Marine phosphorites are an important part of the oceanic phosphorus cycle and are related to the effects of long-term global climate changes. We use petrography, mineralogy, rare earth elements contents, and 87Sr/86Sr-determined carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) and calcite ages to investigate the paragenesis and history of phosphatization of carbonate sediments, limestones, ferromanganese crusts, and ironstones from the summit of Rio Grande Rise (RGR), Southwest Atlantic Ocean. Phosphatization of all the rock types occurred throughout the Miocene from 20.2 to 6.8 million years ago (Ma), and occasionally during the Quaternary, mainly through the cementation of carbonate sediments by cryptocrystalline CFA, likely involving the dissolution of the smaller size fraction of foraminifera-nannofossil ooze. Porosity/permeability and abundance of fine calcite material were important factors determining the intensity of phosphatization of the various rock types. Phosphatization was initiated during a transition to a more dynamic circulation system in the South Atlantic Ocean, which remobilized phosphorus from deeper waters and increased primary productivity that culminated with the middle-Miocene Climatic Optimum between ∼17 and 14.8 Ma. The relatively shallow-water depth of RGR summit during the Miocene provided proximity to the oxygen minimum zone, a reservoir for reactive phosphorus, especially during periods of enhanced phosphorus cycling spurred by surface primary productivity. The cessation of phosphatization at RGR resulted from a rapidly cooling and dry climate that characterized the Miocene-Pliocene transition. Our results support previous observations that periods of broadly intensified ocean circulation and local hydrodynamic changes were the key paleoceanographic links to phosphorite formation.
Bioaerosols, including bacteria and fungi, are ubiquitous and have been shown to impact various organisms as well as biogeochemical cycles and human health. However, sample collection poses a challenge for aeromicrobiologists and can determine the success of a study. Establishing a standard collection procedure for bioaerosol sampling could help advance the field. We tested the efficiency (number of organisms collected and DNA yield per unit time) of three sampling devices: a membrane filtration device, a liquid impinger, and a portable electrostatic precipitator bioaerosol collector. We compared the efficiency of these three devices for both culture-dependent studies, by enumerating colony forming units (CFUs), and culture-independent studies, by extracting and quantifying total DNA. Our results show that the electrostatic precipitator collected microorganisms significantly more efficiently than the membrane filtration and liquid impingement in both types of studies over the same time interval. This is due to the high flow rate of the device. This work is important and timely because aeromicrobiology is currently restricted by long sampling times and risk of evaporation, desiccation, or freezing during sample, which increases with sampling times. Fieldwork convenience and portability of instruments are an additional challenge for sampling. Using a sampler that can overcome these technical hurdles can accelerate the advancement of the field, and the use of a lightweight, battery-powered, inexpensive, and portable bioaerosol collection device could address these limitations.
American black bears (Ursus americanus) are an iconic wildlife species in the southern Appalachian highlands of the eastern United States and have increased in number and range since the early 1980s. Given an increasing number of human-bear conflicts in the region, many management agencies have liberalized harvest regulations to reduce bear populations to socially acceptable levels. Wildlife managers need reliable population data for assessing the effects of management actions for this high-profile species. Our goal was to use DNA extracted from hair collected at barbed-wire enclosures (i.e., hair traps) to identify individual bears and then use spatially explicit capture-recapture methods to estimate female black bear density, abundance, and harvest rate. We established 888 hair traps across 66,678 km2 of the southern Appalachian highlands in Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee, USA, in 2017 and 2018, arranged in 174 clusters of 2–9 traps/cluster. We collected 9,113 hair samples from those sites over 6 weeks of sampling, of which 1,954 were successfully genotyped to 462 individual female bears. Our spatially explicit estimator included a percent forest covariate to explain inhomogeneous bear density across the region. Densities ranged up to 0.410 female bears/km2 and regional abundance was 5,950 (95% CI = 4,988–7,098) female bears. Based on hunter kill data from 2016 to 2018, mean annual harvest rates for females were 12.7% in Georgia, 17.6% in North Carolina, 17.6% in South Carolina, and 22.8% in Tennessee. Our estimated harvest rates for most states approached or exceeded theoretical maximum sustainable levels, and population trend data (i.e., bait-station indices) indicated decreasing growth rates since about 2009. These data suggest that the increased harvest goals and poor hard mast production over a series of prior years reduced bear population abundance in many states. We were able to obtain reasonable population abundance and density estimates because of spatially explicit capture-recapture methods, cluster sampling, and a large spatial extent. Continued monitoring of bear populations (e.g., annual bait-station surveys and periodic population estimation using spatially explicit methods) by state jurisdictions would help to ensure that population trajectories are consistent with management goals. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
Evolving complex mixtures of pharmaceuticals and transformation products in effluent-dominated streams pose potential impacts to aquatic species; thus, understanding the attenuation dynamics in the field and characterizing the prominent attenuation mechanisms of pharmaceuticals and their transformation products (TPs) is critical for hazard assessments. Herein, we determined the attenuation dynamics and the associated prominent mechanisms of pharmaceuticals and their corresponding TPs via a combined long-term field study and controlled laboratory experiments. For the field study, we quantified spatiotemporal exposure concentrations of five pharmaceuticals and six associated TPs in a small, temperate-region effluent-dominated stream during baseflow conditions where the wastewater plant was the main source of pharmaceuticals. We selected four sites (upstream, at, and two progressively downstream from effluent discharge) and collected water samples at 16 time points (64 samples in total, approximately twice monthly, depending on flows) for 1 year. Concurrently, we conducted photolysis, sorption, and biodegradation batch tests under controlled conditions to determine the major attenuation mechanisms. We observed 10-fold greater attenuation rates in the field compared to batch tests, demonstrating that connecting laboratory batch tests with field measurements to enhance predictive power is a critical need. Batch systems alone, often used for assessment, are useful for determining fate processes but poorly approximate in-stream attenuation kinetics. Sorption was the dominant attenuation process (t1/2<7.7 d) for 5 of 11 compounds in the batch tests, while the other compounds (n = 6) persisted in the batch tests and along the 5.1 km stream reach. In-stream parent-to-product transformation was minimal. Differential attenuation contributed to the evolving pharmaceutical mixture and created changing exposure conditions with concomitant implications for aquatic and terrestrial biota. Tandem field and laboratory characterization can better inform modeling efforts for transport and risk assessments.
We developed a new technique, utilizing species-specific counts of individuals from historical fish community samples, to examine landscape-level, spatio-temporal trends in relative abundance distributions. Abundance-based historical distribution analyses are often plagued by data comparability issues, but provide critical information about community composition trends inaccessible to those using analyses based only on species presence–absence. We established trends in native and non-native fish abundance and community homogenization, uniqueness and diversity to help local conservation managers prioritize targets and motivate similar studies globally to support fish conservation.
