{"pageNumber":"48","pageRowStart":"1175","pageSize":"25","recordCount":2263,"records":[{"id":22889,"text":"ofr95425 - 1995 - Water-quality and hydrologic conditions at a site of ground-water contamination by volatile organic compounds, South Grafton, Massachusetts, September and October 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:54","indexId":"ofr95425","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-425","title":"Water-quality and hydrologic conditions at a site of ground-water contamination by volatile organic compounds, South Grafton, Massachusetts, September and October 1994","docAbstract":"Ground-water quality and hydrologic data were collected at a site contaminated by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in South Grafton, Massachusetts, during September and October 1994. The VOCs have formed a plume of contaminated ground water at an abandoned textile mill adjacent to the Blackstone River. Concentrations of total VOCs in the plume ranged from less than 1 to more than 40,000 micrograms per liter. Trichloroethylene (TCE) was the primary chlorinated contaminant, comprising as much as 98 percent of the total VOCs. The highest concentration, 43,000 micrograms per liter, was higher than any previously measured concentration at the site; however, the maximum extent and distribution of concentrations in the VOC plume in September 1994 was similar to that found in July 1993 and in earlier rounds of sampling. In addition to TCE, 1,2-dichloroethene (1,2-DCE) and vinyl chloride were detected at most sites. Spatial and temporal changes in concentrations of TCE, 1,2-DCE, and vinyl chloride are consistent with the hypothesis that TCE biodegradation was the source of 1,2-DCE and vinyl chloride. Ground water at the site contained low to moderately high concentrations of dissolved solids (44 to 406 milligrams per liter), had a moderately high specific conductance (155 to 670 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius), and was slightly acidic (pH=5.9 to 7.0). Concentrations of the major ions-calcium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate-were not related to VOC concentrations. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations were low (0 to 2 milligrams per liter) throughout most of the aquifer. Distribution of nitrogen species, iron, and manganese indicates that zones of varying oxidation-reduction potential were present in the aquifer. Concentrations of trace metals other than iron or manganese, including arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and copper, generally were less than analytical detection limits. Stream stage in the Blackstone River at the site during September and October 1994 fluctuated by about 1 to 2 feet within 24-hour periods. These rapid fluctuations resulted from sudden release of impounded water at a hydroelectric-generating facility downstream from the site. In addition to the daily fluctuations, rapid small changes in stream stage also occurred that were related to storms. Fluctuations in ground-water levels in four observation wells at the site were similar in amplitude and timing to the rapid fluctuations in stream stage; the daily fluctuations of ground-water levels were greatest in an observation well within 100 feet of the river and least in an observation well about 300 feet from the river. Because ground- water levels at the study site seem to be affected by fluctuations in stage of the Blackstone River, transport of the VOC plume in ground water also is likely to be affected by the fluctuations in stage.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95425","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"DiSimone, L., and Barlow, P.M., 1995, Water-quality and hydrologic conditions at a site of ground-water contamination by volatile organic compounds, South Grafton, Massachusetts, September and October 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-425, iv, 19 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95425.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0425/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52295,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0425/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7230","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DiSimone, L.A.","contributorId":108139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiSimone","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barlow, P. M.","contributorId":63022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70212533,"text":"70212533 - 1995 - Porphyry copper and other intrusion-related mineralization in Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-19T15:01:15.317664","indexId":"70212533","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T09:40:33","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Porphyry copper and other intrusion-related mineralization in Mexico","docAbstract":"<p>Intrusion-related copper-bearing ore deposits in Mexico span a wide-range of deposit types and geological settings and formed from the mid-Mesozoic through the Holocene. These deposits include world-class copper porphyry and skarn deposits as well as a continuum of similar skarn, porphyry, vein, and replacement deposits that contain variable quantities of molybdenum, zinc, silver, lead, iron, gold, tungsten, tin, fluorine, and beryllium. Based on a new compilation, this paper reviews data on the full spectrum of intrusion-related deposits, concentrating on copper-rich systems, and attempts to place them in a generalized geological and petrological context. </p><p>In Mexico, intrusion-related mineral deposits are primarily Mesozoic to middle Tertiary in age. Three broad periods are prominent in the mineralization record: the late Mesozoic, the Laramide, and the middle Tertiary. Jurassic to Late Cretaceous calc-alkalic batholiths with sparse volcanic rocks occur along the Pacific margin mainly on eugeoclinal crust, although locally on continental crust (for example, in Sonora). Latest Cretaceous to Early Tertiary ('Laramide') calc-alkalic batholithic, subvolcanic, and volcanic centers occur in an overlapping but somewhat more easterly band that extends with diminished intensity and somewhat younger ages into the Sierra Madre Oriental. Mid-Tertiary volcanism and local intrusive centers are widely developed, with the greatest abundance of calcalkalic felsic volcanics in the Sierra Madre Occidental and more mafic middle to late Tertiary arc volcanics in the Sierra Madre del Sur in southern Mexico and as a fringe of alkalic volcanic' and sub volcanic centers in northeastern Mexico. </p><p>Over 600 copper-rich intrusion-related systems can be inferred from the literature; about 100 can be documented with some confidence. Copper-rich deposits occur with both intermediate (dioritic) and felsic (granodioritic) intrusive centers and show a corresponding variety of associated metals and alteration types. Styles include porphyry-type disseminated or stockwork mineralization, skarn, breccia pipes, and pegmatites. Multiple styles commonly occur in the same district. Porphyry copper deposits are best developed in association with the Laramide intrusive centers of northern Mexico and the mid-Tertiary intrusions in southern Mexico. Other intrusion-related deposit types occur within the same magmatic framework, but they have different temporal and spatial correlations related to their igneous composition and exposure level. </p><p>The continuum of intrusion-related mineralization in Mexico can be divided by geological associations, metal contents, and styles of alteration. Although more than 1,500 intrusion-associated mineral deposits are known, the scarcity of data requires a simplified approach focusing on major districts. We distinguish the following overlapping groups of deposits based on their metal contents and igneous compositions: (1) porphyry or skarn Cu(-Mo-Zn) associated with intermediate to felsic granitoids, (2) porphyry or skarn Cu (-Au-Fe) associated with intermediate intrusions, (3) greisen, skarn, or pegmatite W(-Mo) associated with intermediate to felsic granitoids, (4) replacement or skarn Zn-Pb-Ag(-Cu-F) deposits associated with felsic intrusions, (5) volcanic-hosted vein Ag-Au(-Zn-F-Sn) deposits associated with hypabyssal felsic intrusions, (6) vein ± replacement Ag-Au(-Cu-Zn-Pb) deposits associated with intermediate stocks, (7) volcanichosted Au-Ag(-Cu) systems, (8) rhyolite-related F(-Sn-Be) deposits, (9) diorite-related Fe(-Au-Cu) skarns, and (9) rhyolite-related Fe deposits. </p><p>Some inferences can be drawn from examination of these patterns: </p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\" data-mce-style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">• Igneous compositions vary in time and space in Mexico, but multiple compositions commonly were emplaced at different times in the same region. Temporal variations (as in Sonora) are as important as differences in province (as between Sonora and southern Mexico). </p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\" data-mce-style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">• Alteration and metal differences between alkaline and sub alkaline, felsic and mafic magma suites can be partly rationalized from equilibria among igneous minerals (for example, in terms of <i>a</i>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> vs <i>a</i>CaO [vs <i>a</i>SiO<sub>2</sub> ]), fluid chloride and sulfur contents, and magmatic metal contents which reflect province and process. </p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\" data-mce-style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">• Exposure and preservation filter observed Mexican metallogeny. Erosion of the Mesozoic arc superstructure in the west leaves mainly tungsten-skarns, burial of the Laramide arc in central Mexico interrupts porphyry copper patterns, and minimal exhumation of mid-Tertiary intrusive centers preserves distal vein or replacement systems. </p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\" data-mce-style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">• The superimposed metallogenic patterns in Mexico have parallels with metallogenic patterns in the western United States in terms of the effects of preservation, process, and province. Future work should focus on increasing the basic geological data on mineral deposits and igneous rocks. Geochronology, petrology, and geochemistry would help better define the temporal, spatial, and compositional interrelationships between tectonism, magmatism, and mineralization.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Porphyry copper deposits of the American Cordillera","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Arizona Geological Society","usgsCitation":"Barton, M.D., Staude, J.G., Zurcher, L., and Megaw, P.K., 1995, Porphyry copper and other intrusion-related mineralization in Mexico, chap. <i>of</i> Porphyry copper deposits of the American Cordillera, p. 487-524.