Hydrologic investigations of urban watersheds in Texas were begun by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1954. Studies are now in progress in Austin, Houston, and San Antonio.
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the city of Houston, began studies in the Houston metropolitan area in 1964. The program was expanded in 1968 to include collection of water-quality data. The objectives of the Houston urban-hydrology study are as follows:
This report, the sixteenth in a series of reports to be published annually, is primarily applicable to objective 2. The report presents hydro!ogic data collected in the Houston urban area for the 1979 water year (October 1, 1978 to September 30, 1979).
A report by Johnson and Sayre (1973) utilized records collected from 1965 to 1969 to make a study of the effects of urbanization on floods in the Houston area. The report also summarizes various basin parameters. A report by Waddell, Massey, and Jennings (1979) presents data on computed runoff from the Houston area and computed concentrations and loads of selected waterquality constituents combined in the inflow to Galveston Bay. The study utilized a variation of the \"STORM\" model developed by the Hydro!ogic Engineering Center of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. A report prepared by Li scum and Massey (1980) presents a technique for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods in the Houston area from drainage areas, bank-full conveyance, and percentage of urban development.
A definition of terms related to streamflow, water quality, and other hydrologic data, as used in this report, are defined in \"U.S. Geological Survey, Water-resources data for Texas, volume 2, 1979.\"
To facilitate the publication and distribution of this report at the earliest feasible time, some material has been included that does not conform to the formal publications standards of the U.S. Geological Survey.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr82164","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Houston","usgsCitation":"Liscum, F., Weigel, J.F., and Bruchmiller, J., 1982, Hydrologic data for urban studies in the Houston, Texas, metropolitan area, 1979: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-164, 308 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82164.","productDescription":"308 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":145609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0164/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37900,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0164/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Houston","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.36819458007811,\n 30.039377605001338\n ],\n [\n -95.42587280273438,\n 30.039377605001338\n ],\n [\n -95.49179077148438,\n 30.03462216002981\n ],\n [\n -95.56320190429686,\n 30.0262995822237\n ],\n [\n -95.62774658203125,\n 30.001327656702326\n ],\n [\n -95.73348999023438,\n 29.969211659636663\n ],\n [\n -95.83648681640624,\n 29.92756435779241\n ],\n [\n -95.87493896484374,\n 29.888280933159265\n ],\n [\n -95.86257934570312,\n 29.80251790576445\n ],\n [\n -95.86944580078125,\n 29.75364773335698\n ],\n [\n -95.8447265625,\n 29.69640358280457\n ],\n [\n -95.79940795898438,\n 29.672542219068987\n ],\n [\n -95.69641113281249,\n 29.630771207229\n ],\n [\n -95.63186645507812,\n 29.60092416008231\n ],\n [\n -95.51513671875,\n 29.57106827738255\n ],\n [\n -95.40252685546875,\n 29.511330027309146\n ],\n [\n -95.28030395507812,\n 29.485034019181064\n ],\n [\n -95.17730712890625,\n 29.482643134466617\n ],\n [\n -95.086669921875,\n 29.499378142743375\n ],\n [\n -94.99740600585938,\n 29.532839863453397\n ],\n [\n -94.95483398437499,\n 29.551955878093022\n ],\n [\n -94.9493408203125,\n 29.604506272365295\n ],\n [\n -94.96719360351562,\n 29.653449050468925\n ],\n [\n -94.9822998046875,\n 29.680894340704334\n ],\n [\n -95.01800537109374,\n 29.71787396585316\n ],\n [\n -95.0372314453125,\n 29.744109309616487\n ],\n [\n -95.06881713867188,\n 29.76556948666697\n ],\n [\n -95.06744384765625,\n 29.797751134173065\n ],\n [\n -95.07705688476562,\n 29.837070205715218\n ],\n [\n -95.10314941406249,\n 29.871610558533725\n ],\n [\n -95.1361083984375,\n 29.925183985247404\n ],\n [\n -95.15396118164062,\n 29.972780616663897\n ],\n [\n -95.14572143554688,\n 29.997759725578906\n ],\n [\n -95.185546875,\n 30.01916538794235\n ],\n [\n -95.2294921875,\n 30.02511058549258\n ],\n [\n -95.2789306640625,\n 30.029866486852946\n ],\n [\n -95.33660888671875,\n 30.032244351965684\n ],\n [\n -95.36819458007811,\n 30.039377605001338\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ce4b07f02db607de7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liscum, Fred","contributorId":95463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liscum","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weigel, Jay F.","contributorId":19560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weigel","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bruchmiller, J.P.","contributorId":102490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruchmiller","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":10045,"text":"ofr82688 - 1982 - Quantity of quality of streamflow in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10045,"text":"ofr82688 - 1982 - Quantity of quality of streamflow in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado","indexId":"ofr82688","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Quantity of quality of streamflow in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2125,"text":"wsp2224 - 1984 - Quantity and quality of streamflow in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado","indexId":"wsp2224","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Quantity and quality of streamflow in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2125,"text":"wsp2224 - 1984 - Quantity and quality of streamflow in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado","indexId":"wsp2224","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Quantity and quality of streamflow in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:35","indexId":"ofr82688","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-688","title":"Quantity of quality of streamflow in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82688","usgsCitation":"Lindskov, K., and Kimball, B.A., 1982, Quantity of quality of streamflow in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-688, 206 p., 14 over-size sheets, ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82688.","productDescription":"206 p., 14 over-size sheets, ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144897,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6d5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindskov, K.L.","contributorId":91077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindskov","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kimball, B. A.","contributorId":87583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimball","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10506,"text":"ofr821016 - 1982 - Vertical movement of ground water under the Merrill Field landfill, Anchorage, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:38","indexId":"ofr821016","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-1016","title":"Vertical movement of ground water under the Merrill Field landfill, Anchorage, Alaska","docAbstract":"Shallow groundwater under the Merrill Field sanitary landfill at Anchorage is polluted by leachate. Wells, including three Municipal-supply wells, obtain water from two confined aquifers 100-300 feet beneath the landfill area. Aquifer-test data and information on subsurface geology, ground-water levels, and properties of materials were used to estimate vertical gradients and vertical permeabilities under the landfill. The authors ' best estimates ' of vertical permeabilities of two confining units are 1 x 10 super -2 foot per day and 2 x 10 super -4 foot per day. Theoretical travel-time calculations indicate that minor amounts of pollutants may reach the upper confined aquifer after many tens of years, but that water of the composition of the leachate probably would not reach the aquifer for more than three centuries. The range of error in the theoretical travel-time calculations is likely to be plus or minus a factor of two or three. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr821016","usgsCitation":"Nelson, G.L., and Dearborn, L., 1982, Vertical movement of ground water under the Merrill Field landfill, Anchorage, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-1016, iv, 28 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr821016.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144659,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/1016/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38360,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/1016/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db6020ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Gordon L.","contributorId":55443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dearborn, L.L.","contributorId":53376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dearborn","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10015,"text":"ofr82526 - 1982 - Late Cenozoic stratigraphy and structure of the western margin of the central San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:30","indexId":"ofr82526","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-526","title":"Late Cenozoic stratigraphy and structure of the western margin of the central San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"Late Cenozoic Stratigraphy \r\n\r\nLate Cenozoic deposits in the west-central San Joaquin Valley and adjacent foothills of the Diablo Range consist mainly of unconsolidated, poorly-sorted to well-sorted gravel, sand, silt and clay derived primarily from the Diablo Range and secondarily from the Sierra Nevada. Sedimentary structures, such as channeled contacts, laminated bedding, cross-stratification and clast-imbrication indicate that most of the deposits were transported and laid down by running water. These deposits are described and their facies relationships are illustrated in the 'Late Cenozoic Stratigraphy' section of this report (see Figures 17, and 26, and Table 9). \r\n\r\nSediment shed from the Diablo Range accumulated primarily as a complex of coalescing alluvial fans on the piedmont slope of a San Joaquin Valley that at one time extended across the foothill belt to the present margin of the central Diablo Range; and as local fills within stream valleys of the Diablo Range foothills tributary to the San Joaquin Valley. These deposits are well exposed in Interstate-5 roadcuts, California Aqueduct and Delta-Mendota canal cuts, and stream banks along the many ephemeral and intermittent streams draining the Diablo Range. \r\n\r\nSediment derived from the Sierra Nevada is confined primarily to the floodbasin of the San Joaquin Valley. It includes arkosic riverine and floodbasin deposits from the San Joaquin River and associated sloughs, as well as local ephemeral and perennial pond, swamp, oxbow-lake and lake deposits. These deposits are well-exposed in stream banks of the San Joaquin River and a few of the larger sloughs such as Salt Slough, Mud Slough and Kings Slough. Well-sorted, fine- and medium-grained, quartzose, cross-bedded sand, presumably derived from the Sierra Nevada, locally interfinger with or underlie fine-grained Coast Range alluvial-fan deposits. The sand probably originated by eolian reworking of Sierran alluvium from the floodbasin of the lower San Joaquin River or from fans of the northeastern San Joaquin Valley. These deposits are locally well exposed in Interstate-5 roadcuts, primarily between Orestimba and Garzas Creeks. \r\n\r\nThe geomorphic character of the alluvium laid down by streams draining the Diablo Range reflects late Cenozoic uplift of the foothills and subsidence of the valley. Within the foothills and near the foothill-valley margin, the deposits form a sequence of inset stream terraces and nested alluvial fans. Valleyward, however, each deposit forms a veneer over older alluvial-fan deposits. \r\n\r\nBased primarily on geomorphic and pedologic indicators of relative age (see Figure 19 and Table 10), and to a lesser extent on lithologic and absolute age criteria, the late Cenozoic deposits are divided into five stratigraphic units. In order of decreasing age, these include the formally recognized Tulare Formation (Watts, 1894; Anderson, 1905) of late Pliocene and Pleistocene age, and the informally named Los Banos alluvium of middle and late Pleistocene age, San Luis Ranch alluvium of late Pleistocene and early Holocene age, and Patterson alluvium and Dos Palos alluvium of Holocene age. The Los Banos and San Luis Ranch alluvium are further divided into three and two members, respectively. Each of these members ranges in thickness from less than I m up to 15 m and thus represents, at least in part, a distinct period of aggradation. \r\n\r\nThe lithology age and distribution of these units is described in the 'Stratigraphie Divisions' section of this report and is summarized in Figure 25 and Table 11. Plates 1 through 23 show the local distribution of these units on 7.5-minute Quadrangles. Mapping criteria are diagrammatically illustrated in Figure 19 and described in the 'Mapping Criteria' section of this report. \r\n\r\nIndirect evidence suggests that deposition of these units resulted primarily from climatic change rather than intermittent uplift of the Diablo Range. The units are recognized throughout 1500 Km","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82526","usgsCitation":"Lettis, W.R., 1982, Late Cenozoic stratigraphy and structure of the western margin of the central San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-526, 203 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82526.","productDescription":"203 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143968,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37828,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37829,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37830,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37831,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37832,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37833,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37834,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37835,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37836,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37837,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37838,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37839,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37840,"rank":412,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37841,"rank":413,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-14.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37842,"rank":414,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-15.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37843,"rank":415,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-16.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37844,"rank":416,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-17.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37845,"rank":417,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-18.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37846,"rank":418,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-19.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37847,"rank":419,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-20.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37848,"rank":420,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-21.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37849,"rank":421,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-22.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37850,"rank":422,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-23.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37851,"rank":423,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-24.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37852,"rank":424,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-25.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37853,"rank":425,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/plate-26.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37854,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0526/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lettis, William R.","contributorId":85970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lettis","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9998,"text":"ofr82251 - 1982 - Wetland hydrology and tree distribution of the Apalachicola River flood plain, Florida","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9998,"text":"ofr82251 - 1982 - Wetland hydrology and tree distribution of the Apalachicola River flood plain, Florida","indexId":"ofr82251","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Wetland hydrology and tree distribution of the Apalachicola River flood plain, Florida"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2108,"text":"wsp2196A - 1984 - Wetland hydrology and tree distribution of the Apalachicola River flood plain, Florida","indexId":"wsp2196A","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Wetland hydrology and tree distribution of the Apalachicola River flood plain, Florida"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2108,"text":"wsp2196A - 1984 - Wetland hydrology and tree distribution of the Apalachicola River flood plain, Florida","indexId":"wsp2196A","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Wetland hydrology and tree distribution of the Apalachicola River flood plain, Florida"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-22T20:51:29.259293","indexId":"ofr82251","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-251","title":"Wetland hydrology and tree distribution of the Apalachicola River flood plain, Florida","docAbstract":"
The Apalachicola River in northwest Florida is part of a three-state drainage basin encompassing 50,800 square kilometers in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. The river is formed by the confluence of the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers at Jim Woodruff Dam from which it flows 171 kilometers to Apalachicola Bay in the Gulf of Mexico. Its average annual discharge at Chattahoochee, Florida, is 690 cubic meters per second (1958-80) with annual high flows averaging nearly 3,000 cubic meters per second. Its flood plain supports 450 square kilometers of bottom-land hardwood and tupelo-cypress forests.