Upper and middle New River (UMNR) basin, Appalachian Mountains, USA.
We compiled catch data from 61 years of fish community surveys (1958–2019) and tested for community homogenization by comparing data from repeatedly sampled sites (1900s versus 2000s samples) using dispersion analyses. We measured community uniqueness (site contributions to beta diversity) and species diversity (Shannon index) at sampled streams to identify potential conservation hotspots. We then used regression analyses and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests to examine species-specific basin-wide and local abundance trends and identify species of potential conservation concern.
Dispersion of sites in species abundance space was significantly greater in the 1900s compared with the 2000s, indicating homogenization had occurred. Of 36 native species analysed, 44.4% (16) showed basin-wide declines. Non-native species exhibited mixed patterns; site-level abundance increased in 2 of 15 species analysed (13%).
Our results indicate basin-wide community homogenization has occurred within the UMNR, but many unique and diverse communities persist. If conserved, these could help maintain regional fish diversity. We found basin-wide declines in four endemic species, as well as spread patterns of non-native and native species that were not detected by a presence–absence analysis applied within the same study area. This finding illustrates the importance of considering both species’ abundance and occurrence patterns as separate dimensions of biodiversity to inform conservation planning.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/ddi.13393","usgsCitation":"Sleezer, L., Angermeier, P., Frimpong, E., and Brown, B., 2021, A new composite abundance metric detects stream fish declines and community homogenization during six decades of invasions: Diversity and Distributions, v. 27, no. 11, p. 2136-2156, https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13393.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"2136","endPage":"2156","ipdsId":"IP-127926","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":481102,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13393","text":"External Repository"},{"id":480938,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.15910582240531,\n 38.72335424270793\n ],\n [\n -81.8153590308615,\n 36.0378116437692\n ],\n [\n -81.15910582240531,\n 36.04395501786985\n ],\n [\n -80.45378441771783,\n 36.778939995013474\n ],\n [\n -79.88242907709224,\n 38.72335424270793\n ],\n [\n -81.15910582240531,\n 38.72335424270793\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sleezer, Logan J.","contributorId":349198,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sleezer","given":"Logan J.","affiliations":[{"id":36967,"text":"Virginia Tech University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Angermeier, Paul L. 0000-0003-2864-170X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2864-170X","contributorId":204519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angermeier","given":"Paul L.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":924137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frimpong, Emmanuel A.","contributorId":349199,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frimpong","given":"Emmanuel A.","affiliations":[{"id":36967,"text":"Virginia Tech University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Bryan L.","contributorId":349201,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Bryan L.","affiliations":[{"id":36967,"text":"Virginia Tech University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":924140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70222679,"text":"ofr20211030D - 2021 - System characterization report on Planet’s Dove-R","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70222679,"text":"ofr20211030D - 2021 - System characterization report on Planet’s Dove-R","indexId":"ofr20211030D","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","displayTitle":"System Characterization Report on Planet’s Dove-R","title":"System characterization report on Planet’s Dove-R"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70221266,"text":"ofr20211030 - 2021 - System characterization of Earth observation sensors","indexId":"ofr20211030","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"title":"System characterization of Earth observation sensors"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70221266,"text":"ofr20211030 - 2021 - System characterization of Earth observation sensors","indexId":"ofr20211030","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"title":"System characterization of Earth observation sensors"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-25T20:34:50.342041","indexId":"ofr20211030D","displayToPublicDate":"2021-08-09T14:39:33","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-1030","chapter":"D","displayTitle":"System Characterization Report on Planet’s Dove-R","title":"System characterization report on Planet’s Dove-R","docAbstract":"This report addresses system characterization of Planet’s Dove-R and is part of a series of system characterization reports produced and delivered by the U.S. Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation and Science Cal/Val Center of Excellence. These reports present and detail the methodology and procedures for characterization; present technical and operational information about the specific sensing system being evaluated; and provide a summary of test measurements, data retention practices, data analysis results, and conclusions.
Since 2013, Planet has launched more than 360 Dove 3U CubeSats, where U stands for 10-centimeter (cm) x 10-cm x 10-cm stowed dimensions, each weighing about 5 kilograms. Since 2015, all Dove satellites have had four-band imagers with about a 4-meter (m) pixel ground sample distance. Since 2016, all Doves have been launched into Sun-synchronous orbits varying from 474 to 524 kilometers, with inclinations between 97 and 98 degrees. The Dove series satellites do not have orbit maintenance capabilities; thus, their orbits decay slowly over time, contributing to shorter lifetimes of about 3 years. More information on Planet satellites and sensors is available in the “2020 Joint Agency Commercial Imagery Evaluation—Remote Sensing Satellite Compendium” and from the manufacturer at https://www.planet.com/.
The Earth Resources Observation and Science Cal/Val Center of Excellence system characterization team completed data analyses to characterize the geometric (interior and exterior), radiometric, and spatial performances. Results of these analyses indicate that Dove-R has an interior geometric performance in the range of −0.306 (−0.102 pixel) to 0.286 m (0.095 pixel) in easting and 0.090 (0.030 pixel) to 1.084 m (0.361 pixel) in northing in band-to-band registration, an exterior geometric performance of −5.10 m (−0.51 pixel) in easting and 3.30 m (0.33 pixel) in northing offset in comparison to Sentinel-2, a radiometric performance in the range of −0.023 to −0.008 in offset and 0.948 to 1.077 in slope, and a spatial performance in the range of 2.96 to 3.15 pixels for full width at half maximum, with a modulation transfer function at a Nyquist frequency in the range of 0.001 to 0.003.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211030D","usgsCitation":"Kim, M., Park, S., Anderson, C., and Stensaas, G.L., 2021, System characterization report on Planet’s Dove-R, chap. D of Ramaseri Chandra, S.N., comp., System characterization of Earth observation sensors: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1030, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211030D.","productDescription":"v, 34 p.","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-126678","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":387784,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1030/d/ofr20211030d.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.91 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2021–1030D"},{"id":387783,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1030/d/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Earth Resources Observation and Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
47914 252nd Street
Sioux Falls, SD 57198