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"487","endPage":"524","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":377649,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-97.14001,25.87],[-97.52807,24.99214],[-97.70295,24.27234],[-97.77604,22.93258],[-97.87237,22.44421],[-97.69904,21.89869],[-97.38896,21.41102],[-97.18933,20.63543],[-96.52558,19.89093],[-96.29213,19.32037],[-95.90088,18.82802],[-94.83906,18.56272],[-94.42573,18.14437],[-93.54865,18.42384],[-92.78611,18.52484],[-92.03735,18.70457],[-91.4079,18.87608],[-90.77187,19.28412],[-90.53359,19.86742],[-90.45148,20.70752],[-90.27862,20.99986],[-89.60132,21.26173],[-88.54387,21.49368],[-87.65842,21.45885],[-87.05189,21.54354],[-86.81198,21.33151],[-86.84591,20.84986],[-87.38329,20.2554],[-87.62105,19.64655],[-87.43675,19.4724],[-87.58656,19.04013],[-87.83719,18.25982],[-88.09066,18.51665],[-88.30003,18.49998],[-88.49012,18.48683],[-88.84834,17.8832],[-89.02986,18.00151],[-89.15091,17.95547],[-89.14308,17.80832],[-90.06793,17.81933],[-91.00152,17.81759],[-91.00227,17.25466],[-91.45392,17.25218],[-91.08167,16.91848],[-90.71182,16.68748],[-90.60085,16.47078],[-90.43887,16.41011],[-90.46447,16.06956],[-91.74796,16.06656],[-92.22925,15.25145],[-92.08722,15.06458],[-92.20323,14.8301],[-92.22775,14.53883],[-93.35946,15.61543],[-93.87517,15.94016],[-94.69166,16.20098],[-95.25023,16.12832],[-96.05338,15.75209],[-96.55743,15.65352],[-97.26359,15.91706],[-98.01303,16.10731],[-98.94768,16.56604],[-99.6974,16.70616],[-100.8295,17.17107],[-101.66609,17.64903],[-101.91853,17.91609],[-102.47813,17.97575],[-103.50099,18.29229],[-103.91753,18.74857],[-104.99201,19.31613],[-105.49304,19.94677],[-105.7314,20.4341],[-105.39777,20.53172],[-105.50066,20.8169],[-105.27075,21.07628],[-105.26582,21.4221],[-105.60316,21.87115],[-105.69341,22.26908],[-106.02872,22.77375],[-106.90998,23.76777],[-107.91545,24.54892],[-108.4019,25.17231],[-109.2602,25.58061],[-109.44409,25.82488],[-109.29164,26.44293],[-109.80146,26.67618],[-110.39173,27.16211],[-110.64102,27.85988],[-111.17892,27.94124],[-111.75961,28.46795],[-112.22823,28.95441],[-112.27182,29.26684],[-112.80959,30.02111],[-113.16381,30.78688],[-113.14867,31.17097],[-113.87188,31.56761],[-114.20574,31.52405],[-114.77645,31.79953],[-114.9367,31.39348],[-114.77123,30.91362],[-114.6739,30.16268],[-114.33097,29.75043],[-113.58888,29.06161],[-113.42405,28.82617],[-113.27197,28.75478],[-113.14004,28.41129],[-112.9623,28.42519],[-112.76159,27.78022],[-112.45791,27.52581],[-112.24495,27.17173],[-111.61649,26.66282],[-111.28467,25.73259],[-110.98782,25.29461],[-110.71001,24.826],[-110.65505,24.29859],[-110.17286,24.26555],[-109.77185,23.81118],[-109.4091,23.36467],[-109.43339,23.18559],[-109.85422,22.81827],[-110.03139,22.82308],[-110.29507,23.43097],[-110.9495,24.00096],[-111.67057,24.48442],[-112.18204,24.73841],[-112.14899,25.47013],[-112.30071,26.012],[-112.7773,26.32196],[-113.46467,26.76819],[-113.59673,26.63946],[-113.84894,26.90006],[-114.46575,27.14209],[-115.05514,27.72273],[-114.98225,27.7982],[-114.57037,27.74149],[-114.19933,28.115],[-114.16202,28.56611],[-114.93184,29.27948],[-115.51865,29.55636],[-115.88737,30.18079],[-116.25835,30.83646],[-116.72153,31.63574],[-117.12776,32.53534],[-115.99135,32.61239],[-114.72139,32.72083],[-114.815,32.52528],[-113.30498,32.03914],[-111.02361,31.33472],[-109.035,31.34194],[-108.24194,31.34222],[-108.24,31.75485],[-106.50759,31.75452],[-106.1429,31.39995],[-105.63159,31.08383],[-105.03737,30.64402],[-104.70575,30.12173],[-104.45697,29.57196],[-103.94,29.27],[-103.11,28.97],[-102.48,29.76],[-101.6624,29.7793],[-100.9576,29.38071],[-100.45584,28.69612],[-100.11,28.11],[-99.52,27.54],[-99.3,26.84],[-99.02,26.37],[-98.24,26.06],[-97.53,25.84],[-97.14001,25.87]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Mexico\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barton, Mark D.","contributorId":6166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":796725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Staude, John-Mark G.","contributorId":190638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Staude","given":"John-Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":796726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zurcher, Lukas 0000-0001-5575-1192","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5575-1192","contributorId":238846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zurcher","given":"Lukas","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":796727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Megaw, Peter K. M.","contributorId":238847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Megaw","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"K. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":796728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70193463,"text":"70193463 - 1995 - Influences on copper bioaccumulation, growth, and survival of the midge, Chironomus tentans, in metal-contaminated sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-01T14:35:14","indexId":"70193463","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2178,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Influences on copper bioaccumulation, growth, and survival of the midge, <i>Chironomus tentans</i>, in metal-contaminated sediments","title":"Influences on copper bioaccumulation, growth, and survival of the midge, Chironomus tentans, in metal-contaminated sediments","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sediment bioassays with larvae of the midge,&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Chironomus tentans</i><span>, were used to evaluate influences on the bioavailability and toxicity of copper (Cu) in sediments with a wide range of concentrations of metals, acid-volatile sulfide (AVS), and other physicochemical characteristics. Sediments were collected from sixteen lakes in Michigan, USA, and from twelve sites in the Clark Fork River drainage of Montana, USA, which are contaminated with metals from mining activities and from other anthropogenic sources. Bioassays with<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">C. tentans</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>larvae were conducted for ten days in a static-renewal test system, with endpoints of survival, growth, and metal bioaccumulation. Bioaccumulation of copper (Cu) was strongly correlated with Cu concentrations in porewater, and was increased significantly at Cu concentrations less than those affecting growth or survival. Midge survival and growth were not significantly correlated with concentrations of Cu in sediment or porewater, and were poorly predicted by ratios of acid-extractable metals to AVS in sediments. Principal components analysis indicated that Cu concentrations in porewater and bioaccumulation of Cu by midge larvae were influenced by AVS, sediment organic carbon, and porewater pH, and that toxicity was associated with high concentrations of Cu, high concentrations of zinc (Zn) and ammonia. No toxicity was observed in several sediments which contained low concentrations of AVS and high concentrations of Cu and Zn. In sediments which contain little AVS, bioavailability of metals may be controlled by constituents other than sulfides, such as organic matter and metal hydrous oxides. These results indicate that assessments of toxicity in metal-contaminated sediments should evaluate the importance of metal-binding phases other than sulfides, and the possible contributions of ammonia or other toxicants to toxicity in sediment bioassays.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00116651","usgsCitation":"Besser, J.M., Kubitz, J.A., Ingersoll, C.G., Braselton, W.E., and Giesy, J.P., 1995, Influences on copper bioaccumulation, growth, and survival of the midge, Chironomus tentans, in metal-contaminated sediments: Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health, v. 4, no. 3, p. 157-168, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00116651.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"168","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348028,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, 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G.","contributorId":48008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":719140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Braselton, W. Emmett","contributorId":176143,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Braselton","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Emmett","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Giesy, John P.","contributorId":57426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giesy","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70193468,"text":"70193468 - 1995 - Relations between benthic community structure and metals concentrations in aquatic macroinvertebrates: Clark Fork River, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-01T14:45:51","indexId":"70193468","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relations between benthic community structure and metals concentrations in aquatic macroinvertebrates: Clark Fork River, Montana","docAbstract":"<p><span>We sampled macroinvertebrate communities at six sites on the upper Clark Fork River, Montana, to determine relations between macroinvertebrate community structure and metals in invertebrates and the best benthic community metrics to use for ranking sites based on the relative severity of the effects of metals. Concentrations (μg/g) of six metals in invertebrates were determined: Al (range = 591–4193), As (2.7–34.1), Cd (0.13–8.38), Cu (26–1382), Pb (0.54–67.1), and Zn (212–1665). Concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and total metals were significantly correlated with at least one benthic metric. Copper (r = 0.88–0.94) and total metals (r = 0.90–0.97) provided the most highly significant correlations. Based on longitudinal site comparisons of metals in invertebrates, benthic community structure, and differences between proportionally scaled ranks, five benthic metrics provided the best indicators of relative impact: taxa richness, Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera (EPT) richness, chironomid richness, percentage of the most dominant taxon, and density. The two sites with the highest accumulations of invertebrate metals also demonstrated the greatest relative degree of impact based on these parameters. The most meaningful combinations of metrics indicate that the benthic community at the most upstream site is being severely impacted by metals. Two sites demonstrated little or no negative impact, and three sites demonstrated low or moderate levels of negative impacts, which may be due to a combination of metals and other factors such as organic enrichment. We recommend that benthic community structure and metals in invertebrates collected from riffle habitats be used to determine relative impacts in metals-contaminated river systems, owing to their close relation to metal availability and transfer to higher trophic levels.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.1995.9663447","usgsCitation":"Taylor & Francis, 1995, Relations between benthic community structure and metals concentrations in aquatic macroinvertebrates: Clark Fork River, Montana: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 10, no. 3, p. 277-293, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1995.9663447.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"277","endPage":"293","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348035,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Upper 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,{"id":18088,"text":"ofr95617 - 1995 - Review of slope stability issues at the proposed Carlota Copper Project, Pinal and Gila counties, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:15","indexId":"ofr95617","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-617","title":"Review of slope stability issues at the proposed Carlota Copper Project, Pinal and Gila counties, Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95617","usgsCitation":"Baum, R.L., and Ellis, W., 1995, Review of slope stability issues at the proposed Carlota Copper Project, Pinal and Gila counties, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-617, i, 16 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95617.","productDescription":"i, 16 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149189,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0617/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19346,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0617/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604003","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baum, Rex L. 0000-0001-5337-1970 baum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-1970","contributorId":1288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"Rex","email":"baum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":178523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellis, William L.","contributorId":89128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"William L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28531,"text":"wri944108 - 1995 - Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality at two landfills in Bristol, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:48","indexId":"wri944108","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4108","title":"Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality at two landfills in Bristol, Vermont","docAbstract":"A study was done to describe the hydrogeology of unconsolidated deposits, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality at two landfills in Bristol, Vermont. The study area is characterized by a glacial delta greater than 200 feet thick on the west flank of the Green Mountains. An upper unconfined, coarse-grained glacial aquifer and a lower fine-grained glacial aquifer are separated throughout most of the study area by a sand, silt, and clay confining unit. A two-layer ground-water flow model was designed and calibrated to estimate ground-water-flow paths form the aquifers beneath the landfills. Large upward head gradients of 0.03 to 0.30 foot per foot are the result of ground water leaking from the underlying bedrock aquifer, which caused ground-water flow to concentrate in the upper aquifer. Most simulated ground-water-flow paths in the lower glacial aquifer beneath the landfills crossed into the upper aquifer. Simulated ground- water-flow paths in the upper aquifer, beneath the landfills, remained in the upper aquifer. Ground water characterized as landfill leachate, or influenced by landfill leachate, has a median specific conductance of 700 microseimens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius. Landfill leachate contained mean concentrations 1.5 to 10 times the background concentrations of common constituents and metals, including calcium, potassium, sodium, chloride, iron, magnesium, and manganese. Trace metals detected in the leachate included copper, nickel, zinc, cobalt, lead, and arsenic. Ten volatile organic compounds were found at four observation wells associated with one landfill and three volatile organic compounds were found at two observation wells associated with the record landfill. No one volatile organic compound was consistently found and detections were generally at or near detection limits.