If at least some mass extinctions are caused by impacts, why do they extend over intervals of one to three million years and have a partly stepwise character? The solution may be provided by multiple cometary impacts. Astronomical, geological and palaeontological evidence is consistent with a causal connection between comet showers, clusters of impact events and stepwise mass extinctions, but it is too early to tell how pervasive this relationship may be.
Aeromagnetic data from surveys flown by the U.S. Geological Survey over Mount St. Helens, Washington, before and after the climactic May 18, 1980, eruption were used to determine the bulk magnetic properties of the volcano and to delineate a buried source. We assumed that most of the edifice of preeruption and posteruption Mount St. Helens has a magnetization direction near the present earth's field of 69° inclination and 20° declination and calculated its intensity as 4.1 A/m. After subtraction of magnetic anomalies due to topogaphy magnetized with this direction and intensity, the preeruption and posteruption surveys revealed nearly identical residual magnetic highs and lows, indicative that their sources were not altered or removed by the May 1980 eruption. The residual highs were explained by a 200-m-deep source lying mostly within the edifice of Mount St. Helens. The source could be terrain that predates Mount St. Helens, such as a buried ridge or a cone or a valley filled with lava. We calculated the magnetization of the material removed by the May 1980 eruption and found its intensity to be 4.2 A/m in a direction near the present earth's field, similar to that assumed for the volcano as a whole. This similar result confirmed the validity of the magnetization vector assumed for the entire edifice.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB10p10194","usgsCitation":"Finn, C.A., and Williams, D.L., 1987, An aeromagnetic study of Mount St. Helens: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B10, p. 10194-10206, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB10p10194.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"10194","endPage":"10206","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420360,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mt. St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.20698880392216,\n 46.1220284852933\n ],\n [\n -122.16384141231497,\n 46.121659267699755\n ],\n [\n -122.07701394525354,\n 46.14270072159525\n ],\n [\n -122.08820030604062,\n 46.16742338067894\n ],\n [\n -122.12974964610694,\n 46.1980345568214\n ],\n [\n -122.13880527150587,\n 46.248155785539694\n ],\n [\n -122.20166196545227,\n 46.273199241030994\n ],\n [\n -122.27037818171561,\n 46.268044170584346\n ],\n [\n -122.30074116099485,\n 46.20798873531629\n ],\n [\n -122.29275090328976,\n 46.17922729877867\n ],\n [\n -122.2831625940438,\n 46.1449151438448\n ],\n [\n -122.20698880392216,\n 46.1220284852933\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":881525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, David L.","contributorId":10028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":881526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014214,"text":"70014214 - 1987 - Seismomagnetic observation during the 8 July 1986 magnitude 5.9 North Palm Springs earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-24T16:41:00.735239","indexId":"70014214","displayToPublicDate":"1987-09-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismomagnetic observation during the 8 July 1986 magnitude 5.9 North Palm Springs earthquake","docAbstract":"A differentially connected array of 24 proton magnetometers has operated along the San Andreas fault since 1976. Seismomagnetic offsets of 1.2 and 0.3 nanotesla were observed at epicentral distances of 3 and 9 kilometers, respectively, after the 8 July 1986 magnitude 5.9 North Palm Springs earthquake. These seismomagnetic observations are the first obtained of this elusive but long-anticipated effect. The data are consistent with a seismomagnetic model of the earthquake for which right-lateral rupture of 20 centimeters is assumed on a 16-kilometer segment of the Banning fault between the depths of 3 and 10 kilometers in a region with average magnetization of 1 ampere per meter. Alternative explanations in terms of electrokinetic effects and earthquake-generated electrostatic charge redistribution seem unlikely because the changes are permanent and complete within a 20-minute period.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.237.4819.1201","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Johnston, M., and Mueller, R., 1987, Seismomagnetic observation during the 8 July 1986 magnitude 5.9 North Palm Springs earthquake: Science, v. 237, no. 4819, p. 1201-1203, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.237.4819.1201.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1201","endPage":"1203","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225882,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"North Palm Springs","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.6027373325376,\n 33.97986652678212\n ],\n [\n -116.6027373325376,\n 33.88203683324397\n ],\n [\n -116.462713619128,\n 33.88203683324397\n ],\n [\n -116.462713619128,\n 33.97986652678212\n ],\n [\n -116.6027373325376,\n 33.97986652678212\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"237","issue":"4819","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8bd2e4b08c986b317aeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, R.J.","contributorId":77135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70121588,"text":"70121588 - 1987 - Below-ground herbivory in natural communities: a review emphasizing fossorial animals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-22T15:07:05","indexId":"70121588","displayToPublicDate":"1987-09-01T15:05:50","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3214,"text":"The Quarterly Review of Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Below-ground herbivory in natural communities: a review emphasizing fossorial animals","docAbstract":"Roots, bulbs, corms, and other below-ground organs are almost universally present in communities containing vascular plants. A large and taxonomically diverse group of herbivores uses these below-ground plant parts as its sole or primary source of food. Important within this group are plant-parasitic nematodes and several fossorial taxa that affect plants through their soil-disturbing activities as well as by consuming plant tissue. The fossorial taxa are probably best exemplified by fossorial rodents, which are distributed on all continents except Australia. All other fossorial herbivores are insects. The impact of below-groud herbivory on individual plant fitness will depend upon the extent to which, and under what circumstances, the consumption of plant tissue disrupts one or more of the six functions of below-ground plant parts. Below-ground herbivory is probably more often chronic than acute. Indirect evidence suggests that plants have responded evolutionarily to herbivory by enhancing the functional capacities of below-ground organs, thus developing a degree of tolerance, and by producing compounds that serve as feeding deterrents. Many plant species respond to the removal of root tissues by increasing the growth rate of the remaining roots and initiating new roots. Soil movement and mixing by fossorial rodents infleuce the environment of other below-ground herbivores as well as that of plants and plant propagules. The relationships among the various groups of below-ground herbivores, and between below-ground herbivores and plants, are at best poorly known, yet they appear to have major roles in determining the structure and regulating the functioning of natural communities.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quarterly Review of Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Biological Sciences","publisherLocation":"Baltimore, MD","usgsCitation":"Andersen, D., 1987, Below-ground herbivory in natural communities: a review emphasizing fossorial animals: The Quarterly Review of Biology, v. 62, no. 3, p. 261-286.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"286","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292905,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f85948e4b03f038c5c176e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andersen, Douglas C. doug_andersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"Douglas C.","email":"doug_andersen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":499190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70236976,"text":"70236976 - 1987 - Processing and analysis of commercial satellite image data of the nuclear accident at Chernobyl, U.S.S.R.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-23T19:14:22.128389","indexId":"70236976","displayToPublicDate":"1987-09-01T13:57:33","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Processing and analysis of commercial satellite image data of the nuclear accident at Chernobyl, U.S.S.R.","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"1987 ASPRS-ACSM Fall Convention: ASPRS technical papers","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"1987 ASPRS-ACSM Fall Convention","conferenceDate":"October 4-9, 1987","conferenceLocation":"Reno, Nevada, United States","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Sadowski, F.G., Covington, S.J., Hood, J.J., Meyer, D., Dwyer, J.L., and Miller, W.A., 1987, Processing and analysis of commercial satellite image data of the nuclear accident at Chernobyl, U.S.S.R., in 1987 ASPRS-ACSM Fall Convention: ASPRS technical papers, Reno, Nevada, United States, October 4-9, 1987, p. 324-330.