The Apalachicola River Quality Assessment focuses on the hydrology and productivity of the flood-plain forest. The purpose of this part of the assessment is to address river and flood-plain hydrology, floodplain tree species and forest types, and water and tree relations. Seasonal stage fluctuations in the upper river are three times greater than in the lower river. Analysis of long-term streamflow record revealed that 1958-79 average annual and monthly flows and flow durations were significantly greater than those of 1929-57, probably because of climatic changes. However, stage durations for the later period were equal to or less than those of the earlier period. Height of natural riverbank levees and the size and distribution of breaks in the levees have a major controlling effect on flood-plain hydrology. Thirty-two kilometers upstream of the bay, a flood-plain stream called the Brothers River was commonly under tidal influence during times of low flow in the 1980 water year. At the same distance upstream of the bay, the Apalachicola River was not under tidal influence during the 1980 water year.
Of the 47 species of trees sampled, the five most common were wet-site species constituting 62 percent of the total basal area. In order of abundance, they were water tupelo, Ogeechee tupelo, baldcypress, Carolina ash, and swamp tupelo. Other very common species were sweet-gum, overcup oak, planertree, green ash, water hickory, sugarberry, and diamond-leaf oak. Five forest types were defined based on species predominance by basal area. Biomass increased downstream and was greatest in forests growing on permanently saturated soils.
Depth of water, duration of inundation and saturation, and water-level fluctuation, but not water velocity, were very highly correlated with forest types. Most forest types dominated by tupelo and bald-cypress grew on permanently saturated soils with inundation by flood waters 50 to 90 per cent of the time, or an average of 75 to 225 consecutive days during the growing season from 1958 to 1980. Most forest types dominated by other species grew in areas that were saturated or inundated 5 to 25 percent of the time, or an average of 5 to 40 consecutive days during the growing season from 1958 to 1980. Water and tree relations varied with river location because range in water-level fluctuation and topographic relief in the flood plain diminished downstream.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr82251","usgsCitation":"Leitman, H.M., Sohm, J.E., and Franklin, M.A., 1982, Wetland hydrology and tree distribution of the Apalachicola River flood plain, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-251, xii, 92 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82251.","productDescription":"xii, 92 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0251/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":405418,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0251/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Apalachicola River flood plain","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-82.821585,27.964443],[-82.829801,27.968469],[-82.823063,28.044758],[-82.836326,28.073193],[-82.830525,28.085293],[-82.826125,28.083793],[-82.813435,28.03716],[-82.815168,28.012547],[-82.821755,28.002494],[-82.815168,27.973721],[-82.821585,27.964443]]],[[[-81.582923,24.658732],[-81.562917,24.692912],[-81.535323,24.67954],[-81.51898,24.687818],[-81.5124,24.703737],[-81.476642,24.711244],[-81.469275,24.704286],[-81.459043,24.707355],[-81.451881,24.714518],[-81.456588,24.740097],[-81.451267,24.747464],[-81.432032,24.722908],[-81.421595,24.737641],[-81.430599,24.747259],[-81.425483,24.752989],[-81.392947,24.743371],[-81.38558,24.726182],[-81.36041,24.708788],[-81.319282,24.701238],[-81.309664,24.665017],[-81.298028,24.656774],[-81.332831,24.639528],[-81.395096,24.621062],[-81.401946,24.623564],[-81.403319,24.640294],[-81.414187,24.647167],[-81.448623,24.640172],[-81.470411,24.641985],[-81.480951,24.645121],[-81.47641,24.653197],[-81.480504,24.659757],[-81.49858,24.66498],[-81.505585,24.654609],[-81.511165,24.625135],[-81.54645,24.614895],[-81.602998,24.586444],[-81.664209,24.573143],[-81.685278,24.558739],[-81.81289,24.546468],[-81.814446,24.56358],[-81.811386,24.56975],[-81.800676,24.570989],[-81.794057,24.586],[-81.739241,24.589973],[-81.730473,24.58196],[-81.705364,24.597647],[-81.687017,24.592534],[-81.655735,24.616295],[-81.637087,24.621408],[-81.614829,24.642764],[-81.614529,24.650584],[-81.582923,24.658732]]],[[[-82.15068,24.576331],[-82.143075,24.593395],[-82.125268,24.597426],[-82.104187,24.588256],[-82.099417,24.572522],[-82.116787,24.549144],[-82.159439,24.548212],[-82.165206,24.552159],[-82.164426,24.563375],[-82.15068,24.576331]]],[[[-81.249799,24.673357],[-81.243232,24.673998],[-81.244761,24.669202],[-81.281778,24.65375],[-81.260006,24.674848],[-81.249799,24.673357]]],[[[-80.909954,24.781154],[-80.906288,24.769867],[-80.912042,24.76505],[-80.938543,24.767535],[-81.015933,24.719881],[-81.023794,24.716901],[-81.032447,24.727323],[-81.064554,24.715453],[-81.075855,24.704266],[-81.078439,24.692382],[-81.108041,24.688592],[-81.125371,24.708291],[-81.066816,24.723926],[-81.041797,24.742965],[-81.016918,24.734676],[-80.960129,24.764226],[-80.909954,24.781154]]],[[[-81.317673,24.75729],[-81.305468,24.756612],[-81.290801,24.736862],[-81.288259,24.720881],[-81.302984,24.714199],[-81.310744,24.727068],[-81.326844,24.728375],[-81.357417,24.756834],[-81.342695,24.75625],[-81.324637,24.76721],[-81.317673,24.75729]]],[[[-80.89054,24.791678],[-80.884572,24.791561],[-80.906874,24.783744],[-80.89054,24.791678]]],[[[-80.788263,24.824218],[-80.796053,24.81194],[-80.822342,24.812629],[-80.850338,24.8026],[-80.79278,24.843918],[-80.780564,24.84052],[-80.788263,24.824218]]],[[[-80.729275,24.865361],[-80.719977,24.864644],[-80.691762,24.885759],[-80.690354,24.881539],[-80.71185,24.863323],[-80.766966,24.836158],[-80.729275,24.865361]]],[[[-84.777208,29.707398],[-84.729836,29.738881],[-84.696726,29.76993],[-84.694939,29.761844],[-84.713747,29.74139],[-84.776954,29.692191],[-84.884632,29.652248],[-84.957779,29.612635],[-85.051033,29.586928],[-85.097082,29.625215],[-85.023501,29.597073],[-85.017205,29.604379],[-84.968314,29.617238],[-84.920333,29.648638],[-84.813352,29.687028],[-84.777208,29.707398]]],[[[-85.156415,29.679628],[-85.114268,29.688658],[-85.093902,29.684838],[-85.077237,29.670862],[-85.097218,29.633004],[-85.124913,29.628433],[-85.18453,29.663987],[-85.222546,29.678039],[-85.184776,29.68271],[-85.156415,29.679628]]],[[[-82.255777,26.703437],[-82.255159,26.70816],[-82.246535,26.706435],[-82.24251,26.694361],[-82.246535,26.683437],[-82.218342,26.626407],[-82.214337,26.602944],[-82.177541,26.502328],[-82.166042,26.489679],[-82.149368,26.477605],[-82.120046,26.473581],[-82.088423,26.455182],[-82.076924,26.466106],[-82.062551,26.470131],[-82.038403,26.456907],[-82.013913,26.452058],[-82.063114,26.425459],[-82.082915,26.422059],[-82.126671,26.436279],[-82.177017,26.471558],[-82.186441,26.489221],[-82.205523,26.566536],[-82.222131,26.590402],[-82.238872,26.636433],[-82.268007,26.682791],[-82.264351,26.698496],[-82.255777,26.703437]]],[[[-80.250581,25.34193],[-80.351399,25.190615],[-80.349855,25.168825],[-80.377084,25.130487],[-80.399767,25.108536],[-80.428318,25.095547],[-80.443375,25.076084],[-80.47387,25.060253],[-80.493881,25.038502],[-80.48912,25.031301],[-80.494781,25.023019],[-80.537995,24.990244],[-80.565831,24.958155],[-80.611693,24.93842],[-80.635571,24.913003],[-80.659395,24.897433],[-80.660198,24.90498],[-80.641306,24.914311],[-80.623866,24.931236],[-80.621658,24.944265],[-80.581131,24.964738],[-80.570813,24.962215],[-80.558785,24.971505],[-80.54411,24.999916],[-80.545971,25.01477],[-80.524498,25.016945],[-80.509136,25.028317],[-80.495569,25.047497],[-80.460652,25.078904],[-80.465496,25.086609],[-80.494715,25.102269],[-80.484188,25.10943],[-80.47748,25.107407],[-80.476174,25.099454],[-80.450399,25.088751],[-80.433575,25.106317],[-80.446473,25.151287],[-80.41326,25.137053],[-80.395467,25.150694],[-80.387164,25.170859],[-80.391909,25.19221],[-80.369965,25.206444],[-80.3498,25.210595],[-80.337345,25.231353],[-80.336159,25.261601],[-80.368186,25.282359],[-80.339421,25.290069],[-80.328746,25.28651],[-80.292567,25.314385],[-80.275961,25.344039],[-80.256982,25.361239],[-80.246307,25.398603],[-80.21428,25.416988],[-80.192336,25.473331],[-80.188778,25.50773],[-80.174544,25.518406],[-80.173951,25.482821],[-80.184033,25.468587],[-80.204198,25.412244],[-80.221991,25.397417],[-80.240376,25.347005],[-80.250581,25.34193]]],[[[-83.309455,30.634