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944108","usgsCitation":"Mack, T.J., 1995, Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality at two landfills in Bristol, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4108, vi, 111 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944108.","productDescription":"vi, 111 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122654,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4108/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57334,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4108/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db626928","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mack, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0496-3918","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3918","contributorId":39814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70176138,"text":"70176138 - 1995 - Copper, cadmium, and zinc concentrations in aquatic food chains from the Upper Sacramento River (California) and selected tributaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T11:38:37","indexId":"70176138","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Copper, cadmium, and zinc concentrations in aquatic food chains from the Upper Sacramento River (California) and selected tributaries","docAbstract":"<p><span>Metals enter the Upper Sacramento River above Redding, California, primarily through Spring Creek, a tributary that receives acid-mine drainage from a US EPA Superfund site known locally as Iron Mountain Mine. Waterweed (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Elodea canadensis</i><span>) and aquatic insects (midge larvae, Chironomidae; and mayfly nymphs, Ephemeroptera) from the Sacramento River downstream from Spring Creek contained much higher concentrations of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) than did similar taxa from nearby reference tributaries not exposed to acid-mine drainage. Aquatic insects from the Sacramento River contained especially high maximum concentrations of Cu (200 mg/kg dry weight in midge larvae), Cd (23 mg/kg dry weight in mayfly nymphs), and Zn (1,700 mg/kg dry weight in mayfly nymphs). Although not always statistically significant, whole-body concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Zn in fishes (threespine stickleback, </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Gasterosteus aculeatus;</i><span> Sacramento sucker, </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Catostomus occidentalis;</i><span> Sacramento squawfish, </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Ptychocheilus grandis;</i><span> and chinook salmon, </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Oncorhynchus tshawytasch</i><span>) from the Sacramento River were generally higher than in fishes from the reference tributaries.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00208378","usgsCitation":"Saiki, M.K., Castleberry, D.T., May, T.W., Martin, B., and Bullard, F.N., 1995, Copper, cadmium, and zinc concentrations in aquatic food chains from the Upper Sacramento River (California) and selected tributaries: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 29, no. 4, p. 484-491, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00208378.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"484","endPage":"491","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328017,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c6aeffe4b0f2f0cebe46e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saiki, M. K.","contributorId":28917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saiki","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Castleberry, D. T.","contributorId":174130,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Castleberry","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"May, T. W.","contributorId":120590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Martin, B.A.","contributorId":91269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bullard, F. N.","contributorId":174131,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bullard","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":28440,"text":"wri954074 - 1995 - Selected chemical characteristics and acute toxicity of urban stormwater, streamflow, and bed material, Maricopa County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-25T17:01:25","indexId":"wri954074","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4074","title":"Selected chemical characteristics and acute toxicity of urban stormwater, streamflow, and bed material, Maricopa County, Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>The chemistry and toxicity of urban stormwater, streamflow, and bed material in the Phoenix, Arizona, area were characterized to determine if urban stormwater could degrade the quality of streams. Toxic phases of stormwater (oil and grease, suspended solids, dissolved metals, and dissolved organics) were identified to aid water-quality managers minimize the sources of toxicants. Acute aquatic toxicity tests were done using the water flea Ceriodaphnia dubia and fathead minnows (Pimaphales promelas), and acute sediment toxicity tests were done using the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Statistical analyses also were used to determine the effect of urbanization on the quality of water and bed material and to identify toxic constituents. </p><p>Statistical analyses indicated that urban stormwater could degrade the quality of streamflow with oil and grease, pesticides, dissolved trace metals, and ammonia, and that ammonia, lead, cadmium, and zinc are released by urban activities and accumulate in bed material. Ammonia may be from fertilizers, fecal matter, and other sources. Lead probably is from vehicles that use leaded gasoline. Cadmium and zinc could be from paniculate metal in oil, brake pads, and other sources.</p><p>Samples of the initial runoff from urban drainage basins appeared to be more toxic than flowweighted composite samples, and stormwater was more harmful to fathead minnows than to Ceriodaphnia dubia. Streamflow samples from the Salt River were not toxic to either species, which indicates that urban stormwater could degrade the quality of the Salt River. The enhanced mortality rate of fathead minnows exposed to urban stormwater from most urban drainage basins indicated that the toxicants were more detrimental to fish than to insects and could be present in stormwater throughout the Phoenix area. The most toxic stormwater samples were collected from the drainage basins with residential and commercial land use, and the toxicity probably was due to surfactants and (or) other constituents leached from asphalt and resealant Results of toxicity identification evaluations indicated that the toxicity of stormwater mostly was due to organic constituents; dissolved zinc and copper also appeared to contribute to stormwater toxicity. Statistical comparisons of chemical data to toxicity data indicated that organophosphate pesticides were not the toxic constituents, and the toxicity generally was due to organic constituents that were not analyzed.</p><p>The most toxic bed-material samples were collected from a drainage basin with undeveloped land use. In these bed-material samples, mortality rates were significantly higher than in samples from ephemeral channels. Comparisons between the toxicity of bed-material samples from undeveloped and urban drainage basins and between urban drainage basins and ephemeral channels showed no significant difference. In urban drainage basins, bed-material samples collected from areas where stormwater accumulates appeared to be more toxic than samples collected from areas where stormwater does not accumulate. </p><p>For bed-material samples from the undeveloped drainage basin, mortality rates strongly correlated with recoverable concentrations of zinc and moderately correlated with recoverable concentrations of copper. The high mortality rate probably was due to naturally occurring trace metals. For bed-material samples from urban drainage basins, mortality rates significantly correlated with recoverable concentrations of cadmium and zinc, which resulted from urban activities. The bioavailability of trace metals in bed material appeared to be controlled by the adsorption properties of organic carbon, iron, and manganese. Organochlorine pesticides were detected in most bed-material samples; however, mortality rates were poorly correlated with pesticide concentrations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954074","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Lopes, T.J., and Fossum, K.D., 1995, Selected chemical characteristics and acute toxicity of urban stormwater, streamflow, and bed material, Maricopa County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4074, v, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954074.","productDescription":"v, 52 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":57242,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4074/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4074/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Maricopa County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -112.5,\n              33.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.75,\n              33.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.75,\n              33.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.5,\n              33.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.5,\n              33.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4a1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lopes, Thomas J. tjlopes@usgs.gov","contributorId":2302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopes","given":"Thomas","email":"tjlopes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":199801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fossum, Kenneth D.","contributorId":34121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fossum","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27502,"text":"wri954053 - 1995 - Historical overview and limnological reconnaissance of Theodore Roosevelt Lake, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:44","indexId":"wri954053","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4053","title":"Historical overview and limnological reconnaissance of Theodore Roosevelt Lake, Arizona","docAbstract":"Theodore Roosevelt Lake, a warm monomictic reservoir on the Salt River and Tonto Creek in central Arizona, is chemically influenced more by the Salt River than by Tonto Creek. Roosevelt Lake begins thermal stratification in February and becomes strongly stratified by April. Overall, Roosevelt Lake is considered to be mesotrophic. However, chlorophyll-a concentrations ranged from 0.70 to 14 micrograms per liter, with a mean concentration of 2.8 micrograms per liter, indicating oligotrophy. The Secchi-disc depth ranged from 1.1 to 3.0 meters, with a mean Secchi-depth measurement of 1.9 meters, indicating eutrophy. Mean concentrations of dissolved arsenic, iron, manganese, nickel, and strontium were greater in the streams than in the lake. Mean concentrations of dissolved copper and zinc were greater in the lake than in the streams. Ground water in parts of the Pinal Creek basin contains elevation concentrations of manganese, copper, and other metals and contributes to the flow of Pinal Creek, which is a tributary of the Salt River. Of the lake sites, the forebay had the greatest mean concentrations of dissolved arsenic, iron, manganese, and zinc. In the lake, mean concentrations of chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc in bottom sediment were greatest for the Tonto arm. Median concentrations of chromium and nickel in bottom sediment were greatest for the forebay. Median concentrations of zinc in bottom sediment were greatest at the forebay and Tonto arm. The median concentration of copper in bottom sediment was greatest for the Salt bay.