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"324","endPage":"330","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407282,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Ukraine","state":"Kyiv Oblast","county":"Vyshhorod Raion","city":"Chernobyl, Pripyat","otherGeospatial":"Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 30.07730484008789,\n 51.38801255474312\n ],\n [\n 30.080137252807617,\n 51.38544150419677\n ],\n [\n 30.113096237182614,\n 51.385495069223204\n ],\n [\n 30.11301040649414,\n 51.393207778477134\n ],\n [\n 30.09575843811035,\n 51.39342200184302\n ],\n [\n 30.094814300537106,\n 51.393957555869136\n ],\n [\n 30.077390670776364,\n 51.39385044556548\n ],\n [\n 30.077476501464844,\n 51.39160107125888\n ],\n [\n 30.07730484008789,\n 51.38801255474312\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sadowski, Franklin G.","contributorId":91552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadowski","given":"Franklin","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Covington, Steven J.","contributorId":39436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Covington","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hood, Joy J. jhood@usgs.gov","contributorId":5510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hood","given":"Joy","email":"jhood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":852880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, David dmeyer@usgs.gov","contributorId":173208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"David","email":"dmeyer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":852881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dwyer, John L. 0000-0002-8281-0896 dwyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8281-0896","contributorId":3481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"John","email":"dwyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":852882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miller, Wayne A. wamiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Wayne","email":"wamiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":852883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70207432,"text":"70207432 - 1987 - Delindeite titanosilicates and lourenswalsite, two new from the Magnet Cove region, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-07T16:33:49.939234","indexId":"70207432","displayToPublicDate":"1987-09-01T10:42:53","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2748,"text":"Mineralogical Magazine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Delindeite titanosilicates and lourenswalsite, two new from the Magnet Cove region, Arkansas","docAbstract":"Delindeite and lourenswalsite are two new barium titanosilicate minerals found as microscopic crystals in miarolitic cavities in nepheline syenite in the Diamond Jo quarry, Hot Spring County, Arkansas. Delindeite is found as aggregates of flake-like crystallites in compact spherules, light pinkish grey in colour, with a resinous, pearly lustre. The flakes are biaxial positive with average n ∼ 1.813; the measured density is 3.3 g/cm3. Electron diffraction revealed a monoclinic unit cell in space group C2lm or subgroup, with a = 21.617(13), b = 6.816(5), c = 5.383(3) Å, β = 94.03(5)° (refined from X-ray powder data). The strongest X-ray lines are (hkl, dobs, Irel): (200, 10.80, 100); (311, 3.54, 24); (6̄01, 3.083, 28); (601, 2.888, 31); (2̄21, 2.806, 20); (910, 2.262,18). The crystals are submicroscopically twinned on (100) and also produce additional continuous diffraction streaks parallel to a*, which double the b and c axes. The formula derived from electron and ion probe analyses (H2O by difference), as constrained by density and molar volume data, is approximately (Na,K)2.7(Ba,Ca)4(Ti,Fe,Al)6Si8O26(OH)14, with Na > K, Ba ≫ Ca, Ti ≫ Fe,Al; Z = 1. Lourenswalsite occurs as very thin hexagonal plates in rosettes, silver grey to light brownish grey in colour. The crystals are biaxial negative with very low 2V angle. Indices of refraction are nα = 1.815, nβ ≈ nγ = 1.840; the measured density is 3.17 g/cm = 1.840; the measured density is 3.17 g/cm3. X-ray and electron diffraction show a sharp pseudohexagonal lattice with a = 5.244 Å, but extremely diffuse diffraction streaks normal to the hk0 plane. In these streaks a period of 20.5 Å can be discerned. A hexagonal unit cell with a = 5.244(2) Å, c = 20.49(3) Å can be refined from the powder diffraction data but does not account for some lines, probably because of extreme layer disorder as shown by precession single-crystal patterns. The strong X-ray powder lines are (002, 10.22, 20); (-, 3.93, 20); (111, 2.608, 100); (300, 1.5145, 80); (220, 1.3111, 25). The formula given by microprobe analyses, constrained by density and molar volume data, is approximately (K,Ba)2(Ti,Mg,Ca,Fe)4(Si,Al,Fe)6O14(OH)12 with K > Ba, Ti ≫ (Mg,Ca,Fe), Si > Al > Fe; Z = 1. These minerals are formed under oxidizing weathering conditions, and iron is assumed to be in the Fe3+ state.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1180/minmag.1987.051.361.08","usgsCitation":"Appleman, D.E., Evans, H.T., Nord, G.L., Dwornik, E.J., and Milton, C., 1987, Delindeite titanosilicates and lourenswalsite, two new from the Magnet Cove region, Arkansas: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 51, no. 361, p. 417-425, https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1987.051.361.08.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"417","endPage":"425","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370476,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Magnet Cove 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\"}}]}","volume":"51","issue":"361","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-07-05","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Appleman, Daniel E.","contributorId":60718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Appleman","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, Howard T. Jr.","contributorId":70852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Howard","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nord, Gordon L. Jr.","contributorId":12498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nord","given":"Gordon","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dwornik, Edward J.","contributorId":190269,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dwornik","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Milton, Charles","contributorId":13616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milton","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70209543,"text":"70209543 - 1987 - Evolution of the Early Proterozoic Colorado province: Constraints from U-Pb geochronology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-01T20:33:37.627103","indexId":"70209543","displayToPublicDate":"1987-09-01T10:07:07","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of the Early Proterozoic Colorado province: Constraints from U-Pb geochronology","docAbstract":"The Colorado province represents an addition of a belt of rocks more than 500 km wide to the southern margin of the Archean Wyoming craton during the Early Proterozoic, between about 1790 and 1660 Ma. Correspondence in ages between metamorphism, deformation, and plutonism; association of volcanic rocks with comagmatic calc-alkalic plutons; and lack of older basement are all consistent with the interpretation that the rocks of the province are products of arc magmatism and cannibalistic sedimentation along a convergent margin at the southern edge of the craton.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<861:EOTEPC>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Reed, J.C., Bickford, M.E., Premo, W.R., Aleinikoff, J.N., and Pallister, J.S., 1987, Evolution of the Early Proterozoic Colorado province: Constraints from U-Pb geochronology: Geology, v. 15, no. 9, p. 861-865, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<861:EOTEPC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"861","endPage":"865","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373908,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -108,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -108,\n 36\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, John C. Jr.","contributorId":223980,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reed","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bickford, M. E.","contributorId":6891,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bickford","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Premo, Wayne R. 0000-0001-9904-4801 wpremo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9904-4801","contributorId":1697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Premo","given":"Wayne","email":"wpremo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":786742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aleinikoff, John N. 0000-0003-3494-6841 jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":1478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"John","email":"jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":786743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pallister, John S. 0000-0002-2041-2147 jpallist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2041-2147","contributorId":2024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"John","email":"jpallist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":786744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70203243,"text":"70203243 - 1987 - Selenium adsorption by goethite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-01T10:01:13","indexId":"70203243","displayToPublicDate":"1987-09-01T10:00:20","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selenium adsorption by goethite","docAbstract":"The adsorption of Se by goethite was studied as a function of time (10 min–24 h), temperature (295.5 and 303.5 K), pH (4–11), particle concentration (3–300 mg/L), total Se concentration (0.02–5 × 10−5 M), oxidation state [Se(IV) and Se(VI)], and competing anion concentration [(anion)/(Se(IV) = 0.25 to 50 000] in order to assess the influence of these factors on Se mobility. The data indicate that (i) the surface sites of goethite are heterogeneous, (ii) the adsorption of selenite [Se(IV)] reaches equilibrium in 2 h and is completely reversible with respect to pH, (iii) the removal of selenite from solution increases with decreasing pH and increasing particle concentration, (iv) the adsorption edge for selenite shifts to lower pH values with increasing total selenite concentrations, (v) selenite adsorbs much more strongly than selenate [Se(VI)], and (vi) the influence of additional anions on selenite adsorption depends on the relative affinity of the anions for the surface and the relative concentrations of the anions. For a given anion concentration ratio, the competition sequence with selenite is phosphate > silicate ≥ citrate > molybdate > bicarbonate/carbonate > oxalate > fluoride > sulfate. Therefore, the conditions that favor the mobility of Se in the environment with respect to adsorption are alkaline pH, high Se concentrations, oxidizing conditions, and high concentrations of additional anions that strongly adsorb.