{"pageNumber":"475","pageRowStart":"11850","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46651,"records":[{"id":70142424,"text":"sir20155039 - 2015 - Characterization of streamflow, salinity, and selenium loading and land-use change in Montrose Arroyo, western Colorado, from 1992 to 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-17T14:13:49","indexId":"sir20155039","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-16T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5039","title":"Characterization of streamflow, salinity, and selenium loading and land-use change in Montrose Arroyo, western Colorado, from 1992 to 2013","docAbstract":"<p>Salinity and dissolved selenium are known water-quality impairments in the lower Gunnison River watershed of western Colorado. Salinity is a concern because of its adverse effects on agricultural land and equipment, and on municipal and industrial users. The Montrose Arroyo watershed in Montrose, Colorado, contains agricultural and residential areas as well as undeveloped land and has undergone substantial land-use change since the early 1990s. Previous sampling efforts indicated salinity concentrations and loads have remained constant since land-use change began in the early 1990s; however, recent sampling also indicated that dissolved-selenium concentrations and loads have begun to increase. In response to the potential increasing dissolved-selenium concentrations and loads, the U.S. Geological Survey&mdash;in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation; Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Forum; and Colorado River Water Conservation District&mdash;continued to monitor salinity and dissolved-selenium concentrations and loads in the Montrose Arroyo watershed. This report characterizes salinity and dissolved-selenium loads in Montrose Arroyo from 1992 to 2013 at three sites: Montrose Arroyo at East Niagara Street (MA2, U.S. Geological Survey site identification number 382802107513301), Montrose Arroyo at 6700 Road (MA3, U.S. Geological Survey site identification number 382711107500501), and Montrose Arroyo at 6750 and Ogden Roads (MA4, U.S. Geological Survey site identification number 382702107493701). A detailed land-use change analysis was also characterized in the MA3 subwatershed.</p>\n<p>The three sites were used to monitor salinity and dissolved-selenium concentrations and loads in Montrose Arroyo. Over a period from December 2011 through September 2013, 46 water-quality samples and streamflow measurements were collected at sites MA2, MA3, and MA4. Streamflow, salinity concentrations and loads, and selenium concentrations and loads were characterized and compared between the pre-lateral (before April 1999) and post-growth periods (March 2008 through September 2013) and between post-lateral (April 1999 through October 2000) and post-growth periods.</p>\n<p>Results from a previous USGS study on the characterization of salinity and selenium loading and land-use change in Montrose Arroyo from 1992 to 2010 indicated that there was no change in salinity load at site MA2 and a significant increase in dissolved-selenium load from the pre-lateral period to the post-growth period. Data associated with this report indicate the selenium loads at site MA2 show no significant change from the pre-lateral period to the post-growth period. In addition, both salinity load and dissolved-selenium load at site MA3 show significant decreases in salinity and dissolved-selenium load for both periods that are potentially associated with land-use change.</p>\n<p>Land use was characterized for 1992, 2002, and 2009 for site MA3. The common land-use change in the MA3 subwatershed was a conversion from previously irrigated agricultural land to urban land use. The MA3 subwatershed had 124 acres of irrigated land use converted to urban land use and 27.1 acres of unirrigated desert converted to urban land use from 1992 to 2009. Consistent with findings in previous land-use change reports, salinity and dissolved-selenium loading at site MA3 showed significant decreases as irrigated land was converted to urban land use.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155039","collaboration":"Bureau of Reclamation; Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Forum; Colorado River Water Conservation District","usgsCitation":"Richards, R.J., and Moore, J.L., 2015, Characterization of streamflow, salinity, and selenium loading and land-use change in Montrose Arroyo, western Colorado, from 1992 to 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5039, v, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155039.","productDescription":"v, 18 p.","startPage":"18","numberOfPages":"27","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1992-01-01","temporalEnd":"2013-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-060484","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299711,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":299710,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5039/pdf/sir2015-5039.pdf","text":"Report","size":"25.6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":299703,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5039/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Montrose","otherGeospatial":"Montrose Arroyo","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.80634880065918,\n              38.48705404120269\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.7883243560791,\n              38.478050840591465\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.77956962585449,\n              38.47462395385454\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.77124404907227,\n              38.47489273517196\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.75562286376953,\n              38.47193608556816\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.74043083190918,\n              38.46561920067743\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.73914337158203,\n              38.45735265386234\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.74077415466309,\n              38.44364019496866\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.74884223937988,\n              38.434833271500445\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.76575088500977,\n              38.433892010024444\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.77519226074219,\n              38.43564005728452\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.78094291687012,\n              38.43564005728452\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.79939651489256,\n              38.42508389732895\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.80866622924805,\n              38.427168356912205\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.82136917114258,\n              38.42817694478974\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.82360076904297,\n              38.426764917817145\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.83681869506836,\n              38.43234562524602\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.8901195526123,\n              38.494376710715805\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.88711547851562,\n              38.49753396243774\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.8813648223877,\n              38.496593518947556\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.86788940429688,\n              38.485240053939975\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.8557014465332,\n              38.481746320193345\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.80634880065918,\n              38.48705404120269\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5530cf1de4b0b22a15806133","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richards, Rodney J. 0000-0003-3953-984X rjrichar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3953-984X","contributorId":2204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"Rodney","email":"rjrichar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Jennifer L.","contributorId":68447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70188060,"text":"70188060 - 2015 - Ten ways remote sensing can contribute to conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-17T16:30:10.62787","indexId":"70188060","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ten ways remote sensing can contribute to conservation","docAbstract":"<p><span>In an effort to increase conservation effectiveness through the use of Earth observation technologies, a group of remote sensing scientists affiliated with government and academic institutions and conservation organizations identified 10 questions in conservation for which the potential to be answered would be greatly increased by use of remotely sensed data and analyses of those data. Our goals were to increase conservation practitioners’ use of remote sensing to support their work, increase collaboration between the conservation science and remote sensing communities, identify and develop new and innovative uses of remote sensing for advancing conservation science, provide guidance to space agencies on how future satellite missions can support conservation science, and generate support from the public and private sector in the use of remote sensing data to address the 10 conservation questions. We identified a broad initial list of questions on the basis of an email chain-referral survey. We then used a workshop-based iterative and collaborative approach to whittle the list down to these final questions (which represent 10 major themes in conservation): How can global Earth observation data be used to model species distributions and abundances? How can remote sensing improve the understanding of animal movements? How can remotely sensed ecosystem variables be used to understand, monitor, and predict ecosystem response and resilience to multiple stressors? How can remote sensing be used to monitor the effects of climate on ecosystems? How can near real-time ecosystem monitoring catalyze threat reduction, governance and regulation compliance, and resource management decisions? How can remote sensing inform configuration of protected area networks at spatial extents relevant to populations of target species and ecosystem services? How can remote sensing-derived products be used to value and monitor changes in ecosystem services? How can remote sensing be used to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of conservation efforts? How does the expansion and intensification of agriculture and aquaculture alter ecosystems and the services they provide? How can remote sensing be used to determine the degree to which ecosystems are being disturbed or degraded and the effects of these changes on species and ecosystem functions?</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Conservation Biology","doi":"10.1111/cobi.12397","usgsCitation":"Rose, R., Byler, D., Eastman, J.R., Fleishman, E., Geller, G., Goetz, S., Guild, L., Hamilton, H., Hansen, M., Headley, R., Hewson, J., Horning, N., Kaplin, B.A., Laporte, N., Leidner, A., Leimgruber, P., Morisette, J.T., Musinsky, J., Pintea, L., Prados, A., Radeloff, V., Rowen, M., Saatchi, S., Schill, S., Tabor, K., Turner, W., Vodacek, A., Vogelmann, J., Wegmann, M., Wilkie, D., and Wilson, C., 2015, Ten ways remote sensing can contribute to conservation: Conservation Biology, v. 29, no. 2, p. 350-359, https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12397.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"350","endPage":"359","ipdsId":"IP-055934","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341863,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-10-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"592e84bfe4b092b266f10d60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rose, Robert A.","contributorId":192397,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rose","given":"Robert A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Byler, Dirck","contributorId":192398,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Byler","given":"Dirck","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eastman, J. Ron","contributorId":192399,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eastman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ron","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fleishman, Erica","contributorId":11863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleishman","given":"Erica","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Geller, Gary","contributorId":81395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geller","given":"Gary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Goetz, Scott","contributorId":75259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goetz","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Guild, Liane","contributorId":192400,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guild","given":"Liane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hamilton, Healy","contributorId":192401,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Healy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hansen, Matt","contributorId":61330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Matt","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Headley, Rachel rheadley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Headley","given":"Rachel","email":"rheadley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":696445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hewson, Jennifer","contributorId":192402,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hewson","given":"Jennifer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Horning, Ned","contributorId":192403,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Horning","given":"Ned","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Kaplin, Beth A.","contributorId":192404,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaplin","given":"Beth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Laporte, Nadine","contributorId":192405,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laporte","given":"Nadine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Leidner, Allison K.","contributorId":92909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leidner","given":"Allison K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Leimgruber, Peter","contributorId":192406,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leimgruber","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Morisette, Jeffrey T. 0000-0002-0483-0082 morisettej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0483-0082","contributorId":307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morisette","given":"Jeffrey","email":"morisettej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":477,"text":"North Central Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":569,"text":"Southwest Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Musinsky, John","contributorId":192407,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Musinsky","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Pintea, Lilian","contributorId":192408,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pintea","given":"Lilian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Prados, Ana","contributorId":192409,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Prados","given":"Ana","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Radeloff, Volker C.","contributorId":76169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Radeloff","given":"Volker C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Rowen, Mary","contributorId":192410,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rowen","given":"Mary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Saatchi, Sassan","contributorId":192411,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Saatchi","given":"Sassan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Schill, Steve","contributorId":26184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schill","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Tabor, Karyn","contributorId":192412,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tabor","given":"Karyn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Turner, Woody","contributorId":149221,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turner","given":"Woody","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17679,"text":"Earth Science Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington D.C.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":696461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Vodacek, Anthony","contributorId":192413,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vodacek","given":"Anthony","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Vogelmann, James 0000-0002-0804-5823 vogel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-5823","contributorId":192352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogelmann","given":"James","email":"vogel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28},{"text":"Wegmann, Martin","contributorId":177540,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wegmann","given":"Martin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29},{"text":"Wilkie, David","contributorId":192414,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilkie","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":30},{"text":"Wilson, Cara","contributorId":192415,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"Cara","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":31}]}}
,{"id":70173441,"text":"70173441 - 2015 - Is there a single best estimator? selection of home range estimators using area- under- the-curve","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-14T15:56:43","indexId":"70173441","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2792,"text":"Movement Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Is there a single best estimator? selection of home range estimators using area- under- the-curve","docAbstract":"<div id=\"ASec1\" class=\"AbstractSection\">\n<h3 class=\"Heading\">Background</h3>\n<p id=\"Par1\" class=\"Para\">Global positioning system (GPS) technology for monitoring home range and movements of wildlife has resulted in prohibitively large sample sizes of locations for traditional estimators of home range. We used area-under-the-curve to explore the fit of 8 estimators of home range to data collected with both GPS and concurrent very high frequency (VHF) technology on a terrestrial mammal, the Florida panther&nbsp;<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic\">Puma concolor coryi</i>, to evaluate recently developed and traditional estimators.</p>\n</div>\n<div id=\"ASec2\" class=\"AbstractSection\">\n<h3 class=\"Heading\">Results</h3>\n<p id=\"Par2\" class=\"Para\">Area-under-the-curve was the highest for Florida panthers equipped with Global Positioning System (GPS) technology compared to VHF technology. For our study animal, estimators of home range that incorporated a temporal component to estimation performed better than traditional first- and second-generation estimators.</p>\n</div>\n<div id=\"ASec3\" class=\"AbstractSection\">\n<h3 class=\"Heading\">Conclusions</h3>\n<p id=\"Par3\" class=\"Para\">Comparisons of fit of home range contours with locations collected would suggest that use of VHF technology is not as accurate as GPS technology to estimate size of home range for large mammals. Estimators of home range collected with GPS technology performed better than those estimated with VHF technology regardless of estimator used. Furthermore, estimators that incorporate a temporal component (third-generation estimators) appeared to be the most reliable regardless of whether kernel-based or Brownian bridge-based algorithms were used and in comparison to first- and second-generation estimators. We defined third-generation estimators of home range as any estimator that incorporates time, space, animal-specific parameters, and habitat. Such estimators would include movement-based kernel density, Brownian bridge movement models, and dynamic Brownian bridge movement models among others that have yet to be evaluated.</p>\n</div>","language":"English","publisher":"BioMed Central Ltd","doi":"10.1186/s40462-015-0039-4","usgsCitation":"Walter, W.D., Onorato, D.P., and Fischer, J.W., 2015, Is there a single best estimator? selection of home range estimators using area- under- the-curve: Movement Ecology, v. 3, no. 10, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-015-0039-4.","productDescription":"11 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-058810","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-015-0039-4","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":323612,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.705322265625,\n              26.175158990178133\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.177978515625,\n              25.760319754713887\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.892333984375,\n              25.37380917154398\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.606689453125,\n              25.423431426334247\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.419921875,\n              25.96792222903405\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.452880859375,\n              26.194876675795218\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.595703125,\n              26.42138972529502\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.6064453125,\n              26.519735305660795\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.63940429687499,\n              26.480407161007275\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.705322265625,\n              26.175158990178133\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"10","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-04-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57612ab2e4b04f417c2ce4b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walter, W. David 0000-0003-3068-1073 wwalter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3068-1073","contributorId":5083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"W.","email":"wwalter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":637135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Onorato, Dave P.","contributorId":171827,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Onorato","given":"Dave","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fischer, Justin W.","contributorId":171828,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fischer","given":"Justin","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70146289,"text":"70146289 - 2015 - Forecasting sagebrush ecosystem components and greater sage-grouse habitat for 2050: learning from past climate patterns and Landsat imagery to predict the future","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-27T15:00:39","indexId":"70146289","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-15T15:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Forecasting sagebrush ecosystem components and greater sage-grouse habitat for 2050: learning from past climate patterns and Landsat imagery to predict the future","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sagebrush (</span><i>Artemisia</i><span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>spp.) ecosystems constitute the largest single North American shrub ecosystem and provide vital ecological, hydrological, biological, agricultural, and recreational ecosystem services. Disturbances have altered and reduced this ecosystem historically, but climate change may ultimately represent the greatest future risk. Improved ways to quantify, monitor, and predict climate-driven gradual change in this ecosystem is vital to its future management. We examined the annual change of Daymet precipitation (daily gridded climate data) and five remote sensing ecosystem sagebrush vegetation and soil components (bare ground, herbaceous, litter, sagebrush, and shrub) from 1984 to 2011 in southwestern Wyoming. Bare ground displayed an increasing trend in abundance over time, and herbaceous, litter, shrub, and sagebrush showed a decreasing trend. Total precipitation amounts show a downward trend during the same period. We established statistically significant correlations between each sagebrush component and historical precipitation records using a simple least squares linear regression. Using the historical relationship between sagebrush component abundance and precipitation in a linear model, we forecasted the abundance of the sagebrush components in 2050 using Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) precipitation scenarios A1B and A2. Bare ground was the only component that increased under both future scenarios, with a net increase of 48.98&nbsp;km</span><sup>2</sup><span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>(1.1%) across the study area under the A1B scenario and 41.15&nbsp;km</span><sup>2</sup><span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>(0.9%) under the A2 scenario. The remaining components decreased under both future scenarios: litter had the highest net reductions with 49.82&nbsp;km</span><sup>2</sup><span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>(4.1%) under A1B and 50.8&nbsp;km</span><sup>2</sup><span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>(4.2%) under A2, and herbaceous had the smallest net reductions with 39.95&nbsp;km</span><sup>2</sup><span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>(3.8%) under A1B and 40.59&nbsp;km</span><sup>2</sup><span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp;</span>(3.3%) under A2. We applied the 2050 forecast sagebrush component values to contemporary (circa 2006) greater sage-grouse (</span><i>Centrocercus urophasianus</i><span>) habitat models to evaluate the effects of potential climate-induced habitat change. Under the 2050 IPCC A1B scenario, 11.6% of currently identified nesting habitat was lost, and 0.002% of new potential habitat was gained, with 4% of summer habitat lost and 0.039% gained. Our results demonstrate the successful ability of remote sensing based sagebrush components, when coupled with precipitation, to forecast future component response using IPCC precipitation scenarios. Our approach also enables future quantification of greater sage-grouse habitat under different precipitation scenarios, and provides additional capability to identify regional precipitation influence on sagebrush component response.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.03.002","usgsCitation":"Homer, C.G., Xian, G.Z., Aldridge, C.L., Meyer, D.K., Loveland, T.R., and O’Donnell, M.S., 2015, Forecasting sagebrush ecosystem components and greater sage-grouse habitat for 2050: learning from past climate patterns and Landsat imagery to predict the future: Ecological Indicators, v. 55, p. 131-145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.03.002.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"145","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061116","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472146,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.03.002","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":299699,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -108.96240234375,\n              41.48080459927738\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.00473022460938,\n              41.6770148220322\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.69573974609375,\n              42.56926437219384\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.65341186523436,\n              42.37883631647602\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.96240234375,\n              41.48080459927738\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"55","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"552f7d9ae4b0b22a158031c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Homer, Collin G. 0000-0003-4755-8135 homer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-8135","contributorId":2262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Homer","given":"Collin","email":"homer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xian, George Z. 0000-0001-5674-2204 xian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5674-2204","contributorId":2263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xian","given":"George","email":"xian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aldridge, Cameron L. 0000-0003-3926-6941 aldridgec@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3926-6941","contributorId":191773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aldridge","given":"Cameron","email":"aldridgec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, Debra K. 0000-0002-8841-697X dkmeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8841-697X","contributorId":3145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Debra","email":"dkmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":140256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"O’Donnell, Michael S. 0000-0002-3488-003X odonnellm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3488-003X","contributorId":3351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Donnell","given":"Michael","email":"odonnellm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70142771,"text":"ds927 - 2015 - Surface geophysics and porewater evaluation at the Lower Darby Creek Area Superfund Site, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-20T14:48:51","indexId":"ds927","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-15T09:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"927","title":"Surface geophysics and porewater evaluation at the Lower Darby Creek Area Superfund Site, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2013","docAbstract":"<p><span>In cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region 3, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is participating in an ongoing study to aid in the identification of subsurface heterogeneities that may act as preferential pathways for contaminant transport in and around the Lower Darby Creek Area (LDCA) Superfund Site, Philadelphia Pa. Lower Darby Creek, which flows into the Delaware River, borders the western part of the former landfill site. In 2013, the USGS conducted surface geophysics measurements and stream porewater sampling to provide additional data for EPA&rsquo;s site characterization. This report contains data collected from field measurements of direct current (DC) resistivity, frequency-domain electromagnetic (FDEM) surveys, and stream porewater specific conductance (SC).