No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Technology for the future, applications for today: ASPRS-ACSM Annual Convention","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"ASPRS-ACSM Annual Convention","conferenceDate":"March 29-April 3, 1987","conferenceLocation":"Baltimore, Maryland, United States","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Thormodsgard, J.M., and Lillesand, T.M., 1987, Comparison of the gridded finite element and the polynomial interpolations for geometric rectification and mosaicking of Landsat data, in Technology for the future, applications for today: ASPRS-ACSM Annual Convention, Baltimore, Maryland, United States, March 29-April 3, 1987, p. 139-151.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"151","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":401149,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thormodsgard, June M. thor@usgs.gov","contributorId":3035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thormodsgard","given":"June","email":"thor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":843830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lillesand, T. M.","contributorId":24126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lillesand","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":843831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70121884,"text":"70121884 - 1987 - Community models for wildlife impact assessment: a review of concepts and approaches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-25T09:21:38","indexId":"70121884","displayToPublicDate":"1987-03-01T09:08:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Community models for wildlife impact assessment: a review of concepts and approaches","docAbstract":"The first two sections of this paper are concerned with defining and bounding communities, and describing those attributes of the community that are quantifiable and suitable for wildlife impact assessment purposes. Prior to the development or use of a community model, it is important to have a clear understanding of the concept of a community and a knowledge of the types of community attributes that can serve as outputs for the development of models. Clearly defined, unambiguous model outputs are essential for three reasons: (1) to ensure that the measured community attributes relate to the wildlife resource objectives of the study; (2) to allow testing of the outputs in experimental studies, to determine accuracy, and to allow for improvements based on such testing; and (3) to enable others to clearly understand the community attribute that has been measured.
\nThe third section of this paper described input variables that may be used to predict various community attributes. These input variables do not include direct measures of wildlife populations. Most impact assessments involve projects that result in drastic changes in habitat, such as changes in land use, vegetation, or available area. Therefore, the model input variables described in this section deal primarily with habitat related features.
\nSeveral existing community models are described in the fourth section of this paper. A general description of each model is provided, including the nature of the input variables and the model output. The logic and assumptions of each model are discussed, along with data requirements needed to use the model.
\nThe fifth section provides guidance on the selection and development of community models. Identification of the community attribute that is of concern will determine the type of model most suitable for a particular application. This section provides guidelines on selected an existing model, as well as a discussion of the major steps to be followed in modifying an existing model or developing a new model. Considerations associated with the use of community models with the Habitat Evaluation Procedures are also discussed.
\nThe final section of the paper summarizes major findings of interest to field biologists and provides recommendations concerning the implementation of selected concepts in wildlife community analyses.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Report","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Schroeder, R.L., 1987, Community models for wildlife impact assessment: a review of concepts and approaches, v. 87, no. 2, vii, 41 p.","productDescription":"vii, 41 p.","numberOfPages":"48","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292931,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fc4dc6e4b0413fd75d6a6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schroeder, Richard L.","contributorId":10368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014730,"text":"70014730 - 1987 - Water on Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-03T22:56:51.026446","indexId":"70014730","displayToPublicDate":"1987-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water on Mars","docAbstract":"Estimates of the amount of water outgassed from Mars, based on the composition of the atmosphere, range from 6 to 160 m, as compared with 3 km for the Earth. In contrast, large flood features, valley networks, and several indicators of ground ice suggest that at least 500 m of water have outgassed. The two sets of estimates may be reconciled if early in its history, Mars lost part of its atmosphere by impact erosion and hydrodynamic escape.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/326030a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Carr, M.H., 1987, Water on Mars: Nature, v. 326, no. 6108, p. 30-35, https://doi.org/10.1038/326030a0.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"30","endPage":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225975,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"326","issue":"6108","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1987-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc85ce4b08c986b32c8d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":369148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014775,"text":"70014775 - 1987 - Multi-channel seismic imaging of a crustal magma chamber along the East Pacific Rise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-03T23:01:05.223129","indexId":"70014775","displayToPublicDate":"1987-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multi-channel seismic imaging of a crustal magma chamber along the East Pacific Rise","docAbstract":"A reflection observed on multi-channel seismic profiles along and across the East Pacific Rise between 8°50′ N and 13°30′ N is interpreted to arise from the top of a crustal magma chamber located 1.2–2.4 km below the sea floor. The magma chamber is quite narrow (<4 – 6 km wide), but can be traced as a nearly continuous feature for tens of kilometres along the rise axis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/326035a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Detrick, R.S., Buhl, P., Vera, E., Mutter, J., Orcutt, J., Madsen, J., and Brocher, T., 1987, Multi-channel seismic imaging of a crustal magma chamber along the East Pacific Rise: Nature, v. 326, no. 6108, p. 35-41, https://doi.org/10.1038/326035a0.