and Healy, J.H., 1987, In-situ stress measurements at Hi Vista, California; continuation of a deep borehole profile near the San Andreas Fault: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-481, i, 30 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87481.","productDescription":"i, 30 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0481/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42734,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0481/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5913","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hickman, S.H. 0000-0003-2075-9615","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2075-9615","contributorId":16027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"S.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zoback, Mark D.","contributorId":102455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Healy, John Helding","contributorId":105730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Helding","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":69240,"text":"coal111 - 1987 - Structure, coal thickness, and overburden thickness of the Wall Coal Resource Unit, west half of the Birney 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Big Horn and Rosebud counties, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:12","indexId":"coal111","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":309,"text":"Coal Map","code":"COAL","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"111","title":"Structure, coal thickness, and overburden thickness of the Wall Coal Resource Unit, west half of the Birney 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Big Horn and Rosebud counties, Montana","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/coal111","usgsCitation":"Culbertson, W., and Saperstone, H.I., 1987, Structure, coal thickness, and overburden thickness of the Wall Coal Resource Unit, west half of the Birney 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Big Horn and Rosebud counties, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Coal Map 111, 2 maps on 1 sheet :col. ;56 x 39 cm., sheet 86 x 101 cm., folded in envelope 25 x 32 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/coal111.","productDescription":"2 maps on 1 sheet :col. ;56 x 39 cm., sheet 86 x 101 cm., folded in envelope 25 x 32 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":115532,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/coal/111/report.pdf","size":"26","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":115533,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/coal/111/plate-1.pdf","size":"11379","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":189583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/coal/111/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107,45 ], [ -107,45.5 ], [ -106.5,45.5 ], [ -106.5,45 ], [ -107,45 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b09e4b07f02db69c144","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Culbertson, William C.","contributorId":20730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Culbertson","given":"William C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":279874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saperstone, Herb I.","contributorId":75233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saperstone","given":"Herb","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":279875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":41824,"text":"ofr87233 - 1987 - Approximate altitude of water levels in wells in the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers in the Houston area, Texas, spring 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-12T14:43:37","indexId":"ofr87233","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-233","title":"Approximate altitude of water levels in wells in the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers in the Houston area, Texas, spring 1987","docAbstract":"The purpose of this report, which was prepared in cooperation with the City of Houston and the Harris-Galveston Coastal Subsidence District, is to show the altitudes of water levels in wells in the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers in the Houston, Texas, metropolitan area. The maps are based on water-level measurements in the Spring of 1987 in about 400 wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr87233","usgsCitation":"Williams, J.F., Lind, W., and Coplin, L., 1987, Approximate altitude of water levels in wells in the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers in the Houston area, Texas, spring 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-233, 2 Plates: 21.73 x 15.94 inches and 21.50 x 16.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87233.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 21.73 x 15.94 inches and 21.50 x 16.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":168033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr87233.PNG"},{"id":79546,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0233/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":79547,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0233/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a27a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, James Frank III","contributorId":102535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"James","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"Frank","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":225579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lind, W.B.","contributorId":58645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lind","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":225578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coplin, L.S.","contributorId":49366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplin","given":"L.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":225577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26448,"text":"wri874026 - 1987 - Sediment discharge in Rock Creek and the effect of sedimentation rate on the proposed Rock Creek Reservoir, northwestern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:27","indexId":"wri874026","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4026","title":"Sediment discharge in Rock Creek and the effect of sedimentation rate on the proposed Rock Creek Reservoir, northwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"Sediment data collected from 1976 to 1985 and stream discharge data collected from 1952 to 1980 at gaging station 09060500, Rock Creek near Toponas, Colorado, were used to determine total sediment discharge into the proposed Rock Creek Reservoir. Suspended sediment discharge and bedload discharge were related to stream discharge by using logarithmic regression relations. Mean annual suspended sediment discharge was estimated to be 309 tons/yr, and mean annual bedload discharge was estimated to be 428 tons/yr in Rock Creek at the Toponas gaging station for the 1953 through 1980 water years. The mean annual total sediment discharge into the proposed reservoir was estimated to be 768 tons/yr, which includes 10% addition to the suspended sediment discharge calculated for the Toponas gaging station to account for suspended sediment discharge from Horse Creek. This rate of mean annual total sediment discharge would decrease the long-term water storage capacity of the proposed reservoir by < 1% after 100 years. Suspended sediment discharge/unit-drainage-basin area at gaging station 09060550, Rock Creek at Crater, located about 5 mi downstream for the proposed reservoir site, was equivalent to suspended-sediment discharge/unit-drainage-basin area at the Toponas gaging station during 1985. Long-term sediment data collection at the Crater gaging station could be used for detecting changes in suspended sediment discharge in Rock Creek at the proposed reservoir site. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874026","usgsCitation":"Butler, D.L., 1987, Sediment discharge in Rock Creek and the effect of sedimentation rate on the proposed Rock Creek Reservoir, northwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4026, iv, 23 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874026.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157897,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4026/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55271,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4026/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc037","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butler, D. L.","contributorId":36967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":65745,"text":"i1865 - 1987 - Mineral resource assessment of the Republic of Costa Rica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:02","indexId":"i1865","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1865","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Mineral resource assessment of the Republic of Costa Rica","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i1865","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1987, Mineral resource assessment of the Republic of Costa Rica: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1865, 1 atlas (75 p.) :ill. (chiefly col.), col. maps ;82 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i1865.","productDescription":"1 atlas (75 p.) :ill. (chiefly col.), col. maps ;82 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":251397,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1865/report.pdf","size":"258080","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":252253,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1865/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"500000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -86,8 ], [ -86,11.25 ], [ -82.5,11.25 ], [ -82.5,8 ], [ -86,8 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c238","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26741,"text":"wri864132 - 1987 - Statistical analysis relating well yield to construction practices and siting of wells in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge provinces of North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T12:12:48","indexId":"wri864132","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4132","title":"Statistical analysis relating well yield to construction practices and siting of wells in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge provinces of North Carolina","docAbstract":"A statistical analysis was made of data from more than 6,200 water wells drilled in the fractured crystalline rocks of the Blue Ridge, Piedmont, and western edge of the Coastal Plain where crystalline rocks underlie sediments at shallow depths. The study area encompassed 65 countries in western North Carolina, an area of 30,544 square mi, comprising nearly two-thirds of the State. Additional water supplies will be needed in western North Carolina as population and industrial development continue to increase. Ground water is an attractive alternative to surface water sources for moderate to large supplies. The statistical analysis was made to identify the geologic, topographic, and construction factors associated with high-yield wells. It is generally held that the crystalline rocks of Blue Ridge and Piedmont provinces yield only small amounts of water to wells, that water is obtained from vertical fractures that pinch out at a depth of about 300 feet because of lithostatic pressure, and that the function of a larger diameter well is primarily for storage. These concepts are reasonable when based upon the average well drilled in these rocks: a domestic well, 125 feet deep, 6 inches or less in diameter, and located on a hill or ridge. However, statistical analysis shows that wells in draws or valleys have average yields three times those of wells on hills and ridges. Wells in the most productive hydrogeologic units have average yields twice those of wells in the least productive units. Wells in draws and valleys in the most productive units average five times more yield than wells on hills and ridges in the least productive units. Well diameter can have significant influence on yield; for a given depth, yield is directly proportional to well diameter. Maximum well yields are obtained from much greater depths than previously believed. For example, the average yield of 6-inch diameter wells located in draws and valleys can be expected to reach a maximum of about 45 gallons per minute at depths of 500 to 525 feet; for similarly located 12-inch diameter wells, the average yield can be expected to reach a maximum of about 150 gallons per min at depths of 700 to 800 ft. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864132","usgsCitation":"Daniel, C., 1987, Statistical analysis relating well yield to construction practices and siting of wells in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge provinces of North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4132, v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864132.","productDescription":"v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158536,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4132/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55619,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4132/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Blue Ridge Province, Piedmont 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Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Wyoming Department of Agriculture, started a monitoring program to determine pesticide concentrations in Wyoming streams. This program was incorporated into the water-quality data-collection system already in operation. Samples were collected at 20 sites for analysis of various insecticides, herbicides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polychlorinated napthalenes.\\
The results through 1978 revealed small concentrations of pesticides in water and bottom-material samples were DDE (39 percent of the concentrations equal to or greater than the minimum reported concentrations of the analytical methods), DDD (20 percent), dieldrin (21 percent), and polychlorinated biphenyls (29 percent). The herbicides most commonly found in water samples were 2,4-D (29 percent of the concentrations equal to or greater than the minimum reported concentrations of the analytical method) and picloram (23 percent). Most concentrations were significantly less than concentrations thought to be harmful to freshwater aquatic life based on available toxicity data. However for some pesticides, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency water-quality criteria for freshwater aquatic life are based on bioaccumulation factors that result in criteria concentrations less than the minimum reported concentrations of the analytical methods. It is not known if certain pesticides were present at concentrations less than the minimum reported concentrations that exceeded these criteria.
