This synthesis links many seismic and tectonic processes at subduction zones, including great subduction earthquakes, to the sinking of subducted plate. Earthquake data and tectonic modeling for subduction zones indicate that the slab pull force is much larger than the ridge push force. Interactions between the forces that drive and resist plate motions cause spatially and temporally localized stresses that lead to characteristic earthquake activity, providing details on how subduction occurs. Compression is localized across a locked interface thrust zone, because both the ridge push and the slab pull forces are resisted there. The slab pull force increases with increasing plate age; thus because the slab pull force tends to bend subducted plate downward and decrease the force acting normal to the interface thrust zone, the characteristic maximum earthquake at a given interface thrust zone is inversely related to the age of the subducted plate. The 1960 Chile earthquake (Mw 9.5), the largest earthquake to occur in historic times, began its rupture at an interface bounding oceanic plate <30 m.y. old. However, this rupture initiation was associated with the locally oldest subducting lithosphere (weakest coupling); the rupture propagated southward along an interface bounding progressively younger oceanic lithosphere, terminating near the subducting Chile Rise. Prior to a great subduction earthquake, the sinking subducted slab will cause increased tension at depths of 50–200 km, with greatest tension near the shallow zone resisting plate subduction. Plate sinking not only leads to compressional stresses at a locked interface thrust zone but may load compressional stresses at plate depths of 260–350 km, provided that the shallow sinking occurs faster than the relaxation time of the deeper mantle. This explains K. Mogi's observations of M ≥ 7 thrust earthquakes at depths of 260–350 km, immediately downdip and within 3 years prior to five great, shallow earthquakes of northern Japan. The slab pull model explains the lower layer of double seismic zones as due to tension from the deeper, sinking plate and the upper layer as due to localized in-plate compression, as plate motion is resisted by the bounding mantle. Just downdip of the interface thrust zone, there occurs an aseismic 20°–50° dip increase of subducted plate. This slab bend reflects the summed slab pull force of deeper plate and probably is at the crustal basalt to eclogite phase change. Resistance to subduction provided by a continually developing slab bend may be an important factor in the size of slab pull force delivered to an interface thrust zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/RG025i001p00055","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Spence, W., 1987, Slab pull and the seismotectonics of subducting lithosphere: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 25, no. 1, p. 55-69, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG025i001p00055.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"69","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480092,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1231450","text":"External Repository"},{"id":225368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b912de4b08c986b31979f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spence, William","contributorId":27454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spence","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014170,"text":"70014170 - 1987 - Rainfall, ground-water flow, and seasonal movement at Minor Creek landslide, northwestern California: Physical interpretation of empirical relations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-28T01:17:57.379043","indexId":"70014170","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rainfall, ground-water flow, and seasonal movement at Minor Creek landslide, northwestern California: Physical interpretation of empirical relations","docAbstract":"Simple ground-water flow analyses can clarify complex empirical relations between rainfall and landslide motion. Here we present detailed data on rainfall, ground-water flow, and repetitive seasonal motion that occurred from 1982 to 1985 at Minor Creek landslide in northwestern California, and we interpret these data in the context of physically based theories. We find that landslide motion is closely regulated by the direction and magnitude of near-surface hydraulic gradients and by waves of pore pressure caused by intermittent rainfall.
Diffusive propagation of pore-pressure waves accompanies downward ground-water flow along nearly vertical hydraulic gradients that exist in most of the landslide. Field data combined with a pore-pressure diffusion analysis show that single rainstorms typically produce short-period waves that attenuate before reaching the landslide base. In contrast, seasonal rainfall cycles produce long-period waves that modify basal pore pressures, but only after time lags that range from weeks to months. Such tune lags can depend on antecedent moisture storage and can explain variable delays between the onset of the wet season and seasonal landslide motion.
Limit-equilibrium analysis shows that when seasonal pressure waves reach the landslide base, they establish a critical distribution of effective stress that delicately triggers landslide motion. The critical effective-stress balance is extremely sensitive to the direction and magnitude of hydraulic gradients.