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"41","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225594,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"326","issue":"6108","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1987-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5fafe4b0c8380cd71092","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Detrick, R. S.","contributorId":29133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Detrick","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6923,"text":"University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":369262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buhl, P.","contributorId":51926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhl","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vera, E.","contributorId":57216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vera","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mutter, J.","contributorId":45468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mutter","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Orcutt, J.","contributorId":51457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orcutt","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Madsen, J.","contributorId":31921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madsen","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Brocher, T.","contributorId":77305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70185541,"text":"70185541 - 1987 - Monodisperse ferrous phosphate colloids in an anoxic groundwater plume","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T10:44:34","indexId":"70185541","displayToPublicDate":"1987-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monodisperse ferrous phosphate colloids in an anoxic groundwater plume","docAbstract":"Groundwater samples collected near a secondary-sewage infiltration site on Cape Cod, Massachusetts were examined for colloidal materials (10–1000 nm). In two wells the water contained a population of monodisperse 100-nm particles, detected using laser-light scattering and autocorrelation data processing. SEM and SEM-EDAX analysis of these colloidal materials collected on ultrafilters confirmed the laser light scattering result and revealed that these microparticles consisyed of primarily iron and phosphorus in a 1.86 Fe to 1.0 P stoichiometric ratio. Chemical analyses of the water samples, together with equilibrium solubility calculations, strongly suggest that the ion-activity product should exceed the solubility product of a 100-nm diameter predominantly vivianite-type (Fe3(PO4)2 · 8H2O) colloidal phase. In light of our results, we conclude that these microparticles were formed by sewage-derived phosphate combining with ferrous iron released from the aquifer solids, and that these colloids may be moving in the groundwater flow. Such a subsurface transport process could have major implications regarding the movement of particle-reactive pollutants traditionally viewed as non-mobile in groundwater.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1016/0169-7722(87)90011-8","usgsCitation":"Gschwend, P.M., and Reynolds, M.D., 1987, Monodisperse ferrous phosphate colloids in an anoxic groundwater plume: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 1, no. 3, p. 309-327, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(87)90011-8.","productDescription":"19 p. ","startPage":"309","endPage":"327","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338188,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts ","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.850830078125,\n 41.36031866306708\n ],\n [\n -69.8291015625,\n 41.36031866306708\n ],\n [\n -69.8291015625,\n 42.13082130188811\n ],\n [\n -70.850830078125,\n 42.13082130188811\n ],\n [\n -70.850830078125,\n 41.36031866306708\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d4df18e4b05ec79911d1f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gschwend, Philip M.","contributorId":189502,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gschwend","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, Matthew D.","contributorId":189741,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70208789,"text":"70208789 - 1987 - Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report April 1987- June 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-28T12:20:04","indexId":"70208789","displayToPublicDate":"1987-02-28T12:18:05","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3771,"text":"Wildlife Disease Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report April 1987- June 1987","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Converse, K.A., Windingstad, R., Franson, J.C., and Roffe, T., 1987, Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report April 1987- June 1987: Wildlife Disease Newsletter, v. 23, no. 4, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":372741,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Converse, K. A.","contributorId":119535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Converse","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Windingstad, R.","contributorId":15558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Windingstad","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Franson, J. Christian 0000-0002-0251-4238 jfranson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":177499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"jfranson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Christian","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":783385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roffe, T.","contributorId":91051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roffe","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70208661,"text":"70208661 - 1987 - Eocene siliceous and calcareous phytoplankton, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T11:26:01","indexId":"70208661","displayToPublicDate":"1987-02-24T11:22:29","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1996,"text":"Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eocene siliceous and calcareous phytoplankton, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 95","docAbstract":"Eocene siliceous and calcareous phytoplankton, with emphasis on silicoflagellates, were studied in 62 samples from DSDP Sites 612 and 613 on the continental slope and rise off New Jersey. The mid-latitude assemblages correlate well with assemblages from California, Peru, and offshore of southern Brazil, but are distinctly different from high-latitude cold-water assemblages of the Falkland Plateau off southern Argentina. Coccoliths and silicoflagellates provide evidence for the presence of a fairly complete middle and upper Eocene sequence, represented by a composite of Sites 612 and 613. A major unconformity occurs at the middle Eocene to upper Eocene contact at Site 612.
The genus Bachmannocena Locker is emended and proposed as a replacement for genus Mesocena Ehrenberg for ring silicoflagellates. Six new silicoflagellates and one new diatom are described: Bachmannocena apiculata monolineata Bukry, n. subsp., Corbisema amicula Bukry, n. sp., C. bimucronata elegans Bukry, n. subsp., C. hastata incohata Bukry, n. subsp., C. jerseyensis Bukry, n. sp., Dictyocha acuta Bukry, n. sp., and Coscinodiscus eomonoculus Bukry, n. sp. Also, one new replacement name, B. paulschulzn Bukry, nom. nov., and 24 new combinations are proposed for genus Bachmannocena.