Organic matter (OM) accumulation in marsh soils affects marsh survival under rapid sea-level rise (SLR). This work describes the changing organic geochemistry of a salt marsh located in the Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge on the eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay that has transgressed inland with SLR over the past 35–75 years. Marsh soils and vegetation were sampled along an elevation gradient from the intertidal zone to the adjacent forest, representing a space-for-time substitution of the process of marsh transgression. Stable carbon isotope analysis of bulk OM gives evidence for a transition from C3 upland-sourced OM to C4-dominated marsh vegetation over time. The vegetative source of the OM changes along a marsh-upland mixing line from herbaceous angiosperm-sourced lignin in the lower elevation marsh to a woody gymnosperm signature at the upper border of the marsh. The results of stable isotope and lignin analyses illustrate that landward encroachment of marsh grasses results in deposition of herbaceous tissues exhibiting relatively little decay. This presents a possible mechanism for OM stabilization as marshes migrate inland.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107550","usgsCitation":"Van Allen, R., Schreiner, K.M., Guntenspergen, G.R., and Carlin, J.A., 2021, Changes in organic carbon source and storage with sea level rise-induced transgression in a Chesapeake Bay marsh: Estuaries and Coasts, v. 261, 107550, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107550.","productDescription":"107550, 11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-103097","costCenters":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P97H1N4E","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Changes in Organic Carbon Source and Storage with Sea Level Rise-Induced Transgression in a Chesapeake Bay Marsh"},{"id":388155,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.19430541992188,\n 38.37396220263095\n ],\n [\n -75.99655151367188,\n 38.37396220263095\n ],\n [\n -75.99655151367188,\n 38.47509432050245\n ],\n [\n -76.19430541992188,\n 38.47509432050245\n ],\n [\n -76.19430541992188,\n 38.37396220263095\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"261","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Allen, Rachel","contributorId":264468,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Allen","given":"Rachel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":34699,"text":"University of Minnesota-Duluth","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schreiner, Kathryn M.","contributorId":201540,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schreiner","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36192,"text":"Large Lakes Observatory, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guntenspergen, Glenn R. 0000-0002-8593-0244 glenn_guntenspergen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8593-0244","contributorId":2885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guntenspergen","given":"Glenn","email":"glenn_guntenspergen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":821566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carlin, Joseph A.","contributorId":200295,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carlin","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13544,"text":"California State University, Fullerton","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70229743,"text":"70229743 - 2021 - Assessing potential stock structure of adult Coho Salmon in a small Alaska watershed: Quantifying run timing, spawning locations, and holding areas with radiotelemetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-16T15:16:43.28318","indexId":"70229743","displayToPublicDate":"2021-08-09T10:09:17","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing potential stock structure of adult Coho Salmon in a small Alaska watershed: Quantifying run timing, spawning locations, and holding areas with radiotelemetry","docAbstract":"Run timing and spatial locations of spawning habitats are often used to identify stocks for conservation planning or management of salmonid fishes. Although complex stock structure is most common within large watersheds with diverse habitats, even small drainages can produce multiple co-occurring spatially or temporally isolated populations or “stocks.” This project sought to address the potential existence of stock structure of Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in a small coastal watershed on Kodiak, Alaska that supports vital subsistence and recreational fisheries and is currently managed as a single stock. We radio-tagged a total of 348 adult Coho Salmon upon freshwater entry into the Buskin River across three spawning seasons (2015–2017) and tracked in-river movements to the final locations where mortality signals were recorded. We identified two primary spawning habitats within the system: main-stem and lake tributaries, with 54% (range of 47% to 61%) of tagged fish with determined fates tracked to main-stem river spawning areas and 46% (range 39% to 53%) presumably spawning in small tributaries of the 1-km2 Buskin Lake at the headwater of the watershed. Despite distinct spatial differences in spawning locations, main-stem and tributary spawners did not differ in migration timing into freshwater (difference in run timing of main-stem versus tributary spawners = 1 d) nor body size (main-stem mean body length, mideye to tail fork = 625 mm, tributary mean = 613 mm). Unexpectedly, we determined nearly 70% of all Coho Salmon spent at least some time in Buskin Lake, including 54% of main-stem spawners, suggesting a potential role of Buskin Lake as an important staging habitat for premature migrating adult Coho Salmon who enter freshwater in advance of final maturation. We also identified areas consistently used for holding prior to spawning that could be used in spatial management planning and during times of necessary conservation to ensure integrity of the stock for the future.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1002/nafm.10658","usgsCitation":"Stratton, M.E., Finkle, H., Falke, J.A., and Westley, P., 2021, Assessing potential stock structure of adult Coho Salmon in a small Alaska watershed: Quantifying run timing, spawning locations, and holding areas with radiotelemetry: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 41, no. 5, p. 1423-1435, https://doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10658.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1423","endPage":"1435","ipdsId":"IP-128616","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":397157,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Buskin River Watershed, Kodiak Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.6049041748047,\n 57.73623401472855\n ],\n [\n -152.46414184570312,\n 57.73623401472855\n ],\n [\n -152.46414184570312,\n 57.79666314942287\n ],\n [\n -152.6049041748047,\n 57.79666314942287\n ],\n [\n -152.6049041748047,\n 57.73623401472855\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stratton, M. E.","contributorId":288653,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stratton","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":61459,"text":"afg","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":838164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finkle, H.","contributorId":288654,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Finkle","given":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":61459,"text":"afg","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":838165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Falke, Jeffrey A. 0000-0002-6670-8250 jfalke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6670-8250","contributorId":5195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falke","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jfalke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":838163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Westley, P. A. H.","contributorId":288655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Westley","given":"P. A. H.","affiliations":[{"id":6695,"text":"UAF","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":838166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70225163,"text":"70225163 - 2021 - Dynamics of green and blue water supply stress index across major global cropland basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-15T13:17:02.510615","indexId":"70225163","displayToPublicDate":"2021-08-09T08:13:42","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7749,"text":"Frontiers in Climate","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamics of green and blue water supply stress index across major global cropland basins","docAbstract":"Global food and water insecurity could be serious problems in the upcoming decades with growing demands from the increasing global population and more frequent effect of climatic extremes. As the available water resources are diminishing and facing continuous stress, it is crucial to monitor water demand and water availability to understand the associated water stresses. This study assessed the water stress by applying the water supply stress index (WaSSI) in relation to green (WaSSIG) and blue (WaSSIB) water resources across six major cropland basins including the Mississippi (North America), San Francisco (South America), Nile (Africa), Danube (Europe), Ganges-Brahmaputra (Asia), and Murray-Darling (Australia) for the past 17-years (2003–2019). The WaSSIG and WaSSIB results indicated that the Murray-Darling Basin experienced the most severe (maximum WaSSIG and WaSSIB anomalies) green and blue water stresses and the Mississippi Basin had the least. All basins had both green and blue water stresses for at least 35% (6 out of 17 years) of the study period. The interannual variations in green water stress were driven by both crop water demand and green water supply, whereas the blue water stress variations were primarily driven by blue water supply. The WaSSIG and WaSSIB provided a better understanding of water stress (blue or green) and their drivers (demand or supply driven) across cropland basins. This information can be useful for basin-specific resource mobilization and interventions to ensure food and water security.
