Understanding the relation between the hydrologjc cycle and water use is important for effective water-resources management. The hydrologic cycle is the natural pathway of water from evaporation to precipitation to infiltration or runoff and to storage from which evaporation can again occur. The science of water use is the study of human influences on the hydrologic cycle. Human activities affect the hydrologic cycle by changing the quantity, distribution, and quality of available water. Quantifying return flow is useful to water managers in evaluating such changes. Return flow is often thought of as what runs down the drain, or what is leftover after the water's purpose has been served. As innocuous as that may sound, return flow plays a significant part in the overall water-use picture.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr90197","usgsCitation":"Trotta, L.C., and Horn, M., 1990, Importance of return flow as a component of water use: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-197, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90197.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153049,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0197/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50773,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0197/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5f19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trotta, L. C.","contributorId":63410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trotta","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":183983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horn, M.S.","contributorId":107720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horn","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21248,"text":"ofr90117 - 1990 - Precipitation Data for the Mount St. Helens Area, Washington--1981-86","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T09:42:06","indexId":"ofr90117","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-117","title":"Precipitation Data for the Mount St. Helens Area, Washington--1981-86","docAbstract":"This report is a compilation of precipitation data from U.S. Geological Survey \r\ntelemetered 'Early Flood Warning' sites near Mount St. Helens, Washington, and from telemetered hydrologic data sites in the Toutle River and Muddy River basins for the years 1981-86. It also includes precipitation data for 1981-86 from non-telemetered recording rain gages established near the debris-avalanche blockages of Spirit Lake, Coldwater Lake, and Castle Lake. Daily values (midnight to midnight) are listed by station and calendar year for 32 sites. Hourly data, where available, are presented for the storm that generated the highest peak discharge in the North Fork Toutle River each water year. Instrumentation includes 25 tipping-bucket, and 7 weighing-bucket rain gages all without windshields. The seven sites with weighing-bucket gages were the only U.S. Geological Survey sites at which snowfall was measured. Additional snowfall measurements for the same time period in the Mount St. Helens area were collected by the National Weather Service, the U.s. Soil Conservation Service, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and also are presented in this report.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr90117","usgsCitation":"Uhrich, M.A., 1990, Precipitation Data for the Mount St. Helens Area, Washington--1981-86: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-117, 171 p.; Plate, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90117.","productDescription":"171 p.; Plate","temporalStart":"1981-01-01","temporalEnd":"1986-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":50798,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0117/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153898,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0117/report-thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123,45.8675 ], [ -123,46.6175 ], [ -121.86749999999999,46.6175 ], [ -121.86749999999999,45.8675 ], [ -123,45.8675 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad1e4b07f02db68128d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Uhrich, Mark A. 0000-0002-5202-8086 mauhrich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5202-8086","contributorId":1149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uhrich","given":"Mark","email":"mauhrich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":184083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20949,"text":"ofr8884 - 1990 - Hydrologic and water-quality data for streams and impoundments in the Coteau des Prairies-Upper Minnesota River basin, 1979-84","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:02:53","indexId":"ofr8884","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-84","title":"Hydrologic and water-quality data for streams and impoundments in the Coteau des Prairies-Upper Minnesota River basin, 1979-84","docAbstract":"Water-quality and streamflow data were collected in the Coteau des Prairies region of southwestern Minnesota and eastern South Dakota from 1979- 84. Data were collected to (1) document the water-quality characteristics of streams and impoundments in the Coteau area, (2) predict the impact of proposed impoundments, (3) define the amount of dissolved and suspended material transported, and (4) determine the differences in water quality between the impoundment inflows and outflows.
\nStreamflow and water-quality data were collected at 12 stream and four impoundment sites. Continuous-record gages, set to collect data at 15-minute intervals, and readings taken by local observers were used to complete discharge records at 10 stream sites and stage records at three impoundment sites. Automatic samplers and local observers collected storm runoff, sediment, and nutrient samples at 10 stream sites. Water-quality samples were collected at various time and stage intervals during high flow and periodically during low flow. Primary emphasis in the stream-sampling program was on analysis of samples for nutrients in 1980-82, and on analysis of suspended sediment and nutrients in 1983-84. Field measurements were made of pH, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, alkalinity, and bacteria. Secondary emphasis was on analysis of major dissolved substances. Primary emphasis in the impoundments was on analysis of samples for phosphorus and chlorophyll and on the measurement of transparency. Temperature and dissolved-oxygen concentrations were measured to determine the degree of stratification.
\nAll data collected during the study are given in tables 4-13 of this report. The tables list mean-daily stream discharge, mean-daily suspendedsediment concentration, daily suspended-sediment discharge, results of waterquality analyses, and bed-material particle-size analyses at stream sites. The tables also list information on pool stage, water temperature, and transparency, on dissolved-oxygen, chlorophyll a, phytoplankton, and nutrient concentrations, and on chemical and partical-size analyses of bed material at impoundment sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr8884","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Soil Conservation Service","usgsCitation":"Smith, C., Payne, G.A., and Tornes, L., 1990, Hydrologic and water-quality data for streams and impoundments in the Coteau des Prairies-Upper Minnesota River basin, 1979-84: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-84, vii, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8884.","productDescription":"vii, 46 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154108,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0084/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50535,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0084/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Coteau des Prairies-Upper Minnesota River basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611718","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, C.J.","contributorId":69141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Payne, G. A.","contributorId":62190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tornes, L. H.","contributorId":103675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tornes","given":"L. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27087,"text":"wri894089 - 1990 - Hydrology, aquatic macrophytes, and water quality of Black Earth Creek and its tributaries, Dane County, Wisconsin, 1985-86","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-20T10:21:39","indexId":"wri894089","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4089","title":"Hydrology, aquatic macrophytes, and water quality of Black Earth Creek and its tributaries, Dane County, Wisconsin, 1985-86","docAbstract":"An intensive data-collection program for the Black Earth Creek basin in southern Wisconsin was conducted from October 1984 through September 1986 to assess the hydrology, aquatic macrophytes, and water quality in Black Earth Creek by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Three sites on two cold-water trout streams Black Earth Creek at Cross Plains, Black Earth Creek near Cross Plains, and Garfoot Creek near Cross Plains were continuously monitored for streamflow and water-quality data. One site in a warm-water stream, Brewery Creek at Cross Plains, also was monitored. Aquatic macrophyte biomass was determined for three sites on Black Earth Creek.