","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.95.112.1987","usgsCitation":"Bukry, D., 1987, Eocene siliceous and calcareous phytoplankton, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 95: Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P., v. 95, p. 395-415, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.95.112.1987.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"395","endPage":"415","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488871,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.95.112.1987","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":372555,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bukry, David 0000-0003-4540-890X dbukry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4540-890X","contributorId":3550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukry","given":"David","email":"dbukry@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":782936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70208660,"text":"70208660 - 1987 - North Atlantic Quaternary silicoflagellates, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T11:16:04","indexId":"70208660","displayToPublicDate":"1987-02-24T11:06:54","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1996,"text":"Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"North Atlantic Quaternary silicoflagellates, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 94","docAbstract":"Quaternary silicoflagellates from Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Mid-Atlantic Leg 94 are generally sparse and dissolution-thinned. Mesocena quadrangula, a low-latitude biostratigraphic guide species, occurs at all four sites studied (606, 607, 609, and 611), allowing identification of low-latitude zones—Dictyocha aculeata Zone, Mesocena quadrangula Zone, and Dictyocha stapedia stapedia Zone. A lack of cool-water Distephanus speculum speculum reflects warm relative paleotemperature values (Ts 74 to 98) for Leg 94. Comparison with assemblages at coastal DSDP Hole 397, off Africa, shows that Hole 397 has more abundant D. speculum speculum, suggesting that upwelling nutrient supply may significantly affect the total numbers of this species. The siliceous record of Leg 94 is sporadic, with several levels of nonpreservation that make paleotemperature trends difficult to establish by silicoflagellates. The northern range of M. quadrangula is extended to 52°50'N at Hole 611C. Opal phytoliths occur at southern Holes 606 and 607. These grasslands-produced nannofossils, representing eolian sedimentation from northwestern Africa, were likely distributed most widely during arid glacial intervals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.94.117.1987","usgsCitation":"Bukry, D., 1987, North Atlantic Quaternary silicoflagellates, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 94: Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P., v. 94, no. 1-2, p. 779-783, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.94.117.1987.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"779","endPage":"783","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488892,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.94.117.1987","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":372554,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North Atlantic Ocean ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -39.7265625,\n 35.460669951495305\n ],\n [\n -18.6328125,\n 35.460669951495305\n ],\n [\n -18.6328125,\n 58.07787626787517\n ],\n [\n -39.7265625,\n 58.07787626787517\n ],\n [\n -39.7265625,\n 35.460669951495305\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bukry, David 0000-0003-4540-890X dbukry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4540-890X","contributorId":3550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukry","given":"David","email":"dbukry@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":782934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221503,"text":"70221503 - 1987 - Alaskan Cretaceous-Tertiary floras and Arctic origins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-18T21:53:06.517019","indexId":"70221503","displayToPublicDate":"1987-02-01T16:48:43","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3001,"text":"Paleobiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alaskan Cretaceous-Tertiary floras and Arctic origins","docAbstract":"Cretaceous floras in Alaska, when compared to those at mid-latitudes, generally indicate later appearances in Alaska of major clades and major leaf morphologies. Compared to mid-latitude floras, Alaskan Late Cretaceous floras contain few major clades. The Alaskan clades diversified but at a low taxonomic level. Migrational pathways into high latitudes were probably along streams. Similar patterns characterized the Alaskan Tertiary, although some southward migrations of lineages occurred during the Neogene. Review of other Arctic paleontological data from Ellesmere Island, previously used to suggest that the Arctic was a major center of origin during the Late Cretaceous, indicates that the ages of supposedly substantiating dinoflagellate floras were misinterpreted. When the dinoflagellate data are interpreted according to standard methodology, first occurrences of genera and species groups on Ellesmere are, like the Alaskan occurrences, later than first occurrences at middle latitudes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0094837300008599","usgsCitation":"Spicer, R.A., Wolfe, J.A., and Nichols, D.J., 1987, Alaskan Cretaceous-Tertiary floras and Arctic origins: Paleobiology, v. 13, no. 1, p. 73-83, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0094837300008599.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"83","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386596,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-04-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spicer, Robert A.","contributorId":80681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spicer","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolfe, Jack A.","contributorId":102474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, Douglas J.","contributorId":87184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70121605,"text":"70121605 - 1987 - Methods for evaluating riparian habitats with applications to management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-22T15:28:03","indexId":"70121605","displayToPublicDate":"1987-02-01T15:08:59","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Methods for evaluating riparian habitats with applications to management","docAbstract":"Riparian area planning and management is a major national issues today--something that should have been the case a century ago. A century of additive effects of land use has resulted in major impacts on many riparian stream habitats and their fisheries, wildlife, and domestic livestock use. Before scientists can evaluate the influences of various land and water uses on riparian environments, they must first understand these environments. This means being able to detect and measure with confidence the natural and artificial variation and instantaneous conditions of the riparian habitat. 