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds927","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Walker, C.W., Degnan, J.R., Brayton, M.J., Cruz, R., and Lorah, M.M., 2015, Surface geophysics and porewater evaluation at the Lower Darby Creek Area Superfund Site, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 927, Report: iv, 6 p.; Appendixes 1-3, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds927.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 6 p.; Appendixes 1-3","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2013-01-01","temporalEnd":"2013-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-064184","costCenters":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299684,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0927/pdf/ds927.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.14 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":299685,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0927/appendix/ds927_appendix1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"144 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 1","linkHelpText":"Direct Current Resisitivity Data"},{"id":299686,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0927/appendix/ds927_appendix2.xlsx","text":"Appendix 2","size":"2.67 MB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 2","linkHelpText":"FDEM Survey Data"},{"id":299683,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0927/"},{"id":299687,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0927/appendix/ds927_appendix3.xlsx","text":"Appendix 3","size":"29.9 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 3","linkHelpText":"Specific Conductance Survey Data"},{"id":299688,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds927.jpg"}],"projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic Projection","datum":"NAD 1983 Pennsylvania State Plane (South)","country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Philadelphia","otherGeospatial":"Lower Darby Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.25310754776001,\n              39.897687011984054\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.25334358215332,\n              39.89717668393247\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.25563955307007,\n              39.89730838185796\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.25692701339722,\n              39.895826765604085\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.25774240493774,\n              39.89604077881993\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.2559185028076,\n              39.89847718985659\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.25692701339722,\n              39.901078127664846\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.25772094726562,\n              39.90214810506472\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.25671243667603,\n              39.90451845702656\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.25555372238159,\n              39.90560484093686\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.25490999221802,\n              39.906526607715264\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.25323629379272,\n              39.90706978590224\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.25182008743286,\n              39.90711916552387\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.25036096572876,\n              39.90832072534639\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.24941682815552,\n              39.90823842740072\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.25033950805663,\n              39.90715208525184\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.25130510330199,\n              39.90646076764238\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.25390148162842,\n              39.90570360225632\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.25540351867676,\n              39.90234563752689\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.25501728057861,\n              39.899662439582016\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.25456666946411,\n              39.89872411857327\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.25310754776001,\n              39.897687011984054\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"552f7d9ce4b0b22a158031c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, Charles W. cwwalker@usgs.gov","contributorId":138712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"Charles","email":"cwwalker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":542131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Degnan, James R. 0000-0002-5665-9010 jrdegnan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5665-9010","contributorId":498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Degnan","given":"James","email":"jrdegnan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brayton, Michael J. mbrayton@usgs.gov","contributorId":2993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brayton","given":"Michael","email":"mbrayton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cruz, Roberto M. rmcruz@usgs.gov","contributorId":139630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cruz","given":"Roberto M.","email":"rmcruz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":542134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lorah, Michelle M. 0000-0002-9236-587X mmlorah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-587X","contributorId":1437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorah","given":"Michelle","email":"mmlorah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70190681,"text":"70190681 - 2015 - Sediment contributions from floodplains and legacy sediments to Piedmont streams of Baltimore County, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-12T11:49:32","indexId":"70190681","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment contributions from floodplains and legacy sediments to Piedmont streams of Baltimore County, Maryland","docAbstract":"<p id=\"sp0005\">Disparity between watershed erosion rates and downstream sediment delivery has remained an important theme in geomorphology for many decades, with the role of floodplains in sediment storage as a common focus. In the Piedmont Province of the eastern USA, upland deforestation and agricultural land use following European settlement led to accumulation of thick packages of overbank sediment in valley bottoms, commonly referred to as legacy deposits. Previous authors have argued that legacy deposits represent a potentially important source of modern sediment loads following remobilization by lateral migration and progressive channel widening. This paper seeks to quantify (1) rates of sediment remobilization from Baltimore County floodplains by channel migration and bank erosion, (2) proportions of streambank sediment derived from legacy deposits, and (3) potential contribution of net streambank erosion and legacy sediments to downstream sediment yield within the Mid-Atlantic Piedmont.</p><p id=\"sp0010\">We calculated measurable gross erosion and deposition rates within the fluvial corridor along 40 valley segments from 18 watersheds with drainage areas between 0.18 and 155&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>in Baltimore County, Maryland. We compared stream channel and floodplain morphology from lidar-based digital elevation data collected in 2005 with channel positions recorded on 1:2400 scale topographic maps from 1959–1961 in order to quantify 44–46&nbsp;years of channel change. Sediment bulk density and particle size distributions were characterized from streambank and channel deposit samples and used for volume to mass conversions and for comparison with other sediment sources.</p><p id=\"sp0015\">Average annual lateral migration rates ranged from 0.04 to 0.19&nbsp;m/y, which represented an annual migration of 2.5% (0.9–4.4%) channel width across all study segments, suggesting that channel dimensions may be used as reasonable predictors of bank erosion rates. Gross bank erosion rates varied from 43 to 310&nbsp;Mg/km/y (median&nbsp;=&nbsp;114) and were positively correlated with drainage area. Measured deposition within channels accounted for an average of 46% (28–75%) of gross erosion, with deposition increasingly important in larger drainages. Legacy sediments accounted for 6–90% of bank erosion at individual study segments, represented about 60% of bank height at most exposures, and accounted for 57% (±&nbsp;16%) of the measured gross erosion. Extrapolated results indicated that first- and second-order streams accounted for 62% (±&nbsp;38%) of total streambank erosion from 1005&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>of northern Baltimore County. After accounting for estimated redeposition, extrapolated net streambank sediment yields (72&nbsp;Mg/km<sup>2</sup>/y) constituted 70% of estimated average Piedmont watershed yields (104&nbsp;Mg/km<sup>2</sup>/y). The results suggest that streambank sediments are a relatively large source of sediment from Piedmont tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.01.025","usgsCitation":"Donovan, M., Miller, A., Baker, M., and Gellis, A., 2015, Sediment contributions from floodplains and legacy sediments to Piedmont streams of Baltimore County, Maryland: Geomorphology, v. 235, p. 88-105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.01.025.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"88","endPage":"105","ipdsId":"IP-061474","costCenters":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":345645,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Baltimore County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":\"1213\",\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Baltimore\",\"state\":\"MD\"},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-76.5109,39.5273],[-76.505,39.5246],[-76.4972,39.5254],[-76.4877,39.5249],[-76.4812,39.5198],[-76.4776,39.5175],[-76.4741,39.5161],[-76.4705,39.5157],[-76.4658,39.5115],[-76.4616,39.5111],[-76.4598,39.5106],[-76.4563,39.5087],[-76.4492,39.5073],[-76.445,39.5082],[-76.4397,39.5045],[-76.4379,39.5045],[-76.4355,39.5054],[-76.4325,39.5058],[-76.4313,39.5058],[-76.4301,39.5053],[-76.4295,39.5031],[-76.4284,39.5017],[-76.4308,39.4986],[-76.4333,39.494],[-76.4333,39.4904],[-76.4315,39.4886],[-76.4286,39.4867],[-76.4257,39.4831],[-76.4215,39.4808],[-76.4198,39.4794],[-76.4186,39.478],[-76.415,39.478],[-76.4102,39.4789],[-76.4079,39.4761],[-76.4061,39.4734],[-76.4026,39.4716],[-76.3943,39.4665],[-76.392,39.4624],[-76.3885,39.4597],[-76.3879,39.4587],[-76.3873,39.456],[-76.3874,39.4528],[-76.3798,39.4455],[-76.3792,39.4392],[-76.3788,39.4287],[-76.3795,39.4251],[-76.3724,39.4192],[-76.3701,39.4164],[-76.3708,39.4078],[-76.3702,39.4055],[-76.3608,39.4005],[-76.3602,39.3999],[-76.3632,39.3964],[-76.3639,39.3923],[-76.367,39.3895],[-76.3844,39.3808],[-76.3897,39.3808],[-76.4025,39.3839],[-76.4028,39.3842],[-76.4053,39.3847],[-76.4056,39.385],[-76.4081,39.385],[-76.4083,39.3853],[-76.4136,39.3853],[-76.4147,39.3833],[-76.4081,39.3822],[-76.4058,39.3819],[-76.4011,39.3794],[-76.4001,39.3819],[-76.3969,39.3817],[-76.3953,39.3778],[-76.3894,39.3764],[-76.3892,39.3767],[-76.3689,39.3728],[-76.3694,39.3728],[-76.3711,39.3744],[-76.3711,39.3747],[-76.3469,39.3747],[-76.3467,39.375],[-76.3431,39.3753],[-76.3425,39.3747],[-76.34,39.3672],[-76.3397,39.3669],[-76.3392,39.365],[-76.3422,39.3592],[-76.345,39.3583],[-76.3325,39.3381],[-76.3322,39.3381],[-76.3325,39.3347],[-76.333,39.3342],[-76.3344,39.3369],[-76.3353,39.3378],[-76.3381,39.3392],[-76.3403,39.3397],[-76.3431,39.34],[-76.3433,39.3403],[-76.3511,39.3422],[-76.3583,39.3467],[-76.3583,39.3469],[-76.3608,39.3519],[-76.3672,39.3464],[-76.3644,39.3433],[-76.3628,39.3411],[-76.3625,39.3411],[-76.3736,39.3417],[-76.3783,39.3419],[-76.3786,39.3422],[-76.3825,39.3419],[-76.3775,39.3403],[-76.3742,39.3381],[-76.3736,39.3375],[-76.3511,39.3342],[-76.3506,39.3336],[-76.3492,39.3261],[-76.3489,39.3264],[-76.3368,39.3049],[-76.345,39.3144],[-76.3428,39.315],[-76.3431,39.3172],[-76.3447,39.3164],[-76.3512,39.3122],[-76.3594,39.3206],[-76.3592,39.3272],[-76.3606,39.3258],[-76.3653,39.3217],[-76.3706,39.3226],[-76.3697,39.3211],[-76.3706,39.3203],[-76.3828,39.3236],[-76.3831,39.3239],[-76.3878,39.3267],[-76.3886,39.3258],[-76.3881,39.3253],[-76.3853,39.3197],[-76.3844,39.3197],[-76.3828,39.3208],[-76.3806,39.3211],[-76.3803,39.3208],[-76.3753,39.3172],[-76.375,39.3172],[-76.3714,39.3186],[-76.3683,39.3164],[-76.3669,39.3156],[-76.3711,39.3136],[-76.3714,39.3139],[-76.3751,39.313],[-76.3742,39.3122],[-76.3739,39.3125],[-76.3861,39.2992],[-76.3808,39.3089],[-76.3883,39.3122],[-76.3889,39.3128],[-76.3906,39.3111],[-76.3938,39.304],[-76.3951,39.304],[-76.4,39.3158],[-76.4,39.3167],[-76.4025,39.3256],[-76.4014,39.3267],[-76.4019,39.3272],[-76.4047,39.3258],[-76.405,39.3261],[-76.4092,39.3294],[-76.4075,39.3264],[-76.4033,39.3228],[-76.4031,39.3228],[-76.4025,39.3186],[-76.4031,39.3181],[-76.4131,39.3175],[-76.4158,39.3186],[-76.4134,39.3154],[-76.4128,39.3131],[-76.4131,39.3128],[-76.4097,39.3086],[-76.4103,39.3081],[-76.4236,39.3275],[-76.4236,39.3281],[-76.4269,39.3267],[-76.4269,39.3264],[-76.4286,39.3253],[-76.44,39.3203],[-76.4392,39.3194],[-76.4283,39.3124],[-76.4231,39.3053],[-76.4264,39.3042],[-76.4267,39.3039],[-76.4269,39.3017],[-76.4258,39.3028],[-76.4244,39.3028],[-76.4242,39.3031],[-76.4203,39.3031],[-76.4197,39.3036],[-76.4108,39.3039],[-76.3997,39.29],[-76.4161,39.29],[-76.4164,39.29],[-76.4139,39.2844],[-76.4111,39.2861],[-76.4103,39.2861],[-76.409,39.2858],[-76.4097,39.2822],[-76.4073,39.2837],[-76.4072,39.2847],[-76.4065,39.285],[-76.4008,39.2847],[-76.4033,39.2831],[-76.4028,39.2825],[-76.4008,39.2836],[-76.4003,39.2842],[-76.3964,39.2856],[-76.3972,39.2864],[-76.3892,39.2864],[-76.3856,39.2869],[-76.3853,39.2872],[-76.3872,39.2803],[-76.3875,39.28],[-76.3886,39.2781],[-76.3959,39.2784],[-76.3964,39.2791],[-76.397,39.2789],[-76.4003,39.2772],[-76.3997,39.2767],[-76.3981,39.2753],[-76.4,39.2733],[-76.4006,39.2694],[-76.4006,39.2489],[-76.4022,39.2481],[-76.4053,39.2514],[-76.4403,39.2614],[-76.4406,39.2617],[-76.4381,39.2642],[-76.4381,39.2647],[-76.4375,39.2683],[-76.4369,39.2689],[-76.4381,39.2719],[-76.4392,39.2747],[-76.439,39.2822],[-76.4372,39.2831],[-76.4336,39.2857],[-76.4328,39.2867],[-76.4353,39.2872],[-76.4372,39.2858],[-76.4392,39.2836],[-76.4397,39.2836],[-76.4433,39.2828],[-76.4436,39.2831],[-76.4631,39.2942],[-76.4628,39.2944],[-76.4636,39.2964],[-76.4628,39.2983],[-76.4653,39.3011],[-76.4678,39.3028],[-76.4678,39.3011],[-76.4675,39.3008],[-76.4644,39.2975],[-76.465,39.2953],[-76.4692,39.2981],[-76.4869,39.3108],[-76.4894,39.3114],[-76.49,39.3108],[-76.4914,39.3089],[-76.4944,39.3081],[-76.4948,39.3082],[-76.4997,39.3056],[-76.4997,39.305],[-76.4994,39.3035],[-76.4821,39.294],[-76.4811,39.2911],[-76.4589,39.2792],[-76.4572,39.2778],[-76.4569,39.2778],[-76.4532,39.2657],[-76.4528,39.2643],[-76.4522,39.2626],[-76.4539,39.2594],[-76.4533,39.2594],[-76.4512,39.2592],[-76.4521,39.2589],[-76.4516,39.2576],[-76.4495,39.2559],[-76.4489,39.2497],[-76.4503,39.2483],[-76.4508,39.2472],[-76.4528,39.2456],[-76.4517,39.2444],[-76.4514,39.2444],[-76.4497,39.2456],[-76.4494,39.2456],[-76.4454,39.2468],[-76.4459,39.2474],[-76.4442,39.2481],[-76.4439,39.2478],[-76.4411,39.2469],[-76.4406,39.2444],[-76.4262,39.2052],[-76.4328,39.2056],[-76.4333,39.2089],[-76.4328,39.2097],[-76.4342,39.2144],[-76.4375,39.2117],[-76.4378,39.21],[-76.4414,39.2094],[-76.4419,39.2061],[-76.4394,39.2047],[-76.4429,39.2031],[-76.4422,39.2029],[-76.4392,39.2031],[-76.4417,39.2172],[-76.4414,39.2169],[-76.4394,39.2172],[-76.4381,39.2172],[-76.4378,39.2175],[-76.4389,39.2183],[-76.4405,39.2211],[-76.4408,39.2209],[-76.4419,39.2194],[-76.4453,39.2186],[-76.45,39.2181],[-76.4578,39.2217],[-76.4566,39.2217],[-76.4572,39.2233],[-76.4597,39.2228],[-76.4617,39.2267],[-76.463,39.2247],[-76.4661,39.2061],[-76.4683,39.2053],[-76.4767,39.2048],[-76.4813,39.2042],[-76.4817,39.2075],[-76.4814,39.2078],[-76.4822,39.2114],[-76.4852,39.2102],[-76.4855,39.2094],[-76.4856,39.2068],[-76.485,39.2056],[-76.485,39.2047],[-76.4864,39.2031],[-76.4869,39.2025],[-76.4908,39.2022],[-76.4911,39.2019],[-76.5011,39.2094],[-76.4997,39.2119],[-76.5003,39.2125],[-76.4997,39.2183],[-76.4983,39.2214],[-76.4983,39.2217],[-76.4911,39.2297],[-76.4917,39.2303],[-76.4875,39.2444],[-76.4875,39.2447],[-76.4883,39.248],[-76.4873,39.2483],[-76.4863,39.2481],[-76.4792,39.2489],[-76.4789,39.25],[-76.4772,39.2525],[-76.4777,39.256],[-76.4753,39.2614],[-76.475,39.2611],[-76.4724,39.2614],[-76.4731,39.2619],[-76.4789,39.2661],[-76.4789,39.2669],[-76.4814,39.2728],[-76.4817,39.2725],[-76.4831,39.2719],[-76.4831,39.2711],[-76.4803,39.2686],[-76.48,39.2683],[-76.4797,39.2636],[-76.4794,39.2633],[-76.4786,39.2597],[-76.4783,39.2594],[-76.4789,39.2583],[-76.4811,39.2586],[-76.4831,39.2583],[-76.4819,39.2572],[-76.4814,39.2536],[-76.4828,39.2522],[-76.4831,39.2522],[-76.4856,39.2531],[-76.4869,39.2536],[-76.4883,39.255],[-76.4886,39.255],[-76.4914,39.2567],[-76.4922,39.2567],[-76.4928,39.2572],[-76.4936,39.2586],[-76.4944,39.2536],[-76.4903,39.2528],[-76.4897,39.2522],[-76.4942,39.2481],[-76.4972,39.2492],[-76.4983,39.2503],[-76.4992,39.2503],[-76.5,39.2494],[-76.5022,39.2531],[-76.5028,39.2547],[-76.5031,39.255],[-76.505,39.2508],[-76.5044,39.2489],[-76.5044,39.2483],[-76.5068,39.2461],[-76.5056,39.2461],[-76.5028,39.2472],[-76.5008,39.2475],[-76.5006,39.2478],[-76.4994,39.2478],[-76.4992,39.2475],[-76.4978,39.2469],[-76.5028,39.2431],[-76.5044,39.2417],[-76.5036,39.2408],[-76.5025,39.2408],[-76.5004,39.2358],[-76.5167,39.2344],[-76.5164,39.2347],[-76.5175,39.2406],[-76.5383,39.25],[-76.535,39.2579],[-76.5364,39.2608],[-76.5364,39.2611],[-76.5403,39.2644],[-76.5406,39.2644],[-76.5378,39.2603],[-76.5369,39.2586],[-76.5417,39.2544],[-76.5418,39.256],[-76.5521,39.2589],[-76.5539,39.2608],[-76.555,39.26],[-76.5567,39.2597],[-76.5561,39.2603],[-76.5564,39.2606],[-76.5589,39.2608],[-76.5615,39.2581],[-76.5628,39.2567],[-76.5631,39.2564],[-76.5667,39.2592],[-76.5703,39.2694],[-76.5703,39.2706],[-76.5706,39.2708],[-76.5778,39.2747],[-76.5844,39.2812],[-76.5858,39.2833],[-76.5858,39.2786],[-76.5967,39.2789],[-76.5969,39.2792],[-76.6003,39.2792],[-76.6006,39.2794],[-76.6044,39.2828],[-76.6056,39.2828],[-76.6064,39.2819],[-76.6053,39.2808],[-76.6053,39.2803],[-76.5981,39.2753],[-76.5964,39.2753],[-76.5858,39.2733],[-76.5806,39.2686],[-76.58,39.2681],[-76.5825,39.2631],[-76.5917,39.2614],[-76.5926,39.2614],[-76.5986,39.2625],[-76.5992,39.2619],[-76.6,39.2631],[-76.6006,39.2637],[-76.6033,39.2633],[-76.6003,39.2619],[-76.6039,39.2628],[-76.6056,39.2631],[-76.6058,39.2628],[-76.6214,39.2647],[-76.6214,39.2669],[-76.6214,39.2675],[-76.6252,39.2722],[-76.6299,39.2592],[-76.6294,39.2587],[-76.6128,39.2464],[-76.6122,39.2439],[-76.6106,39.2469],[-76.61,39.2467],[-76.6081,39.2439],[-76.6078,39.2436],[-76.5947,39.245],[-76.5939,39.2453],[-76.5931,39.2469],[-76.5856,39.2467],[-76.5844,39.2492],[-76.5839,39.2492],[-76.5811,39.2494],[-76.58,39.2494],[-76.5786,39.2483],[-76.57,39.2439],[-76.565,39.2378],[-76.5647,39.2375],[-76.5628,39.2364],[-76.5619,39.2356],[-76.5594,39.235],[-76.5589,39.2344],[-76.5606,39.2308],[-76.5608,39.2308],[-76.5625,39.2289],[-76.5636,39.2247],[-76.5639,39.225],[-76.5664,39.2247],[-76.5681,39.2258],[-76.5728,39.2264],[-76.5736,39.2264],[-76.5742,39.2258],[-76.5789,39.2286],[-76.5792,39.2289],[-76.5808,39.2303],[-76.5808,39.2292],[-76.5806,39.2267],[-76.58,39.2261],[-76.5781,39.2236],[-76.5786,39.2231],[-76.5775,39.2214],[-76.5775,39.2208],[-76.5783,39.22],[-76.5783,39.2194],[-76.5789,39.2178],[-76.5789,39.2153],[-76.5792,39.2156],[-76.5882,39.2124],[-76.5819,39.2144],[-76.5808,39.2106],[-76.5808,39.21],[-76.5828,39.2078],[-76.6035,39.227],[-76.617,39.2367],[-76.6182,39.2375],[-76.6212,39.2335],[-76.6308,39.224],[-76.6386,39.2236],[-76.6415,39.225],[-76.645,39.2282],[-76.6646,39.2311],[-76.6706,39.2284],[-76.679,39.223],[-76.6885,39.2222],[-76.6944,39.2213],[-76.701,39.2145],[-76.7057,39.2177],[-76.7092,39.2232],[-76.7146,39.2251],[-76.7175,39.2273],[-76.7222,39.2301],[-76.7288,39.2292],[-76.73,39.2292],[-76.7371,39.2302],[-76.743,39.232],[-76.7518,39.2407],[-76.7583,39.2448],[-76.7601,39.248],[-76.7642,39.2507],[-76.7683,39.2548],[-76.7754,39.2608],[-76.7843,39.2617],[-76.7884,39.2658],[-76.7908,39.2677],[-76.7907,39.2699],[-76.7871,39.2762],[-76.7835,39.2839],[-76.7816,39.2921],[-76.7786,39.2952],[-76.7786,39.2971],[-76.7798,39.2984],[-76.7815,39.2993],[-76.791,39.3021],[-76.794,39.3044],[-76.7934,39.3062],[-76.7927,39.3098],[-76.7933,39.313],[-76.7945,39.3148],[-76.8022,39.3167],[-76.8081,39.3163],[-76.8129,39.3136],[-76.8153,39.3127],[-76.8201,39.3141],[-76.8236,39.3191],[-76.8265,39.3191],[-76.8331,39.3173],[-76.8361,39.3182],[-76.8402,39.3173],[-76.8474,39.3187],[-76.8533,39.3188],[-76.8533,39.3219],[-76.8568,39.3256],[-76.8592,39.3288],[-76.8633,39.332],[-76.8657,39.3324],[-76.8716,39.3329],[-76.8746,39.3334],[-76.877,39.3343],[-76.8751,39.3384],[-76.8751,39.3411],[-76.8786,39.3447],[-76.881,39.3515],[-76.8792,39.3556],[-76.8774,39.3561],[-76.875,39.3565],[-76.875,39.3574],[-76.8762,39.3579],[-76.8767,39.3588],[-76.8773,39.3588],[-76.8791,39.3601],[-76.8797,39.3624],[-76.8797,39.3638],[-76.8815,39.3647],[-76.8832,39.3652],[-76.8856,39.3674],[-76.8874,39.3706],[-76.8891,39.3733],[-76.8914,39.3801],[-76.8891,39.3829],[-76.8884,39.3847],[-76.8854,39.3874],[-76.8842,39.3892],[-76.8818,39.391],[-76.883,39.3946],[-76.8823,39.3996],[-76.8811,39.4032],[-76.8829,39.4073],[-76.8817,39.4132],[-76.8798,39.415],[-76.8774,39.4186],[-76.8786,39.42],[-76.8816,39.4209],[-76.8881,39.4232],[-76.8952,39.4264],[-76.897,39.43],[-76.8964,39.4337],[-76.894,39.4368],[-76.8916,39.4377],[-76.8904,39.44],[-76.8903,39.4418],[-76.8885,39.4454],[-76.8826,39.4463],[-76.8772,39.4485],[-76.8759,39.4512],[-76.8783,39.4531],[-76.8843,39.4522],[-76.889,39.4545],[-76.8908,39.4558],[-76.8884,39.4576],[-76.8884,39.4599],[-76.8878,39.4622],[-76.886,39.464],[-76.8841,39.4685],[-76.8817,39.4726],[-76.8799,39.4767],[-76.8775,39.4785],[-76.8757,39.4803],[-76.8715,39.482],[-76.8679,39.4847],[-76.8691,39.4902],[-76.8702,39.4943],[-76.8678,39.5006],[-76.7887,39.7207],[-76.7006,39.7211],[-76.5698,39.7213],[-76.567,39.6175],[-76.5601,39.597],[-76.5554,39.5907],[-76.55,39.5884],[-76.5483,39.5865],[-76.5465,39.5834],[-76.5454,39.5793],[-76.5454,39.5784],[-76.5443,39.5752],[-76.5425,39.5729],[-76.5413,39.5693],[-76.5402,39.567],[-76.5367,39.5633],[-76.5343,39.5606],[-76.5337,39.5583],[-76.535,39.5556],[-76.535,39.552],[-76.5327,39.5474],[-76.5333,39.5461],[-76.528,39.5438],[-76.5215,39.5374],[-76.5168,39.5332],[-76.5109,39.5273]]],[[[-76.5536,39.2175],[-76.5533,39.2172],[-76.5519,39.2172],[-76.5517,39.2169],[-76.5517,39.2166],[-76.5517,39.2161],[-76.5511,39.2156],[-76.5508,39.2158],[-76.5492,39.2158],[-76.5492,39.2156],[-76.5489,39.2153],[-76.5489,39.2147],[-76.5486,39.2144],[-76.5489,39.2142],[-76.5489,39.2139],[-76.5486,39.2136],[-76.5486,39.2133],[-76.5492,39.2128],[-76.5494,39.2128],[-76.5497,39.2125],[-76.5497,39.2122],[-76.5494,39.2119],[-76.5494,39.2117],[-76.5492,39.2114],[-76.5492,39.2111],[-76.5489,39.2108],[-76.5489,39.2106],[-76.5486,39.2103],[-76.5486,39.21],[-76.5478,39.2092],[-76.5475,39.2092],[-76.5472,39.2094],[-76.5469,39.2094],[-76.5467,39.2097],[-76.5458,39.2106],[-76.5453,39.2106],[-76.545,39.2108],[-76.5444,39.2108],[-76.5439,39.2114],[-76.5433,39.2108],[-76.5433,39.2114],[-76.5431,39.2117],[-76.5428,39.2114],[-76.5428,39.2108],[-76.5425,39.2106],[-76.5414,39.2106],[-76.5408,39.21],[-76.5408,39.2097],[-76.54,39.2106],[-76.5397,39.2106],[-76.5394,39.2103],[-76.5392,39.2103],[-76.5389,39.2106],[-76.5386,39.2103],[-76.5381,39.2103],[-76.5378,39.2106],[-76.5375,39.2103],[-76.5356,39.2103],[-76.535,39.2097],[-76.5344,39.2103],[-76.5342,39.2106],[-76.5336,39.2106],[-76.5331,39.21],[-76.5331,39.2097],[-76.5325,39.2097],[-76.5322,39.2094],[-76.5322,39.2092],[-76.5325,39.2089],[-76.5325,39.2086],[-76.5322,39.2083],[-76.5322,39.2081],[-76.5319,39.2078],[-76.5319,39.2075],[-76.5322,39.2072],[-76.5322,39.2069],[-76.5325,39.2067],[-76.5333,39.2067],[-76.5336,39.2064],[-76.5339,39.2064],[-76.5344,39.2058],[-76.5347,39.2058],[-76.535,39.2061],[-76.5356,39.2061],[-76.5358,39.2063],[-76.5358,39.2064],[-76.5364,39.2064],[-76.5367,39.2067],[-76.5369,39.2067],[-76.5372,39.2069],[-76.5378,39.2069],[-76.5386,39.2061],[-76.5386,39.2058],[-76.5389,39.2056],[-76.5386,39.2053],[-76.5381,39.2053],[-76.5504,39.1972],[-76.5705,39.2032],[-76.5705,39.2077],[-76.5704,39.215],[-76.5689,39.2164],[-76.5683,39.2164],[-76.5678,39.2158],[-76.5672,39.2158],[-76.5669,39.2156],[-76.5664,39.2156],[-76.5661,39.2153],[-76.5653,39.2153],[-76.565,39.215],[-76.5622,39.215],[-76.5621,39.215],[-76.5617,39.215],[-76.5614,39.2153],[-76.5611,39.2153],[-76.5608,39.2156],[-76.56,39.2156],[-76.5597,39.2158],[-76.5581,39.2158],[-76.5578,39.2156],[-76.5564,39.2156],[-76.555,39.2169],[-76.5542,39.2169],[-76.5536,39.2175]]],[[[-76.3458,39.2525],[-76.3472,39.2511],[-76.3478,39.2506],[-76.3478,39.2503],[-76.3497,39.2483],[-76.3503,39.2481],[-76.3514,39.2472],[-76.3542,39.2453],[-76.3544,39.2453],[-76.3558,39.245],[-76.3561,39.245],[-76.3572,39.2444],[-76.3594,39.2431],[-76.36,39.2428],[-76.3603,39.2425],[-76.3608,39.2422],[-76.3644,39.24],[-76.365,39.2394],[-76.3653,39.2392],[-76.3658,39.2389],[-76.3664,39.2386],[-76.3669,39.2386],[-76.3675,39.2392],[-76.3686,39.2389],[-76.3692,39.2383],[-76.3689,39.2375],[-76.3694,39.2369],[-76.3697,39.2369],[-76.3703,39.2375],[-76.3706,39.2375],[-76.3714,39.2378],[-76.3717,39.2375],[-76.3744,39.2375],[-76.3758,39.2378],[-76.3769,39.2381],[-76.3778,39.2383],[-76.3783,39.2386],[-76.3792,39.2389],[-76.3806,39.2392],[-76.3823,39.2395],[-76.3842,39.2411],[-76.3853,39.2422],[-76.3853,39.2425],[-76.3856,39.2428],[-76.3856,39.2461],[-76.3858,39.2469],[-76.3859,39.2471],[-76.3864,39.2481],[-76.3864,39.2486],[-76.3856,39.2494],[-76.3839,39.2494],[-76.3837,39.2492],[-76.3836,39.2492],[-76.3811,39.2492],[-76.3801,39.2501],[-76.3789,39.2514],[-76.3781,39.2519],[-76.3767,39.2522],[-76.3758,39.2525],[-76.3747,39.2528],[-76.3744,39.2528],[-76.3742,39.2531],[-76.3739,39.2531],[-76.3731,39.2528],[-76.3725,39.2525],[-76.3717,39.2533],[-76.3717,39.2536],[-76.3711,39.2542],[-76.3711,39.2544],[-76.3706,39.255],[-76.3689,39.2564],[-76.3675,39.2567],[-76.3669,39.2569],[-76.3661,39.2572],[-76.3644,39.2581],[-76.3639,39.2586],[-76.3633,39.2589],[-76.3622,39.2592],[-76.3614,39.2594],[-76.3603,39.26],[-76.3594,39.2608],[-76.3569,39.2622],[-76.3546,39.2619],[-76.3539,39.2614],[-76.3487,39.2599],[-76.3447,39.2583],[-76.3444,39.2581],[-76.3442,39.2578],[-76.3439,39.2575],[-76.3439,39.2572],[-76.3436,39.2569],[-76.3436,39.2558],[-76.3442,39.2553],[-76.3453,39.2531],[-76.3458,39.2525]]],[[[-76.3897,39.2358],[-76.3894,39.2356],[-76.3892,39.2356],[-76.3889,39.2353],[-76.3898,39.2343],[-76.39,39.2342],[-76.3903,39.2339],[-76.3906,39.2336],[-76.3908,39.2336],[-76.3917,39.2328],[-76.3919,39.2328],[-76.3925,39.2322],[-76.3928,39.2322],[-76.3931,39.2319],[-76.3939,39.2319],[-76.3942,39.2317],[-76.3947,39.2317],[-76.395,39.2319],[-76.3953,39.2322],[-76.3956,39.2325],[-76.3956,39.2328],[-76.3953,39.2331],[-76.3953,39.2333],[-76.395,39.2336],[-76.3947,39.2336],[-76.3944,39.2339],[-76.3942,39.2339],[-76.3939,39.2342],[-76.3931,39.2342],[-76.3919,39.2353],[-76.3917,39.2353],[-76.3914,39.235],[-76.3911,39.235],[-76.3908,39.2353],[-76.3906,39.2353],[-76.3904,39.2355],[-76.39,39.2358],[-76.3897,39.2358]]],[[[-76.326,39.3139],[-76.3253,39.3139],[-76.3248,39.3139],[-76.3244,39.3138],[-76.3238,39.3136],[-76.3234,39.3134],[-76.3231,39.3132],[-76.3228,39.313],[-76.3223,39.3129],[-76.3218,39.3129],[-76.3218,39.3124],[-76.3221,39.3123],[-76.3228,39.3124],[-76.3233,39.3124],[-76.3238,39.3124],[-76.3243,39.3126],[-76.3248,39.3127],[-76.3252,39.3131],[-76.3255,39.3132],[-76.3257,39.3132],[-76.326,39.3133],[-76.326,39.3139]]]]}}]}","volume":"235","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59b8f221e4b08b1644e0aef6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Donovan, Mitchell","contributorId":196360,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Donovan","given":"Mitchell","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":710153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Andrew","contributorId":196361,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":710154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, Matthew","contributorId":196362,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baker","given":"Matthew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":710155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gellis, Allen C. 0000-0002-3449-2889 agellis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3449-2889","contributorId":1709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gellis","given":"Allen C.","email":"agellis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":375,"text":"Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":710156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70146138,"text":"sim3316 - 2015 - Image mosaic and topographic map of the moon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-24T16:23:06","indexId":"sim3316","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-14T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3316","title":"Image mosaic and topographic map of the moon","docAbstract":"<p><strong>Sheet 1:</strong>&nbsp;This image mosaic is based on data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Wide Angle Camera (WAC; Robinson and others, 2010), an instrument on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft (Tooley and others, 2010). The equatorial WAC images were orthorectified onto the Global Lunar Digital Terrain Mosaic (GLD100, WAC-derived 100 m/pixel digital elevation model; <span>Scholten and others, 2012</span>) while the polar images were orthorectified onto the lunar LOLA polar digital elevation models (Neumann and others, 2010). The Mercator projection is used between latitudes &plusmn;57&deg;, with a central meridian at 0&deg; longitude and latitude equal to the nominal scale at 0&deg;. The Polar Stereographic projection is used for the regions north of the +55&deg; parallel and south of the &ndash;55&deg; parallel, with a central meridian set for both at 0&deg; and a latitude of true scale at +90&deg; and -90&deg;, respectively. All named features greater than 85 km in diameter or length were included unless they were not visible on the map. Some selected well-known features less than 85 km in size were also included. For listed references, please open the full PDF.