In July 2011, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, completed a geophysical survey using electrical resistivity along an approximately 6-mile reach of the lower American River in Sacramento, California, to map near-surface lithological variations. This survey is a part of a manifold and comprehensive study of river-flow dynamics and geologic boundary-property knowledge necessary to estimate scour potential and levee erosion risk. Data were acquired on the left (south or west) bank between river mile 5 and 10.7 as well as a short section on the right bank from river mile 5.4 to 6. Thirteen direct-current resistivity profiles and approximately 8.3 miles of capacitively coupled resisistivity data were acquired along accessible areas of the floodplain between the levee and river bank. Capacitively coupled resistivity was used as a reconnaissance tool, because it allowed for greater spatial coverage of data but with lower resolution and depth of investigation than the DC resistivity method. The study area contains Pleistocene-age alluvial deposits, dominated by gravels, sands, silts, and clays, that vary in both lateral extent and depth. Several generations of lithologic logs were used to help interpret resistivity variations observed in the resistivity models.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141242","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Burton, B.L., Powers, M.H., and Ball, L.B., 2014, Characterization of subsurface stratigraphy along the lower American River floodplain using electrical resistivity, Sacramento, California, 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1242, Report: iv, 62 p.; Direct-current resistivity data; Capacitively coupled resistivity data, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141242.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 62 p.; Direct-current resistivity data; Capacitively coupled resistivity data","numberOfPages":"66","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-055799","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296766,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141242.jpg"},{"id":296763,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1242/pdf/ofr2014-1242.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":296764,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1242/App3/AmRiv_DCres_stg.zip","text":"Direct-current resistivity data","size":"592 kB","description":"Digital Data"},{"id":296762,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1242/","text":"Index Page","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":296765,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1242/App3/AmRiv_CCres_BIN.zip","text":"Capacitively coupled resistivity data","size":"284 kB","description":"Digital Data"}],"projection":"California State Plane projection, zone 2","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Sacramento","otherGeospatial":"American River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5492a92ee4b00eda8915acf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burton, Bethany L. 0000-0001-5011-7862 blburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5011-7862","contributorId":138925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"Bethany","email":"blburton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powers, Michael H. 0000-0002-4480-7856 mhpowers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4480-7856","contributorId":851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"Michael","email":"mhpowers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":536902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ball, Lyndsay B. 0000-0002-6356-4693 lbball@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6356-4693","contributorId":1138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"Lyndsay","email":"lbball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":536903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70135642,"text":"sir20145213 - 2014 - Steady-state numerical groundwater flow model of the Great Basin carbonate and alluvial aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-15T20:21:17.888329","indexId":"sir20145213","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-15T14:45:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5213","title":"Steady-state numerical groundwater flow model of the Great Basin carbonate and alluvial aquifer system","docAbstract":"This report describes the construction, calibration, evaluation, and results of a steady-state numerical groundwater flow model of the Great Basin carbonate and alluvial aquifer system that was developed as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Census Initiative to evaluate the nation’s groundwater availability. The study area spans 110,000 square miles across five states. The numerical model uses MODFLOW-2005, and incorporates and tests complex hydrogeologic and hydrologic elements of a conceptual understanding of an interconnected groundwater system throughout the region, including mountains, basins, consolidated rocks, and basin fill. The level of discretization in this model has not been previously available throughout the study area.
\nObservations used to calibrate the model are those of water levels and discharge to evapotranspiration, springs, rivers, and lakes. Composite scaled sensitivities indicate the simulated values of discharge to springs, rivers, and lakes provide as much information about model parameters as do simulated water-level values. The model has 176 parameters and little parameter correlation. The simulated equivalents to observations provide enough information to constrain most parameters to smaller ranges than the conceptual constraints, and most parameter values are within reasonable ranges.