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","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0198-0149(87)90044-6","usgsCitation":"Piper, D.Z., and Kolodny, Y., 1987, The stable isotopic composition of a phosphorite deposit: δ13C, δ34S, and δ18O: Deep Sea Research Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 34, no. 5-6, p. 897-911, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(87)90044-6.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"897","endPage":"911","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371549,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, David Z. dzpiper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"David","email":"dzpiper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolodny, Y.","contributorId":11337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolodny","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207970,"text":"70207970 - 1987 - Rocky Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-21T16:09:14","indexId":"70207970","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-21T15:56:01","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Rocky Mountains","docAbstract":"The Rocky Mountain region is one of the most topographically distinct and impressive parts of North America. The Rocky Mountains rise abruptly above the bordering regions, particularly on the east and northeast where they are flanked by plains, less so on the west and southwest where they are bounded by high plateaus. The Rocky Mountains comprise more than 100 individually named ranges that form a belt extending for slightly more than 5,000 km, from near Santa Fe, New Mexico, on the south to the Bering Sea on the north (Fig. 1). The belt varies in width from less than 100 km in the Canadian Rockies to nearly 600 km in the Middle Rockies of Wyoming and northeast Utah. The summits of the ranges rise 1,500 to 2,100 m above adjacent lowlands, to heights 1,800 to 4,400 m above sea level. The Southern Rockies of Colorado have the greatest amount of area, between 3,300 and 4,400 m, and the highest peak, Mount Elbert (4,400 m). The largest area of low mountains is in the Northern Rockies of Idaho and Montana, where summits are commonly only 2,100 to 2,400 m above sea level.
A substantial part of the Rocky Mountain region consists of lowlands, in the form of basins and fault-bounded troughs and trenches that lie between ranges. The Rocky Mountain Trench is perhaps the most spectacular fault-bounded lowland, even if it is not the most representative. It extends north from Flathead Lake, Montana, more than 1,500 km, and forms
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphic Systems of North America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/DNAG-CENT-v2.211","usgsCitation":"Madole, R.F., Bradley, W., Loewenherz, D., Ritter, D., Rutter, N., and Thorn, C., 1987, Rocky Mountains, chap. of Geomorphic Systems of North America, v. 2, p. 211-257, https://doi.org/10.1130/DNAG-CENT-v2.211.","productDescription":"47 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"257","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371430,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madole, Richard F. 0000-0002-9081-570X madole@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9081-570X","contributorId":1340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madole","given":"Richard","email":"madole@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradley, W.C.","contributorId":221699,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bradley","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loewenherz, D.S.","contributorId":221700,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loewenherz","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ritter, D.F.","contributorId":221701,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ritter","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rutter, N.W.","contributorId":221702,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rutter","given":"N.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thorn, C.E.","contributorId":221703,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thorn","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70207904,"text":"70207904 - 1987 - Discussion of ‘Structure and eruptive mechanisms at Surtsey Volcano, Iceland’ by J. G. Moore","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-17T13:34:49","indexId":"70207904","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-17T13:28:27","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1783,"text":"Geological Magazine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discussion of ‘Structure and eruptive mechanisms at Surtsey Volcano, Iceland’ by J. G. Moore","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0016756800015806","usgsCitation":"Moore, J.G., 1987, Discussion of ‘Structure and eruptive mechanisms at Surtsey Volcano, Iceland’ by J. G. Moore: Geological Magazine, v. 124, no. 1, p. 79-86, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800015806.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"86","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480080,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800015806","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371359,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"124","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207854,"text":"70207854 - 1987 - Ionic conductivity of quartz: DC time dependence and transition in charge carriers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-09T14:53:28.827147","indexId":"70207854","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-15T16:23:03","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ionic conductivity of quartz: DC time dependence and transition in charge carriers","docAbstract":"The time dependence of DC electrical conductivity in the c-axis direction of quartz can be accounted for by a transition in charge carriers from interstitial alkali impurities to interstitial H. The diffusive transport rates of Li, Na, and K are rapid parallel to c and have been shown to be responsible for the highly anisotropic electrical conductivity measured at short times. With increasing time, however, conductivities parallel to c decrease progressively to values that are roughly equal to those measured perpendicular to c. Comparison of these ultimate, nearly isotropic conductivities with those derived from recent measurements of H diffusion parallel and perpendicular to c suggests that H interstitials are the principal charge carriers at long times. The transient decrease in conductivities parallel to c is interpreted to result from depletion of initial alkali impurities, whereas the steady-state conductivities measured at long times may be sustained by the steady supply of H by the dissociation of atmospheric water vapor. The mobility of H along the c axis is anomalously low and at variance with the trend of increasing mobility with decreasing ionic radius exhibited by Cs, Rb, K, Na, and Li. Although the elastic lattice distortions required for H transport are insignificant in comparison with those required by the larger alkali impurities, the strong association of H interstitials with Al substitutions for Si may be responsible for the relatively low H mobilities.