Although pervasively downward gradients instigate seasonal motion, we infer from theory and limited data that ground water also may circulate locally in near-surface cells. The circulation can further reduce the landslide's frictional strength, particularly in areas of nearly horizontal ground-water flow that occur beneath steep faces of hummocks. Hummocky topography that results from slope instability may therefore cause ground-water flow that perpetuates instability.
Diffusive propagation of pore-pressure waves accompanies downward ground-water flow along nearly vertical hydraulic gradients that exist in most of the landslide. Field data combined with a pore-pressure diffusion analysis show that single rainstorms typically produce short-period waves that attenuate before reaching the landslide base. In contrast, seasonal rainfall cycles produce long-period waves that modify basal pore pressures, but only after time lags that range from weeks to months. Such tune lags can depend on antecedent moisture storage and can explain variable delays between the onset of the wet season and seasonal landslide motion.
Limit-equilibrium analysis shows that when seasonal pressure waves reach the landslide base, they establish a critical distribution of effective stress that delicately triggers landslide motion. The critical effective-stress balance is extremely sensitive to the direction and magnitude of hydraulic gradients.
Although pervasively downward gradients instigate seasonal motion, we infer from theory and limited data that ground water also may circulate locally in near-surface cells. The circulation can further reduce the landslide's frictional strength, particularly in areas of nearly horizontal ground-water flow that occur beneath steep faces of hummocks. Hummocky topography that results from slope instability may therefore cause ground-water flow that perpetuates instability.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99%3C579:RGFASM%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R., and Major, J., 1987, Rainfall, ground-water flow, and seasonal movement at Minor Creek landslide, northwestern California: Physical interpretation of empirical relations: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 99, no. 4, p. 579-594, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99%3C579:RGFASM%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"579","endPage":"594","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225299,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Minor Creek landslide","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.87496948242186,\n 40.90793419432049\n ],\n [\n -123.72270584106445,\n 40.90793419432049\n ],\n [\n -123.72270584106445,\n 41.010345626044106\n ],\n [\n -123.87496948242186,\n 41.010345626044106\n ],\n [\n -123.87496948242186,\n 40.90793419432049\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"99","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a946ee4b0c8380cd813dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, R.M. 0000-0002-7369-3819","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":16435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Major, J. J. 0000-0003-2449-4466","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":29461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"J. J.","affiliations":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014250,"text":"70014250 - 1987 - Diagenesis and fluid flow in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico - regional zonation in the mineralogy and stable isotope composition of clay minerals in sandstone.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-11T16:44:37","indexId":"70014250","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diagenesis and fluid flow in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico - regional zonation in the mineralogy and stable isotope composition of clay minerals in sandstone.","docAbstract":"The Westwater Canyon Member of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation is a relatively homogeneous, hydrologically continuous 100-m-thick sequence of massive fluvial sandstone, bounded above and below by relatively heterogeneous, hydrologically discontinuous units and has served as a primary conduit for fluids within this stratigraphic interval. Patterns of mineral-fluid reactions suggest a basinwide hydrologic regime in which warm, evolved fluids migrated up-dip from the center of the basin under the influence of a regional hydraulic head. -from Authors","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.287.4.353","usgsCitation":"Whitney, C.G., and Northrop, H.R., 1987, Diagenesis and fluid flow in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico - regional zonation in the mineralogy and stable isotope composition of clay minerals in sandstone.: American Journal of Science, v. 287, no. 4, p. 353-382, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.287.4.353.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"382","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225433,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"287","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0093e4b0c8380cd4f7d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitney, C. Gene","contributorId":100350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Northrop, H. R.","contributorId":40735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Northrop","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014256,"text":"70014256 - 1987 - Pressure-composition relations for coexisting gases and liquids and the critical points in the system NaCl-H2O at 450, 475, and 500°C","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-02T12:31:14","indexId":"70014256","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pressure-composition relations for coexisting gases and liquids and the critical points in the system NaCl-H2O at 450, 475, and 500°C","docAbstract":"Pressure-temperature-composition (P, T, x) relations for the co-existing vapor and liquid phases in the system NaCl-H2O were determined experimentally at 450, 475, and 500°C. Data for each isotherm includeP-x relations near the critical point and extend to the three-phase assemblage vapor-liquid-halite on the vapor side. On the liquid side the P-x data range from the critical point to the room-temperature halite saturation point (~25 wt.% NaCl). Critical pressures were calculated from measured pressures and compositions and classical theory. The results generally support the few data points of Urusova (1974, 1975) and Ölander and Liander (1950) but differ markedly from the extensive data of Sourirajan andKennedy (1962).