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1987.03615995005100050009x","usgsCitation":"Balistrieri, L.S., and Chao, T.T., 1987, Selenium adsorption by goethite: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 51, no. 5, p. 1145-1151, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1987.03615995005100050009x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1145","endPage":"1151","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":363424,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balistrieri, Laurie S. 0000-0002-6359-3849 balistri@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6359-3849","contributorId":1406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balistrieri","given":"Laurie","email":"balistri@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":761882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chao, T. T.","contributorId":31900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":761883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70121880,"text":"70121880 - 1987 - Avian habitat relationships in pinyon-juniper woodland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-25T08:50:48","indexId":"70121880","displayToPublicDate":"1987-09-01T08:46:12","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Avian habitat relationships in pinyon-juniper woodland","docAbstract":"Habitat relationships of breeding birds were examined in northwestern Colorado in pinyon-juniper (Pinus edulis-Juniperus osteosperma) woodland and in openings where most overstory trees had been knocked down by anchor chaining. Vegetation characteristics and physical habitat features were measured in 233 0.04-ha circular plots around singing males of 13 species of birds from 15 May to 15 July 1980. Thirteen-group discriminant function analysis ordinated bird species along three habitat dimensions described by (1) canopy height; (2) slope, shrub size, and shrub species diversity; and (3) percentage canopy cover, large tree density, distance from a habitat edge, litter cover, and green cover. Woodland, open-area, and intermediate edge species were clearly segregated along the first discriminant axis, and species' associations with shrubs, inclination, ground cover, and edges were revealed by the ordinations along the second and third discriminant axes. Two-group discriminant analyses comparing occupied and available plots identified additional and more specific habitat associations. For example, Hermit Thrushes (Catharus guttatus) were associated with mature forested habitats and forest interiors, Virginia's Warblers (Vermivora virginiae) favored steep, oak-covered draws, Rock Wrens (Salpinctes obsoletus) selected areas where percentage log cover and small tree density were high, and Dusky Flycatchers (Empidonax oberholseri) preferred shrubby slopes with scattered large trees near woodland edges.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","usgsCitation":"Sedgwick, J., 1987, Avian habitat relationships in pinyon-juniper woodland: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 99, no. 3, p. 413-431.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"413","endPage":"431","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292925,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fc4dc3e4b0413fd75d6a51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sedgwick, James A.","contributorId":55350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sedgwick","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014123,"text":"70014123 - 1987 - Analysis of the U.S. Geological Survey streamgaging network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-18T15:37:56.866473","indexId":"70014123","displayToPublicDate":"1987-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3724,"text":"Water Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of the U.S. Geological Survey streamgaging network","docAbstract":"This paper summarizes the results from the first 3 years of a 5-year cost-effectiveness study of the U.S. Geological Survey streamgaging network. The objective of the study is to define and document the most cost-effective means of furnishing streamflow information. In the first step of this study, data uses were identified for 3,493 continuous-record stations currently being operated in 32 States. In the second step, evaluation of alternative methods of providing streamflow information, flow-routing models, and regression models were developed for estimating daily flows at 251 stations of the 3,493 stations analyzed. In the third step of the analysis, relationships were developed between the accuracy of the streamflow records and the operating budget. The weighted standard error for all stations, with current operating procedures, was 19.9 percent. By altering field activities, as determined by the analyses, this could be reduced to 17.8 percent. The existing streamgaging networks in four Districts were further analyzed to determine the impacts that satellite telemetry would have on the cost effectiveness. Satellite telemetry was not found to be cost effective on the basis of hydrologic data collection alone, given present cost of equipment and operation.
","language":"English","publisher":"IWA Publishing","doi":"10.2166/wst.1987.0064","issn":"02731223","usgsCitation":"Scott, A.G., 1987, Analysis of the U.S. Geological Survey streamgaging network: Water Science and Technology, v. 19, no. 9, p. 31-42, https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0064.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225426,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -130.67138671875,\n 54.686534234529695\n ],\n [\n -129.9462890625,\n 55.36662484928637\n ],\n [\n -130.1220703125,\n 56.145549500679074\n ],\n [\n -131.9677734375,\n 56.9449741808516\n ],\n [\n -135.3076171875,\n 59.833775202184206\n ],\n [\n -136.38427734375,\n 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]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb3be4b0c8380cd48cd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, A. G.","contributorId":36552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121881,"text":"70121881 - 1987 - Instream flow values and power production","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-25T08:53:46","indexId":"70121881","displayToPublicDate":"1987-08-19T08:52:35","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Instream flow values and power production","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Waterpower '87 : proceedings of the International Conference on Hydropower","conferenceTitle":"Waterpower '87","conferenceDate":"1987-08-19T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Portland, OR","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","usgsCitation":"Milhous, R.T., and Douglas, A.J., 1987, Instream flow values and power production, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292926,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fc4dd0e4b0413fd75d6ab4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milhous, Robert T.","contributorId":28646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhous","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Douglas, Aaron J.","contributorId":46879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70121396,"text":"70121396 - 1987 - Results of a workshop concerning ecological zonation in bottomland hardwoods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-21T13:20:42","indexId":"70121396","displayToPublicDate":"1987-08-01T13:07:43","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"NEC-87/14","title":"Results of a workshop concerning ecological zonation in bottomland hardwoods","docAbstract":"Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has regulatory responsibilities concerning the discharge of dredged or fill material into the Nation's waters. In addition to its advisory role in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' permit program, EPA has a number of specific authorities, including formulation of the Section 404(b)(1) Guidelines, use of Section 404(c) to prohibit disposal at particular sites, and enforcement actions for unauthorized discharges. A number of recent court cases focus on the geographic scope of Section 404 jurisdiction in potential bottomland hardwood (BLH) wetlands and the nature of landclearing activities in these areas that require a permit under Section 404. Accordingly, EPA needs to establish the scientific basis for implementing its responsibilities under Section 404 in bottomland hardwoods.