\nStreamflow at Black Earth Creek at Black Earth during the 1985 and 1986 water years (WY) were 44 and 60 percent greater than the long-term mean discharge of 33.3 ft3/s (cubic feet per second) for the period 1955-86. Water year 1986 had the highest annual mean discharge, 53.4 ft3/s, since records began in 1954 at the most downstream site Black Earth Creek at Black Earth. Although there have been considerable fluctuations in streamflow, it has tended to increase since WY 1965 as a result of above-average precipitation and consequent rising ground-water levels.
\nTrout population densities may be related to annual mean streamflow. A regression analysis of adult trout populations and the 3-year moving annual mean discharge had a correlation coefficient of 0.75 with a standard error of 83 percent.
\nAquatic macrophyte biomass in Black Earth Creek was substantially less in 1986 than in 1985 as a result of substrate scouring from the flood of July 25, 1985. The frequency of occurrence of species during 1985 and 1986 was similar to that of 1981, and seasonal succession of species also was similar; Potamogeton crispus dominated early in the year and senesced in July. P. crispus and P. pectinatus, both indicative of eutrophic conditions, dominated upstream and downstream, respectively; neither species is native to the area. In 1985, the greatest biomass was found upstream from Cross Plains. This large biomass caused diurnal fluctuations in dissolved-oxygen concentration of 5 to 6 mg/L (milligrams per liter) as a result of photosynthesis and respiration. Many of the dissolved-oxygen minimums, recorded at night, were less than the State 6.0-mg/L water-quality standard for trout waters. Discharge from point sources may adversely affect Black Earth Creek's water quality. Warm water discharged to Black Earth Creek from a gravel pit operation upstream from Cross Plains increased water temperatures 2 to 4 degrees Celsius and decreased the dissolved oxygen about 1 mg/L at a site 1.8 miles downstream. Runoff from a settling pond from a landfill operation in the headwaters of the Black Earth Creek basin drains through a wetland that drains to Black Earth Creek and contained as much as 60 mg/L ammonia nitrogen, 980 mg/L biochemical oxygen demand, and 1,300 mg/L chemical oxygen demand, which may be detrimental to trout.
\nGarfoot Creek had the highest suspended-sediment and phosphorus yields per unit area of the three upstream basins during low to moderate runoff. Detention ponds in the Brewery Creek basin appear to be less effective in controlling suspended-sediment and phosphorus loads during periods of high runoff than during moderate runoff. Brewery Creek had the highest concentrations of suspended sediment and total phosphorus during low and high flows. The water quality at the Black Earth Creek gaging station at Black Earth was affected by Garfoot Creek and unnamed tributaries. As a result, yields of suspended sediment, phosphorus, and nitrogen increased between Cross Plains and Black Earth. High streamflows during WY 1985 resulted in suspendedsediment yields at Black Earth Creek at Black Earth that were 29 percent greater than the 12-year (1955-65, 85-86) mean; yields ranged from 69.5 ton/mi2 (tons per square mile) in Black Earth Creek at Cross Plains to 116 ton/mi2 in the Brewery Creek basin. Phosphorus yields ranged from 312 lb/mi2 (pounds per square mile) in Black Earth Creek at Cross Plains to 628 lb/mi2 in the Brewery Creek basin. Total nitrogen yields ranged from 3,280 lb/mi2 in the Brewery Creek basin to 6,920 lb/mi2 in the Garfoot Creek basin.