417],[-82.214839,30.568591],[-82.231916,30.55627],[-82.23582,30.537187],[-82.226933,30.510281],[-82.201416,30.485164],[-82.210291,30.42459],[-82.19294,30.378779],[-82.165192,30.358035],[-82.104834,30.368319],[-82.094687,30.360781],[-82.068533,30.359184],[-82.050069,30.362338],[-82.036825,30.377884],[-82.04199,30.403266],[-82.034005,30.422357],[-82.037209,30.434518],[-82.017779,30.475081],[-82.018361,30.531184],[-82.005477,30.563495],[-82.015708,30.601704],[-82.026941,30.606153],[-82.028499,30.621829],[-82.049507,30.655548],[-82.050432,30.676266],[-82.036426,30.706585],[-82.043795,30.729641],[-82.039634,30.747727],[-82.01266,30.761289],[-82.024035,30.783156],[-82.017051,30.791657],[-82.007865,30.792937],[-81.981273,30.776767],[-81.973856,30.778487],[-81.962534,30.796526],[-81.962175,30.818001],[-81.949787,30.827493],[-81.910926,30.815889],[-81.89572,30.821098],[-81.868608,30.792754],[-81.852626,30.794439],[-81.842058,30.78712],[-81.808529,30.790014],[-81.792769,30.784432],[-81.782653,30.769937],[-81.763372,30.77382],[-81.719927,30.744634],[-81.694778,30.748414],[-81.688925,30.741434],[-81.672824,30.738935],[-81.664598,30.746599],[-81.652123,30.742435],[-81.65177,30.732284],[-81.646137,30.727591],[-81.625098,30.733017],[-81.617663,30.722046],[-81.609495,30.720705],[-81.601206,30.728141],[-81.542675,30.713593],[-81.530531,30.722858],[-81.489537,30.7261],[-81.472597,30.713312],[-81.444124,30.709714],[-81.42742,30.69802],[-81.443099,30.600938],[-81.442564,30.555189],[-81.434064,30.522569],[-81.447087,30.503679],[-81.440108,30.497678],[-81.42601,30.496739],[-81.410809,30.482039],[-81.407008,30.42204],[-81.397422,30.400626],[-81.396407,30.34004],[-81.385505,30.273841],[-81.308978,29.96944],[-81.295268,29.928614],[-81.270442,29.883106],[-81.256711,29.784693],[-81.240924,29.739218],[-81.163581,29.55529],[-80.966176,29.14796],[-80.709725,28.756692],[-80.574868,28.585166],[-80.560973,28.530736],[-80.525094,28.459454],[-80.526732,28.451705],[-80.562877,28.437779],[-80.587813,28.410856],[-80.606874,28.336484],[-80.604214,28.257733],[-80.589975,28.17799],[-80.566432,28.09563],[-80.508871,27.970477],[-80.383695,27.740045],[-80.350553,27.628361],[-80.330956,27.597541],[-80.311757,27.524625],[-80.30117,27.500314],[-80.293171,27.500314],[-80.253665,27.37979],[-80.16147,27.192814],[-80.153375,27.169308],[-80.159554,27.163325],[-80.093909,27.018587],[-80.031362,26.796339],[-80.03212,26.77153],[-80.037462,26.76634],[-80.032862,26.700842],[-80.038863,26.569347],[-80.060564,26.444652],[-80.079865,26.264358],[-80.089365,26.231859],[-80.108995,26.088372],[-80.117778,25.986369],[-80.119684,25.841043],[-80.127987,25.772245],[-80.144,25.740812],[-80.154972,25.66549],[-80.160903,25.664897],[-80.176916,25.685062],[-80.166241,25.72895],[-80.184626,25.745557],[-80.197674,25.74437],[-80.240376,25.724206],[-80.267065,25.651849],[-80.296719,25.622195],[-80.305615,25.593134],[-80.302057,25.567632],[-80.313918,25.539164],[-80.328746,25.53264],[-80.339421,25.499427],[-80.337049,25.465621],[-80.328152,25.443084],[-80.320442,25.437153],[-80.326373,25.422919],[-80.32578,25.39801],[-80.306801,25.384369],[-80.31036,25.3731],[-80.335269,25.338701],[-80.374116,25.31735],[-80.418872,25.235532],[-80.495341,25.199463],[-80.569124,25.190117],[-80.669236,25.137837],[-80.777499,25.135047],[-80.82653,25.160478],[-80.838227,25.174791],[-80.858167,25.176576],[-80.899459,25.162337],[-80.900559,25.139755],[-80.970727,25.134084],[-80.999176,25.124222],[-81.049308,25.128322],[-81.079859,25.118797],[-81.141024,25.163868],[-81.146737,25.193139],[-81.171265,25.221609],[-81.16207,25.289833],[-81.148915,25.318067],[-81.151916,25.324766],[-81.140099,25.341117],[-81.12141,25.33875],[-81.117265,25.354953],[-81.128492,25.380511],[-81.150508,25.387255],[-81.146765,25.407577],[-81.168652,25.463848],[-81.208201,25.504937],[-81.204389,25.538908],[-81.209321,25.548611],[-81.225557,25.55847],[-81.240519,25.599041],[-81.240677,25.613629],[-81.253951,25.638181],[-81.290328,25.687506],[-81.328935,25.717233],[-81.346078,25.721473],[-81.343984,25.747668],[-81.361875,25.772715],[-81.340406,25.786631],[-81.352731,25.822015],[-81.386127,25.839906],[-81.394476,25.851834],[-81.417536,25.864954],[-81.441391,25.863761],[-81.458487,25.868929],[-81.473992,25.888411],[-81.508979,25.884037],[-81.511762,25.89676],[-81.527665,25.901531],[-81.584519,25.888808],[-81.644553,25.897953],[-81.663821,25.885605],[-81.678287,25.845301],[-81.68954,25.85271],[-81.713172,25.897568],[-81.727086,25.907207],[-81.73195,25.931506],[-81.749724,25.960463],[-81.747834,25.994273],[-81.762439,26.00607],[-81.801663,26.088227],[-81.820675,26.236735],[-81.833142,26.294518],[-81.868983,26.378648],[-81.91171,26.427158],[-81.964212,26.457957],[-81.969509,26.476505],[-82.008961,26.484052],[-82.01368,26.490829],[-82.00908,26.505203],[-82.024604,26.512677],[-82.043577,26.519577],[-82.06715,26.513252],[-82.07175,26.492554],[-82.105672,26.48393],[-82.111996,26.54085],[-82.137869,26.637441],[-82.181565,26.681712],[-82.17984,26.696661],[-82.173516,26.701836],[-82.139019,26.702986],[-82.125795,26.699536],[-82.106247,26.667339],[-82.099922,26.662739],[-82.093023,26.665614],[-82.084974,26.702411],[-82.066575,26.742657],[-82.061401,26.789228],[-82.055076,26.802452],[-82.059101,26.876621],[-82.090723,26.888694],[-82.093023,26.906518],[-82.090148,26.923191],[-82.061976,26.931241],[-82.063126,26.950214],[-82.076349,26.958263],[-82.107972,26.957688],[-82.117171,26.954239],[-82.137294,26.926066],[-82.162017,26.925491],[-82.175241,26.916867],[-82.156267,26.851898],[-82.147068,26.789803],[-82.151093,26.783479],[-82.172941,26.778879],[-82.17869,26.772555],[-82.221812,26.77198],[-82.232193,26.78288],[-82.251134,26.755881],[-82.259867,26.717398],[-82.269499,26.784674],[-82.289086,26.827784],[-82.351649,26.908384],[-82.445718,27.060634],[-82.477019,27.141231],[-82.539719,27.254326],[-82.569754,27.279452],[-82.569248,27.298588],[-82.597629,27.335754],[-82.642821,27.38972],[-82.691821,27.437218],[-82.714521,27.500415],[-82.745748,27.538834],[-82.708121,27.523514],[-82.710621,27.501715],[-82.706821,27.498415],[-82.686421,27.497215],[-82.683621,27.513115],[-82.674621,27.519614],[-82.65072,27.523115],[-82.632053,27.551908],[-82.612019,27.571231],[-82.611717,27.585283],[-82.584629,27.596021],[-82.570607,27.608882],[-82.558538,27.638678],[-82.514265,27.705588],[-82.494891,27.718963],[-82.477638,27.723004],[-82.482305,27.742649],[-82.434635,27.764355],[-82.418401,27.803187],[-82.402857,27.812671],[-82.393383,27.837519],[-82.402615,27.882602],[-82.413915,27.901401],[-82.451591,27.907506],[-82.460016,27.9116],[-82.462078,27.920066],[-82.478063,27.92768],[-82.491117,27.9145],[-82.488057,27.863566],[-82.46884,27.843295],[-82.47244,27.822559],[-82.511193,27.828015],[-82.553946,27.848462],[-82.552918,27.862702],[-82.538618,27.864901],[-82.529918,27.877501],[-82.542818,27.890601],[-82.531318,27.9039],[-82.533718,27.932999],[-82.553918,27.966998],[-82.576003,27.969424],[-82.62959,27.998474],[-82.678606,27.993715],[-82.684793,27.971824],[-82.720522,27.955798],[-82.724122,27.948098],[-82.720395,27.937199],[-82.710022,27.928299],[-82.691621,27.924899],[-82.685121,27.916299],[-82.628063,27.910397],[-82.63422,27.9037],[-82.63212,27.8911],[-82.61002,27.873501],[-82.567919,27.883701],[-82.566819,27.858002],[-82.598443,27.857582],[-82.586519,27.816703],[-82.622723,27.779868],[-82.63052,27.753905],[-82.62572,27.727006],[-82.63362,27.710607],[-82.652521,27.700307],[-82.677321,27.706207],[-82.679019,27.696054],[-82.713629,27.698661],[-82.718822,27.692007],[-82.721622,27.663908],[-82.712555,27.646647],[-82.698091,27.638858],[-82.705017,27.62531],[-82.733076,27.612972],[-82.739122,27.636909],[-82.738022,27.706807],[-82.746223,27.731306],[-82.760923,27.745205],[-82.783124,27.783804],[-82.828561,27.822254],[-82.846526,27.854301],[-82.851126,27.8863],[-82.840882,27.937162],[-82.831388,27.962117],[-82.824875,27.960201],[-82.821975,27.956868],[-82.838484,27.909111],[-82.832155,27.909242],[-82.805462,27.960201],[-82.792635,28.01116],[-82.792635,28.032307],[-82.782724,28.055894],[-82.781324,28.127591],[-82.790724,28.15249],[-82.808474,28.154803],[-82.805097,28.172181],[-82.797762,28.187789],[-82.762643,28.219013],[-82.764103,28.244345],[-82.759072,28.25402],[-82.746188,28.261192],[-82.732792,28.291933],[-82.73146,28.325075],[-82.706112,28.368057],[-82.706322,28.401325],[-82.697433,28.420166],[-82.684137,28.428019],[-82.674787,28.441956],[-82.680396,28.457194],[-82.665055,28.484434],[-82.669416,28.519879],[-82.656694,28.544814],[-82.66165,28.554143],[-82.654138,28.590837],[-82.664055,28.606584],[-82.674665,28.647588],[-82.668889,28.694302],