\nEPA is approaching this task through a series of workshops designed to provide current scientific information on bottomland hardwoods and to organize that information in a manner pertinent to key questions, including the following. What are the characteristics of bottomland hardwoods (in terms of hydrology, soils, vegetation, fish, wildlife, agricultural potential, and the like) and how can the functions (e.g., flood storage, water quality maintenance, detrital export) that they perform best be quantified? How do perturbations like landclearing, levee construction, and drainage impact the functions that bottomland hardwoods perform and how can these effects best be quantified? And finally, how significant are the impacts and how is their significance likely to change under various management scenarios?
\nThe first workshop in this series was held December 3-7, 1984, in St. Francisville, Louisiana. The workshop was attended by over 40 scientists and regulators (see ACKNOWLEDGMENTS section) and facilitated by the editors of this report under an Interagency Agreement between EPA and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The general objective of the workshop was to examine ways in which the structure and function of BLH ecosystems can be characterized and, in particular, to investigate the utility of a conceptual framework developed at a workshop held in Lake Lanier, Georgia, in 1980. In this framework, the transition from aquatic habitats to upland habitats through a BLH ecosystem is divided into six zones based on concomitant variation in the soil moisture regime and associated vegetation (Table 1). The zonation concept is of particular interest to EPA from at least two perspectives. The first is simply as a framework for organizing information. If the zones are discernible in the field, have recognizable characteristics, and perform identifiable functions, they might form a useful basis for tasks such as assessing the impacts of a particular site-specific activity. The second is the potential utility of the zonation concept in identifying the wetland portions of BLH communities. If the zones can be recognized in the field, and if one or more of them can be shown consistently to have wetland characteristics (i.e., perform functions, such as detrital export, often attributed to wetlands), while others do not, then the zones might have utility in identifying areas that fall under the jurisdiction of Section 404.
\nThe workshop itself was divided into two parts. The first was a series of papers in which authors described current research and data-synthesis activities in the context of the zonation concept. The second was a series of six workgroups in which participants discussed the zonation concept from the perspective of hydrology, soils, vegetation, fish, wildlife, and ecosystem processes. This report is a compilation of the written material from those workgroups, much of which was produced at the workshop. The formal papers presented in the first part of the workshop have been distributed to participants under separate cover, but are referenced in this report by citations such as: (Jones, workshop presentation).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Ecology Center","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Roelle, J.E., Auble, G.T., Hamilton, D.B., Johnson, R.L., and Segelquist, C.A., 1987, Results of a workshop concerning ecological zonation in bottomland hardwoods, 141 p.","productDescription":"141 p.","numberOfPages":"141","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292784,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f707e3e4b05ec1f2431c10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roelle, James E. roelleb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"James","email":"roelleb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamilton, David B. hamiltond@usgs.gov","contributorId":193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David","email":"hamiltond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":499034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Richard L.","contributorId":32626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Segelquist, Charles A.","contributorId":27368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Segelquist","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70113309,"text":"70113309 - 1987 - Status of worldwide Landsat archive","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T16:46:55.216102","indexId":"70113309","displayToPublicDate":"1987-08-01T13:04:46","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Status of worldwide Landsat archive","docAbstract":"In cooperation with the International Landsat community, and through the Landsat Technical Working Group (LTWG), NOAA is assembling information about the status of the Worldwide Landsat Archive. During LTWG 9, member nations agreed to participate in a survey of International Landsat data holding and of their archive experiences with Landsat data. The goal of the effort was two-fold; one, to document the Landsat archive to date, and, two, to ensure that specific nations' experience with long-term Landsat archival problems were available to others. The survey requested details such as amount of data held, the format of the archive holdings by Spacecraft/Sensor, and acquisition years; the estimated costs to accumulated process, and replace the data (if necessary); the storage space required, and any member nation's plans that would establish the insurance of continuing quality.
\nAs a group, the LTWG nations are concerned about the characteristics and reliability of long-term magnetic media storage. Each nation's experience with older data retrieval is solicited in the survey. This information will allow nations to anticipate and plan for required changes to their archival holdings.
\nAlso solicited were reports of any upgrades to a nation's archival system that are currently planned and all results of attempts to reduce archive holdings including methodology, current status, and the planned access rates and product support that are anticipated for responding to future archival usage.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora XI Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Warriner, H.W., 1987, Status of worldwide Landsat archive, in Pecora XI Symposium, p. 457-471.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"457","endPage":"471","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288928,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7837e4b0abf75cf2ce4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warriner, Howard W.","contributorId":46422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warriner","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70113303,"text":"70113303 - 1987 - Image restoration techniques as applied to Landsat MSS and TM data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-19T13:02:56","indexId":"70113303","displayToPublicDate":"1987-08-01T12:57:35","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3023,"text":"Pecora XI Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Image restoration techniques as applied to Landsat MSS and TM data","docAbstract":"Two factors are primarily responsible for the loss of image sharpness in processing digital Landsat images. The first factor is inherent in the data because the sensor's optics and electronics, along with other sensor elements, blur and smear the data. Digital image restoration can be used to reduce this degradation. The second factor, which further degrades by blurring or aliasing, is the resampling performed during geometric correction.
\nAn image restoration procedure, when used in place of typical resampled techniques, reduces sensor degradation without introducing the artifacts associated with resampling.