</p>\n<p><strong>Sheet 2:</strong><span>&nbsp;This map is based on data from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA; Smith and others, 2010), an instrument on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft (Tooley and others, 2010). The image used for the base of this map represents more than 6.5 billion measurements gathered between July 2009 and July 2013, adjusted for consistency in the coordinate system described below, and then converted to lunar radii (Mazarico and others, 2012). For the Mercator portion, these measurements were converted into a digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 0.015625 degrees per pixel, or 64 pixels per degree. In projection, the pixels are 473.8 m in size at the equator. For the polar portion, the LOLA elevation points were used to create a DEM at 240 meters per pixel. A shaded relief map was generated from each DEM with a sun angle of 45&deg; from horizontal, and a sun azimuth of 270&deg;, as measured clockwise from north with no vertical exaggeration. The DEM values were then mapped to a global color look-up table, with each color representing a range of 1 km of elevation. For this map sheet, only larger feature names are shown. For references listed above, please open the full PDF.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3316","collaboration":"Prepared for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration","usgsCitation":"Hare, T.M., Hayward, R., Blue, J.S., and Archinal, B.A., 2015, Image mosaic and topographic map of the moon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3316, 2 Sheets: 48.00 x 42.96 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3316.","productDescription":"2 Sheets: 48.00 x 42.96 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055942","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299640,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim3316.JPG"},{"id":299617,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3316/"},{"id":299621,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3316/downloads/sim3316_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1 (Hi Res)","size":"251 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":299622,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3316/downloads/sim3316_sheet1_lo_res.pdf","text":"Sheet 1 (Lo Res)","size":"58.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":299623,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3316/downloads/sim3316_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2 (Hi Res)","size":"427 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":299624,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3316/downloads/sim3316_sheet2_lo_res.pdf","text":"Sheet 2 (Lo Res)","size":"55 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"10000000","projection":"Mercator projection","otherGeospatial":"Moon","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"552e2c20e4b0b22a157f9f32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hare, Trent M. 0000-0001-8842-389X thare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8842-389X","contributorId":3188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hare","given":"Trent","email":"thare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayward, Rosalyn K. 0000-0002-7428-0311 rhayward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7428-0311","contributorId":571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayward","given":"Rosalyn K.","email":"rhayward@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blue, Jennifer S. jblue@usgs.gov","contributorId":2276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blue","given":"Jennifer","email":"jblue@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Archinal, Brent A. 0000-0002-6654-0742 barchinal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6654-0742","contributorId":2816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Archinal","given":"Brent","email":"barchinal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70146122,"text":"sim3325 - 2015 - Seismic-hazard maps for the conterminous United States, 2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-14T09:22:35","indexId":"sim3325","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-14T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3325","title":"Seismic-hazard maps for the conterminous United States, 2014","docAbstract":"<p>The maps presented here provide an update to the 2008 data contained in U.S Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3195 (<a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3195/\">http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3195/</a>).Probabilistic seismic-hazard maps were prepared for the conterminous United States for 2014 portraying peak horizontal acceleration and horizontal spectral response acceleration for 0.2- and 1.0-second periods with probabilities of exceedance of 10 percent in 50 years and 2 percent in 50 years. All of the maps were prepared by combining the hazard derived from spatially smoothed historical seismicity with the hazard from fault-specific sources. The acceleration values contoured are the random horizontal component. The reference site condition is firm rock, defined as having an average shear-wave velocity of 760 m/s in the top 30 meters corresponding to the boundary between NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazards Reduction program) site classes B and C.</p>\n<p>This data set represents the results of calculations of hazard curves for a grid of points with a spacing of 0.05 degrees in latitude and longitude. The grid of points was contoured to produce the final representation of the seismic hazard.</p>\n<p>These maps are intended to summarize the available quantitative information about seismic ground motion hazard for the conterminous United States from geologic and geophysical sources.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3325","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M.D., Moschetti, M.P., Powers, P.M., Mueller, C.S., Haller, K., Frankel, A.D., Zeng, Y., Rezaeian, S., Harmsen, S., Boyd, O.S., Field, E.H., Chen, R., Luco, N., Wheeler, R.L., Williams, R.A., Olsen, A.H., and Rukstales, K.S., 2015, Seismic-hazard maps for the conterminous United States, 2014: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3325, 6 Sheets: 31.00 x 24.00 inches; 6 GIS data files; Metadata; Geologic map database, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3325.","productDescription":"6 Sheets: 31.00 x 24.00 inches; 6 GIS data files; Metadata; Geologic map database","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2014-01-01","temporalEnd":"2014-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-063671","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299639,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim3325.jpg"},{"id":299634,"rank":11,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3325/downloads/datafiles/SIM3325_5.zip","text":"Sheet 5 GIS data","size":"1.87 MB"},{"id":299635,"rank":12,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3325/pdf/SIM3325_sheet6.pdf","text":"Sheet 6 Map","size":"10.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":299636,"rank":13,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3325/downloads/datafiles/SIM3325_6.zip","text":"Sheet 6 GIS data","size":"2.63 MB"},{"id":299620,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3325/"},{"id":299637,"rank":14,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3325/downloads/metadata.zip"},{"id":299638,"rank":15,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3325/downloads/datafiles/","text":"Geologic map database","linkHelpText":"Contains: GIS data and Shapefiles. Refer to the README file for more information about these digital files."},{"id":299625,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3325/pdf/SIM3325_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1 Map","size":"10.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":299626,"rank":3,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3325/downloads/datafiles/SIM3325_1.zip","text":"Sheet 1 GIS data","size":"2.81 MB"},{"id":299627,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3325/pdf/SIM3325_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2 Map","size":"10.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":299628,"rank":5,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3325/downloads/datafiles/SIM3325_2.zip","text":"Sheet 2 GIS data","size":"3.98 MB"},{"id":299629,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3325/pdf/SIM3325_sheet3.pdf","text":"Sheet 3 Map","size":"10.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":299630,"rank":7,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3325/downloads/datafiles/SIM3325_3.zip","text":"Sheet 3 GIS data","size":"2.73 MB"},{"id":299631,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3325/pdf/SIM3325_sheet4.pdf","text":"Sheet 4 Map","size":"10.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":299632,"rank":9,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3325/downloads/datafiles/SIM3325_4.zip","text":"Sheet 4 GIS data","size":"3.80 MB"},{"id":299633,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3325/pdf/SIM3325_sheet5.pdf","text":"Sheet 5 Map","size":"9.82 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"7000000","projection":"Albers equal-area conic projection","country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.76123046875,\n              49.009050809382046\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.16357421875,\n              49.03786794532644\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.16357421875,\n              49.396675075193976\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.76806640624999,\n              49.35375571830993\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.50439453125,\n              48.73445537176822\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.62548828125,\n              48.67645370777654\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.22998046875,\n              48.69096039092549\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.59277343749999,\n              48.63290858589532\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.1533203125,\n              48.4146186174932\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.669921875,\n              48.29781249243716\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.47216796875,\n              48.07807894349862\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.03271484375,\n              48.22467264956519\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.5712890625,\n              48.1367666796927\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.02197265625,\n              48.1367666796927\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.75830078125,\n              48.04870994288686\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.45068359374999,\n              48.019324184801185\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.81298828125,\n              47.56170075451973\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.04345703125,\n              46.76996843356982\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.845703125,\n              46.6795944656402\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.9228515625,\n              46.99524110694596\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.791015625,\n              46.875213396722685\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.85693359375,\n              46.63435070293566\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.65917968749999,\n              46.6795944656402\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.41748046874999,\n              46.619261036171515\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.69238281249999,\n              46.875213396722685\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.40673828125,\n              46.90524554642923\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.9453125,\n              47.07012182383309\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.505859375,\n              47.3834738721015\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.08837890625,\n              47.53203824675999\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.62695312499999,\n              47.502358951968596\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.890625,\n              47.29413372501023\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.3740234375,\n              46.9502622421856\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.4619140625,\n              46.70973594407157\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.0224609375,\n              46.98025235521883\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.64892578125,\n              46.89023157359399\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.4072265625,\n              46.694667307773116\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.1875,\n              46.49839225859763\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.98974609375,\n              46.5739667965278\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.72607421875,\n              46.46813299215554\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.11083984375,\n              46.70973594407157\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.4736328125,\n              46.72480037466717\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.83642578125,\n              46.73986059969267\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.22119140625,\n              46.51351558059737\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.8037109375,\n              46.240651955001695\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.935546875,\n              45.9511496866914\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.66064453125,\n              45.99696161820381\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.66064453125,\n              45.75219336063106\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.18798828125,\n              46.01222384063238\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.6494140625,\n              45.99696161820381\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.2646484375,\n              45.79816953017265\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.7041015625,\n              45.598665689820656\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.0556640625,\n              45.583289756006316\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.802734375,\n              44.84029065139799\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.12158203125,\n              45.29034662473615\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.94580078125,\n              45.30580259943578\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.16552734375,\n              44.793530904744074\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.5830078125,\n              44.11914151643737\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.86865234374999,\n              43.35713822211053\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.78076171875,\n              42.827638636242284\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.7587890625,\n              42.374778361114195\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.47314453125,\n              41.820455096140314\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.29736328125,\n              41.64007838467894\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.7919921875,\n              41.78769700539063\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.30859375,\n              42.53689200787317\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.220703125,\n              42.827638636242284\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.55029296875,\n              43.5326204268101\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.41845703124999,\n              43.83452678223684\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.396484375,\n              44.213709909702054\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.80322265625,\n              45.182036837015886\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.58349609375,\n              45.1510532655634\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.517578125,\n              44.793530904744074\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.4296875,\n              45.13555516012536\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.341796875,\n              45.398449976304086\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.166015625,\n              45.460130637921004\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.10009765625,\n              45.767522962149904\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.4189453125,\n              45.75219336063106\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.111328125,\n              45.598665689820656\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.27636718749999,\n              45.27488643704894\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.25439453125,\n              45.042478050891546\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.27636718749999,\n              44.77793589631623\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.232421875,\n              44.54350521320822\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.671875,\n              44.02442151965934\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.935546875,\n              43.75522505306928\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.69384765625,\n              43.58039085560786\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.232421875,\n              44.040218713142146\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.9248046875,\n              44.08758502824518\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.59521484375,\n              43.8028187190472\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.4853515625,\n              43.26120612479979\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.37548828125,\n              42.97250158602597\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.55126953124999,\n              42.58544425738491\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.90283203125,\n              42.27730877423709\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.25439453125,\n              41.83682786072714\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.408203125,\n              41.72213058512578\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.41943359375,\n              41.409775832009565\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.0458984375,\n              41.541477666790286\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.6943359375,\n              41.55792157780418\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.54052734375,\n              41.73852846935917\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.5517578125,\n              42.00032514831621\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.716796875,\n              42.374778361114195\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.9697265625,\n              42.66628070564928\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.94775390625,\n              42.79540065303723\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.12353515625,\n              43.26120612479979\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.7060546875,\n              43.32517767999296\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.0029296875,\n              43.40504748787035\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.54150390625,\n              43.30919109985686\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.9482421875,\n              43.34116005412307\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.22314453125,\n              43.70759350405294\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.31103515625,\n              44.166444664458595\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.95947265625,\n              44.465151013519616\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.970703125,\n              45.07352060670971\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.4873046875,\n              45.07352060670971\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.22412109375,\n              45.07352060670971\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.455078125,\n              45.07352060670971\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.4111328125,\n              45.321254361171476\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.103515625,\n              45.321254361171476\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.81787109374999,\n              45.44471679159555\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.55419921875,\n              45.67548217560647\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.42236328125,\n              45.79816953017265\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.3125,\n              45.920587344733654\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.33447265624999,\n              46.255846818480336\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.1806640625,\n              46.437856895024225\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.0048828125,\n              46.7549166192819\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.27978515625,\n              47.517200697839414\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.0380859375,\n              47.45780853075031\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.88427734374999,\n              47.30903424774781\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.8623046875,\n              47.249406957888446\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.62060546875,\n              47.32393057095941\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.31298828125,\n              47.41322033016902\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.7197265625,\n              47.100044694025215\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.74169921875,\n              46.90524554642923\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.74169921875,\n              45.75219336063106\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.47802734375,\n              45.61403741135093\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.412109375,\n              45.36758436884978\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.30224609375,\n              45.166547157856016\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.21435546875,\n              45.259422036351694\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.0166015625,\n              44.96479793033104\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.95068359374999,\n              44.793530904744074\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.587890625,\n              44.5278427984555\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.35693359375,\n              44.19795903948531\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.84033203125,\n              43.929549935614595\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.2578125,\n              43.88205730390537\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.98291015625,\n              43.70759350405294\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.4443359375,\n              43.24520272203356\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.77392578125,\n              42.956422511073335\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.59814453125,\n              42.65012181368025\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.8837890625,\n              42.439674178149424\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.51025390625,\n              41.86956082699455\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.24658203125,\n              41.88592102814744\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.1806640625,\n              42.08191667830631\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.85107421874999,\n              41.95131994679697\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.9609375,\n              41.590796851056005\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.873046875,\n              41.22824901518532\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.4443359375,\n              41.11246878918086\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.34521484375,\n              41.22824901518532\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.94921875,\n              40.713955826286046\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.828125,\n              40.53050177574321\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.091796875,\n              40.41349604970198\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.02587890625,\n              40.12849105685408\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.15771484375,\n              39.757879992021756\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.42138671875,\n              39.38526381099777\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.86083984375,\n              38.92522904714054\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.03662109375,\n              39.027718840211605\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.2783203125,\n              39.07890809706475\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.0146484375,\n              38.61687046392973\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.12451171875,\n              38.30718056188316\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.5419921875,\n              37.666429212090605\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.00341796875,\n              37.07271048132946\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.9375,\n              36.527294814546245\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.52001953125,\n              35.97800618085568\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.3662109375,\n              35.47856499535729\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.65185546874999,\n              35.04798673426734\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.14599609375,\n              34.57895241036945\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.84912109375,\n              34.07086232376631\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.22265625,\n              33.7243396617476\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.79394531249999,\n              33.706062655101206\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.16748046874999,\n              33.15594830078649\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.51904296874999,\n              32.861132322810946\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.26611328125,\n              32.45415593941475\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.7275390625,\n              32.02670629333614\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.34277343749999,\n              31.16580958786196\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.49658203125,\n              30.524413269923986\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.92529296875,\n              28.92163128242129\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.37597656249999,\n              27.644606381943326\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.00244140625,\n              26.725986812271756\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.15625,\n              26.254009699865737\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.17822265625,\n              25.720735134412106\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.2880859375,\n              25.224820176765036\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.6396484375,\n              24.766784522874453\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.49658203125,\n              24.387127324604496\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.50732421875,\n              24.226928664976377\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.29833984375,\n              24.56710835257599\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.6943359375,\n              24.886436490787688\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.2548828125,\n              25.383735254706867\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.67236328125,\n              25.898761936567023\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.001953125,\n              26.115985925333536\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.08984375,\n              26.54922257769204\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.33154296875,\n              26.80446076654616\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.68310546875,\n              27.371767300523047\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.90283203125,\n              28.07198030177986\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.6611328125,\n              28.632746799225856\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.81494140625,\n              29.075375179558346\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.1884765625,\n              29.132970130878636\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.82568359375,\n              30.012030680358613\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.287109375,\n              29.954934549656144\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.79248046875,\n              29.76437737516313\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.27587890625,\n              29.554345125748267\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.97900390625,\n              30.107117887092382\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.8359375,\n              30.334953881988564\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.64892578125,\n              30.20211367909724\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.9345703125,\n              30.372875188118016\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.681640625,\n              30.372875188118016\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.4287109375,\n              30.240086360983426\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.296875,\n              30.031055426540206\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.58251953125,\n              29.57345707301757\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.9892578125,\n              29.34387539941801\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.12109375,\n              29.075375179558346\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.6484375,\n              29.19053283229458\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.02197265625,\n              29.171348850951507\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.68115234375,\n              