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F.","contributorId":11229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huff","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fendick, R.B.","contributorId":19556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fendick","given":"R.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stuart, C.G.","contributorId":58644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuart","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cramer, George","contributorId":37752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cramer","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":63138,"text":"gq1643 - 1987 - Geologic map of the Washboard Rock quadrangle, Gunnison, Montrose, and Ouray Counties, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:48","indexId":"gq1643","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":316,"text":"Geologic Quadrangle","code":"GQ","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1643","title":"Geologic map of the Washboard Rock quadrangle, Gunnison, Montrose, and Ouray Counties, Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/gq1643","usgsCitation":"Dickinson, R.G., 1987, Geologic map of the Washboard Rock quadrangle, Gunnison, Montrose, and Ouray Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 1643, 1 map :col. ;58 x 46 cm., on sheet 81 x 76 cm., folded in envelope 25 x 32 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/gq1643.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;58 x 46 cm., on sheet 81 x 76 cm., folded in envelope 25 x 32 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":102713,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_1163.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1163"},{"id":249262,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/1643/report.pdf","size":"67","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":252426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/1643/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.61749999999999,38.25 ], [ -107.61749999999999,38.3675 ], [ -107.5,38.3675 ], [ -107.5,38.25 ], [ -107.61749999999999,38.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689e75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickinson, R. 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Site-specific information is given on the morphology , geology, soils, land use, coal mining history, and hydrologic instrumentation of the six watersheds which are each less than 3 sq mi in area. The Wabash, White, and Eel Rivers are the major drainages in west-central Indiana. Average annual precipitation is about 39.5 in/yr and average annual runoff is about 13 in/yr. The most productive aquifers are confined or unconfined outwash aquifers located along the major rivers. Bedrock aquifers are regionally insignificant but are the sole source of groundwater for areas that lack outwash, alluvium, or sand and gravel lenses in till. Indiana has more than 17 billion short tons of recoverable coal reserves; about 11% can be mined by surface methods. Almost half of Indiana's surface reserves are in Clay, Owen, Sullivan, and Vigo Counties. More than 50,000 acres in west-central Indiana have been disturbed by surface coal mining from 1941 through 1980. Big Slough and Hooker Creek are streams that drain unmined, agricultural watersheds. Row-crop corn and soybeans are the principal crops. Soils are moderately well drained silt loams, and the watersheds well developed dendritic drainage systems. Unnamed tributaries drain mined and reclaimed watersheds. Ridges of mine spoil have been graded to a gently rolling topography. Soils are well drained and consist of 6 to 12 inches of silt-loam topsoil that was stockpiled and then replaced over shale and sandstone fragments of the graded mine spoil. Grasses and legumes form the vegetative cover in each watershed. Pond Creek and an unnamed tributary to Big Branch are streams that drain mined and unreclaimed watersheds. Soils are very well drained shaly silty loams that have formed on steeply sloping banks. Both watersheds contain numerous impoundments of water and have enclosed areas that do not contribute surface runoff to streamflow. The ridges of mine spoil are covered with pine trees, but much of the soil surface is devoid of vegetation. (Lantz-PTT)
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