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(87)90289-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Rosenbauer, R.J., and Bischoff, J.L., 1987, Pressure-composition relations for coexisting gases and liquids and the critical points in the system NaCl-H2O at 450, 475, and 500°C: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, no. 9, p. 2349-2354, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90289-4.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"2349","endPage":"2354","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8b5fe4b0c8380cd7e225","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenbauer, Robert J. brosenbauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"Robert","email":"brosenbauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bischoff, James L. jbischoff@usgs.gov","contributorId":1389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"James","email":"jbischoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":367951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014165,"text":"70014165 - 1987 - Response of douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) to uraniferous groundwater in a small glaciated drainage, Northeastern Washington State","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-17T23:57:39.126705","indexId":"70014165","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) to uraniferous groundwater in a small glaciated drainage, Northeastern Washington State","docAbstract":"Douglas fir trees and associated soils were sampled from the slopes of a small (∼4 km2) drainage basin in northeastern Washington to investigate the biogeochemical response to locally uraniferous groundwater. Uranium is preferentially incorporated in needles and twigs compared to larger branches or the trunk. The U concentration in needle ash ranges from 0.2 to 5.8μg g−1 (ppm) and shows no correlation with the U concentration in associated soils. Rather, the distribution of anomalously uraniferous douglas fir (> 1.0μg g−1 U in needle ash) appears to be controlled by observed or readily inferred pathways of near-surface groundwater movement in the drainage. These pathways include: (1) general downslope movement of subsurface runoff; (2) increased flux of near-surface groundwater near the toe of an alluvial fan; and (3) emergence of uraniferous (100–150 ng ml−1 [ppb] groundwater in the vicinity of a slope spring. The data also indicate the presence of near-surface uraniferous groundwater along a structurally controlled zone that parallels the north-south strike of the valley, and that includes the slope spring. The results suggest that biogeochemical sampling may be used to supplement more direct, but more limited, measurements of groundwater quality and flow regime in areas of near-surface contaminated groundwater.
A relationship between food consumption by channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and maximum daily air temperature resulted in the development of a winter feeding program that has potential application for any geographical location.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1987)49%3C290:WFOCCB%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Tackett, D.L., Carter, R.R., and Allen, K., 1987, Winter feeding of channel catfish based on maximum air temperature: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 49, p. 290-292, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1987)49%3C290:WFOCCB%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"290","endPage":"292","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129326,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dae4b07f02db5dffce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tackett, Dewey L.","contributorId":8024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tackett","given":"Dewey","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, Ray R.","contributorId":36879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Ray","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, K.O.","contributorId":11552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"K.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014777,"text":"70014777 - 1987 - Fitting degradation of shoreline scarps by a nonlinear diffusion model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-24T16:20:45.724118","indexId":"70014777","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fitting degradation of shoreline scarps by a nonlinear diffusion model","docAbstract":"The diffusion model of degradation of topographic features is a promising means by which vertical offsets on Holocene faults might be dated. In order to calibrate the method, we have examined present-day profiles of wave-cut shoreline scarps of late Pleistocene lakes Bonneville and Lahontan. It may be assumed that these scarps were initially at least as steep as the angle of repose. Offsets range from 1 to 12 m, and present slope angles range from 9° to 29°. A parameter called apparent diffusion age, defined as half the mean square horizontal extent of the slope function of each profile, is plotted as a function of scarp offset. The points show a clear trend of apparent age increasing nearly linearly with offset. If linear diffusion held and scarps were initially vertical, apparent diffusion age would be the same for all the shoreline profiles. The increasing trend can only partly be explained by nonvertical initial scarp slope, and therefore the rate of transport of material downslope must increase significantly faster than a linear law in the range of slopes spanned by the data. The transport law must become linear at small slope to reduce scatter between profiles with varying ambient slopes. The transport law adopted for the purpose of dating is k0(1 + 5s2), where s is local slope. The transport coefficient k0 is correlated inversely with fan slope, suggesting that there is a dependence on the particle size distribution. A table is included that allows easy application of the model to scarps with simple initial shape.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB12p12857","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Andrews, D., and Bucknam, R.C., 1987, Fitting degradation of shoreline scarps by a nonlinear diffusion model: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B12, p. 12857-12867, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB12p12857.