[-82.712373,28.720921],[-82.698281,28.75701],[-82.730245,28.850155],[-82.688864,28.905609],[-82.702618,28.932955],[-82.723861,28.953506],[-82.735754,28.973709],[-82.737872,28.995703],[-82.758906,28.993277],[-82.764055,28.999707],[-82.753513,29.026496],[-82.759704,29.054192],[-82.783328,29.064619],[-82.780558,29.07358],[-82.816925,29.076215],[-82.823659,29.098902],[-82.801166,29.105103],[-82.799117,29.110647],[-82.805703,29.129848],[-82.804736,29.146624],[-82.827073,29.158425],[-82.974676,29.17091],[-82.991653,29.180664],[-83.018212,29.151417],[-83.019071,29.141324],[-83.030453,29.134023],[-83.053207,29.130839],[-83.056867,29.146263],[-83.068249,29.153135],[-83.061162,29.176113],[-83.087839,29.21642],[-83.074734,29.247975],[-83.077265,29.255331],[-83.089013,29.266502],[-83.107477,29.268889],[-83.128027,29.282733],[-83.169576,29.290355],[-83.17826,29.327916],[-83.175518,29.34469],[-83.200702,29.373855],[-83.202446,29.394422],[-83.218075,29.420492],[-83.240509,29.433178],[-83.272019,29.432256],[-83.294747,29.437923],[-83.311546,29.475666],[-83.33113,29.475594],[-83.356722,29.499901],[-83.370288,29.499901],[-83.379254,29.503558],[-83.383973,29.512995],[-83.400252,29.517242],[-83.405256,29.578319],[-83.39948,29.612956],[-83.414701,29.670536],[-83.436259,29.677389],[-83.455356,29.676444],[-83.483143,29.690478],[-83.483567,29.698542],[-83.493728,29.708388],[-83.537645,29.72306],[-83.566018,29.761434],[-83.584716,29.77608],[-83.585899,29.811754],[-83.595493,29.827984],[-83.618568,29.842336],[-83.63798,29.886073],[-83.679219,29.918513],[-83.788729,29.976982],[-83.82869,29.983187],[-83.845427,29.998068],[-83.93151,30.039068],[-83.931879,30.044175],[-83.991607,30.08392],[-84.000716,30.096209],[-84.024274,30.103271],[-84.06299,30.101378],[-84.083057,30.092286],[-84.10273,30.093611],[-84.11384,30.085478],[-84.124889,30.090601],[-84.167881,30.071422],[-84.179149,30.073187],[-84.19853,30.087937],[-84.237014,30.08556],[-84.247491,30.10114],[-84.256439,30.103791],[-84.272511,30.092358],[-84.270792,30.068094],[-84.277168,30.060263],[-84.297836,30.057451],[-84.315344,30.069492],[-84.358923,30.058224],[-84.365882,30.024588],[-84.361962,29.987739],[-84.3477,29.984123],[-84.343041,29.9751],[-84.333746,29.923721],[-84.343389,29.899539],[-84.349066,29.896812],[-84.378937,29.893112],[-84.423834,29.902996],[-84.443652,29.913785],[-84.451705,29.929085],[-84.494562,29.913957],[-84.511996,29.916574],[-84.535873,29.910092],[-84.603303,29.876117],[-84.647958,29.847104],[-84.65645,29.834277],[-84.692053,29.829059],[-84.755595,29.78854],[-84.868271,29.742454],[-84.881777,29.733882],[-84.888031,29.722406],[-84.901781,29.735723],[-84.877111,29.772888],[-84.893992,29.785176],[-84.90413,29.786279],[-84.91511,29.783303],[-84.93837,29.750211],[-84.964007,29.742422],[-84.968841,29.72708],[-84.993264,29.714961],[-85.037212,29.711074],[-85.072123,29.719027],[-85.121473,29.715854],[-85.177284,29.700193],[-85.22745,29.693633],[-85.259719,29.681296],[-85.319215,29.681494],[-85.343619,29.672004],[-85.347711,29.66719],[-85.344768,29.654793],[-85.380303,29.698485],[-85.397871,29.740498],[-85.413983,29.799865],[-85.417971,29.828855],[-85.413575,29.85294],[-85.405815,29.865817],[-85.392469,29.870914],[-85.405011,29.830151],[-85.405907,29.80193],[-85.37796,29.709621],[-85.353885,29.684765],[-85.317661,29.691286],[-85.31139,29.697557],[-85.302591,29.808094],[-85.31142,29.814373],[-85.317464,29.838894],[-85.336654,29.849295],[-85.363731,29.898915],[-85.405052,29.938487],[-85.425956,29.949888],[-85.487764,29.961227],[-85.509148,29.971466],[-85.571907,30.02644],[-85.588242,30.055543],[-85.601178,30.056342],[-85.69681,30.09689],[-85.775405,30.15629],[-85.9226,30.238024],[-86.089963,30.303569],[-86.222561,30.343585],[-86.2987,30.363049],[-86.412076,30.380346],[-86.50615,30.3823],[-86.632953,30.396299],[-86.750906,30.391881],[-86.909679,30.372423],[-87.206254,30.320943],[-87.267827,30.31548],[-87.295422,30.323503],[-87.518324,30.280435],[-87.452378,30.300201],[-87.450078,30.3111],[-87.50278,30.307301],[-87.504701,30.324039],[-87.49998,30.328957],[-87.459978,30.3363],[-87.452278,30.344099],[-87.451878,30.364999],[-87.438678,30.380798],[-87.440678,30.391498],[-87.429578,30.406498],[-87.403477,30.410198],[-87.366591,30.436648],[-87.370768,30.446865],[-87.399877,30.450997],[-87.425078,30.465596],[-87.434678,30.479196],[-87.431178,30.495795],[-87.447702,30.510458],[-87.446586,30.527068],[-87.43544,30.54914],[-87.418647,30.561837],[-87.406558,30.599928],[-87.397308,30.608728],[-87.393588,30.63088],[-87.397262,30.654351],[-87.406958,30.675165],[-87.449362,30.698913],[-87.466338,30.700835],[-87.481225,30.716508],[-87.502317,30.72159],[-87.511729,30.733535],[-87.532607,30.743489],[-87.545044,30.778666],[-87.581869,30.812403],[-87.600486,30.820627],[-87.605776,30.831304],[-87.615923,30.834693],[-87.634938,30.865886],[-87.592055,30.951492],[-87.589187,30.964464],[-87.599172,30.995722],[-87.571281,30.99787],[-85.998643,30.99287],[-85.002368,31.000682],[-85.004026,30.973468],[-84.980127,30.961286],[-84.983627,30.936986],[-84.971026,30.928187],[-84.936828,30.884683],[-84.935256,30.854328],[-84.928335,30.844263],[-84.936042,30.820671],[-84.928323,30.79309],[-84.918023,30.77809],[-84.920123,30.76599],[-84.914322,30.753591],[-84.896122,30.750591],[-84.864693,30.711542],[-83.309455,30.634417]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Florida\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e3aad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leitman, Helen M.","contributorId":62196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leitman","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sohm, James E.","contributorId":52553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohm","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Franklin, Marvin A.","contributorId":87526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franklin","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":9975,"text":"ofr82274 - 1982 - Sewage plume in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9975,"text":"ofr82274 - 1982 - Sewage plume in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","indexId":"ofr82274","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Sewage plume in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2086,"text":"wsp2218 - 1984 - Sewage plume in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","indexId":"wsp2218","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Sewage plume in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2086,"text":"wsp2218 - 1984 - Sewage plume in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","indexId":"wsp2218","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Sewage plume in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-22T20:52:46.842595","indexId":"ofr82274","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-274","title":"Sewage plume in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Secondarily treated domestic sewage has been disposed of on surface sand beds at the sewage treatment facility at Otis Air Force Base, Massachusetts, since 1936. Infiltration of the sewage through the sand beds into the underlying unconfined sand and gravel aquifer has resulted in a plume of sewage-contaminated ground water that is 2,500 to 3,500 feet wide, 75 feet wide, and more than 11,000 feet long. The plume extends south and southwest of the sand beds in the same direction as the regional flow of around water, and is overlain by 20 to 50 feet of ground water derived from precipitation that recharges the aquifer. The bottom of the plume generally coincides with the contact between the permeable sand and gravel and underlying finer grained sediments.
The distributions in the aquifer of specific conductance, temperature, boron, chloride, sodium, phosphorus, nitrogen (total of all species), ammonia, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, and detergents are used to delineate the plume. In ground water outside the plume, the detergent concentration is less than 0.1 milligrams per liter as MBAS (methylene blue active substances), the ammonia-nitrogen concentration is less than 0.1 milligrams per liter, the boron concentration is less than 50 micrograms per liter, and specific conductance is less than 80 micromhos per centimeter. In the center of the plume, detergent concentrations as high as 2.6 milligrams per liter as MBAS, ammonia-nitrogen concentrations as high as 20 milligrams per liter, boron concentrations as high as 400 micrograms per liter, and specific conductance as high as 405 micromhos per centimeter were measured.