29.305561325527698\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.12060546875,\n              29.22889003019423\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.49414062499999,\n              29.32472016151103\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.87841796875,\n              29.630771207229\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.71337890625,\n              29.783449456820605\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.5703125,\n              29.439597566602902\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.185546875,\n              29.05616970274342\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.5478515625,\n              28.38173504322308\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.119140625,\n              27.916766641249065\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.3388671875,\n              27.391278222579277\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.3388671875,\n              26.745610382199022\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.05322265625,\n              25.97779895546436\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.3388671875,\n              25.878994400196202\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.55859375,\n              25.839449402063185\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.10791015625,\n              26.03704188651584\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.72314453125,\n              26.175158990178133\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.2724609375,\n              26.509904531413927\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.5361328125,\n              27.21555620902969\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.6240234375,\n              27.527758206861886\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.8876953125,\n              27.761329874505233\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.34912109375,\n              28.246327971048842\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.8544921875,\n              29.171348850951507\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.5576171875,\n              29.6880527498568\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.32666015625,\n              29.7453016622136\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.67822265625,\n              29.611670115197377\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.919921875,\n              29.075375179558346\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.271484375,\n              28.8831596093235\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.99658203125,\n              29.19053283229458\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.61181640625,\n              29.6880527498568\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.91943359374999,\n              30.35391637229704\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.13916015625,\n              30.694611546632302\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.84228515625,\n              30.996445897426373\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.25976562499999,\n              31.42866311735861\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.45751953125,\n              31.690781806136822\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.1494140625,\n              31.765537409484374\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.1494140625,\n              31.353636941500987\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.19335937499999,\n              31.259769987394286\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.72021484375,\n              31.3348710339506\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.9619140625,\n              31.240985378021307\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.82910156249999,\n              32.45415593941475\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.89501953124999,\n              32.602361666817515\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.04882812499999,\n              32.694865977875075\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.20214843749999,\n              32.52828936482526\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.48779296875,\n              33.15594830078649\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.83935546874999,\n              33.578014746143985\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.36669921875,\n              33.779147331286474\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.4873046875,\n              34.27083595165\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.58593749999999,\n              34.379712580462204\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.78369140624999,\n              34.813803317113155\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.78369140624999,\n              35.209721645221386\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.05810546875,\n              36.491973470593685\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.904296875,\n              36.82687474287728\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.45361328124999,\n              37.10776507118514\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.6953125,\n              37.71859032558816\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.93701171874999,\n              37.94419750075404\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.15673828124999,\n              38.013476231041935\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.04687499999999,\n              38.22091976683121\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.85986328124999,\n              38.976492485539424\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.8818359375,\n              39.7240885773337\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.45312499999999,\n              40.36328834091583\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.29931640625,\n              40.84706035607122\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.16748046874999,\n              40.94671366508002\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.12353515624999,\n              41.42625319507272\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.65087890624999,\n              42.84375132629021\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.178466796875,\n              43.8899753738369\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.024658203125,\n              45.07352060670971\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.002685546875,\n              45.90529985724796\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.134521484375,\n              46.437856895024225\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.244384765625,\n              47.18971246448421\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.442138671875,\n              47.64318610543658\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.541015625,\n              47.84265762816535\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.727783203125,\n              48.03401915864286\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.65087890624999,\n              48.40003249610685\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.629150390625,\n              48.158757304569235\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.145751953125,\n              48.17341248658084\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.76123046875,\n              49.009050809382046\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"552e2c23e4b0b22a157f9f3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, Mark D. 0000-0001-8542-3990 mpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8542-3990","contributorId":1163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Mark","email":"mpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moschetti, Morgan P. 0000-0001-7261-0295 mmoschetti@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7261-0295","contributorId":1662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moschetti","given":"Morgan","email":"mmoschetti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powers, Peter M. pmpowers@usgs.gov","contributorId":4434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"Peter","email":"pmpowers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mueller, Charles S. 0000-0002-1868-9710 cmueller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1868-9710","contributorId":955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Charles","email":"cmueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haller, Kathleen M. haller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haller","given":"Kathleen M.","email":"haller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Frankel, Arthur D. 0000-0001-9119-6106 afrankel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":1363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"Arthur","email":"afrankel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Zeng, Yuehua zeng@usgs.gov","contributorId":1623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeng","given":"Yuehua","email":"zeng@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rezaeian, Sanaz 0000-0001-7589-7893 srezaeian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7589-7893","contributorId":4395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rezaeian","given":"Sanaz","email":"srezaeian@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Harmsen, Stephen C. harmsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmsen","given":"Stephen C.","email":"harmsen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Boyd, Oliver S. olboyd@usgs.gov","contributorId":956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"Oliver","email":"olboyd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Field, Edward H. 0000-0001-8172-7882 field@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8172-7882","contributorId":52242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Edward","email":"field@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Chen, Rui","contributorId":78250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Rui","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Luco, Nicolas 0000-0002-5763-9847 nluco@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5763-9847","contributorId":140191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luco","given":"Nicolas","email":"nluco@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Wheeler, Russell L. wheeler@usgs.gov","contributorId":858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"Russell","email":"wheeler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Williams, Robert A. rawilliams@usgs.gov","contributorId":140192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Robert","email":"rawilliams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Olsen, Anna H. aolsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":4703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Anna","email":"aolsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Rukstales, Kenneth S. 0000-0003-2818-078X rukstales@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2818-078X","contributorId":775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rukstales","given":"Kenneth","email":"rukstales@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}}
,{"id":70146131,"text":"sim3323 - 2015 - Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array Type L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) mosaic for the Kahiltna terrane, Alaska, 2007-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-14T09:54:32","indexId":"sim3323","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-13T16:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3323","title":"Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array Type L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) mosaic for the Kahiltna terrane, Alaska, 2007-2010","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has initiated a multi-disciplinary study investigating the applicability of remote sensing technologies for geologic mapping and identification of prospective areas for base and precious metal deposits in remote parts of Alaska. The Kahiltna terrane in southwestern Alaska was selected for investigation because of its known mineral deposits and potential for additional mineral resources. An assortment of technologies is being investigated to aid in remote analysis of terrain, and includes imaging spectroscopy (hyperspectral remote sensing), high spatial resolution electro-optical imagery, and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). However, there are significant challenges to applying imaging spectroscopy and electro-optical imagery technologies in this area because of the low solar angle for parts of the year, seasonal periods of darkness and snow cover, and the frequently cloudy weather that characterizes Alaska. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) was selected because this technology does not rely on solar illumination and has all-weather capability.</p>\n<p>The USGS has compiled a continuous, cloud-free 12.5-meter resolution radar mosaic of SAR data of approximately 212,000 square kilometers to examine the suitability of this technology for geologic mapping. This mosaic was created from Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) data collected from 2007 to 2010 spanning the Kahiltna terrane and the surrounding area. Interpretation of these data may help geologists understand past geologic processes and identify areas with potential for near-surface mineral resources for further ground-based geological and geochemical investigations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3323","usgsCitation":"Cole, C.J., Johnson, M., and Graham, G.E., 2015, Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array Type L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) mosaic for the Kahiltna terrane, Alaska, 2007-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3323, 1 Plate: 48 x 27.5 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3323.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 48 x 27.5 inches","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2007-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-057901","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299613,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3323/"},{"id":299614,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3323/pdf/SIM3323.pdf","text":"Map Sheet","size":"54.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3323 Map Sheet"},{"id":299615,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim3323.jpg"}],"scale":"1000000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kahiltna Terrane","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -158.37890625,\n              59.40036514079251\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.37890625,\n              62.12443624549497\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.1728515625,\n              62.12443624549497\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.1728515625,\n              59.40036514079251\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.37890625,\n              59.40036514079251\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"552cda9ae4b0b22a157f5096","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, Christopher J. cjcole@usgs.gov","contributorId":2163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Christopher","email":"cjcole@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Michaela R. 0000-0001-6133-0247 mrjohns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-0247","contributorId":1013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michaela R.","email":"mrjohns@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graham, Garth E. 0000-0003-0657-0365 ggraham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0657-0365","contributorId":1031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Garth","email":"ggraham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70156237,"text":"70156237 - 2015 - Accelerometer-derived activity correlates with volitional swimming speed in lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-18T09:43:11","indexId":"70156237","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-13T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accelerometer-derived activity correlates with volitional swimming speed in lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens)","docAbstract":"<p>Quantifying fine-scale locomotor behaviours associated with different activities is challenging for free-swimming fish.<br />Biologging and biotelemetry tools can help address this problem. An open channel flume was used to generate volitional<br />swimming speed (Us) estimates of cultured lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque, 1817) and these were paired with<br />simultaneously recorded accelerometer-derived metrics of activity obtained from three types of data-storage tags. This study<br />examined whether a predictive relationship could be established between four different activity metrics (tail-beat frequency<br />(TBF), tail-beat acceleration amplitude (TBAA), overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA), and vectorial dynamic body acceleration<br />(VeDBA)) and the swimming speed of A. fulvescens. Volitional Us of sturgeon ranged from 0.48 to 2.70 m&middot;s&minus;1 (0.51&ndash;3.18 body<br />lengths (BL) &middot; s&minus;1). Swimming speed increased linearly with all accelerometer-derived metrics, and when all tag types were<br />combined, Us increased 0.46 BL&middot;s&minus;1 for every 1 Hz increase in TBF, and 0.94, 0.61, and 0.94 BL&middot;s&minus;1 for every 1g increase in TBAA,<br />ODBA, and VeDBA, respectively. Predictive relationships varied among tag types and tag-specific parameter estimates of Us are<br />presented for all metrics. This use of acceleration data-storage tags demonstrated their applicability for the field quantification<br />of sturgeon swimming speed.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/cjz-2014-0271","usgsCitation":"Thiem, J., Dawson, J., Gleiss, A., Martins, E., Haro, A.J., Castro-Santos, T.R., Danylchuk, A., Wilson, R.P., and Cooke, S.J., 2015, Accelerometer-derived activity correlates with volitional swimming speed in lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens): Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 93, p. 645-654, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2014-0271.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"645","endPage":"654","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055359","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306844,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d4572be4b0518e354694a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thiem, J.D.","contributorId":146533,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thiem","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16718,"text":"Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dawson, J.W.","contributorId":106339,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawson","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16718,"text":"Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gleiss, A.C.","contributorId":146534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gleiss","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16719,"text":"Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 909350, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Martins, E.G.","contributorId":146535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martins","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16718,"text":"Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haro, Alexander J. 0000-0002-7188-9172 aharo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-9172","contributorId":2917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haro","given":"Alexander","email":"aharo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":568124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Castro-Santos, Theodore R. 0000-0003-2575-9120 tcastrosantos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2575-9120","contributorId":3321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castro-Santos","given":"Theodore","email":"tcastrosantos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":568129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Danylchuk, A. J.","contributorId":146536,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Danylchuk","given":"A. J.","affiliations":[{"id":16720,"text":"Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-9485, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wilson, R. P.","contributorId":37672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Cooke, S. J.","contributorId":55645,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cooke","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16718,"text":"Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70147255,"text":"70147255 - 2015 - Remigial molt of sea ducks","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70147255,"text":"70147255 - 2015 - Remigial molt of sea ducks","indexId":"70147255","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"chapter":"9","title":"Remigial molt of sea ducks"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70146989,"text":"70146989 - 2015 - Ecology and conservation of North American sea ducks","indexId":"70146989","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Ecology and conservation of North American sea ducks"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70146989,"text":"70146989 - 2015 - Ecology and conservation of North American sea ducks","indexId":"70146989","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Ecology and conservation of North American sea ducks"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-15T10:56:42","indexId":"70147255","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"9","title":"Remigial molt of sea ducks","docAbstract":"<p>Molt is a dynamic process occurring throughout much of the year in waterfowl. The molt of flight feathers by waterfowl, especially sea ducks, however, occurs over a compressed period of time and in spcific areas used each year. We provide an overview of the flight feather molt of sea ducks. We focus on the need to molt and why, the timing and duration of flight feather mot, and the duration birds remain at molting areas; energetics of molt and strategies for managing energetic needs; molt migration' food resources and foraging behavior; predation risks; temporal constraints and competition; response to disturbance; and molt habitats and seasonal differences in habitat used by sea ducks. We conclude by presenting and discussing data gaps and emphasize the continuing need for a holistic approach to sea duck management and international cooperation among countries.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Ecology and conservation of North American sea ducks; Studies in Avian Biology v. 46","language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","isbn":"9781482248975","collaboration":"Savard, Jean-Pierre L.","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M.R., and Savard, J.L., 2015, Remigial molt of sea ducks, chap. 9 <i>of</i> Ecology and conservation of North American sea ducks; Studies in Avian Biology v. 46, v. 46, p. 305-336.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"336","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054808","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312268,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":299938,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781482248975"}],"volume":"46","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"566ff655e4b09cfe53ca79bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savard, Jean-Pierre L.","contributorId":101776,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Savard","given":"Jean-Pierre","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6962,"text":"Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":582133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70169287,"text":"70169287 - 2015 - Diet of yellow-billed loons (<i>Gavia adamsii</i>) in Arctic lakes during the nesting season inferred from fatty acid analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-15T11:18:23","indexId":"70169287","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-11T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3093,"text":"Polar Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diet of yellow-billed loons (<i>Gavia adamsii</i>) in Arctic lakes during the nesting season inferred from fatty acid analysis","docAbstract":"<p><span>Understanding the dietary habits of yellow-billed loons (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Gavia adamsii</i><span>) can give important insights into their ecology, however, studying the diet of loons is difficult when direct observation or specimen collection is impractical. We investigate the diet of yellow-billed loons nesting on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska using quantitative fatty acid signature analysis. Tissue analysis from 26 yellow-billed loons and eleven prey groups (nine fish species and two invertebrate groups) from Arctic lakes suggests that yellow-billed loons are eating high proportions of Alaska blackfish (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Dallia pectoralis</i><span>), broad whitefish (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Coregonus nasus</i><span>) and three-spined stickleback (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Gasterosteus aculeatus</i><span>) during late spring and early summer. The prominence of blackfish in diets highlights the widespread availability of blackfish during the early stages of loon nesting, soon after spring thaw. The high proportions of broad whitefish and three-spined stickleback may reflect a residual signal from the coastal staging period prior to establishing nesting territories on lakes, when loons are more likely to encounter these species. Our analyses were sensitive to the choice of calibration coefficient based on data from three different species, indicating the need for development of loon-specific coefficients for future study and confirmation of our results. Regardless, fish that are coastally distributed and that successfully overwinter in lakes are likely key food items for yellow-billed loons early in the nesting season.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00300-015-1690-3","usgsCitation":"Haynes, T.B., Schmutz, J.A., Bromaghin, J.F., Iverson, S.J., Padula, V.M., and Rosenberger, A.E., 2015, Diet of yellow-billed loons (<i>Gavia adamsii</i>) in Arctic lakes during the nesting season inferred from fatty acid analysis: Polar Biology, v. 38, no. 8, p. 1239-1247, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-015-1690-3.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1239","endPage":"1247","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061290","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438706,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7H993BH","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Fatty acid signature data of potential yellow-billed loon prey in the Arctic coastal plain of Alaska, 2009-2011"},{"id":335486,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7H993BH","text":"Fatty acid signature data of potential yellow-billed loon prey in the Arctic coastal plain of Alaska, 2009-2011"},{"id":319337,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -157.18,\n              71.0\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.18,\n              70.0\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.18,\n              70.0\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.18,\n              71.0\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.18,\n              71.0\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-04-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f50fb7e4b0f59b85e1ead9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haynes, T B","contributorId":167768,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haynes","given":"T","email":"","middleInitial":"B","affiliations":[{"id":24825,"text":"School of Fish and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bromaghin, Jeffrey F. 0000-0002-7209-9500 jbromaghin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7209-9500","contributorId":139899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bromaghin","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jbromaghin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Iverson, S J","contributorId":167769,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Iverson","given":"S","email":"","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[{"id":24826,"text":"Department of Biology, Dalhousie University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Padula, V. M.","contributorId":167770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Padula","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":24825,"text":"School of Fish and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rosenberger, A E","contributorId":167771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rosenberger","given":"A","email":"","middleInitial":"E","affiliations":[{"id":24827,"text":"Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, U.S. Geological Survey, University of Missouri","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70146256,"text":"70146256 - 2015 - Delineation of fractures, foliation, and groundwater of the bedrock at a geothermal feasibility site on Roosevelt Island, New York County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-24T16:29:02","indexId":"70146256","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Delineation of fractures, foliation, and groundwater of the bedrock at a geothermal feasibility site on Roosevelt Island, New York County, New York","docAbstract":"<p>Advanced borehole-geophysical methods were used to investigate the hydrogeology of the crystalline bedrock in three boreholes on Roosevelt Island, New York County, New York. Cornell University was evaluating the feasibility of using geothermal energy for a future campus at the site. The borehole-logging techniques were used to delineate bedrock fractures, foliation, and groundwater-flow zones of the Fordham Gneiss in test boreholes at the site. Three fracture populations dominated by small (0.04 in or less) fractures were delineated in the three boreholes. A sub-horizontal population with low to moderate dipping fractures, a northeast dipping population with moderate to high angle fractures, and a small northwest dipping high angle fracture population. One large southwest dipping transmissive fracture underlies the entire study area with a mean dip azimuth of 235&ordm; southwest and a dip angle of 31&ordm; (N325&ordm;W 31&ordm;SW). The mean foliation dip azimuth was 296&ordm; northwest with a mean dip angle of 73&ordm; (N26&ordm;E 73&ordm;NW). Groundwater appears to flow through a network of fractures dominated by a large fracture underlying the site that is affected by tidal variations from the nearby East River. The total number of fractures penetrated by each borehole was 95, 63, and 68, with fracture indices of 0.26, 0.20, and 0.20 in GT-1 (NY292), GT-2 (NY293), and GT-3 (NY294), respectively. Aquifer test data indicate the specific capacity of boreholes GT-1 (NY292), GT-2 (NY293), and GT-3 (NY294) was 1.9, 1.5, and 3.7 gal/min/ft, respectively. The large contribution of flow from the leaking casing in borehole GT-3 (NY294) caused the doubling in specific capacity compared to boreholes GT-1 (NY292) and GT-2 (NY293). The transmissivities of the large fracture intersected by the three boreholes tested (GT-1, GT-2, and GT-3), calculated from aquifer-test analyses of time-drawdown data and flowmeter differencing, were 133, 124, and 65 feet squared per day (ft2/d), respectively. Gringarten analysis indicated the large fracture intersects a low transmissivity boundary or distant fracture network with an average transmissivity of 69 ft2/d, this distant hydraulic boundary averages about 200 ft away from boreholes GT-1 and GT-2. Field measurements of specific conductance of the three boreholes under ambient conditions at the site indicate an increase in conductivity toward the southwest part of the site. Specific conductance was 5, 6, and 23 millisiemens per centimeter (mS/cm) in boreholes GT-2, GT-3, and GT-1, respectively. Three borehole radar reflection logs collected at each of the boreholes indicated increased penetration with depth and the large fracture intersecting all three boreholes was imaged as far as 80 ft from the boreholes. A borehole radar attenuation tomogram from GT-1 to GT-2 indicated the large fracture intersected by the boreholes extends between the boreholes with a low angle southwest dip.