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954053","usgsCitation":"Ham, L.K., 1995, Historical overview and limnological reconnaissance of Theodore Roosevelt Lake, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4053, vii, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954053.","productDescription":"vii, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123595,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4053/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56351,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4053/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68814b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ham, L. K.","contributorId":13276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ham","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27488,"text":"wri944040 - 1995 - Hydrogeology and geochemistry of acid mine drainage in ground water in the vicinity of Penn Mine and Camanche Reservoir, Calaveras County, California: First-year summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-03T19:16:44.087572","indexId":"wri944040","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4040","title":"Hydrogeology and geochemistry of acid mine drainage in ground water in the vicinity of Penn Mine and Camanche Reservoir, Calaveras County, California: First-year summary","docAbstract":"<p>Acid drainage from the Penn Mine in Calaveras County, California, has caused contamination of ground water between Mine Run Dam and Camanche Reservoir. The Penn Mine was first developed in the 1860's primarily for copper and later produced lesser amounts of zinc, lead, silver, and gold from steeply dipping massive sulfide lenses in metamorphic rocks. Surface disposal of sulfidic waste rock and tailings from mine operations has produced acidic drainage with pH values between 2.3 and 2.7 and elevated concentrations of sulfate and metals, including copper, zinc, cadmium, iron, and aluminum. During the mine's operation and after its subsequent abandonment in the late 1950's, acid mine drainage flowed down Mine Run into the Mokelumne River. Construction of Camanche Dam in 1963 flooded part of the Mokelumne River adjacent to Penn Mine. Surface-water diversions and unlined impoundments were constructed at Penn Mine in 1979 to reduce runoff from the mine, collect contaminated surface water, and enhance evaporation. Some of the contaminated surface water infiltrates the ground water and flows toward Camanche Reservoir.</p><p> Ground- water flow in the study area is controlled by the local hydraulic gradient and the hydraulic characteristics of two principal rock types, a Jurassic metavolcanic unit and the underlying Salt Spring slate. The hydraulic gradient is west from Mine Run impoundment toward Camanche Reservoir. The median hydraulic conductivity was about 10 to 50 times higher in the metavolcanic rock (0.1 foot per day) than in the slate (0.002 to 0.01 foot per day); most flow occurs in the metavolcanic rock where hydraulic conductivity is as high as 50 feet per day in two locations. The contact between the two rock units is a fault plane that strikes N20?W, dips 20?NE, and is a likely conduit for ground-water flow, based on down-hole measurements with a heatpulse flowmeter. </p><p>Analyses of water samples collected during April 1992 provide a comprehensive characterization of ground water below Mine Run Dam at the Penn Mine. Specific conductance of the samples ranged from 1,810 to 18,000 microsiemens per centimeter. pH values of sampled ground water ranged from 3.7 to 7.8. Dissolved constituents in ground water ranged from less than 0.010 to 86 milligrams per liter for copper, from less than 0.010 to 240 milligrams per liter for iron, from less than 0.01 to 250 milligrams per liter for aluminum, and from 0.020 to 600 milligrams per liter for zinc. A contaminated ground-water plume appears to originate in the metavolcanic unit along the north abutment of Mine Run Dam. The plume is characterized by low pH, high concentrations of sulfate and dissolved metals, and enrichment of the heavy stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen. Dissolved iron and sulfate correlate positively, suggesting pyrite as the probable source of these elements. The concentrations of some dissolved constituents apparently are controlled by equilibrium with solid mineral phases. Poorly crystalline hydrous ferric oxide and microcrystalline gibbsite are close to saturation in ground water with pH values between 4 and 7.8 and probably control the solubility of Fe<sup>3+</sup> and Al<sup>3+</sup>, respectively. </p><p>Using a range of bulk hydraulic conductivity values for the metavolcanic unit from the median value (0.1 foot per day) to the highest values (50 feet per day), together with a representative cross-sectional area (3,000 square feet) for the contaminated ground-water plume and a hydraulic gradient of 0.14 from August 1992, the following range in ground-water flow rates is estimated by Darcy's law: 42 to 21,000 cubic feet per day, or 10<sup>5</sup> to 5x10<sup>7</sup> gallons per year. Multiplying this estimated range in ground-water flow by representative metal concentrations from the contaminated plume gives the following estimates for annual metal transport to Camanche Reservoir by ground water: 86 to 42,000 pounds of copper; 310 to 150,000 pounds of zinc; and 1.5 to 750 pounds of cadmium.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944040","usgsCitation":"Hamlin, S.N., and Alpers, C.N., 1995, Hydrogeology and geochemistry of acid mine drainage in ground water in the vicinity of Penn Mine and Camanche Reservoir, Calaveras County, California: First-year summary: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4040, v, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944040.","productDescription":"v, 45 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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N.","contributorId":46560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamlin","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":21105,"text":"ofr95103 - 1995 - Biological and associated water-quality data for lower Olmos Creek and upper San Antonio River, San Antonio, Texas, March-October 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-15T12:44:14","indexId":"ofr95103","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-103","title":"Biological and associated water-quality data for lower Olmos Creek and upper San Antonio River, San Antonio, Texas, March-October 1990","docAbstract":"<p>Biological and associated water-quality data were collected from lower Olmos Creek and upper San Antonio River in San Antonio, Texas, during March-October 1990, the second year of a multiyear data-collection program. The data will be used to document water-quality conditions prior to implementation of a proposal to reuse treated wastewater to irrigate city properties in Olmos Basin and Brackenridge Parks and to augment flows in the Olmos Creek/San Antonio River system.</p>\n<p>Benthic macroinvertebrate, periphyton, and phy toplankton communities were sampled at three sites along a 4.2-kilometer reach of the Olmos Creek/San Antonio River system. Total mean densities of benthic macroinvertebrates for the three sites ranged from 1,000 to 15,000 organisms per square meter. The most abundant macroinvertebrates were the class Insecta (insects). Total densities of periphyton ranged from 700 to 86,000 cells per square millimeter. Cyanophyta (blue-green algae) and Bacillariophyta (diatoms) were the predominant periphyton organisms. Total densities of phytoplankton ranged from 940 to 21,000 cells per milliliter. Diatoms and Chlorophyta (green algae) made up most of the rest of the phytoplankton. Mean diversity index for the three sites ranged from 1.0 to 2.1 for benthic macroinvertebrates. The diversity index for all sites ranged from 1.5 to 3.1 for periphyton and 0.9 to 2.5 for phytoplankton.</p>\n<p>Hardness ranged from 220 to 280 milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate, and alkalinity ranged from 173 to 213 milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate. The largest dissolved nitrate concentration was 1.68 milligrams per liter. Dissolved ammonia nitrogen generally was less than 0.100 milligram per liter. The largest total phosphorus concentration was 0.080 milligram per liter, over one-half of which was dissolved orthophosphate.</p>\n<p>Total aluminum and total iron were the only trace elements in water to exceed the reporting threshold by large concentrations. Total aluminum concentrations ranged from 100 to 250 micrograms per liter, and total iron concentrations ranged from 70 to 280 micrograms per liter. Lead was the most prominent trace element in bottommaterial samples with concentrations ranging from 40 to 190 micrograms per gram. The maximum copper concentration in the bottom material was 60 micrograms per gram at site 3 (the most downstream site).</p>\n<p>Depths and velocities, measured at sample points after benthic macroinvertebrate sampling, ranged from 0.03 to 0.30 meter and from 0.06 to 1.2 meters per second, respectively. Measurable stream discharge ranged from 0.01 to 0.27 cubic meter per second. During two of the sampling periods, no flow was at site 1.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95103","usgsCitation":"Taylor, R.L., 1995, Biological and associated water-quality data for lower Olmos Creek and upper San Antonio River, San Antonio, Texas, March-October 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-103, v, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95103.","productDescription":"v, 73 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":50694,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0103/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153290,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0103/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db6235a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, R. Lynn","contributorId":85616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lynn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20222,"text":"ofr95195 - 1995 - Concentrations of mercury and other trace elements in walleye, smallmouth bass, and rainbow trout in Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake and the upper Columbia River, Washington, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:34","indexId":"ofr95195","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-195","title":"Concentrations of mercury and other trace elements in walleye, smallmouth bass, and rainbow trout in Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake and the upper Columbia River, Washington, 1994","docAbstract":"Three species of sportfish--walleye, smallmouth bass, and rainbow trout--were collected from Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake and the upstream reach of the Columbia River within the state of Washington, to determine the concentrations of mercury and other selected trace elements in fish tissue. Concentrations of total mercury in walleye fillets ranged from 0.11 to 0.44 milligram per kilogram, with the higher concentrations in the larger fish. Fillets of smallmouth bass and rainbow trout also contained mercury, but generally at lower concentrations. Other selected trace elements were found in fillet samples, but the concentrations were generally low depending on species and the specific trace element. The trace elements cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc were found in liver tissue of these same species with zinc consistently present in the highest concentration.