\nAn increase in oxygen demand, caused by agricultural runoff, has resulted in reduced dissolved-oxygen content of the water in both Black Earth and Garfoot Creeks. The most substantial reduction occurred at Black Earth Creek at Cross Plains on July 25, 1985, as a result of the largest storm runoff event during the study. A rainfall of 5.54 inches caused streamflow discharges to increase from 9 to 122 ft3/s and dissolved-oxygen concentrations to decline to 3.0 mg/L; the dissolved-oxygen concentration was less than 6.0 mg/L for 30 hours.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri894089","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Field, S.J., and Graczyk, D., 1990, Hydrology, aquatic macrophytes, and water quality of Black Earth Creek and its tributaries, Dane County, Wisconsin, 1985-86: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4089, vi, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894089.","productDescription":"vi, 38 p.","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55953,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4089/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122886,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4089/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane County","otherGeospatial":"Black Earth Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.72911834716797,\n 43.18440150752066\n ],\n [\n -89.791259765625,\n 43.09170711357466\n ],\n [\n -89.66697692871094,\n 43.06838615478111\n ],\n [\n -89.54132080078125,\n 43.04555812998933\n ],\n [\n -89.53239440917969,\n 43.11401670811261\n ],\n [\n -89.51934814453125,\n 43.13130731581085\n ],\n [\n -89.52587127685547,\n 43.14082759275761\n ],\n [\n -89.72911834716797,\n 43.18440150752066\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc71d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Field, S. J.","contributorId":50540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graczyk, D.J.","contributorId":108119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graczyk","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":20851,"text":"ofr90591 - 1990 - Hydrologic conditions at Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska, 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:41","indexId":"ofr90591","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-591","title":"Hydrologic conditions at Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska, 1989","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr90591","usgsCitation":"Seitz, H., 1990, Hydrologic conditions at Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska, 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-591, iv, 13 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90591.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0591/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50449,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0591/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db6115f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seitz, H.R.","contributorId":106894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seitz","given":"H.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20843,"text":"ofr90105 - 1990 - Hydrologic activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in support of the Radionuclide Migration Program, Nevada Test Site and vicinity, Nye County, Nevada, fiscal year 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:40","indexId":"ofr90105","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-105","title":"Hydrologic activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in support of the Radionuclide Migration Program, Nevada Test Site and vicinity, Nye County, Nevada, fiscal year 1987","docAbstract":"Hydrologic activities during the 1987 fiscal year by the U.S. Geological Survey in support of the Radionuclide Migration Program at the Nevada Test Site are summarized. These activities included monitoring groundwater levels; compiling and entering geohydrologic data into the U.S. Geological Survey computerized groundwater database; providing technical support to the Radionuclide Migration Committee and the Containment Evaluation Panel; and the planning, drilling, and sampling of the UE20n-1 hole. Groundwater levels were monitored continuously at 2 wells and intermittently at 36 selected wells, test holes, and emplacement holes. Selected monthly water-level measurements are listed for the continuously monitored wells and intermittent measurements are listed for the selected wells, test holes, and emplacement holes. Progress continued on four groundwater hydrology reports of the Nevada Test Site area. (Thacker-USGS, WRD)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr90105","usgsCitation":"Scott, W.B., 1990, Hydrologic activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in support of the Radionuclide Migration Program, Nevada Test Site and vicinity, Nye County, Nevada, fiscal year 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-105, iv, 13 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90105.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0105/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50440,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0105/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611920","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, W. B.","contributorId":87887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3163,"text":"wsp2368B - 1990 - Effects of surface coal mining and reclamation on the geohydrology of six small watersheds in West-Central Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-21T09:29:24","indexId":"wsp2368B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2368","chapter":"B","title":"Effects of surface coal mining and reclamation on the geohydrology of six small watersheds in West-Central Indiana","docAbstract":"Six small watersheds in west-central Indiana were selected for study of the hydrologic effects of surface coal mining and reclamation. The watersheds include mined and reclaimed, mined and unreclaimed, and unmined agricultural land uses and are each less than 3 square miles in area. Surface-water, ground-water, and meteorologic data for the 1981 and 1982 water years were used to describe and compare hydrologic systems of the six watersheds and to identify hydrologic effects of mining and reclamation.
\nDischarge at the unreclaimed watersheds was continuous during the study period, whereas discharge at the other watersheds was intermittent and more variable. Peak discharges were greater at the agricultural watersheds than at the unreclaimed watersheds, primarily because of large final-cut lakes in the unreclaimed watersheds. Annual runoff was greatest at the unreclaimed watersheds, intermediate at the agricultural watersheds, and least at the reclaimed watersheds.
\nHydrologic effects of mining were identified by comparing the hydrologic systems at mined and unreclaimed watersheds with those at unmined agricultural watersheds. These comparisons indicate that surface coal mining without reclamation can increase base flow, annual runoff, and ground-water recharge to the bedrock; reduce peak flow rates and variation in flow; lower the water table in upland areas; change the relation between surface- and ground-water divides; and create numerous, local flow systems in the shallow ground water. Hydrologic effects of reclamation were identified by comparing the hydrologic systems at mined and reclaimed watersheds with those at mined and unreclaimed watersheds. Reclamation can decrease base flow, annual runoff, and recharge to the bedrock; increase peak flow rates, variation in flow, and the response to thunderstorms; reestablish the premining relation between surface- and ground-water divides; and create fewer local flow systems in the shallow ground water.
\nHydrologic effects of mining and reclamation were identified by comparing the hydrologic systems at mined and reclaimed watersheds with those at unmined agricultural watersheds. The presence or absence of a large final-cut lake in the reclaimed watershed greatly influences the hydrologic systems and the effects of mining and reclamation. Surface coal mining and reclamation can decrease base flow, annual runoff, and peak flow rates; increase the variability of flow and recharge to the bedrock; reestablish the premining relation between surface- and ground-water divides; and lower the water table in upland areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2368B","usgsCitation":"Martin, J.D., Duwelius, R.F., and Crawford, C.G., 1990, Effects of surface coal mining and reclamation on the geohydrology of six small watersheds in West-Central Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2368, viii, 71 p. ;2 v. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2368B.","productDescription":"viii, 71 p. ;2 v. :ill. ;28 cm.","startPage":"B1","endPage":"B71","numberOfPages":"81","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":30120,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2368b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2368b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Jeffrey D. 0000-0003-1994-5285 jdmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1994-5285","contributorId":1066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jdmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":146358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duwelius, Richard F.","contributorId":31378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duwelius","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crawford, Charles G. 0000-0003-1653-7841 cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-7841","contributorId":1064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Charles","email":"cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":146357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":3162,"text":"wsp2368A - 1990 - Description of the physical environment and coal-mining history of west-central Indiana, with emphasis on six small watersheds","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12010,"text":"ofr87212 - 1987 - Description of the physical environment and coal-mining history of west-central Indiana, with emphasis on six small watersheds","indexId":"ofr87212","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Description of the physical environment and coal-mining history of west-central Indiana, with emphasis on six small watersheds"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":3162,"text":"wsp2368A - 1990 - Description of the physical environment and coal-mining history of west-central Indiana, with emphasis on six small watersheds","indexId":"wsp2368A","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Description of the physical environment and coal-mining history of west-central Indiana, with emphasis on six small watersheds"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-18T21:27:22.046793","indexId":"wsp2368A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2368","chapter":"A","title":"Description of the physical environment and coal-mining history of west-central Indiana, with emphasis on six small watersheds","docAbstract":"This report describes the physical and human environment and coal-mining history of west-central Indiana, with emphasis on six small watersheds selected for study of the hydrologic effects of surface coal mining. The report summarizes information on the geology, geomorphology, soils, climate, hydrology, water use, land use, population, and coal-mining history of Clay, Owen, Sullivan, and Vigo Counties in Indiana. Site-specific information is given on the morphology, geology, soils, land use, coal-mining history, and hydrologic instrumentation of the six watersheds, which are each less than 3 square miles in area.