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"12857","endPage":"12867","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225596,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a10c7e4b0c8380cd53dda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, D.J.","contributorId":7416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bucknam, Robert C.","contributorId":104490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bucknam","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":369271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007734,"text":"1007734 - 1987 - Ten years of change in seed banks of the chaparral shrubs, Arctostaphylos glauca and A. glandulosa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-14T17:53:46.988677","indexId":"1007734","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ten years of change in seed banks of the chaparral shrubs, Arctostaphylos glauca and A. glandulosa","docAbstract":"In 1 decade, more than 107 seeds/ha were dispersed by two species of Arctostaphylos in a stand of chaparral. At the end of this decade no significant change in the size of the soil seed bank was detected for either species. Previous studies suggest that predation by ground-dwelling rodents limits the accumulation of seeds in the soil.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Notre Dame","doi":"10.2307/2425989","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J.E., 1987, Ten years of change in seed banks of the chaparral shrubs, Arctostaphylos glauca and A. glandulosa: American Midland Naturalist, v. 117, no. 2, p. 446-448, https://doi.org/10.2307/2425989.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"446","endPage":"448","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130595,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db685216","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":315927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1007733,"text":"1007733 - 1987 - Faces from the past: Frederic Morton Chamberlain (1867-1921), pioneer fishery biologist of the American West","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-08T11:59:49.83959","indexId":"1007733","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1657,"text":"Fisheries","onlineIssn":"1548-8446","printIssn":"0363-2415","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Faces from the past: Frederic Morton Chamberlain (1867-1921), pioneer fishery biologist of the American West","docAbstract":"The life of Frederic Morton Chamberlain (1867–1921) was marked by his many contributions to fishery science. As an assistant with the old U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, he pioneered life history studies of salmon in California and Alaska, and assisted in the collection of hundreds of thousands of natural history specimens from the Pacific Ocean as resident naturalist on the U.S.S. Albatross. He was innovative in the use of field photography in fishery work, and the design and construction of capture nets and collecting gear. His detailed reports were important in documenting the conditions of the native ichthyofauna in Alaska, Arizona, and California at the turn of the century and have been heavily relied upon by subsequent investigators. His ability to design and conduct scientifically justifiable studies to solve fishery problems while under many kinds of hardships is a testament to his background and dedication to the field. He represents the prototype of the modern fishery biologist.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8446(1987)012<0022:FMCPFB>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Jennings, M., 1987, Faces from the past: Frederic Morton Chamberlain (1867-1921), pioneer fishery biologist of the American West: Fisheries, v. 12, no. 6, p. 22-29, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(1987)012<0022:FMCPFB>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"22","endPage":"29","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130594,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8893","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jennings, M.R.","contributorId":18296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1007732,"text":"1007732 - 1987 - Status of the western painted turtle (Chrysemys picta bellii) in Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:19","indexId":"1007732","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2530,"text":"Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Status of the western painted turtle (Chrysemys picta bellii) in Arizona","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Jennings, M., 1987, Status of the western painted turtle (Chrysemys picta bellii) in Arizona: Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, v. 22, no. 2, p. 129-133.","productDescription":"p. 129-133","startPage":"129","endPage":"133","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129828,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4719","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jennings, M.R.","contributorId":18296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014261,"text":"70014261 - 1987 - Mineralogical basis for the interpretation of multi-element (ICP-AES), oxalic acid, and aqua regia partial digestions of stream sediments for reconnaissance exploration geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-17T23:51:59.050516","indexId":"70014261","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogical basis for the interpretation of multi-element (ICP-AES), oxalic acid, and aqua regia partial digestions of stream sediments for reconnaissance exploration geochemistry","docAbstract":"We have applied partial digestion procedures, primarily oxalic acid and aqua regia leaches, to several regional geochemical reconnaissance studies carried out using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analytical methods. We have chosen to use these two acids because the oxalic acid primarily attacks those compounds formed during secondary geochemical processes, whereas aqua regia will digest the primary sulfide phases as well as secondary phases. Application of the partial digestion technique has proven superior to total digestion because the concentration of metals in hydromorphic compounds and the sulfides is enhanced relative to the metals bound in the unattacked silicate phases. The aqua regia digestion attacks and leaches metals from the mafic chain silicates and the phyllosilicates (coordination number of VI or more), yielding a characteristic geochemical signature, but does not leach appreciable metal from many other silicates.