","language":"English","publisher":"Frontiers Media","doi":"10.3389/fclim.2021.663444","usgsCitation":"Khand, K., Senay, G.B., Kagone, S., and Parrish, G.E., 2021, Dynamics of green and blue water supply stress index across major global cropland basins: Frontiers in Climate, v. 3, 663444, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.663444.","productDescription":"663444, 13 p.","ipdsId":"IP-125893","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":451244,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.663444","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":390567,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Khand, Kul Bikram 0000-0002-1593-1508","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1593-1508","contributorId":259185,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Khand","given":"Kul Bikram","affiliations":[{"id":52326,"text":"AFDS, Contractor to USGS ERSOS Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":825216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":3114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel","email":"senay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":825217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kagone, Stefanie 0000-0002-2979-4655","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2979-4655","contributorId":216913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kagone","given":"Stefanie","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":825218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parrish, Gabriel Edwin Lee 0000-0003-4078-3516","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4078-3516","contributorId":267751,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parrish","given":"Gabriel","email":"","middleInitial":"Edwin Lee","affiliations":[{"id":55490,"text":"Innovate! Inc., Contractor to the USGS EROS Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":825219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70223380,"text":"70223380 - 2021 - Integrating telemetry data at several scales with spatial capture–recapture to improve density estimates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-25T13:01:10.970191","indexId":"70223380","displayToPublicDate":"2021-08-09T07:59:21","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1475,"text":"Ecosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrating telemetry data at several scales with spatial capture–recapture to improve density estimates","docAbstract":"Accurate population estimates are essential for monitoring and managing wildlife populations. Mark–recapture sampling methods have regularly been used to estimate population parameters for rare and cryptic species, including the federally listed Mojave desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii); however, the methods employed are often plagued by violations of statistical assumptions, which have the potential to bias density estimates. By incorporating spatial information into conventional density estimation models, spatial capture–recapture (SCR) models can account for common assumption violations such as spatially heterogeneous detection probabilities and temporary emigration when animals leave plots during a survey. We conducted mark–recapture surveys at 10 1-km2 plots in and adjacent to the Ivanpah Valley of California and Nevada from 2015 to 2019. Locality data were collected concurrently using radio-telemetry and GPS data loggers. GPS data demonstrated that desert tortoises frequently exhibited temporary emigration outside a plot during the survey periods, thereby complicating standard approaches for closed-model density estimation. We integrated mark–recapture survey data for subadults and adults at each plot with corresponding spatial capture locations and supplementary spatial data using a modified SCR model fitted in a Bayesian framework. We compared density estimates modeled with conventional non-spatial methods, as well as three SCR models based on symmetrical usage areas described by various levels and types of supplementary spatial data. The conventional model consistently resulted in inflated estimates of density while the SCR models allowed us to generate spatially corrected estimates for a species where detectability and densities are low. However, we found that if not properly specified, the temporal scale of supplementary data may result in an unintended source of bias in parameter estimates. Integrating spatial data over a larger temporal scale than mark–recapture surveys were conducted resulted in higher detection probabilities and lower density estimates, due to an overestimation of space use. Our results not only demonstrate the importance of accounting for spatial information but also the value of understanding the potential for bias when integrating multiple data sets at different temporal resolutions. The methods presented can be used to enhance monitoring efforts for the Mojave desert tortoise and other species where mark–recapture methods are used.
Sub-centennial oxygen (δ18O) isotopes of ostracod and authigenic calcite from Squanga Lake provides evidence of hydroclimatic extremes and a series of post-glacial climate system reorganizations for the interior region of northwest Canada. Authigenic calcite δ18O values range from −16‰ to −21‰ and are presently similar to modern lake water and annual precipitation values. Ostracod δ18O record near identical trends with calcite, offset by +1.7 ± 0.6‰. At 11 ka BP (kaBP = thousands of years before 1950), higher δ18O values reflect decreased precipitation−evaporation (P−E) balance from residual ice sheet influences on moisture availability. A trend to lower δ18O values until ∼8 ka BP reflects a shift to wetter conditions, and reorganization of atmospheric circulation. The last millennium and modern era are relatively dry, though not as dry as the early Holocene extreme. North Pacific climate dynamics remained an important driver of P−E balance in northwest Canada throughout the Holocene.
Life-history tradeoffs are common across taxa, but growth-survival tradeoffs—usually enhancing survival at a cost to growth—are less frequently investigated. Increased salinity (NaCl) is a prevalent anthropogenic disturbance that may cause a growth-survival tradeoff for larval amphibians. Although physiological mechanisms mediating tradeoffs are seldom investigated, hormones are prime candidates. Corticosterone (CORT) is a steroid hormone that independently influences survival and growth and may provide mechanistic insight into growth-survival tradeoffs. We conducted a 24-day experiment to test effects of salinity (<32–4000 mg/L) on growth, development, survival, CORT responses, and tradeoffs among traits of larval Northern Leopard Frogs (Rana pipiens). We also experimentally suppressed CORT signaling to determine whether CORT signaling mediates effects of salinity and a growth-survival tradeoff. Increased salinity reduced survival, growth, and development. Suppressing CORT signaling in conjunction with salinity reduced survival further but also attenuated the negative effects of salinity on growth, development, and water content. CORT of control larvae increased or was stable with growth and development but decreased with growth and development for those exposed to salinity. Therefore, salinity dysregulated CORT physiology. Across all treatments, larvae that survived had higher CORT than larvae that died. By manipulating CORT signaling, we provide strong evidence that CORT physiology mediates the outcome of a growth-survival tradeoff and enhances survival. To our knowledge, this is the first study to concomitantly measure tradeoffs between growth and survival and experimentally link these changes to CORT physiology. Identifying mechanistic links between stressors and fitness-related outcomes is critical to enhance our understanding of tradeoffs.
As the most remote archipelago in the world, the Hawaiian Islands are home to a highly endemic and disharmonic biota that has fascinated biologists for centuries. Forests are the dominant terrestrial biome in Hawai‘i, spanning complex, heterogeneous climates across substrates that vary tremendously in age, soil structure, and nutrient availability. Species richness is low in Hawaiian forests compared to other tropical forests, as a consequence of dispersal limitation from continents and adaptive radiations in only some lineages, and forests are dominated by the widespread Metrosideros species complex. Low species richness provides a relatively tractable model system for studies of community assembly, local adaptation, and species interactions. Moreover, Hawaiian forests provide insights into predicted patterns of evolution on islands, revealing that while some evidence supports “island syndromes,” there are exceptions to them all. For example, Hawaiian plants are not as a whole less defended against herbivores, less dispersible, more conservative in resource use, or more slow-growing than their continental relatives. Clearly, more work is needed to understand the drivers, sources, and constraints on phenotypic variation among Hawaiian species, including both widespread and rare species, and to understand the role of this variation for ecological and evolutionary processes, which will further contribute to conservation of this unique biota. Today, Hawaiian forests are among the most threatened globally. Resource management failures – the proliferation of non-native species in particular – have led to devastating declines in native taxa and resulted in dominance by novel species assemblages. Conservation and restoration of Hawaiian forests now rely on managing threats including climate change, ongoing species introductions, novel pathogens, lost mutualists, and altered ecosystem dynamics through the use of diverse tools and strategies grounded in basic ecological, evolutionary, and biocultural principles. The future of Hawaiian forests thus depends on the synthesis of ecological and evolutionary research, which will continue to inform future conservation and restoration practices.