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95195","usgsCitation":"Munn, M., Cox, S., and Dean, C., 1995, Concentrations of mercury and other trace elements in walleye, smallmouth bass, and rainbow trout in Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake and the upper Columbia River, Washington, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-195, iv, 35 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95195.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152811,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0195/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49761,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0195/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5206","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Munn, M.D.","contributorId":77908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munn","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, S.E.","contributorId":66663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dean, C.J.","contributorId":11240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":28586,"text":"wri944066 - 1995 - Effects of combined-sewer overflows and urban runoff on the water quality of Fall Creek, Indianapolis, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T12:26:07","indexId":"wri944066","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4066","title":"Effects of combined-sewer overflows and urban runoff on the water quality of Fall Creek, Indianapolis, Indiana","docAbstract":"<p>In 1986, the U.S. Geological Survey and the Indianapolis Department of Public Works began a study to evaluate the effects of combined-sewer overflows and urban runoff discharging to Fall Geek on the White River. This report describes the effects of combined-sewer overflows and urban runoff on the water quality of Fall Creek during summer 1987 by comparing the water quality during base flow with that during storm runoff and by comparing water quality in the urbanized area with that in the less urbanized area upstream from the combined-sewer overflows. Data were collected at three streamflow-gaging stations located upstream from, downstream from, and in the middle of 27 combined-sewer overflows on Fall Creek. The most downstream station also was immediately downstream from the discharge of filter backwash from a water-treatment plant for public supply.</p>\n<p>Specific conductance and concentrations of major ions and dissolved solids in base flow increased downstream in response to surface-water withdrawn for public supply, ground-water inflow, and the discharge of filter backwash. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen were least in the reach of Fall Creek in the middle of the combined- sewer overflows where black sludge deposits covered the stream bottom. Concentrations of nitrate plus nitrite and ammonia steadily increased downstream, whereas concentrations of organic nitrogen, phosphorus, and orthophosphate only increased at the most downstream station. Nearly all concentrations of chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc at the upstream and middle stations were less than the detection limit of 10 micrograms per liter. Detectable concentrations of these metals and high concentrations of suspended solids in base-flow samples at the most downstream station were caused by the discharges from the water-treatment plant.</p>\n<p>Concentrations of dissolved oxygen measured at the station in the middle of the combined-sewer overflows were less than the Indiana minimum ambient water-quality standard of 4.0 milligrams per liter during all storms. Concentrations of ammonia, oxygen demand, copper, lead, zinc, and fecal coliform bacteria at the stations downstream from the combined-sewer overflows were much higher in storm runoff than in base flow. Increased concentrations of oxygen demand in runoff probably were caused by combined-sewer overflows, urban runoff, and the resuspension of organic material deposited on the streambed. Some of the increased concentrations of lead, zinc, and probably copper can be attributed to the discharge and resuspension of filter backwash</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri944066","collaboration":"Indianapolis Department of Public Works","usgsCitation":"Martin, J., 1995, Effects of combined-sewer overflows and urban runoff on the water quality of Fall Creek, Indianapolis, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4066, vi, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944066.","productDescription":"vi, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"98","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122875,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4066/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57414,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4066/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -86.2265396118164,\n              39.742306320384046\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.2265396118164,\n              39.89946489938474\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.9518814086914,\n              39.89946489938474\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.9518814086914,\n              39.742306320384046\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.2265396118164,\n              39.742306320384046\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684562","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Jeffrey D.","contributorId":40609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Jeffrey D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":39849,"text":"b2063 - 1995 - Mineral and energy resources of the Roswell Resource Area, East-Central New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-28T09:33:00","indexId":"b2063","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2063","title":"Mineral and energy resources of the Roswell Resource Area, East-Central New Mexico","docAbstract":"The sedimentary formations of the Roswell Resource Area have significant mineral and energy resources. Some of the pre-Pennsylvanian sequences in the Northwestern Shelf of the Permian Basin are oil and gas reservoirs, and Pennsylvanian rocks in Tucumcari Basin are reservoirs of oil and gas as well as source rocks for oil and gas in Triassic rocks. Pre-Permian rocks also contain minor deposits of uranium and vanadium, limestone, and gases. Hydrocarbon reservoirs in Permian rocks include associated gases such as carbon dioxide, helium, and nitrogen. Permian rocks are mineralized adjacent to the Lincoln County porphyry belt, and include deposits of copper, uranium, manganese, iron, polymetallic veins, and Mississippi-Valley-type lead-zinc. Industrial minerals in Permian rocks include fluorite, barite, potash, halite, polyhalite, gypsum, anhydrite, sulfur, limestone, dolomite, brine deposits (iodine and bromine), aggregate (sand), and dimension stone. Doubly terminated quartz crystals, called 'Pecos diamonds' and collected as mineral specimens, occur in Permian rocks along the Pecos River. Mesozoic sedimentary rocks are hosts for copper, uranium, and small quantities of gold-silver-tellurium veins, as well as significant deposits of oil and gas, carbon dioxide, asphalt, coal, and dimension stone. Mesozoic rocks contain limited amounts of limestone, gypsum, petrified wood, and clay. Tertiary rocks host ore deposits commonly associated with intrusive rocks, including platinum-group elements, iron skarns, manganese, uranium and vanadium, molybdenum, polymetallic vein deposits, gold-silver-tellurium veins, and thorium-rare-earth veins. Museum-quality quartz crystals are associated with Tertiary intrusive rocks. Industrial minerals in Tertiary rocks include fluorite, vein- and bedded-barite, caliche, limestone, and aggregate. Tertiary and Quaternary sediments host important placer deposits of gold and titanium, and occurrences of silver and uranium. Important industrial commodities include caliche, limestone and dolomite, and aggregate. Quaternary basalt contains sub-ore-grade uranium, scoria, and clay deposits.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2063","usgsCitation":"1995, Mineral and energy resources of the Roswell Resource Area, East-Central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2063, Report: xii, 145 p.; 15 Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/b2063.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 145 p.; 15 Plates","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":67721,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-05.pdf","text":"Plate 4 (Sheet 2 of 2)","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67722,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-06.pdf","text":"Plate 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67723,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-07.pdf","text":"Plate 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67724,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-08.pdf","text":"Plate 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67720,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-04.pdf","text":"Plate 4 (Sheet 1 of 2)","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67725,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-09.pdf","text":"Plate 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67726,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-10.pdf","text":"Plate 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":109057,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19737.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"19737"},{"id":173507,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67728,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-12.pdf","text":"Plate 11","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67718,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-02.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67719,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-03.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67727,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-11.pdf","text":"Plate 10","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67729,"rank":412,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-13.pdf","text":"Plate 12","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67730,"rank":413,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-14.pdf","text":"Plate 13","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67731,"rank":414,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-15.pdf","text":"Plate 14","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67732,"rank":415,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-16.pdf","text":"Plate 15","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67733,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67717,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-01.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic","country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Roswell Resource Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.5,32.75 ], [ -106.5,36 ], [ -103,36 ], [ -103,32.75 ], [ -106.5,32.