In order to interpret the results from these leach studies, we have initiated an investigation of a large suite of hand-picked mineral separates. The study includes analyses of about two hundred minerals representing the common rock-forming minerals as well as end-member compositions of various silicates, oxides, sulfides, carbonates, sulfates, and some vanadates, molybdates, tungstates, and phosphates. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of leaching by acids of particular lattice sites in specific mineral structures.
Diel changes of dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH were measured during 1981–1982 in Pool 1, a shallow reservoir in southeast Missouri. Diel changes in spring and fall were about half those of summer when extensive macrophyte biomass apparently had a strong influence on dynamics of DO and pH. During summer, daily pulses averaged 5.45 mg/L DO and 0.88 pH units, and extreme diel changes were 10–14 mg/L DO and 2–3 pH units. Ambient values of DO and pH were directly related to each other as was the magnitude of their daily changes because in the low alkalinity water of Pool 1, pH as well as DO responded to photosynthesis and respiration. Magnitudes of DO and pH changes at night were strongly related to fluctuations during the day, suggesting that community respiration was in a steady state relationship with photosynthesis over time.
Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were immunized with bacterins containing either Serotype 1 or 2 isolates of Yersinia ruckeri to determine the relative degree of cross-protection afforded when the fish were challenged with the homologous or heterologous serotype. While fish immunized with pH-lysed bacterins produced highly specific agglutinins that did not cross-react with antigens derived from a heterologous serotype of Y. ruckeri all fish were protected against experimental challenge, regardless of which serotype was used for bacterin production and experimental challenge. Other experiments indicated that brook trout injected intraperitoneally with highly specific antibodies could not be passively immunized against experimental challenge.
Experimental and field data are used to extend the utility of conodonts as semi-quantitative thermal indices into the regimes of regional and contact metamorphism, as well as hydrothermal alteration. An Arrhenius plot of data from induced conodont color alteration by pyrolysis in air at 1 atm was used to generate the geologic temperatures for conodont color-alteration indices (CAI) above 300 °C, that is, for CAI values of 5½ through 8. Such CAI values occur in very low- to medium-grade, regionally metamorphosed, contact-metamorphosed, and hydrothermally altered rocks. The uniformity or variability of CAI values within a sample, together with conodont texture, can help to distinguish grades and environments of metamorphism, particularly in metacarbonate sequences. Induced CAI by pyrolysis in a water-methane mixture at ½ kbar results in retardation of CAI and in a disparate mixture of both low and high CAI values within each experimental sample. In this system, color-alteration processes, above a CAI of 2 to 3, seem to change from predominantly carbonization to predominantly loss of organic matter, presumably by oxidation and volatilization of oxides. These experiments approximate the type of CAI mixture characteristically found in conodonts recovered from hydrothermally altered rocks. These data indicate that CAI values of 6 to 8 cannot be used to assess precise temperatures of hydrothermally altered rocks but may serve as useful indicators of potential mineralization.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<471:CCATAA>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rejebian, V., Harris, A., and Huebner, J., 1987, Conodont color and textural alteration: An index to regional metamorphism, contact metamorphism, and hydrothermal alteration: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 99, no. 4, p. 471-479, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<471:CCATAA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"471","endPage":"479","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225565,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9d1e4b0c8380cd4d7c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rejebian, V.A.","contributorId":15352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rejebian","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, A. G.","contributorId":39791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huebner, J.S.","contributorId":41422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huebner","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014788,"text":"70014788 - 1987 - Applications of universal kriging to an aquifer study in New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-20T22:45:21.986455","indexId":"70014788","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applications of universal kriging to an aquifer study in New Jersey","docAbstract":"This article describes the use of kriging for optimizing data collection and utility in a regional ground-water investigation of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in central New Jersey. Kriging was used to (1) estimate the altitude of an aquifer surface, (2) estimate hydraulic conductivities from point data, and (3) estimate the associated kriged errors. The selection of locations for additional data collection, based on the kriged errors, was effective in terms of improving the aquifer surface data base. In another application, hydraulic conductivity values were kriged, first using equal weights, then unequal weights to account for the reliability of the data. The weighting values that were used for unequal weighting were estimated by an analysis of variance. Although inclusion of the data reliability in the kriging will increase the kriged errors, the accuracy of the range of uncertainty in the interpolated values also increases.