Carnivore conservation and management are global research priorities focused on reversing population declines of imperiled species and identifying more effective and humane management of generalist carnivores with thriving populations. Nonlethal methods to mitigate conflict are increasingly used to advance conservation objectives; however, there is limited knowledge about the effectiveness of many nonlethal methods. We tested a nonlethal tool (fladry), that serves as a barrier to deter wolves Canis lupus and coyotes Canis latrans, for its efficacy at preventing coyotes from using prairie dog Cynomys ludovicianus colonies, the primary prey for critically endangered black-footed ferrets Mustela nigripes. We used camera trap data and an occupancy approach to evaluate the tool’s efficacy. We measured coyote response to fladry at both a coarse monthly scale (via use, attraction and avoidance probabilities) and a fine scale (via daily activity). Overall, use of areas inside exclosures declined by 60% after 60 days of fladry application and coyotes avoided some previously used areas both within and outside exclosures. Interestingly, coyotes were attracted to previously unused areas surrounding exclosures and increased activity around the periphery of fladry exclosures by 170% immediately after fladry installation, suggesting coyotes actively explored these areas and may have responded to fladry in a way that is counterintuitive to management expectations. Occupancy models provided more robust evaluation of fladry and revealed important behavioral responses relative to other common evaluation techniques (i.e. time until first detected crossing). Our results have implications for future development and evaluation of nonlethal tools for carnivore conservation and management globally.
","language":"English","publisher":"Zoological Society of London","doi":"10.1111/acv.12726","usgsCitation":"Windell, R., Bailey, L., Young, J.K., Livieri, T.M., Eads, D.A., and Breck, S., 2021, Improving evaluation of nonlethal tools for carnivore management and conservation: Evaluating fladry to protect an endangered species from a generalist mesocarnivore: Animal Conservation, v. 25, no. 1, p. 125-136, https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12726.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"136","ipdsId":"IP-117480","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396347,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Badlands National Park, Buffalo Gap National Grasslands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n 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]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-08-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Penteriani, Vincenzo","contributorId":280007,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Penteriani","given":"Vincenzo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835841,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ordiz, Andrés","contributorId":280008,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ordiz","given":"Andrés","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835842,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Windell, Rebecca","contributorId":279885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Windell","given":"Rebecca","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bailey, Larissa L.","contributorId":229353,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bailey","given":"Larissa L.","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Young, Julie K.","contributorId":196299,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Young","given":"Julie","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Livieri, Travis M.","contributorId":198977,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Livieri","given":"Travis","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eads, David A. 0000-0002-4247-017X deads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4247-017X","contributorId":173639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eads","given":"David","email":"deads@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":835696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Breck, Stewart","contributorId":199403,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Breck","given":"Stewart","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70223880,"text":"70223880 - 2021 - Evaluating the migration mortality hypothesis using monarch tagging data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-14T11:35:01.272469","indexId":"70223880","displayToPublicDate":"2021-08-07T08:39:45","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3910,"text":"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","onlineIssn":"2296-701X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating the migration mortality hypothesis using monarch tagging data","docAbstract":"The decline in the eastern North American population of the monarch butterfly population since the late 1990s has been attributed to the loss of milkweed during the summer breeding season and the consequent reduction in the size of the summer population that migrates to central Mexico to overwinter (milkweed limitation hypothesis). However, in some studies the size of the summer population was not found to decline and was not correlated with the size of the overwintering population. The authors of these studies concluded that milkweed limitation could not explain the overwintering population decline. They hypothesized that increased mortality during fall migration was responsible (migration mortality hypothesis). We used data from the long-term monarch tagging program, managed by Monarch Watch, to examine three predictions of the migration mortality hypothesis: (1) that the summer population size is not correlated with the overwintering population size, (2) that migration success is the main determinant of overwintering population size, and (3) that migration success has declined over the last two decades. As an index of the summer population size, we used the number of wild-caught migrating individuals tagged in the U.S. Midwest from 1998 to 2015. As an index of migration success we used the recovery rate of Midwest tagged individuals in Mexico. With regard to the three predictions: (1) the number of tagged individuals in the Midwest, explained 74% of the variation in the size of the overwintering population. Other measures of summer population size were also correlated with overwintering population size. Thus, there is no disconnection between late summer and winter population sizes. (2) Migration success was not significantly correlated with overwintering population size, and (3) migration success did not decrease during this period. Migration success was correlated with the level of greenness of the area in the southern U.S. used for nectar by migrating butterflies. Thus, the main determinant of yearly variation in overwintering population size is summer population size with migration success being a minor determinant. Consequently, increasing milkweed habitat, which has the potential of increasing the summer monarch population, is the conservation measure that will have the greatest impact.