Chloride, sodium, and boron are transported by the southward-flowing ground water without significant retardation, and seem to be diluted only by hydrodynamic dispersion. The movement of phosphorus is greatly restricted by sorption. Phosphorus concentrations do not exceed 0.05 milligrams per liter farther than 2,500 feet from the sand beds. Detergent concentrations in the plume are highest between 3,000 and 10,000 feet from the sand beds and reflect the introduction of nonbiodegradable detergents in 1946 and the conversion to biodegradable detergents in 1964.
The center of the plume as far as 5,000 feet from the sand beds contains nitrogen as ammonia, but no nitrate and no dissolved oxygen. Ammonia is gradually oxidized to nitrate between 5,000 and 8,000 feet from the sand beds, and at distances greater than 8,000 feet oxidation of ammonia is essentially complete. Ammonia also is oxidized to nitrate along the top and sides of the plume within 5,000 feet of the beds where the contaminated ground water mixes with uncontaminated ground water that contains up to 11 milligrams per liter dissolved oxygen.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr82274","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality Engineering, Division of Water Pollution Patrol","usgsCitation":"LeBlanc, D., 1982, Sewage plume in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-274, iv, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82274.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":405420,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0274/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143337,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0274/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.48278808593749,\n 41.61749568924243\n ],\n [\n -69.9114990234375,\n 41.61749568924243\n ],\n [\n -69.9114990234375,\n 42.120635949743644\n ],\n [\n -70.48278808593749,\n 42.120635949743644\n ],\n [\n -70.48278808593749,\n 41.61749568924243\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f4b14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeBlanc, Denis","contributorId":11363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"Denis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9974,"text":"ofr82438 - 1982 - Potential hydrologic impacts of ground-water withdrawal from the Cape Cod National Seashore, Truro, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:22","indexId":"ofr82438","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-438","title":"Potential hydrologic impacts of ground-water withdrawal from the Cape Cod National Seashore, Truro, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The hydrologic impacts of continuous ground-water withdrawals at 0.75, 1.0, and 1.24 Mgal/d (million gallons per day) from a test-well site in the Cape Cod National Seashore, Truro, Massachusetts, were evaluated with a three-dimensional finite-difference steady-state-flow digital model. The digital model was prepared during an earlier study and is only briefly described. Continuous withdrawal of more than 1.0 Mgal/d from a well screened from 10 to 40 feet below sea level at the test site will result in upward movement of the freshwater-saltwater interface, and most likely saltwater will eventually contaminate the well. Pumping from a shallower well will decrease the potential for the movement of saltwater into the well, but the water table may be drawn down to the well screen. It is unlikely that movement of the freshwater-saltwater interface in response to pumping from the test site at the simulated rates will result in saltwater contamination of the shallow domestic supply wells in Truro. For the simulated pumping schemes, the water-table decline below average (1963-76) levels did not exceed 0.6 foot except near the pumping wells. Continuous withdrawal at the average year-round rate and the average summer rate will decrease freshwater discharge to the wetland and ocean along the northeastern boundary of the aquifer. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82438","usgsCitation":"LeBlanc, D.R., 1982, Potential hydrologic impacts of ground-water withdrawal from the Cape Cod National Seashore, Truro, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-438, 42 p, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82438.","productDescription":"42 p","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143659,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0438/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37774,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0438/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db683159","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeBlanc, Denis R. 0000-0002-4646-2628 dleblanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4646-2628","contributorId":1696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"Denis","email":"dleblanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":160597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9973,"text":"ofr82167 - 1982 - The design of a microprocessor-based data logger","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:22","indexId":"ofr82167","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-167","title":"The design of a microprocessor-based data logger","docAbstract":"The design of a microprocessor-based data logger, which collects and digitizes analog voltage signals from a continuous-measuring instrumentation system and transmits serial data to a magnetic tape recorder, is discussed. The data logger was assembled from commercially-available components and can be user-programmed for greater flexibility. A description of the data logger hardware and software designs, general operating instructions, the microprocessor program listing, and electrical schematic diagrams are presented.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82167","usgsCitation":"Leap, K., and Dedini, L., 1982, The design of a microprocessor-based data logger: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-167, 86 p., ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82167.","productDescription":"86 p., ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143658,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0167/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37773,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0167/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db6687e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leap, K.J.","contributorId":60223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leap","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dedini, L.A.","contributorId":54996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dedini","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9971,"text":"ofr82577 - 1982 - Geochemical favorability for meosthermal veins in the Wallace 1 degree by 2 degrees Quadrangle, Montana and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:22","indexId":"ofr82577","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-577","title":"Geochemical favorability for meosthermal veins in the Wallace 1 degree by 2 degrees Quadrangle, Montana and Idaho","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82577","usgsCitation":"Leach, D.L., 1982, Geochemical favorability for meosthermal veins in the Wallace 1 degree by 2 degrees Quadrangle, Montana and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-577, 4 p., ill. ;28 cm +1 col. slide (5 x 5 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82577.","productDescription":"4 p., ill. ;28 cm +1 col. slide (5 x 5 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0577/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37772,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0577/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae2a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leach, D. L.","contributorId":18758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9968,"text":"wri82444 - 1982 - Water use in Wisconsin, 1979","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-08T13:37:47","indexId":"wri82444","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-444","title":"Water use in Wisconsin, 1979","docAbstract":"This report summarizes the uses of water in Wisconsin for 1979, except aesthetics, navigation, and recreational use.
\nThe greatest single use of water, an instream use, was for hydroelectric power production. About 26 trillion gallons, or 93 percent, was used for this purpose. Of the other 7 percent where water is pumped to a different location, 81 percent (6 percent of all water use) was cooling water for thermoelectric powerplants.
\nWithdrawals of surface water and ground water by public and private systems are for residential, industrial, commercial, irrigation, and stock uses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri82444","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, C., and Ellefson, B., 1982, Water use in Wisconsin, 1979: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 82-444, iv, 102 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri82444.","productDescription":"iv, 102 p.","numberOfPages":"106","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":37768,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/0444/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118596,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/0444/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-90.403306,47.026693],[-90.411972,47.014958],[-90.425351,47.007526],[-90.464079,46.994636],[-90.465465,47.002593],[-90.457688,47.012484],[-90.4553,47.02375],[-90.455502,47.051331],[-90.449572,47.064965],[-90.438734,47.072557],[-90.417272,47.07757],[-90.395367,47.077175],[-90.393342,47.066204],[-90.403306,47.026693]]],[[[-90.730883,46.873096],[-90.677989,46.897527],[-90.667776,46.890037],[-90.675239,46.881029],[-90.718547,46.864531],[-90.745356,46.83566],[-90.756052,46.830595],[-90.760991,46.838277],[-90.749816,46.861806],[-90.730883,46.873096]]],[[[-90.764857,46.946524],[-90.741417,46.9636],[-90.71511,46.957332],[-90.694487,46.93671],[-90.689302,46.918563],[-90.737107,46.914712],[-90.764857,46.946524]]],[[[-90.568938,46.847391],[-90.58505,46.839789],[-90.613569,46.837958],[-90.673838,46.819684],[-90.683356,46.813275],[-90.685753,46.805003],[-90.652916,46.797755],[-90.65892,46.7885],[-90.696465,46.78204],[-90.716456,46.785418],[-90.7625,46.755547],[-90.787751,46.753301],[-90.783086,46.772939],[-90.790965,46.781373],[-90.790231,46.786103],[-90.733231,46.800183],[-90.720932,46.815897],[-90.656946,46.843476],[-90.622048,46.872872],[-90.602619,46.872715],[-90.568938,46.847391]]],[[[-90.572383,46.958835],[-90.528182,46.968396],[-90.508157,46.956836],[-90.524018,46.935714],[-90.539947,46.92785],[-90.543852,46.918289],[-90.549104,46.915461],[-90.569169,46.920309],[-90.637124,46.906724],[-90.64412,46.908373],[-90.654796,46.919249],[-90.634507,46.942944],[-90.572383,46.958835]]],[[[-87.335299,45.211327],[-87.331962,45.199251],[-87.33622,45.173174],[-87.327284,45.157363],[-87.376777,45.177298],[-87.375403,45.199296],[-87.335299,45.211327]]],[[[-90.962901,46.962028],[-90.980316,46.971578],[-90.98222,46.985417],[-90.949383,46.991208],[-90.939866,47.001321],[-90.928563,47.000726],[-90.923764,46.987928],[-90.932132,46.962655],[-90.962901,46.962028]]],[[[-90.757147,47.03372],[-90.688544,47.043347],[-90.643623,47.041177],[-90.608824,47.007558],[-90.560936,47.037013],[-90.544875,47.017383],[-90.552867,46.999686],[-90.609715,46.991208],[-90.634105,46.970983],[-90.671581,46.948973],[-90.712032,46.98526],[-90.767985,47.002327],[-90.776921,47.024324],[-90.757147,47.03372]]],[[[-87.405658,44.860098],[-87.384821,44.865532],[-87.385396,44.889964],[-87.406199,44.90449],[-87.393752,44.933751],[-87.374805,44.956631],[-87.360288,44.987643],[-87.322117,45.034201],[-87.264877,45.081361],[-87.257449,45.121644],[-87.240813,45.137