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6357e9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bartsch-Winkler, Susan B.","contributorId":97069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartsch-Winkler","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726069,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donatich, Alessandro J.","contributorId":47857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donatich","given":"Alessandro","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726070,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29193,"text":"wri944134 - 1995 - Water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky: Distribution of metals and other trace elements in sediment and water, 1987-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-27T21:26:18.030303","indexId":"wri944134","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4134","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky: Distribution of metals and other trace elements in sediment and water, 1987-90","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program is designed to provide a nationally consistent description of the current status of water quality, to define water-quality trends, and to relate past and present water-quality conditions to natural features, uses of land and water, and other water-quality effects from human activities. The Kentucky River Basin is one of four NAWQA pilot projects that focused primarily on the quality of surface water. Water, sediment, and bedrock samples were collected in the Kentucky River Basin during 1987-90 for the purpose of (1) describing the spatial distribution, transport, and temporal variability of metals and other trace elements in streams of the basin; (2) estimating mean annual loads, yields, and trends of constituent concentrations and identifying potential causes (or sources) of spatial patterns; (3) providing baseline information for concentrations of metals in streambed and suspended sediments; (4) identifying stream reaches in the Kentucky River Basin with chronic water-quality problems; and (5) evaluating the merits of the NAWQA pilot study-approach for the assessment of metals and other trace elements in a river system. </p><p>The spatial distribution of metals and other trace elements in streambed sediments of the Kentucky River Basin is associated with regional differences of geology, land use and cover, and the results of human activities. Median concentrations of constituents differed significantly among physiographic regions of the basin because of relations to bedrock geochemistry and land disturbance. Concentrations of potentially toxic metals were large in urban and industrial areas of the basin. Elevated concentrations of certain metals were also found in streambed sediments of the Knobs Region because of the presence of Devonian shale bedrock. Elevated concentrations of lead and zinc found in streambed sediments of the Bluegrass Region are likely associated with urban stormwater runoff, point-source discharges, and waste-management practices. Concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, and silver were elevated in streambed sediments downstream from wastewater-treatment plant discharges. Streambed-sediment concentrations of barium, chromium, and lithium were elevated in streams that receive brine discharges from oil production. Elevated concentrations of antimony, arsenic, molybdenum, selenium, strontium, uranium, and vanadium in streambed sediments of the Kentucky River Basin were generally associated with natural sources. </p><p>Concentrations of metals and other trace elements in water samples from fixed stations (stations where water-quality samples were collected for 3.5 years) in the Kentucky River Basin were generally related to stream discharge and the concentration of suspended sediment, whereas constituent concentrations in the suspended-sediment matrix were indicative of natural and human sources. Estimated mean annual loads and yields for most metals and other trace elements were associated with the transport of suspended sediment.&nbsp;Land disturbance, such as surface mining and agriculture, contribute to increased transport of sediment in streams, thereby increasing concentrations of metals in water samples during periods of intense or prolonged rainfall and increased stream discharge. Concentrations of many metals and trace elements were reduced during low streamflow. Although total-recoverable and dissolved concentrations of certain metals and trace elements were large in streams affected by land disturbance, concentrations of constituents in the suspendedsediment matrix were commonly large in streams in the Knobs and Eastern Coal Field Regions (because of relations with bedrock geochemistry) and in streams that receive wastewater or oil-well-brine discharges. Concentrations and mean annual load estimates for aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, and mercury were larger than those obtained from data collected by a State agency, probably because of differences in sample-collection methodology, the range of discharge associated with water-quality samples, and laboratory analytical procedures. However, concentrations, loads, and yields of arsenic, barium, and zinc were similar to those determined from the State data. </p><p>Significant upward trends in the concentrations of aluminum, iron, magnesium, manganese, and zinc were indicated at one or more fixed stations in the Kentucky River Basin during the past 10 to 15 years. Upward trends for concentrations of aluminum, iron, and manganese were found at sites that receive drainage from coal mines in the upper Kentucky River Basin, whereas upward trends for zinc may be associated with urban sources. Water-quality criteria established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) or the State of Kentucky for concentrations of aluminum, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, silver, and zinc were exceeded at one or more fixed stations in the Kentucky River Basin. On a qualitative basis, dissolved concentrations of certain metals and trace elements were large during low streamflow at sites where (1) concentrations of these constituents in underlying streambed sediments were large, or (2) dissolvedoxygen concentrations were small. Concentrations of barium, lithium, and strontium were large during low streamflow, which indicates the influence of ground-water baseflows on the quality of surface water during low flow. </p><p>The effects of point-source discharges, landfills, and other wastemanagement practices are somewhat localized in the Kentucky River Basin and are best indicated by the spatial distribution of metals and other trace elements in streambed sediments and in the suspended-sediment fraction of water samples at stream locations near the source. It was not possible to quantify the contribution of point sources to the total transport of metals and other trace elements at fixed stations because data were not available for wastewater effluents. Quantification of baseline concentrations of metals and other trace elements in streambed sediments provides a basis for the detection of water-quality changes that may result from improvements in wastewater treatment or the implementation of best-management practices for controlling contamination from nonpoint sources in the Kentucky River Basin. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944134","usgsCitation":"Porter, S.D., White, K., and Clark, J.R., 1995, Water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky: Distribution of metals and other trace elements in sediment and water, 1987-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4134, Report: xi, 184 p.; 1 Plate: 24.13 x 26.62 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944134.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 184 p.; 1 Plate: 24.13 x 26.62 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58056,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4134/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":393475,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36776.htm"},{"id":159417,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4134/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":354987,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4134/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Kentucky River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -85.4022216796875,\n              36.82247761166621\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.77099609375,\n              36.82247761166621\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.77099609375,\n              38.929502416386605\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.4022216796875,\n              38.929502416386605\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.4022216796875,\n              36.82247761166621\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ade7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Porter, Stephen D.","contributorId":16429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Kevin D.","contributorId":81887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Kevin D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, J. R.","contributorId":55764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":26289,"text":"wri944165 - 1995 - Application of surface geophysical techniques in a study of the geomorphology of the lower Copper River, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:17","indexId":"wri944165","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4165","title":"Application of surface geophysical techniques in a study of the geomorphology of the lower Copper River, Alaska","docAbstract":"As part of a geomorphology study of the lower Copper River, three surface geophysical techniques were tested for their ability to detect infilled scour holes at bridge piers, old river channels, and subbottom deposits in a glacier-formed lake. The methods were (1) ground-penetrating radar, (2) continuous seismic reflection using a color fathometer, and (3) continuous seismic reflection using a tuned transducer. In water depths less than 20 feet, ground-penetrating radar detected infilled scour holes at bridge piers and old river channels on land. Continuous seismic reflection using a tuned transducer was effective in water and detected infilled scour holes at bridge piers and subbottom deposits in a glacier lake. The color fathometer was useful in determining depths of water but was not able to penetrate the subbottom.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944165","usgsCitation":"Brabets, T.P., 1995, Application of surface geophysical techniques in a study of the geomorphology of the lower Copper River, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4165, iv, 47 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944165.","productDescription":"iv, 47 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122774,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4165/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55097,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4165/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a7d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brabets, T. P.","contributorId":103289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabets","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26067,"text":"wri944216 - 1995 - Verification and adjustment of regional regression models for urban storm-runoff quality using data collected in Little Rock, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"wri944216","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4216","title":"Verification and adjustment of regional regression models for urban storm-runoff quality using data collected in Little Rock, Arkansas","docAbstract":"Storm-runoff water-quality data were used to verify and, when appropriate, adjust regional regression models previously developed to estimate urban storm- runoff loads and mean concentrations in Little Rock, Arkansas. Data collected at 5 representative sites during 22 storms from June 1992 through January 1994 compose the Little Rock data base. Comparison of observed values (0) of storm-runoff loads and mean concentrations to the predicted values (Pu) from the regional regression models for nine constituents (chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, total nitrogen, total ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen, total phosphorus, dissolved phosphorus, total recoverable copper, total recoverable lead, and total recoverable zinc) shows large prediction errors ranging from 63 to several thousand percent. Prediction errors for six of the regional regression models are less than 100 percent, and can be considered reasonable for water-quality models. Differences between 0 and Pu are due to variability in the Little Rock data base and error in the regional models. Where applicable, a model adjustment procedure (termed MAP-R-P) based upon regression with 0 against Pu was applied to improve predictive accuracy. For 11 of the 18 regional water-quality models, 0 and Pu are significantly correlated, that is much of the variation in 0 is explained by the regional models. Five of these 11 regional models consistently overestimate O; therefore, MAP-R-P can be used to provide a better estimate. For the remaining seven regional models, 0 and Pu are not significanfly correlated, thus neither the unadjusted regional models nor the MAP-R-P is appropriate. A simple estimator, such as the mean of the observed values may be used if the regression models are not appropriate. Standard error of estimate of the adjusted models ranges from 48 to 130 percent. Calibration results may be biased due to the limited data set sizes in the Little Rock data base. The relatively large values of standard error of estimate for some of the constituent models may be unacceptable for some applications. The user may need to collect additional local data for these constituents and repeat the model adjustment procedure analysis or calibrate an independent local regression model.