","language":"English","publisher":"Frontiers Media","doi":"10.3389/fevo.2020.00264","usgsCitation":"Taylor, O.R., Pleasants, J., Grundel, R., Pecoraro, S., Lovett, J.P., and Ryan, A., 2021, Evaluating the migration mortality hypothesis using monarch tagging data: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, v. 8, 264, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.00264.","productDescription":"264, 13 p.","ipdsId":"IP-106646","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":451254,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.00264","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":389143,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100.0,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -60.0,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -60.00,\n 50.0\n ],\n [\n -100.0,\n 50.0\n ],\n [\n -100.0,\n 40\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-08-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Orley R.","contributorId":168617,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"Orley","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":25342,"text":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":823073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pleasants, John M.","contributorId":168616,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pleasants","given":"John M.","affiliations":[{"id":25341,"text":"Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":823074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grundel, Ralph 0000-0002-2949-7087 rgrundel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2949-7087","contributorId":2444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grundel","given":"Ralph","email":"rgrundel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":823075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pecoraro, Samuel 0000-0002-3435-649X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3435-649X","contributorId":221137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pecoraro","given":"Samuel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":823076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lovett, James P.","contributorId":265598,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lovett","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6773,"text":"University of Kansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":823077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ryan, Ann","contributorId":265599,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryan","given":"Ann","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6773,"text":"University of Kansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":823078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70232203,"text":"70232203 - 2021 - Diet composition of Fishers (Pekania pennanti) reintroduced on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-13T16:16:46.791335","indexId":"70232203","displayToPublicDate":"2021-08-06T11:05:46","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2901,"text":"Northwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Diet composition of Fishers (Pekania pennanti) reintroduced on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington","title":"Diet composition of Fishers (Pekania pennanti) reintroduced on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington","docAbstract":"Knowledge of diet composition can inform management strategies and efforts to recover endangered carnivore populations in vacant portions of their historic ranges. One such species, the Fisher (Pekania pennanti), was extirpated in Washington State prior to any formal documentation of its food habits in the coastal coniferous forests of western Washington. Fisher recovery efforts in Washington, based on translocating Fishers from extant populations, have been ongoing since 2008, beginning with the release of 90 Fishers on Washington's Olympic Peninsula from 2008 to 2010. We collected fecal samples or digestive tracts from 13 Fishers opportunistically on the Olympic Peninsula from 2009 through 2013. Subsequently, we identified the species composition of each sample's contents to determine the primary foods consumed by the reintroduced Fishers. Fisher diets were diverse and dominated by mammalian prey. Contents of feces and digestive tracts of Fishers were composed primarily of Snowshoe Hare (Lepus americanus) remains, followed by lesser proportions of Mountain Beavers (Aplodontia rufa), Northern Flying Squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus), Douglas Squirrels (Tamiasciurus douglasii), Southern Red-backed Voles (Myodes gapperi), shrews (Sorex spp.), and unidentified ungulate species. The diet of Fishers comprised species that occur across a wide range of land uses and management prescriptions, including previously logged forests and mature forests that have been set aside for retention of old-growth forest characteristics. Additional study of prey abundance and Fisher foraging behaviors related to structural habitat characteristics across a gradient of land uses would provide useful insights for enhancing the effectiveness of conservation efforts to benefit Fishers in Pacific Northwest coastal forests.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Biology","doi":"10.1898/NWN20-08","usgsCitation":"Happe, P.J., Pace, S.H., Prugh, L., Jenkins, K., Lewis, J.C., and Hagar, J., 2021, Diet composition of Fishers (Pekania pennanti) reintroduced on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington: Northwestern Naturalist, v. 102, no. 2, p. 97-108, https://doi.org/10.1898/NWN20-08.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"108","ipdsId":"IP-117708","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":402099,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Olympic Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.21142578125,\n 46.98774725646568\n ],\n [\n -124.21691894531249,\n 46.90899838277448\n ],\n [\n -123.8653564453125,\n 46.95776134668866\n ],\n [\n -122.947998046875,\n 47.040182144806664\n ],\n [\n -122.7117919921875,\n 47.11873795272715\n ],\n [\n -122.4755859375,\n 47.297859249409825\n ],\n [\n -122.34924316406251,\n 47.39834920035926\n ],\n [\n -122.4041748046875,\n 47.431803338643334\n ],\n [\n -122.44262695312501,\n 47.56170075451973\n ],\n [\n -122.4810791015625,\n 47.70976154266637\n ],\n [\n -122.44262695312501,\n 47.73932336136857\n ],\n [\n -122.4920654296875,\n 47.916342040161155\n ],\n [\n -122.59643554687499,\n 47.964180715412276\n ],\n [\n -122.65686035156249,\n 48.09275716032736\n ],\n [\n -122.7557373046875,\n 48.17707562779612\n ],\n [\n -122.90954589843749,\n 48.12943437745315\n ],\n [\n -123.01391601562499,\n 48.122101028190805\n ],\n [\n -123.12927246093751,\n 48.188063481211415\n ],\n [\n -123.32702636718749,\n 48.151428143221224\n ],\n [\n -123.662109375,\n 48.19538740833338\n ],\n [\n -124.0191650390625,\n 48.213692646648035\n ],\n [\n -124.57946777343751,\n 48.40732607972984\n ],\n [\n -124.7552490234375,\n 48.42920055556841\n ],\n [\n -124.76623535156251,\n 48.17707562779612\n ],\n [\n -124.67285156250001,\n 47.87214396888731\n ],\n [\n -124.46960449218751,\n 47.73562905149295\n ],\n [\n -124.354248046875,\n 47.33510005753559\n ],\n [\n -124.2279052734375,\n 47.19717795172789\n ],\n [\n -124.21142578125,\n 46.98774725646568\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Happe, Patricia J.","contributorId":50983,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Happe","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16133,"text":"National Park Service, Olympic National Park","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":844584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pace, Shelby H.","contributorId":292446,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pace","given":"Shelby","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":844599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prugh, Laura R.","contributorId":257957,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Prugh","given":"Laura R.","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":844600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jenkins, Kurt 0000-0003-1415-6607","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1415-6607","contributorId":221472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"Kurt","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":844585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lewis, Jeffrey C.","contributorId":141090,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lewis","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13674,"text":"WDFW","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":844601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hagar, Joan 0000-0002-3044-6607 joan_hagar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3044-6607","contributorId":3369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagar","given":"Joan","email":"joan_hagar@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":844602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70230796,"text":"70230796 - 2021 - Comparing geometric differences between Landsat Collection 1 to Collection 2 level-1 products","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-26T15:52:18.27322","indexId":"70230796","displayToPublicDate":"2021-08-06T10:47:56","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Comparing geometric differences between Landsat Collection 1 to Collection 2 level-1 products","docAbstract":"In late 2020 the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began the distribution of Landsat products associated with their collection 2 reprocessing of the archive. Several changes were implemented within the Landsat Product Generation System (LPGS) and the calibration parameters applied to the Landsat imagery for the collection 2 processing. When comparing between collection 1 and collection 2 products, radiometric and geometric differences will be present. One of the most substantial changes between the two collections was an adjustment to the ground control which made the control more accurate from an absolute and relative perspective. Some of the other changes associated with collection 2 processing were to the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) used in terrain correction, the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) relative gains, TIRS absolute calibration, Operational Land Imagery (OLI) absolute gain model, OLI relative gain, and OLI bias calculation to name a few. Although these changes also have an effect on the differences between the product associated with these two collections, the change in the ground control, although typically less than one 30-meter multispectral pixel in magnitude, will have the largest effect on the differences between the products. This change in ground control is also a spatially dynamic change that although is low in spatial frequency, is nonlinear and is not a change that can be modeled on a global or even on a local Worldwide Reference System-2 (WRS-2) path and row scale. The effects of these ground control changes will be discussed and demonstrated within this paper along with examples showing their effect on specific datasets. This paper demonstrates some of these geometric differences associated with the ground control through both the registration statistics created during product generation and through an example comparison of a set of collection 1 and collection 2 products.