\nWest-central Indiana is underlain by coal-bearing Pennsylvanian rocks. Nearly all of the area has been glaciated at least once and is characterized by wide flood plains and broad, flat uplands. Most of the soils have formed in loess or in loess overlying Illinoian till. The Wabash, White, and Eel Rivers are the major drainages in west-central Indiana. Average annual precipitation is about 39.5 inches per year, and average annual runoff is about 13 inches per year. The most productive aquifers are confined or unconfined outwash aquifers located along the major rivers. Bedrock aquifers are regionally insignificant but are the sole source of ground water for areas that lack outwash, alluvium, or sand and gravel lenses in till.
\nIndiana has more than 17 billion short tons of recoverable coal reserves; about 11 percent can be mined by surface methods. Almost half of Indiana's surface reserves are in Clay, Owen, Sullivan, and Vigo Counties. More than 50,000 acres in west-central Indiana were disturbed by surface coal mining from 1941 through 1980.
\nBig Slough and Hooker Creek are streams that drain unmined, agricultural watersheds. Row-crop corn and soybeans are the principal crops. Soils are moderately well-drained silt loams, and the watersheds have well-developed dendritic drainage systems.
\nThe unnamed tributary to Honey Creek and the unnamed tributary to Sulphur Creek are streams that drain mined and reclaimed watersheds. Ridges of mine spoil have been graded to a gently rolling topography. Soils are well drained and consist of 6 to 12 inches of silt-loam topsoil that was stockpiled and then replaced over shale and sandstone fragments of the graded mine spoil. Grasses and legumes form the vegetative cover in each watershed.
\nPond Creek and the unnamed tributary to Big Branch are streams that drain mined and unreclaimed watersheds. Approximately one-half of the Pond Creek watershed is unmined, agricultural land. Soils are very well-drained shaly silty loams that have formed or' steeply sloping spoil banks. Both watersheds contain numerous impoundments of water and have enclosed areas that do not contribute surface runoff to streamflow. The ridges of mine spoil are covered with pine trees, but much of the soil surface is devoid of vegetation.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physical environment and geohydrologic effects of surface coal mining in west-central Indiana","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2368A","usgsCitation":"Martin, J.D., Crawford, C.G., Duwelius, R.F., and Renn, D.E., 1990, Description of the physical environment and coal-mining history of west-central Indiana, with emphasis on six small watersheds: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2368, vii, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2368A.","productDescription":"vii, 38 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":139164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2368a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30119,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2368a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":394474,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25298.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Clay County, Owen County, Sullivan County, Vigo County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.617,\n 38.9\n ],\n [\n -86.633,\n 38.9\n ],\n [\n -86.633,\n 39.606\n ],\n [\n -87.617,\n 39.606\n ],\n [\n -87.617,\n 38.9\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db6690ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Jeffrey D. 0000-0003-1994-5285 jdmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1994-5285","contributorId":1066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jdmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":146354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crawford, Charles G. 0000-0003-1653-7841 cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-7841","contributorId":1064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Charles","email":"cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":146353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duwelius, Richard F.","contributorId":31378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duwelius","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Renn, Danny E.","contributorId":14808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renn","given":"Danny","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26407,"text":"wri904009 - 1990 - Regional evaluation of hydrologic factors and effects of pumping, St Peter-Jordan aquifer, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-14T21:38:06.81929","indexId":"wri904009","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4009","title":"Regional evaluation of hydrologic factors and effects of pumping, St Peter-Jordan aquifer, Iowa","docAbstract":"The St. Peter-Jordan aquifer includes the Cambrian Jordan Sandstone and the overlying Ordovician Prairie du Chien Group and St. Peter Sandstone. The aquifer is present throughout Iowa and is confined beneath other aquifers in much of the State. Information on the aquifer available from drillers and contractors, provided estimates of aquifer transmissivity values ranging from about 500 to about 3,000 square feet per day. The largest transmissivity values are for dolomite and dolomite-cemented sandstone, indicating that permeability in much of the aquifer is due to secondary fractures. The aquifer is vertically bounded by an upper leaky confining unit with a vertical hydraulic conductivity of 10-10 feet per second.
\nThe aquifer was simulated using a two-layer finite-difference ground-water flow model. The upper layer simulated a source bed in aquifers composed of Silurian and Devonian rocks overlying the St. Peter-Jordan aquifer. The lower layer simulated flow in the St. Peter-Jordan aquifer. Lateral boundaries assigned in the model include constant heads in northeastern Iowa, where the aquifer is in contact with the Mississippi River or is unconfined, and no-flow boundaries in western and northwestern Iowa, where the rocks are insufficiently permeable to form an aquifer. The aquifer boundaries to the north, east, and south of Iowa were determined by geohydrologic conditions and the relation of the St. Peter-Jordan aquifer with the lateral extent of adjacent aquifers.