</p>","conferenceTitle":"22nd Conference on the Geology of Long Island and Metropolitan New York","conferenceDate":"April 11, 2015","conferenceLocation":"Stony Brook, NY","language":"English","collaboration":"Cornell University; USGS","usgsCitation":"Stumm, F., Chu, A., Como, M.D., Noll, M.L., and Joesten, P.K., 2015, Delineation of fractures, foliation, and groundwater of the bedrock at a geothermal feasibility site on Roosevelt Island, New York County, New York, 22nd Conference on the Geology of Long Island and Metropolitan New York, Stony Brook, NY, April 11, 2015, 23 p.","productDescription":"23 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063658","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311700,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Roosevelt Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.94210815429688,\n              40.77274188001071\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.95343780517578,\n              40.761300880922235\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.95978927612305,\n              40.75297891717686\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.96150588989258,\n              40.750768220446936\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.96150588989258,\n              40.748947591479705\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.95463943481445,\n              40.75440932883489\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.9493179321289,\n              40.76091081214379\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.94056320190428,\n              40.770011820529064\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.93918991088867,\n              40.77248187917859\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.94039154052734,\n              40.77352187640244\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.94210815429688,\n              40.77274188001071\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5655983ae4b071e7ea53def9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stumm, Frederick 0000-0002-5388-8811 fstumm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5388-8811","contributorId":1077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stumm","given":"Frederick","email":"fstumm@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chu, Anthony 0000-0001-8623-2862 achu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8623-2862","contributorId":2517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chu","given":"Anthony","email":"achu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Como, Michael D. 0000-0002-7911-5390 mcomo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7911-5390","contributorId":4651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Como","given":"Michael","email":"mcomo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Noll, Michael L. 0000-0003-2050-3134 mnoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2050-3134","contributorId":4652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noll","given":"Michael","email":"mnoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Joesten, Peter K. pjoesten@usgs.gov","contributorId":1929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joesten","given":"Peter","email":"pjoesten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70144858,"text":"70144858 - 2015 - Response to \"Comment on and Reinterpretation of Gabriel et al. (2014) \"Fish Mercury and Surface Water Sulfate Relationships in the Everglades Protection Area\"\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-13T12:56:43","indexId":"70144858","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-10T12:55:06","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response to \"Comment on and Reinterpretation of Gabriel et al. (2014) \"Fish Mercury and Surface Water Sulfate Relationships in the Everglades Protection Area\"\"","docAbstract":"<p><span>The purpose of this forum is to respond to a rebuttal submitted by Julian et al., Environ Manag 55:1–5,&nbsp;</span><span class=\"CitationRef\">2015</span><span>&nbsp;where they outlined their overall disagreement with the data preparation, methods, and interpretation of results presented in Gabriel et al. (Environ Manag 53:583–593,&nbsp;</span><span class=\"CitationRef\">2014</span><span>). Here, we provide background information on the research premise presented in Gabriel et al. (Environ Manag 53:583–593,&nbsp;</span><span class=\"CitationRef\">2014</span><span>) and provide a defense for this work using five themes. In spite of what Julian et al. perceive as limitations in the sampling methods and analytical tools used for this work, the relationships found between fish total mercury and surface water sulfate concentrations in Gabriel et al. (Environ Manag 53:583–593,&nbsp;</span><span class=\"CitationRef\">2014</span><span>) are comparable to relationships between pore water methylmercury (MeHg) and pore water sulfate found in past studies indicating that sulfate is important to MeHg production and bioaccumulation in the Everglades. Julian et al. state “…there is no way to justify any ecosystem-wide sulfur strategy as a management approach to reduce mercury risk in the (Everglades) as suggested by Gabriel et al. (Environ Manag 53:583–593,&nbsp;</span><span class=\"CitationRef\">2014</span><span>), Corrales et al. (Sci Tot Environ 409:2156–2162,&nbsp;</span><span class=\"CitationRef\">2011</span><span>) and Orem et al. (Rev Environ Sci Technol 41 (S1):249–288,&nbsp;</span><span class=\"CitationRef\">2011</span><span>).” We disagree, and having stated why sulfate input reduction to the Everglades may be the most effective means of reducing mercury in Everglades fish, it is important that research on sulfur and mercury biogeochemistry continues. If further studies support the relationship between sulfate loading reduction and MeHg reduction, sulfur mass balance studies should commence to (1) better quantify agricultural and connate seawater sulfate inputs and (2) define opportunities to reduce sulfate inputs to the Everglades ecosystem.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00267-015-0486-0","usgsCitation":"Gabriel, M.C., Axelrad, D., Orem, W.H., and Osborne, T.Z., 2015, Response to \"Comment on and Reinterpretation of Gabriel et al. (2014) \"Fish Mercury and Surface Water Sulfate Relationships in the Everglades Protection Area\"\": Environmental Management, v. 55, no. 6, p. 1227-1231, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0486-0.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1227","endPage":"1231","ipdsId":"IP-063092","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366530,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gabriel, Mark C.","contributorId":140034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gabriel","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13361,"text":"International Joint Commission, Washington DC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Axelrad, Don","contributorId":140035,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Axelrad","given":"Don","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13362,"text":"Florida A&M University, Inst. of Public Health, Tallahassee, FL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Orem, William H. 0000-0003-4990-0539 borem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"William","email":"borem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Osborne, Todd Z.","contributorId":140037,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Osborne","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":13363,"text":"University of Florida, Wetland Biogeochemistry Laboratory, Soil and Water Science Dept, Gainesville, FL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70134287,"text":"cir1407 - 2015 - The water-energy nexus: an earth science perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-10T09:25:05","indexId":"cir1407","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-10T09:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1407","title":"The water-energy nexus: an earth science perspective","docAbstract":"<p>Water availability and use are closely connected with energy development and use. Water cannot be delivered to homes, businesses, and industries without energy, and most forms of energy development require large amounts of water. The United States faces two significant and sometimes competing challenges: to provide sustainable supplies of freshwater for humans and ecosystems and to ensure adequate sources of energy for future generations. This report reviews the complex ways in which water and energy are interconnected and describes the earth science data collection and research that can help the Nation address these important challenges.</p>\n<p>The earth sciences have been a cornerstone in developing our current understanding of the water-energy nexus. A full understanding of the nexus, however, is limited by uncertainty in our knowledge of fundamental issues, such as the quantity of freshwater that is available, the amount of water that is used in energy development, the effects that emerging energy development technologies have on water quality and quantity, and the amount of energy required to treat and deliver freshwater. Enhanced data collection and research can improve our understanding of these important issues and thereby lay the groundwork for informed resource management.</p>\n<p>Relevant earth science issues analyzed and discussed herein include freshwater availability; water use; ecosystems health; assessment of saline water resources; assessment of fossil-fuel, uranium, and geothermal resources; subsurface injection of wastewater and carbon dioxide and related induced seismicity; climate change and its effect on water availability and energy production; byproducts and waste streams of energy development; emerging energy-development technologies; and energy for water treatment and delivery.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1407","usgsCitation":"Healy, R.W., Alley, W.M., Engle, M.A., McMahon, P.B., and Bales, J.D., 2015, The water-energy nexus: an earth science perspective: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1407, x, 107 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1407.","productDescription":"x, 107 p.","numberOfPages":"122","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056050","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299560,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir1407.jpg"},{"id":299559,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1407/pdf/circ1407.pdf","text":"Report","size":"68.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":299558,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1407/"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -133.74755859375,\n              54.610254981579146\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.693359375,\n              54.67383096593114\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.990234375,\n              55.26659815231191\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.078125,\n              56.145549500679074\n            ],\n            [\n              -132.36328125,\n              57.231502991478905\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.83544921875,\n              58.790978406215565\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.41748046875,\n              59.80063426102869\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.65869140625,\n              59.366793908532124\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.06494140625,\n              60.337823495982015\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.04248046875,\n              60.359564131824214\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.99853515625,\n              69.67235784229395\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.10791015625,\n              70.11795869529236\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.75610351562497,\n              70.12916451400015\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.82177734375,\n              69.99053495947653\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.865478515625,\n              70.16647348777344\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.65576171875,\n              70.57976496276407\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.34765625,\n              70.4257596280135\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.776123046875,\n              70.5505206897679\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.45727539062497,\n              70.65269079937718\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.1826171875,\n              70.82303119876653\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.21533203125,\n              70.93100353239014\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.984375,\n              70.88428756304232\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.072021484375,\n              71.1629389818661\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.46728515625,\n              71.39215459308421\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.86279296875,\n              71.30783606806223\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.510986328125,\n              70.95611273739775\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.26904296875,\n              70.82663973805337\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.763427734375,\n              70.9202326894952\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.686279296875,\n              70.80859050466093\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.72998046875,\n              70.4147144526346\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.927490234375,\n              70.34092679475283\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.39990234375,\n              70.21487465331137\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.05908203125,\n              69.81310023846743\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.41064453125,\n              69.25614923150721\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.1796875,\n              68.98204571755966\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.22314453125,\n              68.89518688943544\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.8603515625,\n              68.35869913946578\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.99243164062497,\n              68.13476043212292\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.267333984375,\n              67.99110834539987\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.46533203125,\n              67.68860046836481\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.71826171875,\n              67.11874849517986\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.48779296875,\n              66.73556274968628\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.949462890625,\n              66.33530025104689\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.0263671875,\n              66.07377439885927\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.740478515625,\n              66.09826847519165\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.960205078125,\n              66.10049403862936\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.49853515625,\n              66.08268406802715\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.7017822265625,\n              66.06263291952231\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.9434814453125,\n              66.20930795624578\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.8226318359375,\n              66.2779082607654\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.7127685546875,\n              66.51544957497539\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.6138916015625,\n              66.57229948064233\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.828125,\n              66.59631225137328\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.410400390625,\n              66.5875830234115\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.443115234375,\n              66.44310650816469\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.123779296875,\n              65.69447579373418\n            ],\n            [\n              -171.89208984375,\n              63.80189351770543\n            ],\n            [\n              -173.49609375,\n              60.56537850464181\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.771484375,\n              57.016814017391106\n            ],\n            [\n              -169.6728515625,\n              56.29215668507645\n            ],\n            [\n              -169.716796875,\n              53.46189043285914\n            ],\n            [\n              -173.9794921875,\n              52.64306343665892\n            ],\n            [\n              -178.505859375,\n              52.214338608258224\n            ],\n            [\n              -182.63671875,\n              52.4158226123788\n            ],\n            [\n              -187.33886718749997,\n              53.370220573956786\n            ],\n            [\n              -188.1298828125,\n              52.82932091031373\n            ],\n            [\n              -186.61376953125,\n              52.13348804077147\n            ],\n            [\n              -180.703125,\n              51.12421275782688\n            ],\n            [\n              -179.09912109375,\n              50.98609893339354\n            ],\n            [\n              -172.59521484375,\n              51.713416052417614\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.48681640625,\n              53.238920640924974\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.61962890625,\n              54.13669645687002\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.84033203125,\n              54.80068486732233\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.32470703125,\n              55.61558902526749\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.85302734375,\n              57.397624055000456\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.41357421875,\n              58.41322259056804\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.380859375,\n              59.153403092050375\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.18408203125,\n              59.277108010511675\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.1845703125,\n              59.734253447591364\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.10791015625,\n              60.04290359809164\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.6796875,\n              59.94400716933027\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.306640625,\n              59.33318942659219\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.26318359375,\n              58.39019698411526\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.9228515625,\n              57.016814017391106\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.74755859375,\n              54.610254981579146\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.26660156249999,\n              49.009050809382046\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.185546875,\n              49.03786794532644\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.174560546875,\n              49.38952445158216\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.81201171875,\n              49.35375571830993\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.3505859375,\n              48.719961222646276\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.933349609375,\n              48.64016871811908\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.329833984375,\n              47.98256841921402\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.363037109375,\n              48.30512072140391\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.7705078125,\n              46.92025531537451\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.4521484375,\n              45.82879925192134\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.3974609375,\n              45.336701909968106\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.1337890625,\n              43.644025847699496\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.3974609375,\n              43.052833917627936\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.14453125,\n              42.293564192170095\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.12255859375,\n              41.902277040963696\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.68310546875,\n              41.672911819602085\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.3974609375,\n              41.68932225997044\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.27685546875,\n              42.19596877629178\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.85986328125,\n              42.89206418807337\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.1015625,\n              43.43696596521823\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.7060546875,\n              43.6599240747891\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.75048828125,\n              43.6599240747891\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.39892578125,\n              44.18220395771566\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.0146484375,\n              45.02695045318546\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.531982421875,\n              45.034714778688624\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.422119140625,\n              45.259422036351694\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.433349609375,\n              45.805828539928356\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.279541015625,\n              46.27103747280261\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.07080078125,\n              46.44542749723387\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.015869140625,\n              46.717268685073954\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.268798828125,\n              47.47266286861342\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.01611328125,\n              47.45037978769006\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.236083984375,\n              47.368594345213374\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.774658203125,\n              47.08508535995384\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.74169921875,\n              45.69850658738848\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.412109375,\n              45.598665689820656\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.159423828125,\n              45.166547157856016\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.895751953125,\n              44.80132682904856\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.88427734374999,\n              43.76315996157264\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.24658203125,\n              43.50075243569041\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.762939453125,\n              42.87596410238254\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.521240234375,\n              42.69858589169842\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.87280273437499,\n              42.391008609205045\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.015869140625,\n              42.12267315117259\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.840087890625,\n              41.795888098191426\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.89501953125,\n              41.236511201246216\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.65283203125,\n              41.12074559016745\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.89978027343749,\n              40.6723059714534\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.90502929687499,\n              40.49709237269567\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.036865234375,\n              39.72831341029745\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.3280029296875,\n              39.35553794109382\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.02014160156249,\n              38.80118939192329\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.0091552734375,\n              38.363195134453846\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.1904296875,\n              38.00049145082287\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.91552734375,\n              36.97622678464096\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.41015624999999,\n              35.68853320738875\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.4541015625,\n              35.205233347514536\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.4923095703125,\n              34.54728700119802\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.6900634765625,\n              34.62868797377059\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.2503662109375,\n              34.53823752729578\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.71728515624999,\n              34.23905366851639\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.904052734375,\n              33.792843773631844\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.10729980468749,\n              33.84760762988741\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.563232421875,\n              33.82023008524739\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.07409667968749,\n              33.500178528242294\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.1510009765625,\n              33.18813395605041\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.991455078125,\n              32.606989154527746\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.96923828125,\n              31.784216884487385\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.34277343749999,\n              30.741835717889792\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.2109375,\n              29.821582720575016\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.452880859375,\n              28.478348692223165\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.94750976562499,\n              26.86328062676624\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.9365234375,\n              25.522614647623293\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.68359375,\n              24.706915241066355\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.37548828125,\n              24.407137917727653\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.14453125,\n              24.487148563173438\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.16650390625,\n              24.726874870506972\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.265625,\n              26.05678288577881\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.96875,\n              27.508271413876017\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.9248046875,\n              28.43971381702788\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.9248046875,\n              28.97931203672246\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.0673828125,\n              29.99300228455108\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.27587890625,\n              29.516110386062277\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.67138671875,\n              29.973970240516614\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.50634765625,\n              30.334953881988564\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.9730224609375,\n              30.14512718337613\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.87939453125,\n              30.178373310707887\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.74206542968749,\n              29.869228848968312\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.9508056640625,\n              29.06097140738389\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.4451904296875,\n              28.85429649869795\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.977783203125,\n              28.998531814051795\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.97753906249999,\n              29.401319510041485\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.33984375,\n              29.735762444449076\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.81201171875,\n              