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944216","usgsCitation":"Barks, C., 1995, Verification and adjustment of regional regression models for urban storm-runoff quality using data collected in Little Rock, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4216, v, 12, 25 p. :map ;28 cm. [PGS - 37 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944216.","productDescription":"v, 12, 25 p. :map ;28 cm. [PGS - 37 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4216/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54844,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4216/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db60221a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barks, C. S.","contributorId":66712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barks","given":"C. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27261,"text":"wri944224 - 1995 - Relation of precipitation quality to storm type, and deposition of dissolved chemical constituents from precipitation in Massachusetts, 1983-85","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:37","indexId":"wri944224","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4224","title":"Relation of precipitation quality to storm type, and deposition of dissolved chemical constituents from precipitation in Massachusetts, 1983-85","docAbstract":"Precipitation samples were collected for 83 storms at a rural inland site in Princeton, Mass., and 73 storms at a rural coastal site in Truro, Mass., to examine the quality of precipitation from storms and relate quality to three storm types (oceanic cyclone, continental cyclone, and cold front). At the inland site, Princeton, ranked-means of precipitation depth, storm duration, specific conductance, and concentrations and loads of hydrogen, sulfate, aluminum, bromide, and copper ions were affected by storm type. At the coastal site, Truro, ranked means of precipitation depth, storm duration, and concentrations and loads of calcium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and sodium ions were affected by storm type. Precipitation chemistry at the coastal site was 85 percent oceanic in orgin, whereas precipitation 72 kilometers inland was 60 percent hydrogen, nitrate, and sulfate ions, reflecting fossil-fuel combustion. Concentrations and loads for specific conductance and 9 chemical constituents on an annual and seasonal basis were determined from National Atmospheric Deposition Program data for spring 1983 through winter 1985 at Quabbin (rural, inland), Waltham (suburban, inland) and Truro (rural, coastal), Massachusetts. Concentrations of magnesium, potassium, sodium, and chloride concentrations were highest at the coast and much lower inland, with very little difference between Waltham and Quabbin. Loads of ammonium, nitrate, sulfate, and hydrogen are highest at Quabbin and are about equal at Waltham and Truro. About twice as much nitrate and hydrogen and about 35 percent more sulfate is deposited at Quabbin than at Waltham or Truro; this pattern indicates that the interior of Massachusetts receives more acidic precipitation than do the eastern or the coastal areas of Massachusetts.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944224","usgsCitation":"Gay, F.B., and Melching, C., 1995, Relation of precipitation quality to storm type, and deposition of dissolved chemical constituents from precipitation in Massachusetts, 1983-85: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4224, vi, 82 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944224.","productDescription":"vi, 82 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158613,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4224/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56136,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4224/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db545a87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gay, F. B.","contributorId":55002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gay","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melching, Charles S.","contributorId":23973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melching","given":"Charles S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":34979,"text":"b2116 - 1995 - Copper and uranium in Pennsylvanian and Permian sedimentary rocks, northern Sangre de Cristo Range, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:49","indexId":"b2116","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2116","title":"Copper and uranium in Pennsylvanian and Permian sedimentary rocks, northern Sangre de Cristo Range, Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ; For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/b2116","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, D.A., and Clark, R.F., 1995, Copper and uranium in Pennsylvanian and Permian sedimentary rocks, northern Sangre de Cristo Range, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2116, iv, 23 p. ill. (1 col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2116.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. ill. (1 col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2116/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":62931,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2116/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685e5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsey, David A. 0000-0002-9466-0899 dlindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9466-0899","contributorId":773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"David","email":"dlindsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":213925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Reino F.","contributorId":67943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Reino","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":213926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70210157,"text":"70210157 - 1995 - Seismic refraction measurements within the Peninsular terrane, south central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-18T15:15:27.738989","indexId":"70210157","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-10T10:07:55","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic refraction measurements within the Peninsular terrane, south central Alaska","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>We present an interpretation of crustal seismic refraction data from the Peninsular terrane, one of the many exotic terranes that have been accreted to the continental margin of southern Alaska in the past 200 m.y. A seismic refraction line was collected along the Glenn Highway in the Copper River Basin of south central Alaska in 1984 and 1985, as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Trans‐Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) program.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>wave velocities of 2.7–3.5 km/s and thicknesses of 1–2 km characterize post‐Lower Jurassic sedimentary rocks that underlie most of the seismic refraction line. An average crustal velocity structure includes the following five velocity divisions. Beneath the sedimentary rocks lie 1–2 km of 4.0–4.6 km/s materials, correlating with andesitic volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks and lava flows of the Lower Jurassic Talkeetna Formation. Below these rocks, seismic velocity increases rapidly, from 5.0 to 6.1 km/s, in 2–3 km. At 7–8 km depth, velocity jumps to 6.3 km/s and increments to 6.6 km/s by 10–12 km depth. Velocities increase from 6.8 to 7.0 km/s between 12 to 20 km depth. At about 22 km depth, a jump in velocity from 7.0 to 7.4 km/s is inferred but is poorly resolved. Depth to the Moho discontinuity could not be determined from our data. The absence of clear<span>&nbsp;</span><i>PmP</i><span>&nbsp;</span>reflections may indicate that Moho is deeper than 40 km. Data from two offset shotpoints northeast of the line and within the Wrangellia terrane constrain the deep structure transition between Peninsular and Wrangellia terranes. The 6.3–6.6 km/s material thickens to the northeast, toward the suture between Peninsular and Wrangellia terranes, but southwest of its mapped trace at the West Fork fault. Peninsular terrane crustal structure appears dissimilar to that of continental interiors. It is similar to velocity structures determined for accreted island arc fragments in California, such as the basement of the Great Valley and the Klamath Mountains.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94JB02621","usgsCitation":"Ambos, E.L., Mooney, W.D., and Fuis, G.S., 1995, Seismic refraction measurements within the Peninsular terrane, south central Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, no. B3, p. 4079-4095, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB02621.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"4079","endPage":"4095","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374891,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -164.8828125,\n              53.225768435790194\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.01953124999997,\n              53.225768435790194\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.01953124999997,\n              61.3546135846894\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.8828125,\n              61.3546135846894\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.8828125,\n              53.225768435790194\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"100","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ambos, Elizabeth L.","contributorId":65477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ambos","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":789337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fuis, Gary S. 0000-0002-3078-1544 fuis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-1544","contributorId":2639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"Gary","email":"fuis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":789338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018917,"text":"70018917 - 1995 - Zinc, copper, and lead geochemistry of oceanic igneous rocks - ridges, islands, and arcs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-15T12:01:48.231282","indexId":"70018917","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Zinc, copper, and lead geochemistry of oceanic igneous rocks - ridges, islands, and arcs","docAbstract":"<p class=\"first\">Variations in the abundances of Zn, Cu, and Pb are found to be useful in identifying tectonic regimes and separating oceanisland basalts into enriched- and depleted-source categories. The average Zn, Cu, and Pb contents of normal mid-ocean ridge basalts (N-MORB) are 84, 70, and 0.35 ppm, respectively. Differences in average Zn contents for various ridges reflect more the varying degrees of differentiation than variations of Zn content in the source rocks. At a Mg# of 70, or Mg#<sub>70</sub>, which is taken to represent primitive MORB, many MORB sequences converge at a Zn content of 58 ± 6 ppm, which is close to the value for primitive mantle (50 ppm) and ordinary chondrites (∼55 ppm). Values of 0.1 to 0.15 ppm Pb in MORB at Mg#<sub>70</sub>, best defined at the superfast-spreading Southern East Pacific Rise, are similar to estimates of Pb in the primitive mantle (0.12 to 0.18 ppm). They also are near the lower end of the range for ordinary chondrites. The very slow spreading Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge has a sequence with higher Pb contents, in addition to a more normal sequence, which has a visual best value of 0.4 ppm Pb at Mg#<sub>70</sub>. With the exception of the Walvis Ridge, Zn and Cu appear to be little affected by proximity to hotspots (i.e., E-MORB); however, Pb contents are higher and average about 0.6 ppm.