\nModel fit to observations, comparison of simulated to conceptual water-level contours, and comparison of simulated to conceptual water budgets indicate this model provides a reasonable representation of the regional groundwater system. Eighty-six percent of the simulated values of water levels in wells are within 119 feet (one standard deviation of the error) of the observed values. Ninety percent of the simulated discharges are within 30 percent of the observed values. Total simulated recharge in the study area is within 10 percent of the conceptual amount; total simulated discharge is the same as conceptual discharge. Comparison of simulated hydraulic heads with the conceptual potentiometric surface indicates that the model accurately depicts major features of the hydraulic-head distribution. The incorporation of new recharge estimates and of mountain springs and streams as model observations creates higher simulated recharge mounds under many mountain ranges and highlights that in many cases, the regional flow paths go around, not through (or under) mountain ranges. Results from the model show that much of the flow in the groundwater system occurs in deeper layers, even though about 86 percent of the discharge occurs in layer 1. Over 95 percent of the recharge moves down from layer 1, and about 25 percent moves down to layer 8.
\nThe model was used to delineate six simulated groundwater flow regions that connect recharge areas to discharge areas. The eastern Great Salt Lake and Great Salt Lake Desert model regions contain 75 percent of the groundwater budget, but only 42 percent of the study area. In contrast, the more southern Death Valley and Colorado model regions contain only 12 percent of the groundwater budget, but 37 percent of the study area.
\nExamples of potential use of the model to investigate the groundwater system include (1) the effects of different recharge, (2) different interpretations of the extent or offset of long faults or fault zones, and (3) different conceptual models of the spatial variation of hydraulic properties. The model can also be used to examine the ultimate effects of groundwater withdrawals on a regional scale, to provide boundary conditions for local-scale models, and to guide data collection.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145213","usgsCitation":"Brooks, L.E., Masbruch, M.D., Sweetkind, D.S., and Buto, S.G., 2014, Steady-state numerical groundwater flow model of the Great Basin carbonate and alluvial aquifer system: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5213, Report: x, 124 p.; 2 Plates: 16.5 x 22.0 inches; Appendix Tables; Model Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145213.","productDescription":"Report: x, 124 p.; 2 Plates: 16.5 x 22.0 inches; Appendix Tables; Model Files","numberOfPages":"138","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-037343","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296686,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145213.jpg"},{"id":296683,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5213/downloads/sir2014-5213_plates1and2.zip","text":"Plates 1 and 2","size":"11.6 MB","description":"Plates 1 and 2"},{"id":296681,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5213/"},{"id":296685,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5213/downloads/sir2014-5213_modelfiles.zip","text":"Model Files","size":"143.3 MB","description":"Model Files"},{"id":296684,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5213/downloads/sir2014-5213_appendixexceltables.zip","text":"Appendix Tables","size":"535 kB","description":"Appendix Tables"},{"id":296682,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5213/pdf/sir2014-5213.pdf","size":"32.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"projection":"Albers Equal Area Conic Projection","datum":"North American Datum 1983","country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.5205078125,\n 35.460669951495305\n ],\n [\n -118.5205078125,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 35.460669951495305\n ],\n [\n -118.5205078125,\n 35.460669951495305\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"Groundwater Resources Program","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54900630e4b020a14785d24a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, Lynette E. 0000-0002-9074-0939 lebrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9074-0939","contributorId":2718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Lynette","email":"lebrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":536694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masbruch, Melissa D. 0000-0001-6568-160X mmasbruch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6568-160X","contributorId":1902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masbruch","given":"Melissa","email":"mmasbruch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":536695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sweetkind, Donald S. dsweetkind@usgs.gov","contributorId":127801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweetkind","given":"Donald","email":"dsweetkind@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":536697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buto, Susan G. 0000-0002-1107-9549 sbuto@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1107-9549","contributorId":1057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buto","given":"Susan","email":"sbuto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":536696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70135184,"text":"sir20145211 - 2014 - Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in Arizona, developed with unregulated and rural peak-flow data through water year 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-12-10T13:28:26","indexId":"sir20145211","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-10T14:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5211","title":"Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in Arizona, developed with unregulated and rural peak-flow data through water year 2010","docAbstract":"Flooding is among the worst natural disasters responsible for loss of life and property in Arizona, underscoring the importance of accurate estimation of flood magnitude for proper structural design and floodplain mapping. Twenty-four years of additional peak-flow data have been recorded since the last comprehensive regional flood frequency analysis conducted in Arizona. Periodically, flood frequency estimates and regional regression equations must be revised to maintain the accurate estimation of flood frequency and magnitude.