29.267232865200878\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.48193359375,\n              28.20760859532738\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.2509765625,\n              27.27416111737468\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.18505859374999,\n              26.62781822639305\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.94335937499999,\n              25.93828707492375\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.44873046875,\n              25.839449402063185\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.646484375,\n              26.017297563851745\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.052734375,\n              26.342652809380578\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.481201171875,\n              27.059125784374068\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.66796875,\n              27.63487379134253\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.30517578125,\n              28.246327971048842\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.65673828125,\n              28.9120147012556\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.27197265625,\n              29.53522956294847\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.53564453124999,\n              29.76437737516313\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.381591796875,\n              29.79298413547051\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.711181640625,\n              29.66896252599253\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.87597656249999,\n              29.209713225868185\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.150634765625,\n              28.97931203672246\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.117431640625,\n              29.334298230315675\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.5458984375,\n              29.69759650228319\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.710693359375,\n              30.031055426540206\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.05126953124999,\n              30.694611546632302\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.182861328125,\n              31.44741029142872\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.44653320312499,\n              31.756196257571325\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.19335937499999,\n              31.784216884487385\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.226318359375,\n              31.344254455668054\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.082763671875,\n              31.325486676506983\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.81811523437501,\n              32.509761735919426\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.81811523437501,\n              32.59310597426537\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.7412109375,\n              32.713355353177555\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.18017578125,\n              32.54681317351514\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.50976562499999,\n              32.602361666817515\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.564453125,\n              32.63937487360669\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.91577148437499,\n              33.247875947924385\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.76171875,\n              34.052659421375964\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.92651367187499,\n              35.003003395276714\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.00317382812499,\n              36.41244153535644\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.8818359375,\n              38.91668153637508\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.53002929687499,\n              40.44694705960048\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.23339843749999,\n              41.071069130806414\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.26635742187501,\n              41.72213058512578\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.56298828125001,\n              42.439674178149424\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.65087890624999,\n              42.867912483915305\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.16748046874999,\n              44.52001001133986\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.0576171875,\n              46.05036097561633\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.134521484375,\n              46.68713141244413\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.8046875,\n              48.1367666796927\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.771728515625,\n              48.50204750525715\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.585205078125,\n              48.246625590713826\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.20068359374999,\n              48.29050321714062\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.18969726562499,\n              48.40003249610685\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.29956054687501,\n              48.69096039092549\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.04687499999999,\n              48.75618876280552\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.01391601562499,\n              48.84302835299516\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.26660156249999,\n              49.009050809382046\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -159.23583984375,\n              22.39071391683855\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.84106445312497,\n              20.971698530475734\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.57763671874997,\n              19.539084135509334\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.63232421875,\n              18.729501999072138\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.13769531249997,\n              19.103648251663646\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.69799804687497,\n              20.282808691330054\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.345947265625,\n              21.186972714123776\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.7080078125,\n              21.48374090716327\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.806884765625,\n              21.800308050972603\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.686279296875,\n              22.421184710331858\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.23583984375,\n              22.39071391683855\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5528e61fe4b026915857cb02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Healy, Richard W. 0000-0002-0224-1858 rwhealy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-1858","contributorId":658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"Richard","email":"rwhealy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alley, William M. walley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"William","email":"walley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Engle, Mark A. 0000-0001-5258-7374 engle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5258-7374","contributorId":584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engle","given":"Mark","email":"engle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McMahon, Peter B. 0000-0001-7452-2379 pmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Peter","email":"pmcmahon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bales, Jerad D. 0000-0001-8398-6984 jdbales@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-6984","contributorId":683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"Jerad","email":"jdbales@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70142432,"text":"sir20155041 - 2015 - Revision and proposed modification for a total maximum daily load model for Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-09T16:21:03","indexId":"sir20155041","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-09T17:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5041","title":"Revision and proposed modification for a total maximum daily load model for Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"<p>This report presents Phase 2 of the review and development of the mass balance water-quality model, originally developed in 2001, that guided establishment of the phosphorus (P) total maximum daily load (TMDL) for Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, Oregon. The purpose of Phase 2 was to incorporate a longer (19-year) set of external phosphorus loading data into the lake TMDL model than had originally been available, and to develop a proof-of-concept method for modeling algal mortality and the consequent decrease in chlorophyll <i>a</i> that had not been possible with the 2001 TMDL model formulation.</p>\n<p>Using the extended 1991&ndash;2010 external phosphorus loading dataset, the lake TMDL model was recalibrated following the same procedures outlined in the Phase 1 review. The version of the model selected for further development incorporated an updated sediment initial condition, a numerical solution method for the chlorophyll <i>a</i> model, changes to light and phosphorus factors limiting algal growth, and a new pH-model regression, which removed Julian day dependence in order to avoid discontinuities in pH at year boundaries. This updated lake TMDL model was recalibrated using the extended dataset in order to compare calibration parameters to those obtained from a calibration with the original 7.5-year dataset. The resulting algal settling velocity calibrated from the extended dataset was more than twice the value calibrated with the original dataset, and, because the calibrated values of algal settling velocity and recycle rate are related (more rapid settling required more rapid recycling), the recycling rate also was larger than that determined with the original dataset. These changes in calibration parameters highlight the uncertainty in critical rates in the Upper Klamath Lake TMDL model and argue for their direct measurement in future data collection to increase confidence in the model&nbsp;predictions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155041","usgsCitation":"Wherry, S.A., Wood, T.M., and Anderson, C.W., 2015, Revision and proposed modification for a total maximum daily load model for Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5041, vii, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155041.","productDescription":"vii, 55 p.","numberOfPages":"68","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057247","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299551,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155041.JPG"},{"id":299549,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5041/"},{"id":299550,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5041/pdf/sir2015-5041.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Upper Klamath Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.86927795410156,\n              42.44778143462245\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.81022644042969,\n              42.38137240541685\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.82807922363281,\n              42.34382782918463\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.81571960449217,\n              42.3280930282246\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.81571960449217,\n              42.29915102336597\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.82601928710938,\n              42.29711950573175\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.83425903320314,\n              42.286452962920926\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.80679321289062,\n              42.25800001792787\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.81228637695312,\n              42.24326040919313\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.79992675781249,\n              42.23360155663693\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.84318542480469,\n              42.24326040919313\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.84524536132811,\n              42.25647539054384\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.87889099121092,\n              42.29000867789902\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.88026428222655,\n              42.29915102336597\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.88850402832031,\n              42.31133875283751\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.89331054687499,\n              42.317431732767616\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.92489624023436,\n              42.30778424213693\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.92901611328125,\n              42.280865005308065\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.94343566894533,\n              42.3143853165376\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.94618225097656,\n              42.32301644617188\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.94137573242186,\n              42.34281279954019\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.89674377441408,\n              42.354992073710456\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.94618225097656,\n              42.39557261051849\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.96266174316406,\n              42.429538632268276\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.95167541503906,\n              42.396079701288315\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.97296142578124,\n              42.38086519582321\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.97708129882812,\n              42.41078355118542\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.99493408203125,\n              42.415853045217105\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.00729370117188,\n              42.412304442420684\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.00111389160155,\n              42.39912215986002\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.02308654785156,\n              42.39506551565123\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.04505920410156,\n              42.418387638568504\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.03819274902344,\n              42.42497710184191\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.09518432617186,\n              42.47159043311705\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.08213806152342,\n              42.48627657532139\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.0807647705078,\n              42.476148570254516\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.06909179687501,\n              42.45892719924497\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.06153869628906,\n              42.46247316292525\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.05741882324219,\n              42.48830197960227\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.03338623046874,\n              42.49842801732158\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.99905395507812,\n              42.49083364273358\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.96197509765625,\n              42.47007098029904\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.96334838867188,\n              42.4639928001706\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.93450927734375,\n              42.464499337722344\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.92558288574217,\n              42.47007098029904\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.90292358398438,\n              42.46652544694582\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.89674377441408,\n              42.45386118849115\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.89193725585936,\n              42.445754718858524\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.86927795410156,\n              42.44778143462245\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5527949ee4b026915857c83e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wherry, Susan A. 0000-0002-6749-8697 swherry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6749-8697","contributorId":4952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wherry","given":"Susan","email":"swherry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, Tamara M. 0000-0001-6057-8080 tmwood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6057-8080","contributorId":1164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Tamara","email":"tmwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Chauncey W. 0000-0002-1016-3781 chauncey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1016-3781","contributorId":139268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Chauncey","email":"chauncey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70140562,"text":"ofr20151004 - 2015 - A case study of data integration for aquatic resources using semantic web technologies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-10T16:42:35","indexId":"ofr20151004","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-09T16:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1004","title":"A case study of data integration for aquatic resources using semantic web technologies","docAbstract":"<p>Use cases, information modeling, and linked data techniques are Semantic Web technologies used to develop a prototype system that integrates scientific observations from four independent USGS and cooperator data systems. The techniques were tested with a use case goal of creating a data set for use in exploring potential relationships among freshwater fish populations and environmental factors. The resulting prototype extracts data from the BioData Retrieval System, the Multistate Aquatic Resource Information System, the National Geochemical Survey, and the National Hydrography Dataset. A prototype user interface allows a scientist to select observations from these data systems and combine them into a single data set in RDF format that includes explicitly defined relationships and data definitions. The project was funded by the USGS Community for Data Integration and undertaken by the Community for Data Integration Semantic Web Working Group in order to demonstrate use of Semantic Web technologies by scientists. This allows scientists to simultaneously explore data that are available in multiple, disparate systems beyond those they traditionally have used.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151004","usgsCitation":"Gordon, J.M., Chkhenkeli, N., Govoni, D.L., Lightsom, F.L., Ostroff, A.C., Schweitzer, P.N., Thongsavanh, P., Varanka, D.E., and Zednik, S., 2015, A case study of data integration for aquatic resources using semantic web technologies: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1004, v, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151004.","productDescription":"v, 55 p.","startPage":"60","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-045446","costCenters":[{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and Libraries","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299545,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151004.jpg"},{"id":299544,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1004/pdf/ofr2015-1004.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.61 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":299543,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1004/"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55279498e4b026915857c836","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gordon, Janice M. janicegordon@usgs.gov","contributorId":4917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"Janice","email":"janicegordon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":208,"text":"Core Science Analytics and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chkhenkeli, Nina nchkhenkeli@usgs.gov","contributorId":5904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chkhenkeli","given":"Nina","email":"nchkhenkeli@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":208,"text":"Core Science Analytics and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Govoni, David L. dgovoni@usgs.gov","contributorId":5192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Govoni","given":"David","email":"dgovoni@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5071,"text":"Office of Administration","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lightsom, Frances L. 0000-0003-4043-3639 flightsom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4043-3639","contributorId":1535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lightsom","given":"Frances","email":"flightsom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ostroff, Andrea C. 0000-0002-1632-6174 aostroff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1632-6174","contributorId":2756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostroff","given":"Andrea","email":"aostroff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":506,"text":"Office of the AD Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":208,"text":"Core Science Analytics and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schweitzer, Peter N. pschweitzer@usgs.gov","contributorId":5905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweitzer","given":"Peter","email":"pschweitzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Thongsavanh, Phethala thongsav@usgs.gov","contributorId":5154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thongsavanh","given":"Phethala","email":"thongsav@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":160,"text":"Center for Integrated Data Analytics","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Varanka, Dalia E. 0000-0003-2857-9600 dvaranka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2857-9600","contributorId":1296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varanka","given":"Dalia","email":"dvaranka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":404,"text":"NGTOC Rolla","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Zednik, Stephan","contributorId":139117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zednik","given":"Stephan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12656,"text":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70141222,"text":"sir20155016 - 2015 - Evaluation of mean-monthly streamflow-regression equations for Colorado, 2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-09T09:22:23","indexId":"sir20155016","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-09T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5016","title":"Evaluation of mean-monthly streamflow-regression equations for Colorado, 2014","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board, evaluated the predictive uncertainty of mean-monthly streamflow-regression equations representative of natural streamflow conditions in Colorado. This study evaluates the predictive uncertainty of mean-monthly streamflow-regression equations developed in a 2009 U.S. Geological Survey study using streamflow data collected over the entire period of record at each streamgage through calendar year 2013. The study area for this report is limited to the Mountain, Northwest, Rio Grande, and Southwest hydrologic regions of Colorado.</p>\n<p>Data collected from the beginning of the period of record through calendar year 2013 were used to evaluate the mean-monthly streamflow equations using the same basin characteristics as in the 2009 study. U.S. Geological Survey and Colorado Division of Water Resources streamgages with at least 10 years of streamflow record and identified as representative of natural streamflow conditions were selected for this study. During the streamgage selection process, a total of 432 streamgages, composed of 278 from the 2009 study and 154 new streamgages, were identified.</p>\n<p>The updated standard error of prediction and adjusted coefficient of determination values that correspond to the mean-monthly streamflow equations developed in the 2009 study are in close agreement with the results of this study. The old streamgages performed slightly better than the new streamgages, with approximately 88 and 85 percent of the data within the prediction intervals, respectively. This result was expected because the streamgages used to develop the regression equations should yield a better performance than the new streamgages.</p>\n<p>For all hydrologic regions, approximately 87 percent of the data are within the 95-percent prediction intervals. The explanation for why fewer than 95 percent of the data are within the prediction intervals is that the data do not conform perfectly to the regression assumptions required to accurately estimate performance metrics. The equations for the Rio Grande hydrologic region had the best fit with the parametric prediction-interval assumptions, with approximately 91.8 percent of the data within the prediction interval (average 12 months). The Mountain, Northwest, and Southwest hydrologic regions had 87.8, 84.9, and 83.5 percent of the data contained within the prediction interval, respectively.</p>\n<p>Monthly adjusted coefficient of determination values were computed and have the same general pattern for all four hydrologic regions. The largest values usually occur in March or April, and the lowest values usually occur in August or September. Only the Rio Grande hydrologic region deviates from this seasonal pattern, exhibiting a decrease in adjusted coefficient of determination values in August and September, with the lowest values occurring in the winter months (December, January, and February). Generally, the adjusted coefficient of determination values for this report are just slightly less (0.76 compared to 0.79) than the values computed in the 2009 study. The similarity of values, even when tested with data not used to originally develop the mean-monthly streamflow-regression equations, provides confidence that the predictive uncertainty of mean-monthly regression equations in the 2009 study are accurate. The fact that the results for the two datasets are very similar provides assurance that when these equations are applied to locations not used to develop the equations, the standard error of prediction and adjusted-coefficient of determination error metrics should be similar to those established in the 2009 study for locations with natural streamflow.</p>\n<p>The median absolute differences between the observed and computed mean-monthly streamflow for Mountain, Northwest, and Southwest hydrologic regions are fairly uniform throughout the year, with the exception of late summer and early fall (July, August, and September), when each hydrologic region exhibits a substantial increase in median absolute percent difference. The greatest difference occurs in the Northwest hydrologic region, and the smallest difference occurs in the Mountain hydrologic region. The Rio Grande hydrologic region shows seasonal variation in median absolute percent difference with March, April, August, and September having a median absolute difference near or below 40 percent, and the remaining months of the year having a median absolute difference near or above 50 percent. In the Mountain, Northwest, and Southwest hydrologic regions, the mean-monthly streamflow equations perform the best during spring (March, April, and May). However, in the Rio Grande hydrologic region, the mean-monthly streamflow equations perform the best during late summer and early fall (August and September).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155016","collaboration":"Colorado Water Conservation Board","usgsCitation":"Kohn, M.S., Stevens, M.R., Bock, A.R., and Char, S.J., 2015, Evaluation of mean-monthly streamflow-regression equations for Colorado, 2014: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5016, vii, 53, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155016.","productDescription":"vii, 53","startPage":"53","numberOfPages":"66","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2013-01-01","temporalEnd":"2013-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-057631","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299533,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155016.jpg"},{"id":299532,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5016/pdf/sir2015-5016.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.84 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":299521,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5016/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.45654296875,\n              36.12012758978146\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.45654296875,\n              41.78769700539063\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.853515625,\n              41.78769700539063\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.853515625,\n              36.12012758978146\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.45654296875,\n              36.12012758978146\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5527949ae4b026915857c838","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kohn, Michael S. 0000-0002-5989-7700 mkohn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5989-7700","contributorId":4549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kohn","given":"Michael","email":"mkohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stevens, Michael R. 0000-0002-9476-6335 mrsteven@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-6335","contributorId":769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Michael","email":"mrsteven@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bock, Andrew R. 0000-0001-7222-6613 abock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7222-6613","contributorId":4580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bock","given":"Andrew","email":"abock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Char, Stephen J. sjchar@usgs.gov","contributorId":3982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Char","given":"Stephen","email":"sjchar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70141356,"text":"sir20155028 - 2015 - New argon-argon (<sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar) radiometric age dates from selected subsurface basalt flows at the Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-09T09:06:19","indexId":"sir20155028","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-09T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5028","title":"New argon-argon (<sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar) radiometric age dates from selected subsurface basalt flows at the Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho","docAbstract":"<p>In 2011, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, collected samples for 12 new argon-argon radiometric ages from eastern Snake River Plain olivine tholeiite basalt flows in the subsurface at the Idaho National Laboratory. The core samples were collected from flows that had previously published paleomagnetic data. Samples were sent to Rutgers University for argon-argon radiometric dating analyses.