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Kronenberg, A.K., and Kirby, S.H., 1987, Ionic conductivity of quartz: DC time dependence and transition in charge carriers: American Mineralogist, v. 72, no. 7-8, p. 739-747.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"739","endPage":"747","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371282,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"7-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kronenberg, A. K.","contributorId":94787,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kronenberg","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirby, Stephen H. 0000-0003-1636-4688 skirby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1636-4688","contributorId":2752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"Stephen","email":"skirby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207848,"text":"70207848 - 1987 - Inelastic properties of several high pressure crystalline phases of H2O: Ices II, III, and V","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-15T15:56:22","indexId":"70207848","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-15T15:51:09","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5216,"text":"Journal de Physique Colloques","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inelastic properties of several high pressure crystalline phases of H2O: Ices II, III, and V","docAbstract":"We have performed deformation experiments on cylinders of polycrystalline H2O at temperatures from 178 to 257 K at pressures to 500 MPa in the stability fields of ices II, III, and V. Ice II is the strongest of the phases, having a strength under laboratory conditions roughly comparable to that of ice Ih. Ice V is somewhat weaker than ice II. Ice III is extremely weak and over geologic times must behave essentially as a liquid bounded below by ice V and above by ice II or Ih. Phase relationships are complicated by a number of phase metastabilities, the most important of which is the existence of ice III in the ice II field for extended periods of time. Even under deformation at temperatures as low as 211 K (over 30 K below the ice III field), the transformations from III to II can not be made to happen in the laboratory.
","language":"English","publisher":"EDP Sciences","doi":"10.1051/jphyscol:1987130","usgsCitation":"Durham, W.B., Kirby, S.H., Heard, H.C., and Stern, L.A., 1987, Inelastic properties of several high pressure crystalline phases of H2O: Ices II, III, and V: Journal de Physique Colloques, v. 48, no. C1, p. 221-226, https://doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1987130.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"226","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480081,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hal.science/jpa-00226275","text":"External Repository"},{"id":371276,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"C1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Durham, William B.","contributorId":24695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durham","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirby, Stephen H. 0000-0003-1636-4688 skirby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1636-4688","contributorId":2752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"Stephen","email":"skirby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heard, H. C.","contributorId":65997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heard","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stern, Laura A. 0000-0003-3440-5674 lstern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-5674","contributorId":1197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"Laura","email":"lstern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207841,"text":"70207841 - 1987 - Correction to “Rheology of the lithosphere: Selected topics”","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-09T14:47:13.21666","indexId":"70207841","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-15T13:37:53","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correction to “Rheology of the lithosphere: Selected topics”","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/RG025i008p01680","usgsCitation":"Kirby, S.H., and Kronenberg, A.K., 1987, Correction to “Rheology of the lithosphere: Selected topics”: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 25, no. 8, p. 1680-1681, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG025i008p01680.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1680","endPage":"1681","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480082,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/rg025i008p01680","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371269,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirby, Stephen H. 0000-0003-1636-4688 skirby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1636-4688","contributorId":2752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"Stephen","email":"skirby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kronenberg, A. K.","contributorId":94787,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kronenberg","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207782,"text":"70207782 - 1987 - Inorganic and organic geochemistry of Eocene to Cretaceous strata recovered from the lower continental rise, North American Basin, Site 603, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-02T15:54:15.603156","indexId":"70207782","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-10T11:26:47","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1996,"text":"Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inorganic and organic geochemistry of Eocene to Cretaceous strata recovered from the lower continental rise, North American Basin, Site 603, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 93","docAbstract":"About one hundred samples of sediments and rocks recovered in Hole 603B were analyzed for type, abundance, and isotopic composition of organic matter, using a combination of Rock-Eval pyrolysis, C-H-N-S elemental analysis, and isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. Concentrations of major, minor, and trace inorganic elements were determined with a combination of X-ray fluorescence and induction-coupled plasma spectrometry.
The oldest strata recovered in Hole 603B (lithologic Unit V) consist of interbedded light-colored limestones and marlstones, and black calcareous claystones of Neocomian age. The inorganic and organic geochemical results suggest a very terrigenous aspect to the black claystones. The organic geochemical results indicate that the limestones and marlstones contain a mixture of highly degraded marine and terrestrial organic matter. Comparison of the Neocomian carbonates at Site 603 with those on the other side of the North Atlantic, off Northwest Africa at Site 367, shows that the organic matter at Site 367 contains more marine organic matter, as indicated by higher pyrolysis hydrogen indices and lighter values of δ13C. Comparison of inorganic geochemical results for the carbonate lithologies at Site 603 with those for carbonate lithologies at Site 367 suggests that the Site 603 carbonates may contain clastic material from both North American and African sources. The black claystones at Site 603, on the other hand, probably were derived almost entirely from North American clastic sources.