\nAn assumption that the largest part of recharge to the aquifer is from outcrop areas in northeastern Iowa and from Minnesota is not supported by the results of this study. Vertical leakage from overlying rocks accounted for most of the recharge to the aquifer in northwestern Iowa. Discharge is mostly through lateral boundaries and to rivers.
\nPumping has caused changes in the flow system that include regional declines in the potentiometric surface of the aquifer. Simulation indicates that pumping through 1980 increased net vertical leakage into the aquifer to about double the predevelopment rate. Discharge across lateral boundaries has been substantially reduced or reversed by pumping. Aquifer storage provided about one-third of the water required to supply pumping in the 1970's. Simulation of future conditions, assuming no increase in pumping rates, indicates that the rate of decline in water levels will decrease by the year 2020. As equilibrium with pumping is approached in 2020, 75 percent of the pumpage will be balanced by vertical leakage, eight percent by water released from aquifer storage, and 17 percent by increases in boundary recharge or decreases in boundary discharge. Future pumping at an increasing rate of about 10 percent per decade of the average pumping rate in 1975 will require about one and one-half times the vertical leakage of the 1971-1980 period and about fivetimes the net inflow from lateral boundaries; however, the rate of water released from aquifer storage will be about half the 1970's rate. Under these conditions, the head in the aquifer will continue to decline at an almost constant rate until 2020.
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R.","contributorId":42190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkart","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buchmiller, Robert","contributorId":82742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchmiller","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":20259,"text":"ofr90161 - 1990 - U.S. Geological Survey National Computer Technology Meeting; Program and abstracts, May 7-11, 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:43","indexId":"ofr90161","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-161","title":"U.S. Geological Survey National Computer Technology Meeting; Program and abstracts, May 7-11, 1990","docAbstract":"Computer-related information from all Divisions of the U.S. Geological Survey are discussed in this compilation of abstracts. Some of the topics addressed are system administration; distributed information systems and data bases, both current (1990) and proposed; hydrologic applications; national water information systems; geographic information systems applications and techniques. The report contains some of the abstracts that were presented at the National Computer Technology Meeting that was held in May 1990. The meeting was sponsored by the Water Resources Division and was attended by more than 200 technical and managerial personnel representing all the Divisions of the U.S. Geological Survey. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr90161","usgsCitation":"Balthrop, B.H., and Baker, E., 1990, U.S. Geological Survey National Computer Technology Meeting; Program and abstracts, May 7-11, 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-161, xviii, 56 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90161.","productDescription":"xviii, 56 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1126,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr_90-161","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":153421,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2be4b07f02db6130cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balthrop, B. H. (compiler)","contributorId":92286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balthrop","given":"B.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, E.G.","contributorId":84382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4694,"text":"twri02E2 - 1990 - Borehole geophysics applied to ground-water investigations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"twri02E2","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"02-E2","title":"Borehole geophysics applied to ground-water investigations","docAbstract":"The purpose of this manual is to provide hydrologists, geologists, and others who have the necessary background in hydrogeology with the basic information needed to apply the most useful borehole-geophysical-logging techniques to the solution of problems in ground-water hydrology. Geophysical logs can provide information on the construction of wells and on the character of the rocks and fluids penetrated by those wells, as well as on changes in the character of these factors over time. The response of well logs is caused by petrophysical factors, by the quality, temperature, and pressure of interstitial fluids, and by ground-water flow. Qualitative\r\nand quantitative analysis of analog records and computer analysis of digitized logs are used to derive geohydrologic information. This information can then be extrapolated vertically within a well and laterally to other wells using logs.\r\nThe physical principles by which the mechanical and electronic components of a logging system measure properties of rocks, fluids, and wells, as well as the principles of measurement, must be understood if geophysical logs are to be interpreted correctly. Plating a logging operation involves selecting the equipment and the logs most likely to provide the needed information. Information on well construction and geohydrology is needed to guide this selection. Quality control of logs is an important responsibility of both the equipment operator and the log analyst and requires both calibration and well-site standardization of equipment. Logging techniques that are widely used in ground-water hydrology or that have significant potential for application to this field include spontaneous potential, resistance, resistivity, gamma, gamma spectrometry, gamma-gamma, neutron, acoustic velocity, acoustic televiewer, caliper, and fluid temperature, conductivity, and flow. The following topics are discussed for each of these techniques: principles and instrumentation, calibration and standardization, volume of investigation, extraneous effects, and interpretation and applications.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/twri02E2","issn":"0565-596X","usgsCitation":"Keys, W., 1990, Borehole geophysics applied to ground-water investigations: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 02-E2, xvi, 150 p. :ill. ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri02E2.","productDescription":"xvi, 150 p. :ill. ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139095,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri2-e2/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dce4b07f02db5e1c53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keys, W.S.","contributorId":75126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keys","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27128,"text":"wri864195 - 1990 - Technique for estimating depths of 100-year floods in Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-05T11:24:39","indexId":"wri864195","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4195","title":"Technique for estimating depths of 100-year floods in Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Techniques are developed for estimating 100-year flood depths in natural channels of unregulated Pennsylvania streams that drain less than 2,200 square miles. Equations and graphs are presented relating the depth of the 100-year flood above median stage and drainage area in five defined hydrologic areas in the State. Another graph defines the relation between drainage area and median depth of flow over the low point of riffles. Thus 100-year depths on riffles can be estimated by summing depth values derived from two simple relations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri864195","usgsCitation":"Flippo, H.N., 1990, Technique for estimating depths of 100-year floods in Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4195, Report: iv, 16 p.; 1 Plate: 21.38 x 16.49 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864195.