\nThe EROS Data Center (EDC) has implemented the restoration proceed for Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) and thematic mapper (TM) data. This capability, developed at the University of Arizona by Dr. Robert Schowengerdt and Lynette Wood, combines restoration and resampling in a single step to produce geometrically corrected MSS and TM imagery. As with resampling, restoration demands a tradeoff be made between aliasing, which occurs when attempting to extract maximum sharpness from an image, and blurring, which reduces the aliasing problem but sacrifices image sharpness. The restoration procedure used at EDC minimizes these artifacts by being adaptive, tailoring the tradeoff to be optimal for individual images.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora XI Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Meyer, D., 1987, Image restoration techniques as applied to Landsat MSS and TM data: Pecora XI Symposium, p. 427-427.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"427","endPage":"427","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288918,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7747e4b0abf75cf2c0da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, David dmeyer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"David","email":"dmeyer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121395,"text":"70121395 - 1987 - Results of a workshop concerning impacts of various activities on the functions of bottomland hardwoods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-21T13:04:30","indexId":"70121395","displayToPublicDate":"1987-08-01T12:56:07","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"NEC-87/15","title":"Results of a workshop concerning impacts of various activities on the functions of bottomland hardwoods","docAbstract":"Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has regulatory responsibilities related to the discharge of dredged or fill material into the Nation’s waters. In addition to its advisory role in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' permit program, EPA has a number of specific authorities, including formulation of the Section 404(b)(1) guidelines, use of Section 404(c) to prohibit disposal at particular sites, and enforcement actions for unauthorized discharges. A number of recent court cases focus on the geographic scope of Section 404 jurisdiction in potential bottomland hardwood (BLH) wetlands and the nature of landclearing activities in these areas that require a permit under Section 404. Accordingly, EPA needs to establish the scientific basis for implementing its responsibilities under Section 404 in bottomland hardwoods.
\nEPA is approaching this task through a series of workshops designed to provide current scientific information on bottomland hardwoods and to organize that information in a manner pertinent to key policy questions. The first two workshops in the series were originally conceived as technically oriented meetings that would provide the information necessary to develop policy options at the third workshop. More specifically, the first workshop was designed to examine a zonation concept as a means of characterizing different BLH communities and describing variations in their functions along a soil moisture gradient. The second workshop was perceived as an attempt to evaluate the impacts of various activities on those functions.
\nHowever, one conclusion of the first workshop, which was held in December 1984 in St. Francisville, Louisiana, was that the zonation approach does not describe the variability in the functions performed by BLH ecosystems sufficiently well to allow its use as the sole basis for developing a regulatory framework. That is, factors other than zone were considered critical for an effective characterization of the structure and functions of bottomland hardwoods.
\nThe approach to the second workshop, the results of which are described in this report, was therefore modified in response to the conclusions from the first workshop. The focus of the second workshop remained an analysis of the impacts of various activities or the functions of BLH ecosystems. However, as a prerequisite to this analysis, participants were also asked to develop a list of characteristics that determine the extent to which BLH sites perform the important functions.
\nThe workshop was organized such that alternating plenary and workgroup sessions allowed ample time for communication while still maintaining a focus on the overall goal. In the initial session, various individuals gave presentations concerning methodologies for evaluating the functions performed by wetlands, factors influencing the conversion of BLH forests to other uses, and the impacts of conversion activities. These were followed by a series of case study presentations designed to familiarize participants with the kinds of issues that are dealt with in the Section 404 program. These presentations are cited in this report as (author, workshop presentation).
\nAt the conclusion of these presentations, participants were divided into six workgroups to examine the functions of BLH ecosystems in the areas of hydrology, water quality, fisheries, wildlife, ecosystem processes, and culture/recreation/economics. Each workgroup was asked to undertake the following tasks.
\n1. Developed a list of functions performed by BLH ecosystems from the perspective of the workgroup's expertise and area of responsibility.
\n2. Identify those activities (e.g., impoundment construction, conversion to soybean farming) that impact the major functions (e.g., sediment retention, detrital export) performed by BLH ecosystems.
\n3. Develop a list of characteristics that determine the extent to which a BLH site performs each function and describe the relationship of each characteristic to the function.
\nDevelop, with supporting evidence where possible, an analysis of the impact of each activity (Task 2) on each characteristic (Task 3) and on each function as a whole.
\nUpon completion of Task 2, in an effort to provide some uniformity in the analysis by the various workgroups, EPA personnel and several participants met and compiled a complete list of all the activities identified as having significant impacts in bottomland hardwoods (Table 1). From this list the group derived a set of seven activities, and a number of specific actions associated with each, for analysis by the workgroups (Table 2). These activities were selected on the basis of their perceived importance in BLH ecosystems and their interest from the perspective of EPA. Each workgroup was also encourage to ass any activities of particular important from its perspective.
\nThe workgroup reports that follow document the results of discussion concerning the above tasks. The WORKSHOP SUMMARY attempts to summarize these workgroup results, discuss availability of information, and identify some problems that must be addressed prior to the third workshop in this series.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlidfe Service, National Ecology Center","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Roelle, J.E., Auble, G.T., Hamilton, D.B., Horak, G.C., Johnson, R.L., and Segelquist, C.A., 1987, Results of a workshop concerning impacts of various activities on the functions of bottomland hardwoods, 171 p.","productDescription":"171 p.","numberOfPages":"171","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292783,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f707e4e4b05ec1f2431c15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roelle, James E. roelleb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"James","email":"roelleb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamilton, David B. hamiltond@usgs.gov","contributorId":193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David","email":"hamiltond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":499028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Horak, Gerald C.","contributorId":96322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horak","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, Richard L.","contributorId":32626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Segelquist, Charles A.","contributorId":27368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Segelquist","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70113293,"text":"70113293 - 1987 - A conceptual method for monitoring locust habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-19T12:56:39","indexId":"70113293","displayToPublicDate":"1987-08-01T12:47:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3023,"text":"Pecora XI Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A conceptual method for monitoring locust habitat","docAbstract":"A procedure to map and monitor vegetation conditions in near-real time was developed at the United States Geological Survey;s Earth Resources Observation Systems Data Center for use in locust control efforts. Meteorological satellite dat were acquired daily for 3 weeks in October and November 1986 over a 1.4-million-square-kilometer study area centered on Botswana in southern Africa. Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer data were screened to remove cloud-contaminated data and registered to a 1-kilometer geographic base. Each day the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was calculated to determine the presence and relative amounts of green vegetation in the area. Over a 10-day cycle, subsequent dates of NDVI data were composited to fill in data removed by the cloud-screening process. At any pixel location, the maximum NDVI value was retained. At the end of the 10-day cycle, a composite vegetation-greenness map was produced and another cycle started. Greenness-change maps were produced by comparing two 10-day composite greenness images. Automated map production procedures were used to merge the NDVI image data with cartographic data (boundaries, roads, tick marks) digitized from 1:1,000,000-scale operational navigation charts. The vegetation-greenness map shoes the current distribution of vegetation in the region and can be used to locate potential locust breeding area. The change map shows areas where increases and decreases in greenness have occurred between processing cycles. Significant areas of locust damage in remote regions are characterized by an unexpected decrease in greenness. These maps can be used by locust control teams to efficiently target areas for reconnaissance. In general, the procedures and products have utility for resource managers who are required to monitor vegetation resources over large geographic regions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora XI Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Howard, S.M., Loveland, T., Ohlen, D.O., Moore, D.G., Gallo, K., and Olsson, J., 1987, A conceptual method for monitoring locust habitat: Pecora XI Symposium, p. 376-377.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"376","endPage":"377","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288917,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7610e4b0abf75cf2be6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, Stephen M. 0000-0001-5255-5882 smhoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5255-5882","contributorId":3483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Stephen","email":"smhoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":3005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ohlen, Donald O. ohlen@usgs.gov","contributorId":3779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohlen","given":"Donald","email":"ohlen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":495054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moore, Donald G.","contributorId":41146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gallo, Kevin P.","contributorId":62524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallo","given":"Kevin P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Olsson, Jonathon","contributorId":58945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsson","given":"Jonathon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70121393,"text":"70121393 - 1987 - Results of a workshop concerning assessment of the functions of bottomland hardwoods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-21T12:53:18","indexId":"70121393","displayToPublicDate":"1987-08-01T12:38:20","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"NEC-87/16","title":"Results of a workshop concerning assessment of the functions of bottomland hardwoods","docAbstract":"The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is authorized under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1344) to participate in the regulation of the discharge of dredged or fill material into waters of the United States. This regulatory authority is exercised in partnership with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which has responsibility for permit issuance, and in consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service. Through amendments to the original statute, a series of legal actions and court decisions, and the development of operating guidance among the responsible agencies, Section 404 has evolved into the primary mechanism afforded Federal authorities for the protection of wetlands.