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings volume 11829, Earth Observing Systems XXVI","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications","conferenceDate":"Aug 1-5, 2021","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA","language":"English","doi":"10.1117/12.2596204","usgsCitation":"Choate, M.J., Rengarajan, R., Micijevic, E., and Lubke, M., 2021, Comparing geometric differences between Landsat Collection 1 to Collection 2 level-1 products, in Proceedings volume 11829, Earth Observing Systems XXVI, v. 11829, San Diego, CA, Aug 1-5, 2021, 118290H, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2596204.","productDescription":"118290H, 11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-131285","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399676,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11829","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Choate, Michael J. 0000-0002-8101-4994","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8101-4994","contributorId":216866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choate","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":841371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rengarajan, Rajagopalan 0000-0003-1860-7110","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1860-7110","contributorId":242014,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rengarajan","given":"Rajagopalan","affiliations":[{"id":48475,"text":"KBR, Contractor to USGS EROS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":841372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Micijevic, Esad 0000-0002-3828-9239","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3828-9239","contributorId":290334,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Micijevic","given":"Esad","affiliations":[{"id":54490,"text":"KBR, Inc., under contract to USGS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":841374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lubke, Mark 0000-0002-7257-2337","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7257-2337","contributorId":261911,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lubke","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":53079,"text":"KBR, contractor to U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":841373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70222614,"text":"70222614 - 2021 - Preliminary assessment of the geometric improvements to the Landsat Collection-2 archive","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-10T11:33:12.694196","indexId":"70222614","displayToPublicDate":"2021-08-06T09:10:55","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Preliminary assessment of the geometric improvements to the Landsat Collection-2 archive","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has completed processing of the historical Landsat archive to Collection-2 as of December of 2020 and has released it to the public. As part of Collection-2, several geometric changes have been implemented, including changes to the ground control points (GCPs) and elevation datasets. These datasets are used as a geometric reference for all missions. In addition, mission specific improvements were included in Collection-2, such as improvements to the precision correction algorithms and updates of the calibration parameters. This paper discusses a preliminary analysis of a comparison between the Collection-1 and Collection-2 products of the entire Landsat archive. Compared to the Level 1 products in Collection-1, the number of Tier-1 precision- and terrain-corrected (L1TP) Level 1 products in Collection-2 increased by 6.26% across all sensors. Landsat 8 products showed an increase of Tier-1 L1TP products by 5.33%; Landsat 7 products showed an increase of Tier-1 products by 6.94%; and Landsat 5 and Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) products showed an increase of Tier-1 products by 9.35%. The geometric accuracy of the Tier-1 terrain corrected products also improved by 2 meters or more.
","largerWorkTitle":"SPIE proceedings volume 11829, earth observing systems XXVI","language":"English","publisher":"SPIE","doi":"10.1117/12.2596200","usgsCitation":"Lubke, M., Rengarajan, R., and Choate, M.J., 2021, Preliminary assessment of the geometric improvements to the Landsat Collection-2 archive, in SPIE proceedings volume 11829, earth observing systems XXVI, v. 11829, 1182901, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2596200.","productDescription":"1182901, 14 p.","ipdsId":"IP-131181","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":387782,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11829","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lubke, Mark 0000-0002-7257-2337","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7257-2337","contributorId":261911,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lubke","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":53079,"text":"KBR, contractor to U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rengarajan, Rajagopalan 0000-0003-1860-7110","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1860-7110","contributorId":242014,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rengarajan","given":"Rajagopalan","affiliations":[{"id":48475,"text":"KBR, Contractor to USGS EROS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Choate, Michael J. 0000-0002-8101-4994","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8101-4994","contributorId":216866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choate","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":820760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70225549,"text":"70225549 - 2021 - Climate change and other factors influencing the saguaro cactus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-22T13:27:33.684305","indexId":"70225549","displayToPublicDate":"2021-08-06T08:27:08","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":25,"text":"Newsletter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":30,"text":"Newsletter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9539,"text":"Intermountain Park Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":30}},"title":"Climate change and other factors influencing the saguaro cactus","docAbstract":"The saguaro cacti (Carnegiea gigantea [Engelm.] Britton & Rose) is one of the world’s most iconic plants and a symbol of the desert Southwest. It is the namesake of Saguaro National Park, which was created (initially as a national monument) in 1933 to study, interpret, and protect the “giant cactus” and other unique Sonoran Desert species. Research on saguaros over the past century has revealed much about the plant’s growth, reproduction, population dynamics, and use by people and wildlife. Young saguaros grow very slowly, not reaching reproductive age until they are 35–65 years old. They produce white flowers that open at night during April through June, followed by large red fruits that are consumed by many desert animals. The saguaro fruit is also a traditional food source for the Tohono O’odham people, and the harvest of the saguaro fruit is a very important part of their culture (Bruhn 1971). Mature saguaros produce thousands of seeds each year, but establishment is episodic in that seedlings survive only during favorable periods with several consecutive years of cooler, wetter weather (Steenbergh and Lowe 1977).
","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Swann, D., Winkler, D.E., Conver, J.L., and Foley, T., 2021, Climate change and other factors influencing the saguaro cactus: Intermountain Park Science, HTML Document.","productDescription":"HTML Document","ipdsId":"IP-108877","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":390817,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":390801,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/climate-change-and-other-factors-influencing-the-saguaro-cactus.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Saguaro National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.25476837158203,\n 32.24416711645735\n ],\n [\n -111.06834411621094,\n 32.24416711645735\n ],\n [\n -111.06834411621094,\n 32.35821324969215\n ],\n [\n -111.25476837158203,\n 32.35821324969215\n ],\n [\n -111.25476837158203,\n 32.24416711645735\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swann, Don E.","contributorId":267908,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swann","given":"Don E.","affiliations":[{"id":55529,"text":"Biologist, Saguaro National Park, 3693 South Old Spanish Trail, AZ (520) 360-7261 Don_Swann@nps.gov","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":825545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winkler, Daniel E. 0000-0003-4825-9073","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4825-9073","contributorId":206786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winkler","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":825546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conver, Joshua L.","contributorId":267924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Conver","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foley, Theresa","contributorId":267925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foley","given":"Theresa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70226639,"text":"70226639 - 2021 - Brown treesnake mortality after aerial application of toxic baits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-01T13:31:25.091333","indexId":"70226639","displayToPublicDate":"2021-08-06T07:29:21","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brown treesnake mortality after aerial application of toxic baits","docAbstract":"Quantitative evaluation of control tools for managing invasive species is necessary to assess overall effectiveness and individual variation in treatment susceptibility. Invasive brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) on Guam have caused severe ecological and economic effects, pose a risk of accidental introduction to other islands, and are the greatest impediment to the reestablishment of extirpated native fauna. An aerial delivery system for rodent-based toxic baits can reduce brown treesnake abundance and heterogeneity among individuals may influence bait attraction or toxicant susceptibility. Previous baiting trials have either been simulated aerial treatments or relied on slightly different bait capsule compositions and the results of aerial delivery of toxic baits under operational conditions may not be directly comparable. We monitored 30 radio-tagged adult snakes (990–1,265 mm snout-vent length) during an aerial baiting operation in a 55-ha area using transmitters equipped with accelerometers and receivers programed to display a status code indicating mortality if a snake failed to move for >24 hours. We used known-fate models to estimate mortality and evaluate a priori hypotheses explaining differences in mortality based on size, sex, and treatment effects. Eleven radio-tagged snakes died in the aerial baiting treatment period (0.37, 95% CI = 0.21–0.55) and no individuals (0.00, 95% CI = 0.00–0.04) died during the non-treatment period. Our data provide strong evidence for an additive size-based treatment effect on mortality, with smaller adults (0.59, 95% CI = 0.35–0.80) exhibiting higher mortality than larger snakes (0.14, 95% CI = 0.02–0.37) but did not support a sex effect on mortality. The high mortality of snakes during the treatment period indicates that aerial baiting can reduce brown treesnake abundance, but further refinement or use in combination with other removal tools may be necessary to overcome size-based differences in susceptibility and achieve eradication.