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 16 p.; 1 Plate: 21.38 x 16.49 inches","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310317,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4195/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158728,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri864195.jpg"},{"id":310318,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4195/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 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Jr.","contributorId":36597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flippo","given":"Herbert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2772,"text":"wsp2292 - 1990 - Geohydrology and simulated effects of large ground-water withdrawals on the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer in northwestern Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:28","indexId":"wsp2292","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2292","title":"Geohydrology and simulated effects of large ground-water withdrawals on the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer in northwestern Mississippi","docAbstract":"The 7,000-square-mile Mississippi River alluvial plain in northwestern Mississippi, locally known as the 'Delta,' is underlain by a prolific aquifer that yielded about 1,100 million gallons per day of water to irrigation wells in 1983. About 20 feet of clay underlying the Delta land surface commonly is underlain by about 80 to 180 feet of sand and gravel that forms the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer. This study of the alluvial aquifer was prompted by recent declines of water levels. The study was designed to better define the hydrology of the aquifer and to quantify availability of water from the aquifer. \r\n\r\nThe Mississippi River is in good hydraulic connection with the alluvial aquifer. Generally, smaller streams are less likely to recharge the aquifer than larger streams. Direct vertical recharge to the alluvial aquifer from the 52 inches per year of precipitation is small, especially in the central part of the Delta. \r\n\r\nA two-dimensional finite-difference computer model of the alluvial aquifer was constructed, calibrated, and verified using water levels observed for five dates from April 1981 to September 1983. The values of some of the calibration-derived parameters are hydraulic conductivity, 400 feet per day; specific yield, 0.30; and infiltration of precipitation to the aquifer, 0.5 inch per year. \r\n\r\nThe model showed that the aquifer had a net loss in storage of about 360 million gallons per day from April 1981 to April 1983. During this period, pumpage was about 1,100 million gallons per day (1,270,000 acre-feet per year), and the net inflows from the sources of recharge were as follows, in million gallons per day: Mississippi River, 390; recharge along the east edge of the Delta, 170; streams within the Delta, 57; areal recharge from infiltration, 180; and oxbow lakes, 24. \r\n\r\nThe effects of several levels of pumpage by wells--0, 670, 1,100, 1,900, and 4,000 million gallons per day--were projected 20 years into the future. In 2003, the 1,100-milliongallon-per-day pumping rate, about average for the early 1980's, would take 46 percent of the water withdrawn from aquifer storage, water levels would be lowered more than 20 feet in a large area in the central part of the Delta, and groundwater levels would continue to decline in future years.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2292","usgsCitation":"Sumner, D.M., and Wasson, B.E., 1990, Geohydrology and simulated effects of large ground-water withdrawals on the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer in northwestern Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2292, vi, 60 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2292.","productDescription":"vi, 60 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2292/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29220,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2292/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sumner, D. M.","contributorId":100827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sumner","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wasson, Billie E.","contributorId":85571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wasson","given":"Billie","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":20210,"text":"ofr90389 - 1990 - Manual for comparing methods of designing hydrologic-data-collection networks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:39","indexId":"ofr90389","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-389","title":"Manual for comparing methods of designing hydrologic-data-collection networks","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr90389","usgsCitation":"Moss, M.E., and Tasker, G.D., 1990, Manual for comparing methods of designing hydrologic-data-collection networks: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-389, 104 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90389.","productDescription":"104 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152384,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0389/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49756,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0389/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64aebd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moss, M. E.","contributorId":50500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moss","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":83097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17619,"text":"ofr89275 - 1990 - Report planning, preparation and review guide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:22","indexId":"ofr89275","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-275","title":"Report planning, preparation and review guide","docAbstract":"The guide describes critical steps in the planning, preparation, and review of hydrologic projects and reports. Project and report planning and organization are discussed first. Report writing and guidelines for writing selected parts of the report are covered next. The last topics covered are editorial and technical review. The guide contains examples of good and poor writing, report checklists, and source references to assist authors in the various stages of report preparation.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr89275","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., Aronson, D.A., Green, J.H., and Puente, C., 1990, Report planning, preparation and review guide: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-275, iv, 81 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89275.","productDescription":"iv, 81 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1034,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr89-275","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":149845,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b7b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.E.","contributorId":34927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aronson, D. A.","contributorId":20308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aronson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Green, J. H.","contributorId":43312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":177136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Puente, Celso","contributorId":36140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puente","given":"Celso","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":39639,"text":"pp1370D - 1990 - Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste: Characterization of the Sonoran region, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-18T18:40:00.845486","indexId":"pp1370D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1370","chapter":"D","title":"Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste: Characterization of the Sonoran region, Arizona","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1370D","usgsCitation":"Bedinger, M.S., Sargent, K.A., and Langer, W.H., 1990, Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste: Characterization of the Sonoran region, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1370, Report: vi, 40 p.; 6 Plates: 12.00 x 20.00 or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1370D.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 40 p.; 6 Plates: 12.00 x 20.00 or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104614,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4824.