Studies were conducted to determine whether interactions occur among dietary lysine, arginine and monovalent minerals in rainbow trout. In one experiment, rainbow trout fingerlings were fed diets containing three levels of lysine (2.4, 3.1 and 3.8 g per 100 g diet), two levels of arginine (1.7 and 2.5 g per 100 g diet) and two mixtures of Na+ K+ and Cl in a 3×2×2 factorial design. The mixtures varied in the proportions of cations to anions such that Cl equalled the sum of Na+ and K+ (cations − anions = 0 mEq/kg diet) in one mixture and exceeded the sum of Na+ and K+ (cations − anions = −200 mEq/kg diet) in the second mixture. Growth and efficiency of feed conversion were not affected by dietary lysine and arginine in fish fed diets containing − 200 mEq/kg balance, but when fish were fed diets containing a 0 mEq/kg balance, 3.8% lysine and a combination of 3.1% lysine and 2.5% arginine depressed both measures of response. Trout receiving the 0 mEq/kg cation-anion balance had significantly higher free histidine concentrations and lower free lysine concentrations in muscle and higher hepatic arginase activity (P≤0.01) than those receiving −200 mEq/kg. In another experiment, trout were fed diets containing three levels of K+ (21, 191 and 360 mEq/kg), two levels of Na+ (21 and 191 mEq/kg) and two levels of Cl− (179 and 347 mEq/kg) in a 3×2×2 factorial design. Growth and efficiency of feed conversion were depressed and hepatosomatic index increased with higher levels of dietary K+ (P≤0.01), Na+ (P≤0.05) and Cl (P≤0.01), with significant K+ x Cl+ (P≤0.01) and K+ x Na+ x Cl (P≤0.05) interactions. Increasing dietary K+ resulted in increased levels of muscle free histidine and decreased levels of muscle free lysine and arginine (P≤0.01), while increasing dietary Cl increased muscle free lysine, the effect of which was dependent on dietary potassium (K+ x Cl−, P≤0.01). It is concluded that dietary levels of K+, Na+ and Cl−, irrespective of overall cation-anion balance of these minerals, affects growth rate, efficiency of feed utilization and the metabolism of basic amino acids in tissues of trout. Excess lysine causes depressed growth and efficiency of feed utilization. These effects were due to a lysine toxicity rather than a lysine-arginine antagonism, as they were not prevented by supplemental dietary arginine.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/BF02073865","usgsCitation":"Chiu, Y.N., Austic, R.E., and Rumsey, G.L., 1987, Interactions among dietary minerals, arginine and lysine in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, v. 4, no. 1, p. 45-55, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02073865.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131192,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0d95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chiu, Y. N.","contributorId":84306,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chiu","given":"Y.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Austic, R. E.","contributorId":42558,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Austic","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rumsey, G. L.","contributorId":80604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rumsey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014188,"text":"70014188 - 1987 - Possible evidence for subducted sedimentary materials beneath central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-26T01:33:12.22309","indexId":"70014188","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Possible evidence for subducted sedimentary materials beneath central California","docAbstract":"Seismic reflection and refraction data from the Coast Ranges of central California west of the San Andreas fault suggest the presence of a low-velocity (4.5–5.0 km/s) wedge at a depth of about 15–22 km that dips east beneath rocks of both the Franciscan assemblage and the Salinian block. We propose that the wedge represents sedimentary materials that were subducted in an offshore trench within the past 23 m.y. The refraction data also suggest the presence of a second low-velocity zone that extends at least to mid-crustal depths beneath the San Andreas fault zone.