559],[-87.242924,45.149377],[-87.238426,45.166492],[-87.224065,45.174551],[-87.21437,45.165735],[-87.195876,45.163201],[-87.17517,45.173],[-87.163169,45.185331],[-87.13303,45.192843],[-87.119972,45.191103],[-87.122708,45.221786],[-87.109541,45.255397],[-87.078316,45.265723],[-87.071035,45.280355],[-87.057627,45.292838],[-87.0517,45.285888],[-87.043895,45.284767],[-87.017036,45.299254],[-86.994112,45.298061],[-86.97778,45.290684],[-86.970355,45.278455],[-86.984938,45.259036],[-86.983066,45.250764],[-86.973287,45.246381],[-86.985973,45.215872],[-87.002806,45.211773],[-87.00754,45.222127],[-87.032521,45.222274],[-87.040909,45.211535],[-87.045242,45.158798],[-87.030225,45.147382],[-87.03292,45.141963],[-87.045748,45.134987],[-87.054282,45.120074],[-87.049346,45.110122],[-87.048213,45.089124],[-87.057415,45.087472],[-87.064864,45.078427],[-87.079552,45.070783],[-87.081866,45.059103],[-87.090849,45.055465],[-87.121156,45.058311],[-87.139384,45.012565],[-87.163477,45.004913],[-87.189134,44.969078],[-87.188399,44.94856],[-87.17524,44.939753],[-87.1717,44.931476],[-87.204238,44.916819],[-87.215808,44.906744],[-87.217171,44.898013],[-87.206285,44.885928],[-87.204815,44.877199],[-87.267061,44.847025],[-87.282561,44.814729],[-87.304824,44.804603],[-87.313363,44.794237],[-87.320397,44.784963],[-87.319903,44.769672],[-87.353789,44.701915],[-87.401629,44.631191],[-87.437751,44.604559],[-87.467089,44.553557],[-87.483696,44.511354],[-87.490024,44.477224],[-87.498662,44.460686],[-87.506362,44.423804],[-87.517965,44.394356],[-87.517597,44.375696],[-87.533583,44.351111],[-87.545382,44.321385],[-87.541382,44.294018],[-87.508457,44.229755],[-87.507419,44.210803],[-87.512903,44.192808],[-87.51966,44.17987],[-87.53994,44.15969],[-87.563181,44.144195],[-87.603572,44.13039],[-87.6458,44.105222],[-87.654935,44.082552],[-87.656062,44.051919],[-87.683361,44.020139],[-87.695053,43.990715],[-87.69892,43.965936],[-87.71817,43.939498],[-87.735436,43.882219],[-87.728698,43.852524],[-87.726408,43.810454],[-87.700251,43.76735],[-87.702985,43.749695],[-87.709885,43.735795],[-87.702685,43.687596],[-87.789105,43.564844],[-87.797608,43.52731],[-87.793239,43.492783],[-87.807799,43.461136],[-87.855608,43.405441],[-87.872504,43.380178],[-87.882392,43.352099],[-87.889207,43.307652],[-87.901847,43.284117],[-87.911787,43.250406],[-87.896286,43.197108],[-87.881085,43.170609],[-87.900285,43.13731],[-87.900496,43.126],[-87.893185,43.114011],[-87.876084,43.099011],[-87.866487,43.074419],[-87.870184,43.064412],[-87.894813,43.042497],[-87.898184,43.030689],[-87.896157,43.017486],[-87.887789,43.000715],[-87.857182,42.978015],[-87.845181,42.962015],[-87.842786,42.944865],[-87.847745,42.889595],[-87.824,42.836649],[-87.766675,42.784896],[-87.781949,42.74857],[-87.778824,42.728432],[-87.783489,42.705164],[-87.802377,42.676651],[-87.814674,42.64402],[-87.819407,42.617327],[-87.819374,42.60662],[-87.810873,42.58732],[-87.812273,42.52982],[-87.800477,42.49192],[-88.115285,42.496219],[-88.786681,42.491983],[-89.690088,42.505191],[-90.640927,42.508302],[-90.636727,42.518702],[-90.645627,42.5441],[-90.654127,42.5499],[-90.661527,42.567999],[-90.685487,42.589614],[-90.693999,42.614509],[-90.709204,42.636078],[-90.769495,42.651443],[-90.88743,42.67247],[-90.921155,42.685406],[-90.949213,42.685573],[-90.977735,42.696816],[-91.000128,42.716189],[-91.026786,42.724228],[-91.035418,42.73734],[-91.053733,42.738238],[-91.056297,42.747341],[-91.065783,42.753387],[-91.060261,42.761847],[-91.069549,42.769628],[-91.078097,42.806526],[-91.078665,42.827678],[-91.09406,42.830813],[-91.091402,42.84986],[-91.097656,42.859871],[-91.100565,42.883078],[-91.115512,42.894672],[-91.14556,42.90798],[-91.144315,42.926592],[-91.149784,42.940244],[-91.14655,42.963345],[-91.156562,42.978226],[-91.15749,42.991475],[-91.174692,43.038713],[-91.179457,43.067427],[-91.175193,43.103771],[-91.177932,43.128875],[-91.175253,43.134665],[-91.1562,43.142945],[-91.1462,43.152405],[-91.12217,43.197255],[-91.066398,43.239293],[-91.059684,43.248566],[-91.058644,43.257679],[-91.072649,43.262129],[-91.07371,43.274746],[-91.107237,43.313645],[-91.137343,43.329757],[-91.181115,43.345926],[-91.201847,43.349103],[-91.21477,43.365874],[-91.19767,43.395334],[-91.203144,43.419805],[-91.22875,43.445537],[-91.233367,43.455168],[-91.216035,43.481142],[-91.217353,43.512474],[-91.232941,43.523967],[-91.243183,43.540309],[-91.24382,43.54913],[-91.232812,43.564842],[-91.231865,43.581822],[-91.268748,43.615348],[-91.268457,43.627352],[-91.262397,43.64176],[-91.270767,43.65308],[-91.273252,43.666623],[-91.268455,43.709824],[-91.255932,43.729849],[-91.255431,43.744876],[-91.243955,43.773046],[-91.262436,43.792166],[-91.277695,43.837741],[-91.284138,43.847065],[-91.310991,43.867381],[-91.320605,43.888491],[-91.338141,43.897664],[-91.346271,43.910074],[-91.356741,43.916564],[-91.366642,43.937463],[-91.385785,43.954239],[-91.406011,43.963929],[-91.43738,43.999962],[-91.463515,44.009041],[-91.478498,44.00803],[-91.507121,44.01898],[-91.580019,44.026925],[-91.59207,44.031372],[-91.610487,44.04931],[-91.638115,44.063285],[-91.647873,44.064109],[-91.667006,44.086964],[-91.68153,44.0974],[-91.707491,44.103906],[-91.710597,44.12048],[-91.721552,44.130342],[-91.751747,44.134786],[-91.774486,44.147539],[-91.808064,44.159262],[-91.817302,44.164235],[-91.829167,44.17835],[-91.875158,44.200575],[-91.877429,44.212921],[-91.892698,44.231105],[-91.88704,44.251772],[-91.896008,44.262871],[-91.895652,44.273008],[-91.924613,44.291815],[-91.913534,44.311392],[-91.918625,44.322671],[-91.92559,44.333548],[-91.941311,44.340978],[-91.9636,44.362112],[-92.038147,44.388731],[-92.056486,44.402729],[-92.078605,44.404869],[-92.111085,44.413948],[-92.124513,44.422115],[-92.195378,44.433792],[-92.232472,44.445434],[-92.291005,44.485464],[-92.302215,44.500298],[-92.302466,44.516487],[-92.314071,44.538014],[-92.336114,44.554004],[-92.361518,44.558935],[-92.399281,44.558292],[-92.431101,44.565786],[-92.455105,44.561886],[-92.481001,44.568276],[-92.493808,44.566063],[-92.518358,44.575183],[-92.54806,44.567792],[-92.55151,44.571607],[-92.549777,44.58113],[-92.569434,44.603539],[-92.577148,44.605054],[-92.584711,44.599861],[-92.601516,44.612052],[-92.621456,44.615017],[-92.619779,44.634195],[-92.632105,44.649027],[-92.660988,44.660884],[-92.700948,44.693751],[-92.737259,44.717155],[-92.787906,44.737432],[-92.807317,44.750364],[-92.805287,44.768361],[-92.785206,44.792303],[-92.78043,44.812589],[-92.766102,44.834966],[-92.76909,44.861997],[-92.764133,44.875905],[-92.773946,44.889997],[-92.774571,44.898084],[-92.758701,44.908979],[-92.750645,44.937299],[-92.754603,44.955767],[-92.769445,44.97215],[-92.771231,45.001378],[-92.76206,45.02432],[-92.770362,45.033803],[-92.793282,45.047178],[-92.803079,45.060978],[-92.800851,45.069477],[-92.791528,45.079647],[-92.746749,45.107051],[-92.739528,45.116515],[-92.745694,45.123112],[-92.757707,45.155466],[-92.752542,45.171772],[-92.764872,45.182812],[-92.767408,45.190166],[-92.763908,45.204866],[-92.751708,45.218666],[-92.760249,45.2496],[-92.751659,45.26591],[-92.760615,45.278827],[-92.761013,45.289028],[-92.737122,45.300459],[-92.709968,45.321302],[-92.698967,45.336374],[-92.703705,45.35633],[-92.679193,45.37271],[-92.669505,45.389111],[-92.650422,45.398507],[-92.646602,45.441635],[-92.652698,45.454527],[-92.680234,45.464344],[-92.702224,45.493046],[-92.726677,45.514462],[-92.726082,45.541112],[-92.770223,45.566939],[-92.785741,45.567888],[-92.823309,45.560934],[-92.871082,45.567581],[-92.883749,45.575483],[-92.886442,45.598679],[-92.882529,45.610216],[-92.888035,45.624959],[-92.887929,45.639006],[-92.875488,45.689014],[-92.870145,45.696757],[-92.869193,45.717568],[-92.809837,45.744172],[-92.784621,45.764196],[-92.776496,45.790014],[-92.757815,45.806574],[-92.765146,45.830183],[-92.739991,45.846283],[-92.734039,45.868108],[-92.712503,45.891705],[-92.676607,45.90637],[-92.676807,45.91093],[-92.659549,45.922937],[-92.639116,45.924555],[-92.640115,45.932478],[-92.636316,45.934634],[-92.614314,45.934529],[-92.60246,45.940815],[-92.551933,45.951651],[-92.549806,45.967986],[-92.527052,45.983245],[-92.469354,45.973811],[-92.46126,45.979427],[-92.464512,45.985038],[-92.453373,45.992913],[-92.442259,46.016177],[-92.428555,46.024241],[-92.410649,46.027259],[-92.372717,46.014198],[-92.35176,46.015685],[-92.344244,46.02743],[-92.343604,46.040917],[-92.332912,46.062697],[-92.294033,46.074377],[-92.292192,46.666042],[-92.287392,46.667342],[-92.286192,46.660342],[-92.274392,46.657441],[-92.270592,46.650741],[-92.256592,46.658741],[-92.242493,46.649241],[-92.228492,46.652941],[-92.216392,46.649841],[-92.207092,46.651941],[-92.202292,46.655041],[-92.204092,46.666941],[-92.176091,46.686341],[-92.183091,46.695241],[-92.198491,46.696141],[-92.205192,46.698341],[-92.205692,46.702541],[-92.189091,46.717541],[-92.167291,46.719941],[-92.146291,46.71594],[-92.141291,46.72524],[-92.14329,46.73464],[-92.13789,46.73954],[-92.108777,46.749105],[-92.08949,46.74924],[-92.03399,46.708939],[-92.020289,46.704039],[-92.007989,46.705039],[-91.961889,46.682539],[-91.942988,46.679939],[-91.886963,46.690211],[-91.820027,46.690176],[-91.790473,46.694624],[-91.74965,46.709129],[-91.646146,46.734575],[-91.590684,46.754331],[-91.511077,46.757453],[-91.489125,46.766997],[-91.44957,46.773252],[-91.411799,46.78964],[-91.369387,46.793745],[-91.33825,46.817704],[-91.315061,46.826729],[-91.256873,46.836833],[-91.226796,46.86361],[-91.207524,46.865835],[-91.200107,46.854017],[-91.178292,46.844259],[-91.168297,46.844727],[-91.140301,46.873105],[-91.133337,46.870341],[-91.134977,46.859023],[-91.107323,46.857469],[-91.096565,46.86153],[-91.090916,46.88267],[-91.080951,46.883609],[-91.069331,46.878772],[-91.052991,46.881325],[-91.03989,46.88923],[-91.034518,46.903053],[-91.019141,46.911502],[-90.995149,46.917577],[-90.968419,46.94391],[-90.92204,46.931372],[-90.914044,46.933346],[-90.908654,46.941221],[-90.880358,46.957661],[-90.855874,46.962232],[-90.838814,46.957728],[-90.786595,46.927019],[-90.75563,46.899247],[-90.751151,46.887863],[-90.77017,46.876296],[-90.798545,46.823922],[-90.825696,46.803858],[-90.835008,46.790366],[-90.854916,46.788952],[-90.863542,46.780565],[-90.859724,46.774433],[-90.862333,46.768135],[-90.885021,46.756341],[-90.870396,46.723293],[-90.853225,46.70028],[-90.853644,46.694464],[-90.870079,46.679449],[-90.914619,46.659054],[-90.924487,46.625417],[-90.93831,46.608768],[-90.951418,46.600774],[-90.942101,46.588573],[-90.906058,46.58343],[-90.873154,46.601223],[-90.794775,46.624941],[-90.770192,46.636127],[-90.755381,46.646225],[-90.756495,46.664591],[-90.74809,46.669817],[-90.73726,46.692267],[-90.627885,46.623839],[-90.558141,46.586384],[-90.538346,46.581182],[-90.505909,46.589614],[-90.437596,46.561492],[-90.418136,46.566094],[-90.39332,46.532615],[-90.369964,46.540549],[-90.350121,46.537337],[-90.344338,46.552087],[-90.331887,46.553278],[-90.326686,46.54615],[-90.320428,46.546287],[-90.310859,46.539365],[-90.316983,46.517319],[-90.285707,46.518846],[-90.277131,46.524487],[-90.272599,46.521127],[-90.274721,46.515416],[-90.270684,46.508237],[-90.263018,46.502777],[-90.231587,46.509842],[-90.230324,46.501732],[-90.216594,46.501759],[-90.204009,46.478175],[-90.188996,46.469015],[-90.193294,46.463143],[-90.180336,46.456746],[-90.17786,46.440548],[-90.166919,46.439851],[-90.158603,46.422656],[-90.157851,46.409291],[-90.144359,46.390255],[-90.13225,46.381249],[-90.133871,46.371828],[-90.116844,46.355153],[-90.12138,46.338131],[-89.09163,46.138505],[-88.85027,46.040274],[-88.837991,46.030176],[-88.811948,46.021609],[-88.79646,46.023605],[-88.80067,46.030036],[-88.796182,46.033712],[-88.779221,46.031869],[-88.783891,46.020934],[-88.779915,46.015436],[-88.765208,46.022086],[-88.756295,46.020173],[-88.746422,46.025798],[-88.730675,46.026535],[-88.721125,46.022013],[-88.718397,46.013284],[-88.704687,46.018154],[-88.679132,46.013538],[-88.661312,45.988819],[-88.6375,45.98496],[-88.616405,45