\nEPA recognizes the importance of wetlands in achieving the goals of the Clean Water Act, which are to protect and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation’s waters. EPA Administrator Lee Thomas has identified wetlands protection as among the highest of Agency priorities. EPA recognizes that bottomland hardwood (BLH) wetlands have vital and unique attributes that, if lost, would severely impact the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters. As part of a broad program to better protect the Nation's wetlands, EPA has therefore identified bottomland hardwood wetlands as a priority resource requiring special attention on a national basis.\n
Recognizing the importance of implementing an effective, nationally consistent, and scientifically defensible regulatory program, EPA, in October 1984, issued Interim Operating Guidance to its field personnel for implementing the Section 404 regulatory program in bottomland hardwood wetlands. With the goal of improving and finalizing that guidance, EPA is sponsoring a series of workshops designed to answer key questions concerning BLH wetlands, based on the best scientific and technical information currently available. The first two workshops were directed toward summarizing existing scientific and technical knowledge concerning the functions of BLH ecosystems, the characteristics that are important to each function, and the impact of various development activities on those characteristics.
\nThe first workshop, which was held in St. Francisville, Louisiana, in December, 1984, examined a wetland zonation concept as a framework for gaining a greater understanding of BLH structure and function. The workshop set out to determine whether characterization of BLH resources as a series of relatively distinct zones, defined by concomitant variation in hydrologic regime, soils, and vegetation, might provide the basis for a useful and scientifically sound regulatory framework. For examp1e, if certain zones are of particular importance to one or more wetland functions that the Clean Water Act was intended to protect, then the zonation concept might be useful from the perspective of how various activities should be regulated.
\nDiscussions during the first workshop, however, indicated that the zonation concept provides, at best, only an incomplete picture of the structure and function of BLH ecosystems. In many cases, BLH functions are not limited to or closely correlated with particular zones and, furthermore, many factors other than zone are important determinants of BLH functions.
\nWith these responses in mind, the second workshop, held at Lake Lanier, Georgia, in July, 1985, was designed to elicit information on two questions. First, if zones are not an adequate framework for understanding the functions of BLH systems, what characteristics (predictors) can be used to assess the extent to which a particular site performs these functions? And second, what are the impacts of various development activities that often occur in BLH ecosystems on those characteristics and thus on the functions themselves?
\nAt the second workshop, individual workgroups dealing with particular subject areas (e.g., hydrology, water quality, fisheries, wildlife, ecosystem processes, and cultural/recreational/economic resources) were able to identify site characteristics that are important determinants of the performance of various functions. For example, the Hydrology Workgroup identified flood storage as one of three major hydrologic functions that BLH ecosystems perform. The workgroup then identified the most important characteristic (e.g., surface area of the site, soil saturation, and others) that determine flood storage and the likely impact of several common activities (e.g., conversion to soybean production and levee construction) on these characteristics. Some of the workgroups also provided estimates of the aggregate impact of activities, acting through all of the characteristics, on certain functions. The workgroups also identified key characteristics that could be used to identify high-value wetlands for various functions.
\nIn addition, the workgroups pointed out a number of topics needing further examination and discussion. First, all of the workgroups identified the need to develop the technical basis and information sources to address the problem of cumulative impacts in the regulatory process. Second, most of the workgroups noted the important of contextual variables in assessing the function of a particular site. For example, the location of a BLH site in relationship to other tracts of habitat is an important variable for many wildlife species. Similarly, the extent to which a site retains or transforms contaminants is depended not only on the characteristics of the site, but also on its position in a watershed relative to contaminant inputs. And finally, several of the workgroups pointed out that assessing the impact of an activity on a function is not as simple as \"adding up\" the impact on individual characteristics, but may depend instead on complex interactions among characteristics. Addressing these questions, as summarized in the objectives and discussions that follow, was the focus of the third workshop, the results of which are described in this report.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Ecology Center","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Roelle, J.E., Auble, G.T., Hamilton, D.B., Johnson, R.L., and Segelquist, C.A., 1987, Results of a workshop concerning assessment of the functions of bottomland hardwoods, 173 p.","productDescription":"173 p.","numberOfPages":"173","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292782,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f707e3e4b05ec1f2431c0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roelle, James E. roelleb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"James","email":"roelleb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamilton, David B. hamiltond@usgs.gov","contributorId":193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David","email":"hamiltond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":499023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Richard L.","contributorId":32626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Segelquist, Charles A.","contributorId":27368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Segelquist","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70113292,"text":"70113292 - 1987 - A joint NOAA/USGS study to evaluate satellite assessment of land surface features and climatic variables","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T15:56:37.983871","indexId":"70113292","displayToPublicDate":"1987-08-01T12:32:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A joint NOAA/USGS study to evaluate satellite assessment of land surface features and climatic variables","docAbstract":"Data collection and preliminary analyses have begun for a study that will evaluate the usefulness of satellite data for assessment of land surface features and climatic variables. The objective of the study is to determine what relationships exist between routinely available ground-based climatic and land surface information and satellite-obtained land surface information. The overall goal is to contribute to the increasingly important understanding of land surface climatology.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora XI Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Gallo, K.P., Tarpley, J., Howard, S.M., and Moore, D.G., 1987, A joint NOAA/USGS study to evaluate satellite assessment of land surface features and climatic variables, in Pecora XI Symposium, p. 348-363.