The Clearwater orogenic zone in central Idaho and western Montana contains at least two major northeast-directed Cordilleran thrust plates of Early Proterozoic metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks that overrode previously folded Middle Proterozoic rocks of the Belt basin in Cretaceous time. The northeastward migration of the resultant thickened wedge of crustal material combined with Cretaceous subduction along the western continental margin produced a younger northern Bitterroot lobe of the Idaho batholith relative to an older southern Atlanta lobe. Eocene extensional unroofing and erosion of the Bitterroot lobe has exposed the roots of the thick Cordilleran thrust sheets.
We develop a stochastic model for the transport of stored sediment down a river channel. The model is based on probabilities of transition of particles among four different sediment storage reservoirs, called active (often mobilized), semiactive, inactive, and stable (hardly ever mobilized). The probabilities are derived from computed sediment residence times. Two aspects of sediment storage are investigated: flushing times of sediment out of a storage reservoir and changes in the quantity of sediment stored in different reservoirs due to seasonal sediment transport into, and out of, a reach. We apply the model to Redwood Creek, a gravel bed river in northern California. Although the Redwood Creek data set is incomplete, the application serves as an example of the sorts of analyses that can be done with the method. The application also provides insights into the sediment storage process. Sediment flushing times are highly dependent on the degree of interaction of the stable reservoir with the more mobile sediment reservoirs. The most infrequent and highest intensity storm events, which mobilize the stable reservoir, are responsible for the long-term shifts in sediment storage. Turnover times of channel sediment in all but the stable reservoir are on the order of 750 years, suggesting this is all the time needed for thorough interchange between these sediment compartments and cycling of most sediment particles from the initial reservoir to the ocean. Finally, the Markov model has adequately characterized sediment storage changes in Redwood Creek for 1947–1982, especially for the active reservoir. The model replicates field observation of the passage of a slug of sediment through the active reservoir of the middle reach of Redwood Creek in the 18 years following a major storm in 1964 that introduced large quantities of landslide debris to the channel.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR023i009p01738","usgsCitation":"Kelsey, H.M., Lamberson, R., and Madej, M.A., 1987, Stochastic model for the long-term transport of stored sediment in a river channel: Water Resources Research, v. 2, no. 9, p. 1738-1750, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR023i009p01738.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1738","endPage":"1750","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130080,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Redwood Creek","volume":"2","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4260","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelsey, Harvey M.","contributorId":184057,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kelsey","given":"Harvey","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamberson, Roland","contributorId":32027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamberson","given":"Roland","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Madej, Mary Ann 0000-0003-2831-3773 mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2831-3773","contributorId":40304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madej","given":"Mary","email":"mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":315810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014014,"text":"1014014 - 1987 - Immunostimulation of antibody-producing cells and humoral antibody to fish bacterins by a biological response modifier","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-07T11:01:36.254923","indexId":"1014014","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Immunostimulation of antibody-producing cells and humoral antibody to fish bacterins by a biological response modifier","docAbstract":"Numbers of splenic antibody-producing cells and humoral antibody titres were elevated during immunization regimes in rainbow trout when the bacterins Yersinia ruckeri or Aeromonas salmonicida O-antigen preparations were mixed with the immunostimulator FK-565. Fish sampled 14 days after injection showed a marked increase in the immune response when doses of 5, 10 or 100 μg of antigen were used. The immunostimulator may aid initial antigen uptake and processing.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1095-8649.1987.tb05298.x","usgsCitation":"Kitao, T., Yoshida, T., Anderson, D.P., Dixon, O.W., and Blanch, A., 1987, Immunostimulation of antibody-producing cells and humoral antibody to fish bacterins by a biological response modifier: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 31, no. Supp A, p. 87-91, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1987.tb05298.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"91","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129875,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"Supp A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-01-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa7ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kitao, T.","contributorId":62176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitao","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yoshida, T.","contributorId":107225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoshida","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, D. P.","contributorId":32469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dixon, O. W.","contributorId":101588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Blanch, A.","contributorId":35682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanch","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}