</p>\n<p>Paleomagnetic and stratigraphic data were used to constrain the results of the age dating experiments to derive the preferred age for each basalt flow. Knowledge of the ages of subsurface basalt flows is needed to improve numerical models of groundwater flow and contaminant transport in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer. This could be accomplished by increasing the ability to correlate basalt flow from corehole to corehole in the subsurface. The age of basalt flows also can be used in volcanic recurrence and landscape evolution studies that are important to better understand future hazards that could occur at the Idaho National Laboratory.</p>\n<p>Results indicate that ages ranged from 60 &plusmn; 16 thousand years ago for Quaking Aspen Butte to 621 &plusmn; 9 thousand years ago for State Butte.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155028","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Hodges, M., Turrin, B.D., Champion, D.E., and Swisher, C.C., 2015, New argon-argon (<sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar) radiometric age dates from selected subsurface basalt flows at the Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5028, v, 25 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155028.","productDescription":"v, 25 p.; Appendix","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-044883","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299524,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5028/"},{"id":299528,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5028/pdf/sir2015-5028.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":299529,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5028/download/sir2015-5028_AppendixA.zip","text":"Appendix A","size":"12.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Appendix A"},{"id":299530,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155028.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Idaho National Laboratory","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.345703125,\n              43.389081939117496\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.345703125,\n              44.38669150215206\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.5,\n              44.38669150215206\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.5,\n              43.389081939117496\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.345703125,\n              43.389081939117496\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5527949de4b026915857c83c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodges, Mary K. V. 0000-0001-8708-0354 mkhodges@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-0354","contributorId":3023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodges","given":"Mary K. V.","email":"mkhodges@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turrin, Brent D.","contributorId":139307,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turrin","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":12727,"text":"Rutgers University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Champion, Duane E. 0000-0001-7854-9034 dchamp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-9034","contributorId":2912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"Duane","email":"dchamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swisher, Carl C. III","contributorId":139308,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swisher","given":"Carl","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12727,"text":"Rutgers University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70140110,"text":"ofr20121024K - 2015 - Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources: Permian and Palo Duro Basins and Bend Arch-Fort Worth Basin: Chapter K in <i>Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70140110,"text":"ofr20121024K - 2015 - Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources: Permian and Palo Duro Basins and Bend Arch-Fort Worth Basin: Chapter K in <i>Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources</i>","indexId":"ofr20121024K","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"chapter":"K","title":"Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources: Permian and Palo Duro Basins and Bend Arch-Fort Worth Basin: Chapter K in <i>Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70093199,"text":"ofr20121024 - 2012 - Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources","indexId":"ofr20121024","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70093199,"text":"ofr20121024 - 2012 - Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources","indexId":"ofr20121024","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-26T15:42:02.847127","indexId":"ofr20121024K","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-08T14:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-1024","chapter":"K","title":"Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources: Permian and Palo Duro Basins and Bend Arch-Fort Worth Basin: Chapter K in <i>Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources</i>","docAbstract":"<p><span>The U.S. Geological Survey has completed an assessment of the potential geologic carbon dioxide storage resource in the onshore areas of the United States. To provide geological context and input data sources for the resources numbers, framework documents are being prepared for all areas that were investigated as part of the national assessment. This report is the geologic framework document for the Permian and Palo Duro Basins, the combined Bend arch-Fort Worth Basin area, and subbasins therein of Texas, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. In addition to a summarization of the geology and petroleum resources of studied basins, the individual storage assessment units (SAUs) within the basins are described and explanations for their selection are presented. Though appendixes in the national assessment publications include the input values used to calculate the available storage resource, this framework document provides only the context and source of inputs selected by the assessment geologists. Spatial files of boundaries for the SAUs herein, as well as maps of the density of known well bores that penetrate the SAU seal, are available for download with the release of this report.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources (Open-File Report 2012-1024)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20121024K","usgsCitation":"Merrill, M., Slucher, E.R., Roberts-Ashby, T.L., Warwick, P.D., Blondes, M., Freeman, P., Cahan, S.M., DeVera, C.A., and Lohr, C., 2015, Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources: Permian and Palo Duro Basins and Bend Arch-Fort Worth Basin: Chapter K in <i>Geologic framework for the national assessment of carbon dioxide storage resources</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012-1024, Report: vi, 42 p.; Well Density; Storage Assessment Units, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121024K.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 42 p.; Well Density; Storage Assessment Units","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-056124","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299517,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1024/k/downloads/SAU_C5043_C5044_C5045.zip","text":"Storage Assessment Units","description":"Storage Assessment Units"},{"id":299516,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1024/k/downloads/Cell_C5043_C5044_C5045.zip","text":"Well Density","description":"Well Density"},{"id":299515,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1024/k/pdf/ofr2012-1024-k.pdf","text":"Report","size":"31 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":299514,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1024/k/"},{"id":299518,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20121024K.jpg"}],"projection":"Albers Equal Area Projection","country":"United States","state":"New Mexico, Oklahoma Texas","otherGeospatial":"Palo Duro Basin, Permian Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -102.755126953125,\n              36.8708321556463\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.12841796875,\n              36.38591277287651\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.65576171875,\n              34.94899072578227\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.062255859375,\n              34.43409789359469\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.084228515625,\n              32.287132632616355\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.04052734375,\n              29.897805610155874\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.50244140624999,\n              30.07860131571654\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.590576171875,\n              29.907329376851553\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.5908203125,\n              29.05616970274342\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.09692382812499,\n              30.44867367928756\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.78955078125,\n              32.99945000822837\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.767333984375,\n              33.94335994657882\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.04150390625,\n              35.18278813800229\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.57958984375,\n              35.41591492345623\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.359619140625,\n              36.87962060502676\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.755126953125,\n              36.8708321556463\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5526431ae4b026915857c630","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544443,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Corum, M.D. 0000-0002-9038-3935 mcorum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9038-3935","contributorId":2249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corum","given":"M.D.","email":"mcorum@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544444,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Merrill, Matthew D. 0000-0003-3766-847X mmerrill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3766-847X","contributorId":2584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merrill","given":"Matthew D.","email":"mmerrill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slucher, Ernie R. 0000-0002-5865-5734 eslucher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5865-5734","contributorId":3966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slucher","given":"Ernie","email":"eslucher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roberts-Ashby, Tina L. 0000-0003-2940-1740 troberts-ashby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2940-1740","contributorId":2177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts-Ashby","given":"Tina","email":"troberts-ashby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Blondes, Madalyn S. 0000-0003-0320-0107 mblondes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0320-0107","contributorId":3598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blondes","given":"Madalyn S.","email":"mblondes@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Freeman, P.A. 0000-0002-0863-7431 pfreeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0863-7431","contributorId":3154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"P.A.","email":"pfreeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cahan, Steven M. 0000-0002-4776-3668 scahan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4776-3668","contributorId":4529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahan","given":"Steven","email":"scahan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"DeVera, Christina A. 0000-0002-4691-6108 cdevera@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4691-6108","contributorId":3845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeVera","given":"Christina","email":"cdevera@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lohr, Celeste D. 0000-0001-6287-9047 clohr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6287-9047","contributorId":3866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lohr","given":"Celeste D.","email":"clohr@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70142422,"text":"ds926 - 2015 - Digital surfaces and thicknesses of selected hydrogeologic units of the Floridan aquifer system in Florida and parts of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-02T12:28:04","indexId":"ds926","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-08T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"926","title":"Digital surfaces and thicknesses of selected hydrogeologic units of the Floridan aquifer system in Florida and parts of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina","docAbstract":"<p><span>Digital surfaces and thicknesses of selected hydrogeologic units of the Floridan aquifer system were developed to define an updated hydrogeologic framework as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Groundwater Resources Program. The dataset contains structural surfaces depicting the top and base of the aquifer system, its major and minor hydrogeologic units and zones, geophysical marker horizons, and the altitude of the 10,000-milligram-per-liter total dissolved solids boundary that defines the approximate fresh and saline parts of the aquifer system. The thicknesses of selected major and minor units or zones were determined by interpolating points of known thickness or from raster surface subtraction of the structural surfaces. Additional data contained include clipping polygons; regional polygon features that represent geologic or hydrogeologic aspects of the aquifers and the minor units or zones; data points used in the interpolation; and polygon and line features that represent faults, boundaries, and other features in the aquifer system.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds926","collaboration":"Groundwater Resources Program","usgsCitation":"Williams, L.J., and Dixon, J.F., 2015, Digital surfaces and thicknesses of selected hydrogeologic units of the Floridan aquifer system in Florida and parts of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 926, Report: vi, 24 p.; Readme; Geodatabase; Shapefiles; Raster files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds926.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 24 p.; Readme; Geodatabase; Shapefiles; Raster files","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-041756","costCenters":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299511,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds926.jpg"},{"id":299504,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0926/"},{"id":299505,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0926/pdf/ds926.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":299506,"rank":3,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0926/downloads/ds926.gdb.zip","text":"DS 926 gdb","size":"68.8 MB","description":"Geospatial data"},{"id":299507,"rank":4,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0926/downloads/ds926_shapefiles.zip","text":"DS 926 shapefiles","size":"80.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":4,"text":"shapefile"},"description":"Geospatial data"},{"id":299508,"rank":5,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0926/downloads/ds926_ASCII_rasters.zip","text":"DS 926 ASCII raster files","size":"20.6 MB","description":"Geospatial data"},{"id":299509,"rank":6,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0926/downloads/readme.txt","size":"2.81 MB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":299510,"rank":7,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1807","text":"Professional Paper 1807","linkHelpText":"Companion Report - Revised Hydrogeologic Framework of the Floridan Aquifer System in Florida and Parts of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Floridan aquifer system","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.97973632812499,\n              24.577099744289427\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.9140625,\n              24.457150524185852\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.090087890625,\n              24.686952411999155\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.43090820312499,\n              25.005972656239187\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.145263671875,\n              25.631621577258493\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.0079345703125,\n              26.82407078047018\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.6011962890625,\n              28.217289755957054\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.52978515625,\n              28.45420354994914\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.848388671875,\n              28.950475674848008\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.2548828125,\n              29.754839972510933\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.375732421875,\n              30.38235321766959\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.40869140625,\n              30.826780904779774\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.27685546875,\n              31.240985378021307\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.892333984375,\n              31.952162238024975\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.6671142578125,\n              32.18491105051798\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.43365478515625,\n              32.31731244438278\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.31854248046875,\n              33.03629817885956\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.2169189453125,\n              33.15594830078649\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.60693359375,\n              33.5963189611327\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.38671875,\n              33.578014746143985\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.43017578125,\n              32.74108223150125\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.1220703125,\n              31.93351676190369\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.472900390625,\n              31.970803930433096\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.4014892578125,\n              30.159376896356193\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.6708984375,\n              30.221101852485987\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.759033203125,\n              30.38709188778112\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.3690185546875,\n              30.349176094149833\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.858154296875,\n              30.183121842195515\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.440673828125,\n              29.907329376851553\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.4132080078125,\n              29.654642479663647\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.067138671875,\n              29.568679425235135\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.3255615234375,\n              29.88351825335318\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.26513671875,\n              30.0405664305846\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.05639648437499,\n              30.083354648756128\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.660888671875,\n              29.888280933159265\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.0950927734375,\n              29.176145182559758\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8369140625,\n              29.142566155107065\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.705078125,\n              28.8831596093235\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8204345703125,\n              28.188243641850313\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.880859375,\n              27.873072565422785\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.298583984375,\n              26.77013508224145\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.177734375,\n              26.426308999847024\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.947021484375,\n              26.436146919246013\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.749267578125,\n              25.859223554761382\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.4251708984375,\n              25.794945475649673\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.1614990234375,\n              25.37380917154398\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.18896484375,\n              25.24469595130604\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.1285400390625,\n              25.11544539706194\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.9854736328125,\n              24.78673454198888\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.9522705078125,\n              24.84656534821976\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.97973632812499,\n              24.577099744289427\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55264317e4b026915857c62e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Lester J. lesterw@usgs.gov","contributorId":2395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Lester","email":"lesterw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":541859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dixon, Joann F. 0000-0001-9200-6407 jdixon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9200-6407","contributorId":1756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"Joann","email":"jdixon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5051,"text":"FLWSC-Orlando","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70134309,"text":"pp1807 - 2015 - Revised hydrogeologic framework of the Floridan aquifer system in Florida and parts of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-19T14:35:30","indexId":"pp1807","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-08T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1807","title":"Revised hydrogeologic framework of the Floridan aquifer system in Florida and parts of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina","docAbstract":"<p><span>The hydrogeologic framework for the Floridan aquifer system has been revised throughout its extent in Florida and parts of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina. The updated framework generally conforms to the original framework established by the U.S. Geological Survey in the 1980s, except for adjustments made to the internal boundaries of the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers and the individual higher and contrasting lower permeability zones within these aquifers. The system behaves as one aquifer over much of its extent; although subdivided vertically into two aquifer units, the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers. In the previous framework, discontinuous numbered middle confining units (MCUI&ndash;VII) were used to subdivide the system. In areas where less-permeable rocks do not occur within the middle part of the system, the system was previously considered one aquifer and named the Upper Floridan aquifer. In intervening years, more detailed data have been collected in local areas, resulting in some of the same lithostratigraphic units in the Floridan aquifer system being assigned to the Upper or Lower Floridan aquifer in different parts of the State of Florida. Additionally, some of the numbered middle confining units are found to have hydraulic properties within the same order of magnitude as the aquifers. A new term &ldquo;composite unit&rdquo; is introduced for lithostratigraphic units that cannot be defined as either a confining or aquifer unit over their entire extent. This naming convention is a departure from the previous framework, in that stratigraphy is used to consistently subdivide the aquifer system into upper and lower aquifers across the State of Florida. This lithostratigraphic mapping approach does not change the concept of flow within the system. The revised boundaries of the Floridan aquifer system were mapped by considering results from local studies and regional correlations of lithostratigraphic and hydrogeologic units or zones. Additional zones within the aquifers have been incorporated into the framework to allow finer delineation of permeability variations within the aquifer system. These additional zones can be used to progressively divide the system for assessing groundwater and surface-water interaction, saltwater intrusion, and offshore movement of groundwater at greater detail if necessary. The lateral extent of the updip boundary of the Floridan aquifer system is modified from previous work based on newer data and inclusion of parts of the updip clastic facies. The carbonate and clastic facies form a gradational sequence, generally characterized by limestone of successively younger units that extend progressively farther updip. Because of the gradational nature of the carbonate-clastic sequence, some of the updip clastic aquifers have been included in the Floridan aquifer system, the Southeastern Coastal Plain aquifer system, or both. Thus, the revised updip limit includes some of these clastic facies. Additionally, the updip limit of the most productive part of the Floridan aquifer system was revised and indicates the approximate updip limit of the carbonate facies. The extent and altitude of the freshwater-saltwater interface in the aquifer system has been mapped to define the freshwater part of the flow system.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1807","collaboration":"Groundwater Resources Program","usgsCitation":"Williams, L.J., and Kuniansky, E.L., 2016, Revised hydrogeologic framework of the Floridan aquifer system in Florida and parts of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina (ver. 1.1, March 2016): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1807, 140 p., 23 pls., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/pp1807.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 140 p.; 23 Plates: 32.5 x 30.0 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"156","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-032570","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501285,"rank":9,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P13X4YHL","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"DS926 Digital surfaces and thicknesses of selected hydrogeologic units of the Floridan aquifer system in Florida and parts of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina"},{"id":299500,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1807/index.html"},{"id":299501,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1807/downloads","text":"Dowloads Directory","description":"Dowloads Directory","linkHelpText":"Plates 1-23"},{"id":299503,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1807/images/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":299502,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1807/downloads/pp1807_plates_all.pdf","text":"All Plates","size":"17.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"All Plates"},{"id":299499,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1807/pdf/pp1807.