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"348","endPage":"363","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288914,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7613e4b0abf75cf2be78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gallo, Kevin P. kgallo@usgs.gov","contributorId":4200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallo","given":"Kevin","email":"kgallo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tarpley, J.D.","contributorId":57373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tarpley","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howard, Stephen M. 0000-0001-5255-5882 smhoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5255-5882","contributorId":3483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Stephen","email":"smhoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moore, D. G.","contributorId":7285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5222489,"text":"5222489 - 1987 - Age-specificity of black-capped chickadee survival rates: Analysis of capture-recapture data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T16:05:20.092722","indexId":"5222489","displayToPublicDate":"1987-08-01T12:19:02","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age-specificity of black-capped chickadee survival rates: Analysis of capture-recapture data","docAbstract":"The ornithological literature indicates a widespread belief in two generalizations about the age—specificity of avian survival rates: (1) survival rates of young birds for some period following fledging are lower than those of adults, and (2) after reaching adulthood survival rates are constant for birds of all ages. There is a growing body of evidence in support of the first generalization, although little is known about how long the survival difference between young and adults lasts. This latter question can be addressed with capture—recapture or band recovery studies based on birds marked in the winter, but the inability to determine age in many species during winter has prevented the use of standard methods. There is very little evidence supporting the second generalization, and we are in need of methods and actual analyses that address this question. In the present paper we restate the two generalizations as hypotheses and test them using data from a wintering Black—capped Chickadee (Parus atricapillus) population in Connecticut, which has been studied by Loery for 26 yr. We use a cohort—based Jolly—Seber approach, which should be useful in other investigations of this nature. We found strong evidence of lower survival rates in 1st—yr birds than in adults, but could not determine whether this was the result of higher mortality rates, higher emigration rates, or a combination of the two. We also found evidence that survival rates of adult birds were not constant with age but decreased at a rate of ° 3.5%/yr. As adult birds are very faithful to their wintering areas, we believe that almost all this decrease can be attributed to an increase in mortality with age. Simulation results suggest that heterogeneity of capture probabilities could not explain the magnitude of the decrease in survival with age. Age—dependent tag loss is also discussed as an alternative explanation, but is dismissed as very unlikely in this situation. This analysis thus provides some of the first evidence of declining adult survival probabilities with age for any bird species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1938375","usgsCitation":"Loery, G., Nichols, J.D., Pollock, K.H., and Hines, J.E., 1987, Age-specificity of black-capped chickadee survival rates: Analysis of capture-recapture data: Ecology, v. 68, no. 4, p. 1038-1044, https://doi.org/10.2307/1938375.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1038","endPage":"1044","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194291,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db689227","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loery, G.","contributorId":46182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loery","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":140652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":336371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollock, Kenneth H.","contributorId":8590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, James E. 0000-0001-5478-7230 jhines@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":146530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":336372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70113270,"text":"70113270 - 1987 - Producing Alaska interim land cover maps from Landsat digital and ancillary data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T15:50:53.638501","indexId":"70113270","displayToPublicDate":"1987-08-01T11:47:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Producing Alaska interim land cover maps from Landsat digital and ancillary data","docAbstract":"In 1985, the U.S. Geological Survey initiated a research program to produce 1:250,000-scale land cover maps of Alaska using digital Landsat multispectral scanner data and ancillary data and to evaluate the potential of establishing a statewide land cover mapping program using this approach. The geometrically corrected and resampled Landsat pixel data are registered to a Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection, along with arc-second digital elevation model data used as an aid in the final computer classification. Areas summaries of the land cover classes are extracted by merging the Landsat digital classification files with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management's Public Land Survey digital file. Registration of the digital land cover data is verified and control points are identified so that a laser plotter can products screened film separate for printing the classification data at map scale directly from the digital file.
\nThe final land cover classification is retained both as a color map at 1:250,000 scale registered to the U.S. Geological Survey base map, with area summaries by township and range on the reverse, and as a digital file where it may be used as a category in a geographic information system.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora XI Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick-Lins, K., Doughty, E.F., Shasby, M., Loveland, T., and Benjamin, S., 1987, Producing Alaska interim land cover maps from Landsat digital and ancillary data, in Pecora XI Symposium, p. 339-348.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"339","endPage":"348","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288909,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.5,51.2 ], [ 172.5,71.4 ], [ -130.0,71.4 ], [ -130.0,51.2 ], [ 172.5,51.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae77f6e4b0abf75cf2c60e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick-Lins, Katherine","contributorId":75906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick-Lins","given":"Katherine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doughty, Eileen Flanagan","contributorId":83443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doughty","given":"Eileen","email":"","middleInitial":"Flanagan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shasby, Mark shasbym@usgs.gov","contributorId":69158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shasby","given":"Mark","email":"shasbym@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":3005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Benjamin, Susan","contributorId":77938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benjamin","given":"Susan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70113258,"text":"70113258 - 1987 - Data integration using color space transforms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-19T11:41:55","indexId":"70113258","displayToPublicDate":"1987-08-01T11:32:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3023,"text":"Pecora XI Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Data integration using color space transforms","docAbstract":"The demand for increased spatial resolution without sacrificing spectral discrimination can be fulfilled by integration of data from different sensor systems and satellite programs. Data of high spatial resolution are frequently available in panchromatic (black-and-white) form rather than multispectral. Techniques gave been developed to combine the higher resolution panchromatic data with a multispectral data set of lower spatial resolution.
\nThe standard method of integration modulates the intensity of the mutispectral with the panchromatic data. A less subjective approach uses an algorithm that describes color in terms of intensity (I), hue (H), and saturation (S).
\nCombinations of high resolution panchromatic data (SPOT panchromatic) and lower resolution multispectral data [Landsat thematic mapper (TM), SPOT XS] have been developed. The SPOT data were acquired on April 3, 1986, and the Landsat TM data were acquired on April 5, 1986. The data sets were registered to each other and the multi-spectral data sets were contrast enhanced. The enhanced multispectral data sets were then transformed from red/green/blue (RGB) color space into IHS space. In each case (TM/SPOT panchromatic and SPOT XS/SPOT panchromatic), the SPOT panchromatic data were remapped on a cumulative histogram percentage basis to match the multispectral \"I\" data. These remapped SPOT panchromatic data were substituted for the original multispectral \"I\" and the hybrid IHS data transformed back into RGB space for display.