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/00206819509465410","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Doe, B.R., 1995, Zinc, copper, and lead geochemistry of oceanic igneous rocks - ridges, islands, and arcs: International Geology Review, v. 37, no. 5, p. 379-420, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206819509465410.","productDescription":"42 p.","startPage":"379","endPage":"420","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226350,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd280e4b08c986b32f849","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doe, B. R.","contributorId":52173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doe","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70197194,"text":"70197194 - 1995 - World class base and precious metal deposits; a quantitative analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-21T16:26:24","indexId":"70197194","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"World class base and precious metal deposits; a quantitative analysis","docAbstract":"<p><span>Over 62 percent of the 193,000 metric tons of gold discovered to date is located in four countries and more than 68 percent occurs in four types of mineral deposits. About 55 percent of the 1,740,000 metric tons of silver found is in four countries and 45 percent is in four types of deposits. Fifty-six percent of the 1.52 billion metric tons of discovered copper is from four countries and four types of deposits contain 88 percent of the total. Over 50 percent of both the 713,000,000 metric tons of zinc and 349,000,000 metric tons of lead discovered to date come from four countries and 70 percent of both metals occur in four types of deposits. All discovered gold would fit in a cube with a height oF 22 m, silver in a 55-m cube, copper in a 550-m cube, zinc in a 460-m cube, and lead in a 310-m cube. At least 74 percent of gold, silver, zinc, and lead is in deposits having average grades above the respective median grades and 44 percent of copper is in deposits with average grades above the median grade of all deposits. Lower grade deposits contain less total metal than higher grade deposits. Tonnage of mineralized rock is an even better predictor of contained metal with over 96 percent of each metal's total residing in deposits having greater than median size and between 47 and 79 percent of metal contained in the largest 10 percent of deposits. World class deposits, defined as the upper 10 percent of deposits in terms of contained metal, account for over 86 percent of all gold, 79 percent of silver, 84 percent of copper, 71 percent of zinc, and 73 percent of lead. These giant deposits contain at least 100 metric tons (3.2 Moz) gold, 2,400 metric tons (77 Moz) silver, 2 million metric tons copper, 1.7 million metric tons zinc, or 1 million metric tons lead. Mineral deposits occur rarely in the earth's crust and large ones are especially uncommon. This analysis shows that only the unusually large deposits can significantly affect supply.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.90.1.88","usgsCitation":"Singer, D.A., 1995, World class base and precious metal deposits; a quantitative analysis: Economic Geology, v. 90, no. 1, p. 88-104, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.90.1.88.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"88","endPage":"104","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354370,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b159d9ce4b092d9651e2270","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":735964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70174182,"text":"70174182 - 1995 - Brown trout avoidance of metals in water characteristic of the Clark Fork River, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-28T16:46:21","indexId":"70174182","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brown trout avoidance of metals in water characteristic of the Clark Fork River, Montana","docAbstract":"<p><span>The avoidance response of brown trout (</span><i>Salmo trutta</i><span>) to mixtures of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc was determined in water simulating the Clark Fork River, Montana. Effects of acidification on the avoidance response were also evaluated. Tests were conducted in a cylindrical chamber that received reference water at one end and metal-contaminated water at the other; a distinct boundary formed at the center where the chamber drained. A 1 &times; mixture of the four metals (Cd, 1.1&ensp;&mu;g/L; Cu, 12&ensp;&mu;g/L; Pb, 3.2&ensp;&mu;g/L; and Zn, 55&ensp;&mu;g/L) that was representative of the ambient metals concentrations of the Clark Fork River resulted in avoidance by brown trout. Brown trout also avoided 0.5&times;, 2&times;, 4&times;, and 10&times; mixtures but not a 0.1 &times; mixture. A reduction in pH from 8.0 to either 7.0, 6.0, or 5.0 resulted in significant avoidance. Avoidance reactions to metals, similar to those observed in our laboratory experiments, may contribute to the depression of brown trout populations in the Clark Fork River.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f95-794","usgsCitation":"Woodward, D.F., Hansen, J.A., Bergman, H.L., Delonay, A.J., and Little, E.E., 1995, Brown trout avoidance of metals in water characteristic of the Clark Fork River, Montana: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 52, no. 9, p. 2031-2037, https://doi.org/10.1139/f95-794.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2031","endPage":"2037","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324576,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57739fade4b07657d1a90cab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodward, Daniel F.","contributorId":75455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, James A.","contributorId":98454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bergman, Harold L.","contributorId":99099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergman","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeLonay, Aaron J. 0000-0002-3752-2799 adelonay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3752-2799","contributorId":2725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLonay","given":"Aaron","email":"adelonay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Little, Edward E. 0000-0003-0034-3639 elittle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-3639","contributorId":1746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"Edward","email":"elittle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70197273,"text":"70197273 - 1995 - Fractal lognormal percentage assessment of porphyry copper resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-24T16:16:37","indexId":"70197273","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Fractal lognormal percentage assessment of porphyry copper resources","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Third Canadian Conference on Computer Applications in the Mineral Industry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Third Canadian Conference on Computer Applications in the Mineral Industry","conferenceDate":"October 22-25, 1995","conferenceLocation":"Montreal, Canada","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Crovelli, R., Suslick, S.B., Singer, D.A., and Balay, R., 1995, Fractal lognormal percentage assessment of porphyry copper resources, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Third Canadian Conference on Computer Applications in the Mineral Industry, Montreal, Canada, October 22-25, 1995, p. 37-45.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"45","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354484,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b159d9ce4b092d9651e226e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Mitri, H. S.","contributorId":205218,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mitri","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736509,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Crovelli, R. A.","contributorId":40969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crovelli","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Suslick, S. B.","contributorId":205217,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Suslick","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":736507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Balay, R.H.","contributorId":44177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balay","given":"R.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":20559,"text":"ofr95361 - 1995 - Data on quantity and quality of water flowing in drainage systems of dry docks at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Washington, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-14T15:45:00.055633","indexId":"ofr95361","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-361","title":"Data on quantity and quality of water flowing in drainage systems of dry docks at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Washington, 1994","docAbstract":"<p>Data on the quantity and quality of ground water that drains into dry docks at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard can be useful for planning environmental remediation work at the shipyard. Ground-water discharges into and total drain-water discharges from individual dry docks were computed from a single set of discharges of individual inflowing drains' and outflowing drain-water collection culverts that were measured in June, July and August 1994. Ground-water inflows to dry docks no. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 equalled 0.07, 0.30, 0.29, 0.61, 1.18, and 6.2 cubic feet per second, respectively, and total drain-water discharges from the dry docks equalled 0.07, 0.30, 0.33, 0.61, 1.36, and 11.7 cubic feet per second, respectively. The differences between total outflows and ground-water inflows were mostly cofferdam and floodgate leakage and cooling water from a ship in dry dock no. 6. Observed salinities indicate that 18, 92, 28, 44, 55, and 69 percent of the ground-water inflows to dry docks no. 1 through 6 and 18, 92, 37, 44, 63, and 82 percent of the total outflows from the dry docks was saline water from Sinclair Inlet.</p><p>Concentrations of total copper in samples from 36 sites varied from less than 1 to 71 micrograms per liter, and concentrations of total lead varied from less than 1 to 44 micrograms per liter. None of 43 semi-volatile organic compounds that were analyzed for in samples from 19 sites were detected at concentrations greater than the laboratory minimum reporting level (5 or 10 micrograms per liter). A total of 13 volatile organic compounds were found at concentrations greater than laboratory minimum reporting levels (mostly 0.2 microgram per liter) in 8 samples that were analyzed for 63 volatile organic compounds. Trichloroethene and at least three other chlorinated hydrocarbons were found in each sample.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95361","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Department of the Navy Engineering Field Activity, Northwest Naval Facilities Engineering Command","usgsCitation":"Prych, E.A., 1995, Data on quantity and quality of water flowing in drainage systems of dry docks at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Washington, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-361, v, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95361.","productDescription":"v, 58 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19368,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0361/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152767,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0361/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Bremerton","otherGeospatial":"Puget Sound Naval Shipyard","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.66321182250977,\n              47.54913099905259\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.62475967407225,\n              47.54913099905259\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.62475967407225,\n              47.56424909302446\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.66321182250977,\n              47.56424909302446\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.66321182250977,\n              47.54913099905259\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bd61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prych, Edmund A.","contributorId":38139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prych","given":"Edmund","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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