Lithologic Unit IV overlying the Neocomian carbonates, consists of interbedded red, green, and black claystones. The black claystones at Site 603 contain more than ten times the organic carbon concentration of the interbedded green claystones. The average concentration of organic carbon in the black claystones (2.8%), however, is low relative to most mid-Cretaceous black claystones and shales in the Atlantic, particularly those found off Northwest Africa. The geochemical data all suggest that the organic matter in the black claystones is more abundant but generally more degraded than the organic matter in the green claystones, and that it was derived mainly from terrestrial sources and deposited in oxygenated bottom waters. The increased percentage of black claystone beds in the upper Cenomanian section, and the presence of more hydrogen-rich organic matter in this part of the section, probably resulted from the increased production and accumulation of marine organic matter that is represented worldwide near the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary in deep-sea and land sections. A few upper Cenomanian black claystone samples that have hydrogen indices > 150 also contain particularly high concentrations of V and Zn. Most samples of black claystone, however, are not particularly metal-rich compared with other black claystones and shales. Compared with red claystones from lithologic Unit IV, the green and black claystones are enriched in many trace transition elements, especially V, Zn, Cu, Co, and Pb.
The main difference between the \"carbonaceous\" claystones of lithologic Unit IV and \"variegated\" or \"multicolored\" claystones of the overlying Upper Cretaceous to lower Tertiary Unit III is the absence of black claystone beds. As observed at several other sites (105 and 386), the multicolored claystones at Site 603 are somewhat enriched in several trace transition elements—especially Cu, Ni, and Cr—relative to most deep-sea clays. The multicolored claystones are not enriched in Fe and Mn, and therefore are not \"metalliferous\" sediments in the sense of those found at several locations in the eastern Pacific. The source of the slightly elevated concentrations of transition metals in the multicolored claystones probably is upward advection and diffusion of metals from the black claystones of the underlying Hatteras Formation.
The red, orange, and green claystone beds of lithologic Unit II (Eocene), like those of Unit III, really represent a continuation of deposition of multicolored claystone that began after the deposition of the Neocomian carbonates. The color of the few black beds that occur within this unit results from high concentrations of manganese oxide rather than high concentrations of organic matter.
","language":"English","publisher":"Deep Sea Drilling Project","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.93.146.1987","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., and Arthur, M., 1987, Inorganic and organic geochemistry of Eocene to Cretaceous strata recovered from the lower continental rise, North American Basin, Site 603, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 93: Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P., v. 93, p. 1093-1137, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.93.146.1987.","productDescription":"45 p.","startPage":"1093","endPage":"1137","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488881,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.93.146.1987","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371157,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arthur, M.A.","contributorId":24791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70201411,"text":"70201411 - 1987 - I. Thermal evolution of Ganymede and implications for surface features. II. Magnetohydrodynamic constraints on deep zonal flow in the giant planets. III. A fast finite-element algorithm for two-dimensional photoclinometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-22T15:18:10.64313","indexId":"70201411","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-09T14:46:20","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"I. Thermal evolution of Ganymede and implications for surface features. II. Magnetohydrodynamic constraints on deep zonal flow in the giant planets. III. A fast finite-element algorithm for two-dimensional photoclinometry","docAbstract":"The work is divided into three independent papers:
PAPER I:
Thermal evolution models are presented for Ganymede, assuming a mostly differentiated initial state of a water ocean overlying a rock layer. The only heat sources are assumed to be primordial heat (provided by accretion) and the long-lived radiogenic heat sources in the rock component. As Ganymede cools, the ocean thins, and two ice layers develop, one above composed of ice I, and the other below composed of high-pressure polymorphs of ice. Subsolidus convection proceeds separately in each ice layer, its transport of heat calculated using a simple parameterized convection scheme and the most recent data on ice rheology. The model requires that the average entropy of the deep ice layer exceed that of the ice I layer. If the residual ocean separating these layers becomes thin enough, then a Rayleigh-Taylor-like (\"diapiric\") instability may ensue, driven by the greater entropy of the deeper ice and merging the two ice mantles into a single convective layer. This instability is not predicted by linear analysis but occurs for plausible finite amplitude perturbations associated with large Rayleigh number convection. The resulting warm ice diapirs may lead to a dramatic \"heat pulse\" at the surface and to fracturing of the lithosphere, and may be directly or indirectly responsible for resurfacing and grooved terrain formation on Ganymede. The timing of this event depends rather sensitively on poorly known rheological parameters but could be consistent with chronologies deduced from estimated cratering rates. Irrespective of the occurrence or importance of the heat pulse, we find that lithospheric fracturing requires rapid stress loading (on a timescale ≾ 104) years). Such a timescale can be realized by warm ice diapirism, but not directly by gradual global expansion. In the absence of any quantitative and self-consistent model for the resurfacing of Ganymede by liquid water, we favor resurfacing by warm ice flows,which we demonstrate to be physically possible, a plausible consequence of our models, compatible with existing observations, and a hypothesis testable by Galileo. We discuss core formation as an alternative driver for resurfacing, and conclude that it is less attractive. We also consider anew the puzzle of why Callisto differs so greatly from Ganymede, offering several possible explanations. The models presented do not provide a compelling explanation for all aspects of Ganymedean geological evolution, since we have identified several potential problems, most notably the apparently extended period of grooved terrain formation (several hundred million years), which is difficult to reconcile with the heat pulse phenomenon.