\nWhile this technique is experimental and still being refined, the results, to date, indicate that the IHS method will be valuable for generating improved images that effectively present both high resolution spatial digital data and multispectral data.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora XI Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Feuquay, J.W., 1987, Data integration using color space transforms: Pecora XI Symposium, p. 326-326.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"326","endPage":"326","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288906,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7665e4b0abf75cf2bf61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feuquay, Jay W.","contributorId":108031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feuquay","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70113255,"text":"70113255 - 1987 - Digital processing techniques and film density calibration for printing image data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T15:46:20.09761","indexId":"70113255","displayToPublicDate":"1987-08-01T11:23:13","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Digital processing techniques and film density calibration for printing image data","docAbstract":"Satellite image data that cover a wide range of environments are being used to make prints that represent a map type product. If a wide distribution of these products is desired, they are printed using lithographic rather than photographic procedures to reduce the cost per print. Problems are encountered in the photo lab if the film products to be used for lithographic printing have the same density range and density curve characteristics as the film used for photographic printing. A method is presented that keeps the film densities within the 1.1 range required for lithographic printing, but generates film products with contrast similar to that in photographic film for the majority of data (80 percent). Also, spatial filters can be used to enhance local detail in dark and bright regions, as well as to sharpen the final image product using edge enhancement techniques.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora XI Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Chavez, P.S., McSweeney, J.A., and Binnie, D.R., 1987, Digital processing techniques and film density calibration for printing image data, in Pecora XI Symposium, p. 293-302.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"302","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288904,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7683e4b0abf75cf2bf81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chavez, Pat S.","contributorId":82308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chavez","given":"Pat","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McSweeney, Joseph A.","contributorId":51908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McSweeney","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Binnie, Douglas R. binnie@usgs.gov","contributorId":3269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binnie","given":"Douglas","email":"binnie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":495027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70113248,"text":"70113248 - 1987 - BIA interpretation techniques for vegetation mapping using thematic mapper false color composites (interim report for San Carlos Reservation)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-19T11:17:23","indexId":"70113248","displayToPublicDate":"1987-08-01T11:05:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3023,"text":"Pecora XI Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"BIA interpretation techniques for vegetation mapping using thematic mapper false color composites (interim report for San Carlos Reservation)","docAbstract":"The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is responsible for the natural resource management of approximately 52 million acres of Trust lands in the contiguous United States. The lands are distributed in a \"patchwork\" fashion throughout the country. Management responsibilities on these areas include: minerals, range, timber, fish and wildlife, agricultural, cultural, and archaeological resources. In an age of decreasing natural resources and increasing natural resource values, effective multiple resource management is critical.
\nBIA has adopted a \"systems approach\" to natural resource management which utilizes Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. The GIS encompasses a continuum of spatial and relational data elements, and included functional capabilities such as: data collection, data entry, data base development, data analysis, data base management, display, and report generalization. In support of database development activities, BIA and BLM/TGS conducted a cooperative effort to investigate the potential of 1:100,000 scale Thematic Mapper (TM) False Color Composites (FCCs) for providing vegetation information suitable for input to the GIS and to later be incorporated as a generalized Bureau wide land cover map. Land cover information is critical as the majority of reservations currently have no land cover information in either map or digital form.
\nThis poster outlines an approach which includes the manual interpretation of land cover using TM FCCs, the digitizing of interpreted polygons, and the editing of digital data, used upon ground truthing exercises. An efficient and cost-effective methodology for generating large area land cover information is illustrated for the Mineral Strip area on the San Carlos Indian Reservation in Arizona. Techniques which capitalize on the knowledge of the local natural resources professionals, while minimizing machine processing requirements, are suggested.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora XI Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Bonner, W., English, T., Haas, R.H., Feagan, T., and McKinley, R., 1987, BIA interpretation techniques for vegetation mapping using thematic mapper false color composites (interim report for San Carlos Reservation): Pecora XI Symposium, p. 291-292.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"292","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288899,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"San Carlos Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.7469,32.875 ], [ -110.7469,33.817 ], [ -109.4906,33.817 ], [ -109.4906,32.875 ], [ -110.7469,32.875 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7643e4b0abf75cf2beeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bonner, W.J.","contributorId":51157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonner","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"English, T.C.","contributorId":92584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"English","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haas, R. H.","contributorId":57456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haas","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Feagan, T.R.","contributorId":17144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feagan","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McKinley, R.A.","contributorId":102390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKinley","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70113246,"text":"70113246 - 1987 - A color-communication scheme for digital imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-19T11:03:28","indexId":"70113246","displayToPublicDate":"1987-08-01T10:54:29","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3023,"text":"Pecora XI Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A color-communication scheme for digital imagery","docAbstract":"Color pictures generated from digital images are frequently used by geologists, foresters, range managers, and others. These color products are preferred over black and white pictures because the human eye is more sensitive to color differences than to various shades of gray. Color discrimination is a function of perception, and therefore colors in these color composites are generally described subjectively, which can lead to ambiguous color communication. Numerous color-coordinate systems are available that quantitively relate digital triplets representing amounts of red, free, and blue to the parameters of hue, saturation, and intensity perceived by the eye. Most of these systems implement a complex transformation of the primary colors to a color space that is hard to visualize, thus making it difficult to relate digital triplets to perception parameters. This paper presents a color-communcation scheme that relates colors on a color triangle to corresponding values of \"hue\" (H), \"saturation\" (S), and chromaticity coordinates (x,y,z). The scheme simplifies the relation between red, green, and blue (RGB) digital triplets and the color generated by these triplets. Some examples of the use of the color-communication scheme in digital image processing are presented.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora XI Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Acosta, A., 1987, A color-communication scheme for digital imagery: Pecora XI Symposium, p. 253-272.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"272","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288892,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae760fe4b0abf75cf2be66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Acosta, Alex aacosta@usgs.gov","contributorId":73557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acosta","given":"Alex","email":"aacosta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70113240,"text":"70113240 - 1987 - Overview of the land analysis system (LAS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T16:30:02.983321","indexId":"70113240","displayToPublicDate":"1987-08-01T10:31:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Overview of the land analysis system (LAS)","docAbstract":"The Land Analysis System (LAS) is a fully integrated digital analysis system designed to support remote sensing, image processing, and geographic information systems research. LAS is being developed through a cooperative effort between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center and the U. S. Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS) Data Center.
\nLAS has over 275 analysis modules capable to performing input and output, radiometric correction, geometric registration, signal processing, logical operations, data transformation, classification, spatial analysis, nominal filtering, conversion between raster and vector data types, and display manipulation of image and ancillary data.
\nLAS is currently implant using the Transportable Applications Executive (TAE). While TAE was designed primarily to be transportable, it still provides the necessary components for a standard user interface, terminal handling, input and output services, display management, and intersystem communications. With TAE the analyst uses the same interface to the processing modules regardless of the host computer or operating system.
\nLAS was originally implemented at EROS on a Digital Equipment Corporation computer system under the Virtual Memorial System operating system with DeAnza displays and is presently being converted to run on a Gould Power Node and Sun workstation under the Berkeley System Distribution UNIX operating system.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora XI Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Quirk, B.K., and Olseson, L.R., 1987, Overview of the land analysis system (LAS), in Pecora XI Symposium, p. 133-148.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"148","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288887,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7793e4b0abf75cf2c182","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quirk, Bruce K. quirk@usgs.gov","contributorId":4285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quirk","given":"Bruce","email":"quirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":495014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olseson, Lyndon R.","contributorId":94594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olseson","given":"Lyndon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}