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4824"},{"id":67305,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370d/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67304,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370d/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67303,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370d/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67302,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370d/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67301,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370d/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67300,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370d/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67306,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Basin and Range province, Sonoran region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.7333,\n 31.9775\n ],\n [\n -112.5544,\n 31.9775\n ],\n [\n -112.5544,\n 36.1936\n ],\n [\n -114.7333,\n 36.1936\n ],\n [\n -114.7333,\n 31.9775\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a064","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bedinger, Marion S.","contributorId":75517,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bedinger","given":"Marion","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sargent, K. A.","contributorId":58630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sargent","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langer, W. H.","contributorId":44932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":17738,"text":"ofr90531 - 1990 - Summary of geotechnical and hydrologic data collected through April 30, 1990, for the Alani-Paty Landslide, Manoa Valley, Honolulu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:19","indexId":"ofr90531","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-531","title":"Summary of geotechnical and hydrologic data collected through April 30, 1990, for the Alani-Paty Landslide, Manoa Valley, Honolulu, Hawaii","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr90531","usgsCitation":"Baum, R., Spengler, S., Torikai, J., and Liu, L., 1990, Summary of geotechnical and hydrologic data collected through April 30, 1990, for the Alani-Paty Landslide, Manoa Valley, Honolulu, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-531, 67 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90531.","productDescription":"67 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150537,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0531/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46957,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0531/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699207","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baum, R.L.","contributorId":68752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spengler, S.R.","contributorId":91128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spengler","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Torikai, J.D.","contributorId":93926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torikai","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, L.A.","contributorId":97127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":17745,"text":"ofr90583 - 1990 - A summary of water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Iowa; fiscal year 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-09T14:28:43","indexId":"ofr90583","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-583","title":"A summary of water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Iowa; fiscal year 1990","docAbstract":"Water resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Iowa consist of collecting hydrologic data and conducting interpretive studies. Hydrologic investigations in Iowa are made through three basic types of projects: (1) hydrologic data-collection programs; (2) local or areal hydrologic studies; and (3) statewide or regional investigations. These projects are funded through cooperative joint-funding agreements with Federal, State, and local agencies and direct Federal funds. The data and the results of the interpretive studies are published or released by either the U.S. Geological Survey or by cooperating agencies. This report describes: (1) the hydrologic data-collection programs; (2) the local or areal hydrologic investigations; and (3) statewide or regional studies conducted by the U.S Geological Survey in Iowa during fiscal year 1990 and provides a list of selected water-resources references for Iowa.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd496be4b0b290850ef264","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Karsten, R.A.","contributorId":51755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karsten","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622398,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19666,"text":"ofr90552 - 1990 - Hydrologic data for the Weldon Spring chemical plant site and vicinity property, St. Charles County, Missouri, 1986-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-05T12:03:39.269826","indexId":"ofr90552","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-552","title":"Hydrologic data for the Weldon Spring chemical plant site and vicinity property, St. Charles County, Missouri, 1986-90","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr90552","usgsCitation":"Kleeschulte, M., and Cross, P.W., 1990, Hydrologic data for the Weldon Spring chemical plant site and vicinity property, St. Charles County, Missouri, 1986-90: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-552, vi, 117 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90552.","productDescription":"vi, 117 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0552/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49131,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0552/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":390201,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17969.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"St. Charles County","otherGeospatial":"Weldon Spring Chemical Plant site and vicinity property","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.668,\n 38.653\n ],\n [\n -90.783,\n 38.653\n ],\n [\n -90.783,\n 38.75\n ],\n [\n -90.668,\n 38.75\n ],\n [\n -90.668,\n 38.653\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ce4b07f02db608256","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kleeschulte, M. J.","contributorId":73222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleeschulte","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cross, P. W.","contributorId":100415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27448,"text":"wri904167 - 1990 - Gaged and estimated monthly streamflow during 1931-84 for selected sites in the Red River of the North basin in North Dakota and Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-05T19:19:04.827574","indexId":"wri904167","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4167","title":"Gaged and estimated monthly streamflow during 1931-84 for selected sites in the Red River of the North basin in North Dakota and Minnesota","docAbstract":"Operation of the Garrison Diversion Unit in North Dakota may have various effects on the quantity and quality of streamflow in the Sheyenne River and the Red River of the North. To model the effects that the Garrison Diverson Unit could have on water quantity, monthly gaged and estimated streamflow data and estimated unregulated streamflow data were compiled to develop a complete monthly streamflow record for January 1931 through December 1984 (data-development period) for 29 sites in the Red River of the North basin.
Gaged streamflow records were available for January 1931 through December 1984 for only 4 sites; no records or records of various length were available for the remaining 25 sites. Drainage-area ratio and Maintenance of Variance Extension Type 1 methods were used to estimate the streamflow for those sites that had no streamflow record or had a streamflow record available for only part of the data-development period.
Unregulated streamflow for the 29 sites was estimated by removing the hydrologic effects of Lake Ashtabula, which is formed behind Baldhill Dam on the Sheyenne River, and surface-water withdrawals. VIater-balance procedures were used to remove the hydrologic effects of Lake Ashtabula from the streamflow record for sites downstream of Baldhill Dam.