Stormwater discharges from municipalities are regulated by provisions in the Clean Water Act of 1972 to protect the Nation’s water resources from harmful pollutants. In 2014, the Kansas Department of Health and Environment issued new stormwater discharge permits for 17 municipalities in Johnson County, Kansas, in the northeastern part of the State. The county is largely suburban and has 20 municipalities within 22 watersheds. Municipalities in Johnson County are required to implement stormwater management programs that reduce discharges of pollutants, protect water quality, and satisfy applicable water-quality regulations.
In 2015, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Johnson County Stormwater Management Program, began a 4-year monitoring program designed to meet new stormwater monitoring requirements for some municipalities in Johnson County. Additional data were collected to evaluate the usefulness of continuous water-quality monitoring and different sampling methods in assessing changes in water quality. Twelve of the 22 watersheds in the county were within the sampling network for this project.
Discrete water-quality samples were collected at 25 stream sites and 2 lake sites using passive, grab, and equal-width increment sampling methods. Samples at all sites were analyzed for nutrients, Escherichia coli bacteria, total suspended solids, and suspended-sediment concentration. Ninety-nine percent of storm-event samples and 98 percent of low-flow samples were less than the Kansas Surface Water Quality Standard for nitrate plus nitrite. Eight percent of storm-event samples and 100 percent of low-flow samples were less than the total suspended solids screening value of 50 milligrams per liter. Passive samples generally had higher concentrations when compared to equal-width increment and grab samples, and grab samples and equal-width increment samples generally had similar concentrations.
Continuous water-quality data were collected at one site. Ordinary least squares regression analysis was used to relate continuous (15-minute) water-quality sensor measurements to discretely sampled constituent concentrations at one site.
Numerous factors affect water quality in urban runoff. Urban areas have many possible contaminant sources, including municipal and industrial wastewater discharges, stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces, and failing infrastructure. A better understanding of these factors can inform future monitoring efforts, leading to datasets that are representative of storm runoff and can be used to detect differences between sites and over time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215041","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Johnson County Stormwater Management Program","usgsCitation":"Leiker, B.M., Rasmussen, T.J., Eslick-Huff, P.J., and Painter, C.C., 2021, Assessment of water-quality constituents monitored for total maximum daily loads in Johnson County, Kansas, January 2015 through December 2018: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5041, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215041.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 45 p.; Appendixes: 62 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"58","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-119343","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":387659,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P91397BC","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Water-quality and preceding precipitation data for low-flow and storm-event samples collected in Johnson County, Kansas, from January 2015 through November 2018"},{"id":387657,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5041/sir20215041.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.28 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2021–5041"},{"id":387656,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5041/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":387658,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5041/sir20215041_appendixes_2to6.pdf","text":"Appendixes 2–6","size":"2.27 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2021–5041 Appendixes"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","county":"Johnson County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-94.6075,39.0437],[-94.6075,39.0399],[-94.6082,38.8463],[-94.6084,38.8341],[-94.6102,38.7376],[-95.0572,38.7395],[-95.0558,38.9816],[-95.0477,38.9778],[-95.0383,38.9771],[-95.0312,38.9773],[-95.0292,38.9813],[-95.0271,38.9881],[-95.0249,38.9962],[-95.0189,38.9987],[-95.0135,38.9991],[-95.0077,38.998],[-94.9946,38.9976],[-94.9899,38.997],[-94.9841,38.995],[-94.9789,38.9926],[-94.9755,38.9885],[-94.9704,38.9851],[-94.9645,38.9832],[-94.9575,38.982],[-94.9527,38.9828],[-94.9479,38.9845],[-94.9448,38.9871],[-94.9423,38.9898],[-94.9386,38.9933],[-94.9367,38.9964],[-94.9335,38.9995],[-94.9264,38.9998],[-94.9217,38.9996],[-94.9176,38.9977],[-94.9209,38.9919],[-94.923,38.9856],[-94.9207,38.9837],[-94.9164,38.9859],[-94.9115,38.9889],[-94.9078,38.9924],[-94.9014,39.0022],[-94.8989,39.0053],[-94.8945,39.0102],[-94.8919,39.0155],[-94.891,39.021],[-94.8875,39.0313],[-94.8824,39.0379],[-94.8768,39.0441],[-94.8681,39.052],[-94.8631,39.0564],[-94.8488,39.0578],[-94.8318,39.0546],[-94.8131,39.0486],[-94.8038,39.0456],[-94.7197,39.0435],[-94.6693,39.0433],[-94.6075,39.0437]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Johnson\",\"state\":\"KS\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Kansas Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1217 Biltmore Drive
Lawrence, KS 66049
Blind reverse faults are challenging to detect, and earthquake records can be elusive because deep fault slip does not break the surface along readily recognized scarps. The blind Reelfoot fault in the New Madrid seismic zone in the central United States has been the subject of extensive prior investigation; however, the extent of slip at the southern portion of the fault remains unconstrained. In this study, we use lidar to map terraces and lacustrine landforms in the Obion River valley and investigate apparent broad folding resulting from slip on the buried Reelfoot fault. We compare remote surface mapping results with three auger boreholes in the ∼24 ka Finley terrace and interpret apparent warping as due to tectonic folding and not stratigraphic thickening. We combine our results with historical records of coseismic lake formation that indicate surface deformation dammed the Obion River in the 1812 CE earthquake. Older terraces (deposited at least 35–55 ka) record progressive fold scarps ≥1, ≥2, and ≥8 m high indicating a long record of earthquakes predating the existing paleoseismic record. Broad, distributed folding above the Reelfoot fault into the Obion River valley is consistent with a deep active fault tip along the southern reaches of the fault. Our analyses indicate the entire length of the fault (≥70 km) is capable of rupture and is more consistent with longer rupture scenarios.