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":361352,"rank":7,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/760/","text":"Data Series 760","linkHelpText":"- Companion Report - Geophysical Log Database for the Floridan Aquifer System and Southeastern Coastal Plain Aquifer System in Florida and Parts of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina"},{"id":299512,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0926","text":"Data Series 926","description":"Data Series 926","linkHelpText":"- Companion Report - Digital Surfaces and Thicknesses of Selected Hydrogeologic Units of the Floridan Aquifer System in Florida and Parts of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina"},{"id":318430,"rank":8,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1807/verHist.txt","size":"2 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"PP 1807"}],"projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Floridan Aquifer System","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.97973632812499,\n              24.577099744289427\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.9140625,\n              24.457150524185852\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.090087890625,\n              24.686952411999155\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.43090820312499,\n              25.005972656239187\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.145263671875,\n              25.631621577258493\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.0079345703125,\n              26.82407078047018\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.6011962890625,\n              28.217289755957054\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.52978515625,\n              28.45420354994914\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.848388671875,\n              28.950475674848008\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.2548828125,\n              29.754839972510933\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.375732421875,\n              30.38235321766959\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.40869140625,\n              30.826780904779774\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.27685546875,\n              31.240985378021307\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.892333984375,\n              31.952162238024975\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.6671142578125,\n              32.18491105051798\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.43365478515625,\n              32.31731244438278\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.31854248046875,\n              33.03629817885956\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.2169189453125,\n              33.15594830078649\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.60693359375,\n              33.5963189611327\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.38671875,\n              33.578014746143985\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.43017578125,\n              32.74108223150125\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.1220703125,\n              31.93351676190369\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.472900390625,\n              31.970803930433096\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.4014892578125,\n              30.159376896356193\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.6708984375,\n              30.221101852485987\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.759033203125,\n              30.38709188778112\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.3690185546875,\n              30.349176094149833\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.858154296875,\n              30.183121842195515\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.440673828125,\n              29.907329376851553\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.4132080078125,\n              29.654642479663647\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.067138671875,\n              29.568679425235135\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.3255615234375,\n              29.88351825335318\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.26513671875,\n              30.0405664305846\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.05639648437499,\n              30.083354648756128\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.660888671875,\n              29.888280933159265\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.0950927734375,\n              29.176145182559758\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8369140625,\n              29.142566155107065\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.705078125,\n              28.8831596093235\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8204345703125,\n              28.188243641850313\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.880859375,\n              27.873072565422785\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.298583984375,\n              26.77013508224145\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.177734375,\n              26.426308999847024\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.947021484375,\n              26.436146919246013\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.749267578125,\n              25.859223554761382\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.4251708984375,\n              25.794945475649673\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.1614990234375,\n              25.37380917154398\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.18896484375,\n              25.24469595130604\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.1285400390625,\n              25.11544539706194\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.9854736328125,\n              24.78673454198888\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.9522705078125,\n              24.84656534821976\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.97973632812499,\n              24.577099744289427\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Originally posted April 2015; Version 1.1: March 2016","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_ga@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, South Atlantic Water Science Center<br /> North Carolina&ndash;South Carolina&ndash;Georgia<br /> 20 Gracern Road, Suite 129<br /> Columbia, SC 29210<br /> <a href=\"http://ga.water.usgs.gov/\">http://ga.water.usgs.gov/</a></p>","publishedDate":"2015-04-08","revisedDate":"2016-03-01","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-04-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5526431fe4b026915857c638","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Lester J. lesterw@usgs.gov","contributorId":2395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Lester","email":"lesterw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":544407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuniansky, Eve L. 0000-0002-5581-0225 elkunian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5581-0225","contributorId":932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuniansky","given":"Eve","email":"elkunian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5064,"text":"Southeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70148104,"text":"70148104 - 2015 - Effect of tides, river flow, and gate operations on entrainment of juvenile salmon into the interior Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T11:04:36","indexId":"70148104","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-08T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of tides, river flow, and gate operations on entrainment of juvenile salmon into the interior Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta","docAbstract":"<p>Juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha emigrating from natal tributaries of the Sacramento River, California, must negotiate the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta (hereafter, the Delta), a complex network of natural and man-made channels linking the Sacramento River with San Francisco Bay. Fish that enter the interior and southern Delta&mdash;the region to the south of the Sacramento River where water pumping stations are located&mdash;survive at a lower rate than fish that use alternative migration routes. Consequently, total survival decreases as the fraction of the population entering the interior Delta increases, thus spurring management actions to reduce the proportion of fish that are entrained into the interior Delta. To better inform management actions, we modeled entrainment probability as a function of hydrodynamic variables. We fitted alternative entrainment models to telemetry data that identified when tagged fish in the Sacramento River entered two river channels leading to the interior Delta (Georgiana Slough and the gated Delta Cross Channel). We found that the probability of entrainment into the interior Delta through both channels depended strongly on the river flow and tidal stage at the time of fish arrival at the river junction. Fish that arrived during ebb tides had a low entrainment probability, whereas fish that arrived during flood tides (i.e., when the river's flow was reversed) had a high probability of entering the interior Delta. We coupled our entrainment model with a flow simulation model to evaluate the effect of nighttime closures of the Delta Cross Channel gates on the daily probability of fish entrainment into the interior Delta. Relative to 24-h gate closures, nighttime closures increased daily entrainment probability by 3 percentage points on average if fish arrived at the river junction uniformly throughout the day and by only 1.3 percentage points if 85% of fish arrived at night. We illustrate how our model can be used to evaluate the effects of alternative water management actions on fish entrainment into the interior Delta.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","doi":"10.1080/00028487.2014.1001038","usgsCitation":"Perry, R.W., Brandes, P., Burau, J.R., Sandstrom, P.T., and Skalski, J.R., 2015, Effect of tides, river flow, and gate operations on entrainment of juvenile salmon into the interior Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 144, no. 3, p. 445-455, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2014.1001038.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"445","endPage":"455","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056864","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300640,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.91734313964844,\n              38.05403884511629\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.89743041992189,\n              38.053227812983906\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.86927795410156,\n              38.07079816372681\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.8651580810547,\n              38.07431172756913\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.84078216552733,\n              38.079446632654914\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.79786682128905,\n              38.06458144502031\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.78207397460936,\n              38.05809387097575\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.7841339111328,\n              38.04700960141592\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.77452087402344,\n              38.037275688165614\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.75907135009764,\n              38.03376034594566\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.75048828124999,\n              38.02997440409721\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.7501449584961,\n              38.01374672284207\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.761474609375,\n              38.01834493072087\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.77932739257812,\n              38.01320573824361\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.8002700805664,\n              38.01618110412486\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.80953979492188,\n              38.01428770344776\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.83700561523438,\n              38.02240193339466\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.8558883666992,\n              38.02727004012099\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.87957763671874,\n              38.032137823399275\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.88541412353514,\n              38.03348992801713\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.89228057861328,\n              38.03889809689809\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.90395355224608,\n              38.03700528321584\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.92352294921874,\n              38.04160203158018\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.91734313964844,\n              38.05403884511629\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"144","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-04-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555f01c0e4b0a92fa7eb969b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, Russell W. 0000-0003-4110-8619 rperry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-8619","contributorId":2820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Russell","email":"rperry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brandes, Patricia L.","contributorId":25834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandes","given":"Patricia L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burau, Jon R. 0000-0002-5196-5035 jrburau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":1500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"Jon","email":"jrburau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sandstrom, Philip T. psandstrom@usgs.gov","contributorId":5907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandstrom","given":"Philip","email":"psandstrom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":547407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Skalski, John R.","contributorId":94131,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Skalski","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":13190,"text":"School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70139404,"text":"sir20145224 - 2015 - Hydrogeologic framework, hydrology, and refined conceptual model of groundwater flow for Coastal Plain aquifers at the Standard Chlorine of Delaware, Inc. Superfund Site, New Castle County, Delaware, 2005-12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:43:13","indexId":"sir20145224","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-08T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5224","title":"Hydrogeologic framework, hydrology, and refined conceptual model of groundwater flow for Coastal Plain aquifers at the Standard Chlorine of Delaware, Inc. Superfund Site, New Castle County, Delaware, 2005-12","docAbstract":"<p>From 1966 to 2002, activities at the Standard Chlorine of Delaware chemical facility in New Castle County, Delaware resulted in the contamination of groundwater, soils, and wetland sediment. In 2005, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in partnership with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 3, and the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control began a multi-year investigation of the hydrogeologic framework and hydrology of the confined aquifer system. The goals of the ongoing study at the site (the Potomac Aquifer Study) are to determine the hydraulic connection between the Columbia and Potomac aquifers, determine the direction of groundwater flow in the Potomac aquifer, and identify factors affecting the fate of contaminated groundwater. This report describes progress made towards these goals based on available data collected through September 2012.</p>\n<p>The regional hydrogeologic framework indicates that the site is underlain by Coastal Plain sediments of the Columbia, Merchantville, and Potomac Formations. Two primary aquifers underlying the site, the Columbia and the upper Potomac, are separated by the Merchantville Formation confining unit. Local groundwater flow in the surficial (Columbia) aquifer is controlled by topography and generally flows northward and discharges to nearby surface water. Regional flow within the Potomac aquifer is towards the southeast, and is strongly influenced by major water withdrawals locally. Previous investigations at the site indicated that contaminants, primarily benzene and chlorinated benzene compounds, were present in the Columbia aquifer in most locations; however, there were only limited detections in the upper Potomac aquifer as of 2004. From 2005 through 2012, the USGS designed a monitoring network, assisted with exploratory drilling, collected data at monitoring wells, conducted geophysical surveys, evaluated water-level responses in wells during pumping of a production well, and evaluated major aquifer withdrawals. Data collected through these efforts were used to refine the local conceptual flow system. The refined conceptual flow system for the site includes: (a) identification of gaps in confining units in the study area, (b) identification and correlation of multiple water-bearing sand intervals within the upper Potomac Formation, (c) connections between groundwater and surface water, (d) connections between shallow and deeper groundwater, (e) new water-level (or potentiometric surface) maps and inferred flow directions, and (f) identification of major local pumping well influences. The implications of the revised conceptual flow system on the occurrence and movement of site contaminants are that the resulting detection of contaminants in the upper Potomac aquifer at specific well locations can be attributed primarily to either advective lateral transport, direct vertical contaminant transport, or a combination of vertical and lateral movement resulting from changes in water withdrawal rates over time.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145224","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Brayton, M.J., Cruz, R.M., Myers, L., Degnan, J.R., and Raffensperger, J.P., 2015, Hydrogeologic framework, hydrology, and refined conceptual model of groundwater flow for Coastal Plain aquifers at the Standard Chlorine of Delaware, Inc. Superfund Site, New Castle County, Delaware, 2005-12: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5224, vii, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145224.","productDescription":"vii, 61 p.","numberOfPages":"74","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2005-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-059549","costCenters":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299486,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145224.jpg"},{"id":299484,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5224/"},{"id":299485,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5224/pdf/sir2014-5224.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.94 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"projection":"State Plane Delaware Projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Delaware","county":"New Castle County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.60430526733398,\n              39.63187001350982\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.65872192382812,\n              39.637422462817\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.70489883422852,\n              39.60886226158157\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.71365356445311,\n              39.59464387992515\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.65108299255371,\n              39.55554482419571\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.59306144714355,\n              39.571623755318214\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.58670997619629,\n              39.579231826349016\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.58653831481934,\n              39.5808856443388\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.59864044189453,\n              39.58935257415456\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.60842514038085,\n              39.59484229602979\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.61426162719727,\n              39.60463011823322\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.61134338378906,\n              39.6109782362526\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.61408996582031,\n              39.617325772242175\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.61031341552734,\n              39.625788248139436\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.60636520385742,\n              39.6265815522009\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.60430526733398,\n              39.63187001350982\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5526431de4b026915857c634","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brayton, Michael J. mbrayton@usgs.gov","contributorId":2993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brayton","given":"Michael","email":"mbrayton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cruz, Roberto M. 0000-0003-1235-3295 rmcruz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1235-3295","contributorId":5757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cruz","given":"Roberto","email":"rmcruz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Myers, Luke lmyers@usgs.gov","contributorId":5758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"Luke","email":"lmyers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Degnan, James R. 0000-0002-5665-9010 jrdegnan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5665-9010","contributorId":498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Degnan","given":"James","email":"jrdegnan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Raffensperger, Jeff P. 0000-0001-9275-6646 jpraffen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9275-6646","contributorId":199119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raffensperger","given":"Jeff","email":"jpraffen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70141848,"text":"sir20155024 - 2015 - Hydrologic effects of potential changes in climate, water use, and land cover in the Upper Scioto River Basin, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-15T08:44:40","indexId":"sir20155024","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-08T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5024","title":"Hydrologic effects of potential changes in climate, water use, and land cover in the Upper Scioto River Basin, Ohio","docAbstract":"<p>This report presents the results of a study to provide information on the hydrologic effects of potential 21st-century changes in climate, water use, and land cover in the Upper Scioto River Basin, Ohio (from Circleville, Ohio, to the headwaters). A precipitation-runoff model, calibrated on the basis of historical climate and streamflow data, was used to simulate the effects of climate change on streamflows and reservoir water levels at several locations in the basin. Two levels of simulations were done. The first level of simulation (level 1) accounted only for anticipated 21st-century changes in climate and operations of three City of Columbus upground reservoirs located in northwest Delaware County, Ohio. The second level of simulation (level 2) accounted for development-driven changes in land cover and water use in addition to changes in climate and reservoir operations.</p>\n<p>A statistical change-factor approach was used to construct future climate time series that were used in the precipitation-runoff model to compute time series of future streamflows and reservoir water levels. Monthly change factors were computed by determining differences or fractional changes between baseline historical climate time series and future climate time series consisting of outputs from selected global climate models that were included in the World Climate Research Programme&rsquo;s Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3). Eight sets of change factors were determined on the basis of outputs from four global climate models, each of which was run under two greenhouse-gas scenarios (the &ldquo;A1b&rdquo; and &ldquo;A2&rdquo; scenarios from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change&rsquo;s 4th assessment). The 4 global climate models whose data were used in this study were selected to represent a wide range of potential climate outcomes as compared to the entire range of potential climate outcomes associated with the 16 global climate models represented in the CMIP3 multimodel dataset.</p>\n<p>Future land-cover and water-use data were estimated for use in the level-2 precipitation-runoff simulations to account for development-driven changes in land cover and water use. Future land-cover characteristics were estimated for selected future years based on population projections and zoning plans for communities in the basin. Future water-use data for major water suppliers and wastewater-treatment facilities were estimated from current per capita water use, population projections for 2035, and population projections for 2090 assuming full build-out. A statistical change-factor-based approach was used to estimate future water-use characteristics by major water suppliers and wastewater-treatment facilities on the basis of reference-period historical water uses. Annual change factors that were determined for future years other than 2035 and 2090 (when the change factors could be explicitly computed) were estimated by interpolating or extrapolating linearly in time. Water uses by entities other than major water suppliers and wastewater-treatment facilities were assumed to remain unchanged because of uncertainty about if and (or) how they might change.</p>\n<p>Results from the level-1 simulations were analyzed primarily to facilitate evaluation of climate-driven temporal changes in annual, seasonal, and monthly streamflow and water-level characteristics, as well as in maximum and minimum 7-, 30-, and 180-day average streamflow and reservoir water levels. Results from the level-2 simulations were analyzed to help evaluate and contrast (relative to level-1 results) the effects of the added development-related factors on maximums and minimum 7-, 30-, and 180-day average streamflows and reservoir water levels and duration characteristics of 7- and 30-day average streamflows and reservoir water levels. Results for 12 stream locations and 5 reservoirs in the Upper Scioto River Basin are presented primarily as a series of plots.</p>\n<p>Although it is beyond the scope of this study to address results in detail for each model-output location, selected results are discussed to illustrate potential uses and interpretations of the graph products provided in this report. In addition, general trends and patterns in streamflow and water-level characteristics are identified where possible.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155024","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission; the Ohio Water Development Authority; the City of Columbus, Ohio; and Del-Co Water Company","usgsCitation":"Ebner, A.D., Koltun, G., and Ostheimer, C., 2015, Hydrologic effects of potential changes in climate, water use, and land cover in the Upper Scioto River Basin, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5024, Report: vii, 34 p.; Appendixes A-G; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155024.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 34 p.; Appendixes A-G; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-060946","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299483,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155024.jpg"},{"id":299479,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5024/appendix/sir2015-5024_appendixe.pdf","text":"Appendix E","size":"1.63 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Appendix E","linkHelpText":"Plots of seasonal maximum and minimum 7-, 30-, and 180-day average streamflows and water levels as a function of plotting year."},{"id":299480,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5024/appendix/sir2015-5024_appendixf.pdf","text":"Appendix F","size":"214 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Appendix F","linkHelpText":"Plots of simulated level-2 7-day running average streamflows and water levels as a function of exceedance quantile."},{"id":299478,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5024/appendix/sir2015-5024_appendixd.pdf","text":"Appendix D","size":"905 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Appendix D","linkHelpText":"Plots of maximum and minimum 7-, 30-, and 180-day average streamflows and water levels as a function of plotting year."},{"id":299481,"rank":9,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5024/appendix/sir2015-5024_appendixg.pdf","text":"Appendix G","size":"226 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Appendix G","linkHelpText":"Plots of simulated level-2 30-day running average streamflows and water levels as a function of exceedance quantile."},{"id":299482,"rank":10,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5024/downloads","text":"Downloads Directory","size":"5.44 MB","description":"Downloads Directory","linkHelpText":"Contains Appendixes A-G ZIP file"},{"id":299473,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5024/"},{"id":299474,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5024/pdf/sir2015-5024.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.72 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":299475,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5024/appendix/sir2015-5024_appendixa.pdf","text":"Appendix A","size":"2.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Appendix A","linkHelpText":"Description of the precipitation-runoff model."},{"id":299476,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5024/appendix/sir2015-5024_appendixb.pdf","text":"Appendix B","size":"129 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Appendix B","linkHelpText":"Plots of ensemble means of level-1 simulated annual mean streamflows and water levels as a function of time."},{"id":299477,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5024/appendix/sir2015-5024_appendixc.pdf","text":"Appendix C","size":"1.56 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Appendix C","linkHelpText":"Boxplots of the medians of site-, month-, and emission-specific level-1 ensemble mean streamflows and water levels as a function of epoch."}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 17","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Ohio","otherGeospatial":"Upper Scioto River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.72602081298828,\n              40.80497409762779\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.00823211669922,\n              40.804454347291006\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.111572265625,\n              40.73997376331186\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.91014099121094,\n              40.7508982634657\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.96575927734375,\n              40.64469860601901\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.968505859375,\n              40.53519863793397\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.73023986816406,\n              40.52319489128985\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.73641967773436,\n              40.36642741921034\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.65745544433594,\n              40.002371935876475\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.12530517578125,\n              39.612036199336956\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.86575317382812,\n              39.58134870630412\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.49771118164062,\n              39.75576851405812\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.42218017578125,\n              39.8443948439646\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.41943359375,\n              39.884450178234395\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.67486572265625,\n              40.0565266580714\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.66937255859375,\n              40.758700379161006\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.72602081298828,\n              40.80497409762779\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5526431ee4b026915857c636","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ebner, Andrew D. aebner@usgs.gov","contributorId":1849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebner","given":"Andrew","email":"aebner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":544327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koltun, G. F. 0000-0003-0255-2960 gfkoltun@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0255-2960","contributorId":1852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koltun","given":"G. F.","email":"gfkoltun@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ostheimer, Chad J. ostheime@usgs.gov","contributorId":127446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostheimer","given":"Chad J.","email":"ostheime@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}