PAPER II:
The observed zonal flows of the giant planets will, if they penetrate below the visible atmosphere, interact significantly with the planetary magnetic field outside the metalized core. The appropriate measure of this interaction is the Chandrasekhar number Q = (H2)/(4πρνα2λ) (where H = radial component of the magnetic field, ν = eddy viscosity, λ = magnetic diffusivity, α-1 = lengthscale on which λ varies); at depths where Q ≳ 1 the velocity will be forced to oscillate on a small lengthscale or decay to zero. We estimate the conductivity due to semiconduction in H2 (Jupiter, Saturn) and ionization in H2O (Uranus, Neptune) as a function of depth; the value λ ≃ 1010 cm2s-1 needed for Q = 1 is readily obtained well outside the metallic core (where λ ≃ 102 cm2s-1).
These assertions are quantified by a simple model of the equatorial zonal jet in which the flow is assumed uniform on cylinders concentric with the spin axis, and the viscous and magnetic torques on each cylinder are balanced. We solve this \"Taylor constraint\" simultaneously with the dynamo equation to obtain the velocity and magnetic field in the equatorial plane. With this model we reproduce the widely differing jet widths of Jupiter and Saturn (though not the flow at very high or low latitudes) using ν = 2500 cm2s-1, consistent with the requirement that viscous dissipation not exceed the specific luminosity. A model Uranian jet consistent with the limited Voyager data can also be constructed, with appropriately smaller ν, but only if one assumes a two-layer interior. We tentatively predict a wide Neptunian jet.
For Saturn (but not Jupiter or Uranus) the model has a large magnetic Reynolds number where Q = 1 and hence exhibits substantial axisymmetrization of the field in the equatorial plane. This effect may or may not persist at higher latitudes. The one-dimensional model presented is only a first step. Variation of the velocity and magnetic field parallel to the spin axis must be modeled in order to answer several important questions, including: 1) What is the behavior of flows at high latitudes, whose Taylor cylinders are interrupted by the region with Q ≳ 1? 2) To what extent is differential rotation in the envelope responsible for the spin-axisymmetry of Saturn's magnetic field?
PAPER III:
It is shown that the problem of two-dimensional photoclinometry (PC) -- the reconstruction of a surface z(x,y) from a brightness image B(x,y) -- may be formulated in a natural way in terms of finite elements. The resulting system of equations is underdetermined as a consequence of the lack of boundary conditions for z, but a unique solution may be chosen by minimizing a function S expressing the \"roughness\" of the surface. An efficient PC algorithm based on this formulation is presented, requiring ~ 10.66 (four-byte) memory locations and ~104 floating multiplications/additions per pixel, and incorporating: 1) Minimization of the roughness by the penalty method, which yields the smallest set of equations. 2) Iterative solution of the nonlinear equations by Newton's method. 3) Solution of the linearized equations by an inner iterative cycle of successive over-relaxation, which takes advantage of the extreme sparseness of the system. 4) Multigridding, in which the solutions to the smaller problems obtained by reducing the resolution are used recursively to greatly speed convergence at the higher resolutions, and 5) A rapid noniterative initial estimate of z obtained by exploiting the special symmetry of the equations obtained in the first linearization.
The algorithm is extensively demonstrated on 200 by 200 pixel synthetic \"images\" generated from digital topographic data for northern Utah over a range of phase angles. Rms error in the solution is ~ 22 m, out of ~ 660 m total relief. The error is dominated by \"stripes\" with the same azimuth as the light source, resulting from use of the roughness criterion in lieu of boundary conditions; the rms error along profiles parallel to the stripes is only ~ 2-8 m, depending on the phase angle. Satisfactory solutions are obtained even in the presence of quantization error, noise, and moderate blur in the image.