.9877],[-88.611466,46.003332],[-88.60144,46.017599],[-88.59386,46.015132],[-88.589755,46.005602],[-88.565485,46.015708],[-88.550756,46.012896],[-88.541078,46.013763],[-88.533825,46.020915],[-88.514601,46.019926],[-88.507188,46.0183],[-88.498108,45.99636],[-88.492495,45.992157],[-88.476002,45.992826],[-88.470855,46.001004],[-88.458658,45.999391],[-88.450325,45.990181],[-88.439733,45.990456],[-88.416914,45.975323],[-88.388847,45.982675],[-88.380183,45.991654],[-88.330137,45.965951],[-88.330296,45.956625],[-88.326953,45.955071],[-88.316894,45.960969],[-88.292381,45.951115],[-88.250133,45.963147],[-88.246307,45.962983],[-88.242518,45.950363],[-88.23314,45.947405],[-88.201852,45.945173],[-88.202116,45.949836],[-88.191991,45.95274],[-88.170096,45.93947],[-88.146352,45.935314],[-88.121864,45.92075],[-88.104686,45.922121],[-88.096496,45.917273],[-88.095354,45.913895],[-88.105677,45.904387],[-88.101814,45.883504],[-88.095841,45.880042],[-88.083965,45.881186],[-88.073944,45.875593],[-88.075146,45.864832],[-88.081641,45.865087],[-88.13611,45.819029],[-88.129461,45.809288],[-88.105355,45.800104],[-88.103247,45.791361],[-88.072091,45.780261],[-88.050634,45.780972],[-88.040221,45.789236],[-87.991447,45.795393],[-87.98087,45.776977],[-87.989829,45.772945],[-87.96697,45.764021],[-87.963452,45.75822],[-87.905873,45.759364],[-87.896032,45.752285],[-87.875813,45.753888],[-87.864141,45.745697],[-87.86432,45.737139],[-87.85548,45.726943],[-87.805867,45.706841],[-87.809181,45.700337],[-87.782226,45.683053],[-87.780737,45.675458],[-87.823164,45.662732],[-87.824102,45.647138],[-87.810194,45.638732],[-87.79588,45.618846],[-87.780845,45.614599],[-87.777199,45.588499],[-87.787534,45.581376],[-87.790874,45.564096],[-87.806104,45.562863],[-87.829346,45.568776],[-87.833591,45.562529],[-87.80339,45.538272],[-87.802267,45.514233],[-87.792769,45.499967],[-87.812971,45.4661],[-87.861697,45.434473],[-87.860432,45.423504],[-87.849322,45.403872],[-87.859131,45.398967],[-87.859418,45.388227],[-87.875424,45.379373],[-87.871789,45.373557],[-87.884855,45.362792],[-87.888052,45.354697],[-87.881114,45.351278],[-87.86856,45.360537],[-87.860871,45.351192],[-87.850418,45.347492],[-87.848368,45.340676],[-87.832612,45.352249],[-87.790324,45.353444],[-87.783076,45.349725],[-87.754104,45.349442],[-87.751626,45.354169],[-87.738352,45.358243],[-87.718891,45.377462],[-87.693956,45.389893],[-87.675017,45.382454],[-87.674403,45.378065],[-87.657349,45.368752],[-87.656632,45.358617],[-87.648476,45.352243],[-87.648126,45.339396],[-87.662029,45.326434],[-87.663666,45.318257],[-87.687498,45.298055],[-87.698248,45.281512],[-87.69878,45.26942],[-87.709137,45.260341],[-87.711339,45.239965],[-87.724156,45.233236],[-87.721935,45.228444],[-87.726952,45.218949],[-87.726198,45.209391],[-87.741732,45.198201],[-87.736509,45.173389],[-87.683902,45.144135],[-87.675816,45.135059],[-87.678511,45.131204],[-87.672447,45.121294],[-87.661296,45.112566],[-87.661211,45.108279],[-87.631535,45.106224],[-87.59188,45.094689],[-87.587147,45.089495],[-87.587992,45.085271],[-87.601849,45.082297],[-87.610395,45.075617],[-87.625748,45.045157],[-87.624693,45.014176],[-87.630298,44.976865],[-87.661964,44.973035],[-87.696492,44.974233],[-87.766115,44.965351],[-87.817551,44.951986],[-87.837647,44.933091],[-87.844299,44.918524],[-87.827751,44.891229],[-87.832764,44.880939],[-87.852789,44.86486],[-87.865898,44.840988],[-87.878218,44.839016],[-87.899787,44.828051],[-87.941453,44.75608],[-87.964714,44.74357],[-87.983065,44.72073],[-87.990081,44.669791],[-88.002085,44.664035],[-88.009766,44.637081],[-87.998836,44.609523],[-88.001943,44.603909],[-88.012395,44.602438],[-88.027103,44.578992],[-88.039092,44.574324],[-88.042261,44.567344],[-88.005518,44.539216],[-87.970702,44.530292],[-87.943801,44.529693],[-87.929001,44.535993],[-87.901206,44.568887],[-87.899368,44.573043],[-87.903689,44.581317],[-87.901179,44.584545],[-87.867941,44.607606],[-87.809076,44.636189],[-87.77516,44.639281],[-87.756048,44.649117],[-87.748409,44.667122],[-87.71978,44.693246],[-87.720312,44.725073],[-87.610063,44.838384],[-87.581635,44.851638],[-87.550288,44.85129],[-87.530999,44.857437],[-87.515142,44.869596],[-87.502431,44.864619],[-87.478489,44.863572],[-87.437084,44.892718],[-87.421007,44.887869],[-87.419951,44.87594],[-87.405658,44.860098]]],[[[-86.880572,45.331467],[-86.895055,45.329035],[-86.899488,45.322588],[-86.896667,45.307275],[-86.899891,45.295185],[-86.925681,45.3242],[-86.95499,45.34128],[-86.956192,45.351179],[-86.946297,45.35869],[-86.95497,45.383194],[-86.943041,45.41525],[-86.934724,45.421123],[-86.928045,45.411273],[-86.917686,45.40789],[-86.892893,45.40898],[-86.877502,45.413981],[-86.862174,45.412151],[-86.853145,45.405547],[-86.830353,45.410852],[-86.828731,45.428461],[-86.810055,45.422619],[-86.805415,45.407324],[-86.824383,45.406135],[-86.841432,45.389601],[-86.853103,45.370861],[-86.863367,45.365],[-86.869031,45.333244],[-86.880572,45.331467]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Wisconsin\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd17f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawrence, C.L.","contributorId":58263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellefson, B.R.","contributorId":83927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellefson","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9963,"text":"ofr811013 - 1982 - Distribution of saltwater in the coastal plain aquifers of Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:19","indexId":"ofr811013","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-1013","title":"Distribution of saltwater in the coastal plain aquifers of Virginia","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr811013","usgsCitation":"Larson, J.D., 1982, Distribution of saltwater in the coastal plain aquifers of Virginia (WRI/OFR): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1013, 30 p., 2 over-size sheets, ill., map (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr811013.","productDescription":"30 p., 2 over-size sheets, ill., map (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1013/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37763,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1013/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37764,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1013/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37765,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1013/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"WRI/OFR","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6de4b07f02db63f608","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, J. D.","contributorId":83084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"J.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9953,"text":"ofr82751 - 1982 - Yearly variations in runoff and frequency of dry years for the conterminous United States, 1911-79","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-09T09:03:40","indexId":"ofr82751","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-751","title":"Yearly variations in runoff and frequency of dry years for the conterminous United States, 1911-79","docAbstract":"Gaging-station data are presented on variations in annual runoff over the conterminous United States and nearby Canada during the period 1911-79 in tabular and graphic (map) form. These data bring up-to-date and extend backward in time previous reports on streamflow stations by Harbeck and Langbein in 1949 which covered the period 1921-45 and that by Busby in 1963 which covered the period 1931-60. As depicted in Langbein and Slack (1980), these data show that, contained within a rather large seemingly random or sporadic pattern, there appears to be a previously unnoticed degree of similarity in the occurrence of subnormal flows across the country. In each of three regions, viz., West, Center, and East, dry years were concentrated in two sequences, one centered in the 1930 's and the second in the decade from the mid-50 's to the mid-60's. (USGS)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr82751","usgsCitation":"Langbein, W.B., and Slack, J.R., 1982, Yearly variations in runoff and frequency of dry years for the conterminous United States, 1911-79: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-751, iii, 88 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82751.","productDescription":"iii, 88 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143611,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0751/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37727,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0751/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e5bf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, W. B.","contributorId":102053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slack, J. R.","contributorId":40205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9952,"text":"ofr82256 - 1982 - Dams, reservoirs, and withdrawals for water supply; historic trends","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:19","indexId":"ofr82256","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-256","title":"Dams, reservoirs, and withdrawals for water supply; historic trends","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) from time to time has published an inventory of major reservoirs and controlled natural lakes. The latest available USGS report indicated that as of 1963, usable capacity in major reservoirs (those having 5 ,000 acre-ft of usable capacity) totaled 359 million acre-ft. The growth rate for total capacity averaged about 80%/decade until the early 1960's. Since then, reservoir capacity has increased at a markedly slower rate, the effects of approaching an asymptotic limit on capacity in some areas, compounded, by increasing public aversion toward reservoir construction. The trend toward non-structural measures places greater dependence on management skill and on better forecasts. At some point, the potentials of conservation and better management will become less effective than reservoirs and there will again be an upward trend in reservoir capacity. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82256","usgsCitation":"Langbein, W.B., 1982, Dams, reservoirs, and withdrawals for water supply; historic trends: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-256, iii, 12 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82256.","productDescription":"iii, 12 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142399,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0256/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37726,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0256/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e61d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, W. B.","contributorId":102053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9927,"text":"ofr82329 - 1982 - Acoustic systems for the measurement of streamflow","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9927,"text":"ofr82329 - 1982 - Acoustic systems for the measurement of streamflow","indexId":"ofr82329","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Acoustic systems for the measurement of streamflow"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2066,"text":"wsp2213 - 1983 - Acoustic systems for the measurement of streamflow","indexId":"wsp2213","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"title":"Acoustic systems for the measurement of streamflow"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2066,"text":"wsp2213 - 1983 - Acoustic systems for the measurement of streamflow","indexId":"wsp2213","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"title":"Acoustic systems for the measurement of streamflow"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T09:28:38","indexId":"ofr82329","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-329","title":"Acoustic systems for the measurement of streamflow","docAbstract":"Very little information is available concerning acoustic velocity meter (AVM) operation, performance, and limitations. This report provides a better understanding about the application of AVM instrumentation to streamflow measurment. Operational U.S. Geological Survey systems have proven that AVM equipment is accurate and dependable. AVM equipment has no practical upper limit of measureable velocity if sonic transducers are securely placed and adequately protected, and will measure velocitites as low as 0.1 meter per second which is normally less than the threshold level for mechanical or head-loss meters. In some situations the performance of AVM equipment may be degraded by multipath interference, signal bending, signal attenuation, and variable streamline orientation. Smaller, less-expensive, more conveniently operable microprocessor equipment is now available which should increase use of AVM systems in streamflow applications. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82329","usgsCitation":"Laenen, A., and Smith, W., 1982, Acoustic systems for the measurement of streamflow: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-329, viii, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82329.","productDescription":"viii, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":144043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0329/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":112929,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0329/report.pdf","size":"3506","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a178","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laenen, Antonius","contributorId":107673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laenen","given":"Antonius","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Winchell","contributorId":20311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Winchell","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9922,"text":"ofr82238 - 1982 - An oilspill risk analysis for the Gulf of Mexico outer continental shelf lease area; regional environmental impact statement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:29","indexId":"ofr82238","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-238","title":"An oilspill risk analysis for the Gulf of Mexico outer continental shelf lease area; regional environmental impact statement","docAbstract":"An oilspill risk analysis was conducted for the Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf (OCS)lease area region. Results of the analysis can be used to determine relative risks associated with oil production in different regions to be offered in OCS Lease Sales 72, 74, and 79. The analysis considered the probability of spill occurrences based on historical trends; likely movement of oil slicks based on a climatological model; and locations of major environmental resources which could be vulnerable to spilled oil. The times between spill occurrence and contact with resources were estimated to aid in estimating slick characteristics. \r\n\r\nCritical assumptions made for this particular analysis were (1) that oil exists in the lease area, and (2) that oil will be, found and produced from tracts sold in sales 72, 74, and 79. On the basis of a most likely resource estimate of 241 million barrels of oil to be produced over an 18-year production life from sales to be held in 1983 (sales 72, 74, 79), it was calculated that approximately one oilspill of 1,000 barrels or larger will occur. The estimated probability that one or more oilspills of 1,000 barrels or larger will occur and contact land after being at sea less than 30 days is 41-percent. For a high resource estimate case of sales to be held in 1983, 717 million barrels are estimated to be produced over an 18-year production life with an 83-percent chance of one or more spills of 1,000 barrels or larger occurring and contacting land within 30 days. These results depend upon the routes and methods chosen to transport oil from OCS platforms to shore. \r\n\r\nGiven a total development scenario in which 5.6 billion barrels of oil are estimated to be present and produced, it was calculated that 18 oilspills of 1,000 barrels or larger will occur over the 40-year production life of the proposed lease area. The estimated probability that one or more oilspills of 1,000 barrels or larger will occur and contact land after being at sea less than 30 days is greater than 99.5 percent for this scenario. These probabilities also reflect the assumptions that oilspills remain intact for up to 30 days, do not weather, and are not cleaned up. It should be noted that the expected number of spills from the total development scenario is less than one-half that of the expected number from existing tanker transportation of crude oil imports in the Gulf area.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82238","usgsCitation":"LaBelle, R., 1982, An oilspill risk analysis for the Gulf of Mexico outer continental shelf lease area; regional environmental impact statement: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-238, i, 210 p., ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82238.","productDescription":"i, 210 p., ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0238/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37709,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0238/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db68433a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LaBelle, R.P.","contributorId":21964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaBelle","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9918,"text":"ofr82804 - 1982 - An application of a vulnerability index to oil spill modeling in the Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:29","indexId":"ofr82804","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-804","title":"An application of a vulnerability index to oil spill modeling in the Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"An analysis was made of the relative impact to the shoreline of the Gulf of Mexico from proposed Federal Outer Continental Shelf oil and gas leasing activity. An oil spill trajectory model was coupled with a land segment vulnerability characterization to predict the risks to the shoreline. Such a technique allows spatial and temporal variability in oil spill sensitivity to be represented and combined with the likelihood of oil spill contact to specific coastal segments in the study area. Predicted relative impact was greatest along the coastlines of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. Useful information is provided for environmental impact analysis, as well as oil spill response planning.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82804","usgsCitation":"LaBelle, R., Rainey, G., and Lanfear, K., 1982, An application of a vulnerability index to oil spill modeling in the Gulf of Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-804, ii, 17 p., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82804.","productDescription":"ii, 17 p., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0804/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37705,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0804/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68573f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LaBelle, R.P.","contributorId":21964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaBelle","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rainey, Gail","contributorId":11616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rainey","given":"Gail","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lanfear, K.J.","contributorId":14392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanfear","given":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":9909,"text":"ofr82868 - 1982 - Geohydrologic data from sandstone aquifers in southwestern Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:19","indexId":"ofr82868","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-868","title":"Geohydrologic data from sandstone aquifers in southwestern Kansas","docAbstract":"Data collected during a reconnaissance investigation of the geology and hydrology of sandstone aquifers provide useful information in the study of, and planning for, water-resources development in a 17,400 square-mile area in 26 counties of southwestern Kansas. The aquifers consist chiefly of saturated sandstones that occur in Upper Permian, Upper Jurassic, and Lower and Upper Cretaceous rocks. In parts of southwestern Kansas, the sandstone aquifers already serve as the principal or secondary source of ground water for irrigation and other uses. Data indicate that water may be available for development in sandstone aquifers in other parts of the study area. In still other areas, water from wells in sandstone aquifers may not be of a suitable quality for some purposes. The data provided include records of selected wells, lithologic logs of test holes and wells, selected formation surfaces and sandstone thicknesses , chemical analyses of water from selected wells, and water levels in observation wells. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82868","usgsCitation":"Kume, J., and Spinazola, J.M., 1982, Geohydrologic data from sandstone aquifers in southwestern Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-868, iii, 116 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82868.","productDescription":"iii, 116 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142698,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0868/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37701,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0868/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688814","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kume, Jack","contributorId":100843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kume","given":"Jack","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spinazola, Joseph M.","contributorId":102044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spinazola","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9908,"text":"ofr82260 - 1982 - Quality of surface waters in Wilton, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:19","indexId":"ofr82260","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-260","title":"Quality of surface waters in Wilton, Connecticut","docAbstract":"Water, bed material, and biological samples were collected and analyzed at 10 surface-water gaging sites on six streams in the town of Wilton, Connecticut over a 2-year period. The data indicate fair to excellent water quality. Fecal coliform bacteria, pH, alkalinity, iron, and manganese are the parameters that most often exceed recommended limits established by either the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency or the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. Data from sites on the Norwalk and East Branch Silvermine Rivers indicate little if any undesirable changes in water quality take place as they flow through the study area. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr82260","usgsCitation":"Kulp, K., 1982, Quality of surface waters in Wilton, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-260, iv, 55 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr82260.","productDescription":"iv, 55 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0260/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37700,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/0260/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686837","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kulp, K.P.","contributorId":49791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulp","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}