Mean annual gaged streamflow for the Sheyenne River below Baldhill Dam was 9,175 acre-feet less than mean annual estimated unregulated streamflow for 1950-84, when Baldhill Dam was in operation. Net evaporation losses from Lake Ashtabula account for most of the difference between gaged streamflow and estimated unregulated streamflow.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri904167","usgsCitation":"Guenthner, R., Weigel, J.F., and Emerson, D.G., 1990, Gaged and estimated monthly streamflow during 1931-84 for selected sites in the Red River of the North basin in North Dakota and Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4167, Report: vi, 230 p.; 1 Plate: 21.28 x 15.64 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904167.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 230 p.; 1 Plate: 21.28 x 15.64 inches","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56307,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4167/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56306,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4167/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126801,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4167/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":411441,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47416.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Red River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.5,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -100.6667,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -100.6667,\n 45.75\n ],\n [\n -94.5,\n 45.75\n ],\n [\n -94.5,\n 49\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1460","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guenthner, R. S.","contributorId":31433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guenthner","given":"R. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weigel, J. F.","contributorId":74394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weigel","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Emerson, D. G.","contributorId":39385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":17856,"text":"ofr90150 - 1990 - Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:21","indexId":"ofr90150","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-150","title":"Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been active in West Virginia since the early 1900's. During recent years, the District completed several investigations as well as initiated others. An intense effort has been made to publish interpretive reports and data on a near-current basis. As a result of this effort, a significant number of water resources reports were completed and/or published during the 1989 fiscal year. This report contains a complete list of USGS reports addressing West Virginia hydrology as of December 1989. The mission of the Water Resources Division is to provide the hydrologic information and understanding needed for the optimum utilization and management of the Nation 's water resources for the overall benefit of the people in the United States. This is accomplished, in large part , through cooperation with other Federal and non-Federal agencies, by: (1) Collecting, on a systematic basis, data needed for the continuing determination and evaluation of the quantity, quality, and use of the Nation 's water resources; (2) Conducting analytical and interpretive water resource appraisals describing the occurrence, availability, and the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of surface and groundwater; (3) conducting supportive basic and problem-oriented research in hydraulics, hydrology, and related fields of science to improve the scientific basis for investigations and measurement techniques and to understand hydrologic systems sufficiently well to quantitatively predict their response to stress, either natural or manmade; (4) disseminating the water data and the results of these investigations and research through reports, maps, computerized information services, and other forms of public releases; (5) Coordinating the activities of Federal agencies in the acquisition of water data for streams, lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, and groundwaters; and (6) Providing scientific and technical assistance in hydrologic fields to other Federal, State and local agencies, to licensees of the Federal Power Commission, and to international agencies on behalf of the Department of State. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr90150","usgsCitation":"Appel, D.H., 1990, Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-150, iv, 46 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90150.","productDescription":"iv, 46 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149933,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0150/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47094,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0150/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697d97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Appel, D. H. (compiler)","contributorId":72397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Appel","given":"D.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3976,"text":"cir1049 - 1990 - Applicability of ambient toxicity testing to national or regional water-quality assessment","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18807,"text":"ofr8955 - 1989 - Applicability of ambient toxicity testing to national or regional water-quality assessment","indexId":"ofr8955","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Applicability of ambient toxicity testing to national or regional water-quality assessment"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":3976,"text":"cir1049 - 1990 - Applicability of ambient toxicity testing to national or regional water-quality assessment","indexId":"cir1049","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Applicability of ambient toxicity testing to national or regional water-quality assessment"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:28","indexId":"cir1049","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1049","title":"Applicability of ambient toxicity testing to national or regional water-quality assessment","docAbstract":"Comprehensive assessment of the quality of natural waters requires a multifaceted approach. Descriptions of existing conditions may be achieved by various kinds of chemical and hydrologic analyses, whereas information about the effects of such conditions on living organisms depends on biological monitoring. Toxicity testing is one type of biological monitoring that can be used to identify possible effects of toxic contaminants. \r\n\r\nBased on experimentation designed to monitor responses of organisms to environmental stresses, toxicity testing may have diverse purposes in water-quality assessments. These purposes may include identification of areas that warrant further study because of poor water quality or unusual ecological features, verification of other types of monitoring, or assessment of contaminant effects on aquatic communities. Toxicity-test results are most effective when used as a complement to chemical analyses, \r\n\r\nhydrologic measurements, and other biological monitoring. However, all toxicity-testing procedures have certain limitations that must be considered in developing the methodology and applications of toxicity testing in any large-scale water-quality-assessment program. A wide variety of toxicity-test methods have been developed to fulfill the needs of diverse applications. The methods differ primarily in the selections made relative to four characteristics: (1) test species, (2) endpoint (acute or chronic), (3) test-enclosure type, and (4) test substance (toxicant) that functions as the environmental stress. Toxicity-test approaches vary in their capacity to meet the needs of large-scale assessments of existing water quality. Ambient testing, whereby the test organism is exposed to naturally occurring substances that contain toxicant mixtures in an organic or inorganic matrix, is more likely to meet these needs than are procedures that call for exposure of the test organisms to known concentrations of a single toxicant. However, meaningful interpretation of ambient test results depends on the existence of accompanying chemical analysis of the ambient media. The ambient test substance may be water or sediments. \r\n\r\nSediment tests have had limited application, but they are useful because most toxicants tend to accumulate in sediments and many test species either inhabit the sediments or are in frequent contact with them. Biochemical testing methods, which have been developing rapidly in recent years, are likely to be among the most useful procedures for large-scale water-quality assessments. They are relatively rapid and simple, and more. importantly, they focus on biochemical changes that are the initial responses of virtually all organisms to environmental stimuli. \r\n\r\nMost species are sensitive to relatively few toxicants, and their sensitivities vary as conditions change. Therefore, each test method has particular uses and limitations, and no single test has universal applicability. One of the most informative approaches to toxicity testing is to combine biochemical tests with other test methods in a 'battery of tests' that is diversified enough to characterize different types of toxicants and different trophic levels. However, such an approach can be costly, and if not carefully designed, it may not yield enough additional information to warrant the additional cost. \r\n\r\nThe application of toxicity tests to large-scale water-quality assessments is hampered by a number of difficulties. Toxicity tests often are not sensitive enough to enable detection of most contaminant problems in the natural environment. Furthermore, because sensitivities among different species and test conditions can be highly variable, conclusions about the toxicant problems of an ecosystem are strongly dependent on the test procedure used. In addition, the experimental systems used in toxicity tests cannot replicate the complexity or variability of natural conditions, and positive test results cannot identify the source or nature of","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/cir1049","usgsCitation":"Elder, J.F., 1990, Applicability of ambient toxicity testing to national or regional water-quality assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1049, iv, 49 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1049.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1990/1049/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31061,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1990/1049/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ac0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elder, John F.","contributorId":23919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elder","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":147937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}