Applications of the PC algorithm to both remote sensing and photomicrography are sketched; a photoclinometric map of a low-relief Precambrian era fossil is presented as an example of the latter. Prospects for dealing with photometrically inhomogeneous surfaces, and an extension of the method to the analysis of side-looking radar data (\"radarclinometry\") are also discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"California Institute of Technology","publisherLocation":"Pasadena, California","doi":"10.7907/T5PT-S948","usgsCitation":"Kirk, R.L., 1987, I. Thermal evolution of Ganymede and implications for surface features. II. Magnetohydrodynamic constraints on deep zonal flow in the giant planets. III. A fast finite-element algorithm for two-dimensional photoclinometry, 272 p., https://doi.org/10.7907/T5PT-S948.","productDescription":"272 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360219,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Ganymede","publicComments":"Submitted for a Doctorate degree in Philosophy.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c122c5de4b034bf6a856a40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015242,"text":"70015242 - 1987 - Disruption of the Mauna Loa magma system by the 1868 Hawaiian earthquake: Geochemical evidence.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-25T15:53:36.764042","indexId":"70015242","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Disruption of the Mauna Loa magma system by the 1868 Hawaiian earthquake: Geochemical evidence.","docAbstract":"To test whether a catastrophic earthquake could affect an active magma system, mean abundances (adjusted for \"olivine control\") of titanium, potassium, phosphorus, strontium, zirconium, and niobium of historic lavas erupted from Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii, after 1868 were analyzed and were found to decrease sharply relative to lavas erupted before 1868. This abrupt change in lava chemistry, accompanied by a halved lava-production rate for Mauna Loa after 1877, is interpreted to reflect the disruptive effects of a magnitude 7.5 earthquake in 1868. This interpretation represents a documentable case of changes in magmatic chemical variations initiated or accelerated by a major tectonic event.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.235.4785.196","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R.I., Rhodes, J.M., Sparks, J.W., Lockwood, J.P., and Lipman, P.W., 1987, Disruption of the Mauna Loa magma system by the 1868 Hawaiian earthquake: Geochemical evidence.: Science, v. 235, no. 4785, p. 196-199, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.235.4785.196.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"196","endPage":"199","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224356,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Mauna Loa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.81094624422556,\n 19.664865974236278\n ],\n [\n -155.81094624422556,\n 19.254007449706776\n ],\n [\n -155.256113794053,\n 19.254007449706776\n ],\n [\n -155.256113794053,\n 19.664865974236278\n ],\n [\n -155.81094624422556,\n 19.664865974236278\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"235","issue":"4785","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0225e4b0c8380cd4fedf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":370421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rhodes, J. Michael","contributorId":215130,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rhodes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sparks, J. W.","contributorId":84083,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sparks","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lockwood, John P. 0000-0002-6562-0222","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6562-0222","contributorId":30976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockwood","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lipman, P. W.","contributorId":93470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"P.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":28607,"text":"wri874142 - 1987 - Analysis of trends in water-quality data for water conservation area 3A, the Everglades, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-06T18:06:27.081865","indexId":"wri874142","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T20:50:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4142","title":"Analysis of trends in water-quality data for water conservation area 3A, the Everglades, Florida","docAbstract":"Rainfall and water-quality data bases from the South Florida Water Management District were used to evaluate water quality trends at 10 locations near or in Water Conservation Area 3A in The Everglades. The Seasonal Kendall test was applied to specific conductance, orthophosphate-phosphorus, nitrate-nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and total nitrogen regression residuals for the period 1978-82. Residuals of orthophosphate and nitrate quadratic models, based on antecedent 7-day rainfall at inflow gate S-11B, were the only two constituent-structure pairs that showed apparent significant (p < 0.05) increases in constituent concentrations. Elimination of regression models with distinct residual patterns and data outlines resulted in 17 statistically significant station water quality combinations for trend analysis. No water quality trends were observed.
The 1979 Memorandum of Agreement outlining the water quality monitoring program between the Everglades National Park and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers stressed collection four times a year at three stations, and extensive coverage of water quality properties. Trend analysis and other rigorous statistical evaluation programs are better suited to data monitoring programs that include more frequent sampling and that are organized in a water quality data management system. Pronounced areal differences in water quality suggest that a water quality monitoring system for Shark River Slough in Everglades National Park include collection locations near the source of inflow to Water Conservation Area 3A. (Author 's abstract)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri874142","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service and the South Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Mattraw, H.C., Scheidt, D.J., and Federico, A.C., 1987, Analysis of trends in water-quality data for water conservation area 3A, the Everglades, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4142, iv, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874142.","productDescription":"iv, 52 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57435,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4142/wri874142.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.27 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":123628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4142/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades National Park, Water Conservation Area 3A","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.82916259765625,\n 25.759082934951692\n ],\n [\n -80.69732666015625,\n 25.762793355586627\n ],\n [\n -80.45974731445312,\n 26.061717616104055\n ],\n [\n -80.44189453125,\n 26.0629512662096\n ],\n [\n -80.44464111328125,\n 26.11475283424124\n ],\n [\n -80.45974731445312,\n 26.149274465676672\n ],\n [\n -80.70968627929688,\n 26.152972606566966\n ],\n [\n -80.78521728515625,\n 26.159135914254378\n ],\n [\n -80.78109741210938,\n 25.98150251402977\n ],\n [\n -80.83740234375,\n 25.980268007469803\n ],\n [\n -80.83602905273436,\n 25.923466700919274\n ],\n [\n -80.8648681640625,\n 25.794945475649673\n ],\n [\n -80.82916259765625,\n 25.759082934951692\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314