\n\n
Annual peak-flow data collected through water year 2010 were compiled from 448 unregulated streamflow-gaging stations, hereafter referred to as streamgages, in Arizona having a minimum of 10 years of record. Flood frequency estimates were first computed with station (or at-site) skew using the Expected Moments Algorithm with a multiple Grubbs-Beck test to identify multiple potentially influential low flows to fit a Pearson Type III distribution. Next, a multiple step Bayesian least-squares-regression approach was used to determine a new statewide regional skew of −0.09. No basin characteristics analyzed were statistically significant in explaining the variation in skew and as a result, the constant model was chosen as the best regional skew model for the Arizona study area. The mean square error used in Bulletin 17B (B17B) of the Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data is used to describe the precision of the regional skew. The constant model had a mean square error equal to 0.08, which corresponds to an effective record length of 85 years. This is a marked improvement over a previous Arizona regional skew analysis, with a reported mean square error of 0.31, for a corresponding effective record length of around 17 years. Thus the new regional model had almost five times the information content (as measured by effective record length) of that calculated in USGS Water Supply Paper 2433, published in 1997, or the value of 0.302 reported in the B17B generalized skew map. The flood frequency estimates were recalculated using a weighted skew of the station and regional skew. Station flood frequency estimates for each streamgage are presented for the 50-, 20-, 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, 0.5-, and 0.2-percent annual exceedance probabilities.
\n\n
Geographical information systems were used to compute basin characteristic information for each streamgage for the purpose of developing regional equations to estimate flood statistics at ungaged basins. Five hydrologic flood regions in Arizona were defined in a multivariate regionalization process based on mean basin elevation, mean annual precipitation, and soil permeability. A regional generalized least-squares-regression analysis was used to develop five sets of equations from 344 nonredundant streamgages, corresponding to five regions, for estimating the 50-, 20-, 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, 0.5-, and 0.2-percent annual exceedance probabilities at ungaged basins in Arizona. The regression equations developed for these five regions were based on one or more of the statistically significant explanatory variables: drainage area, mean basin elevation, and mean annual precipitation. Average standard errors of prediction for the regression regions for the five regions ranged from 27 to 122 percent and the pseudo-coefficients of determination (pseudo-R2), a measure of the proportion of peak-flow variation that is explained by the basin characteristics, ranged from 68 to 98 percent. Regression equations for Central Highlands (region 4) had the lowest model error and the greatest pseudo-R2 metrics. The equations for Colorado Plateau (region 2) regression equations generally had greater model error and lower pseudo-R2 metrics. The improvement of regional regression equation model error and pseudo-R2 metrics was related to higher numbers of streamgages, longer period of record, and even spatial coverage within a region.
\n\n
The regional regression equations were integrated into the U.S. Geological Survey’s StreamStats program. The StreamStats program is a national map-based web application that allows the public to easily access published flood frequency and basin characteristic statistics. The interactive web application allows a user to select a point within a watershed (gaged or ungaged) and retrieve flood-frequency estimates derived from the current regional regression equations and geographic information system data within the selected basin. StreamStats provides users with an efficient and accurate means for retrieving the most up to date flood frequency and basin characteristic data. StreamStats is intended to provide consistent statistics, minimize user error, and reduce the need for large datasets and costly geographic information system software.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145211","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Flood Control Districts of Maricopa County, Pima County, Pinal County, Yavapai County, Mohave County, Cochise County, Navajo County, Greenlee County, and Salt River Project, U.S. Forest Service, and Bureau of Reclamation.","usgsCitation":"Paretti, N., Kennedy, J.R., Turney, L.A., and Veilleux, A.G., 2014, Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in Arizona, developed with unregulated and rural peak-flow data through water year 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5211, Report: vii, 61 p.; 16 Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145211.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 61 p.; 16 Tables","numberOfPages":"73","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-040579","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296591,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145211.gif"},{"id":296589,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5211/downloads/sir2014-5211.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":296590,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5211/downloads/SIR2014-5211_tables.xlsx","text":"Tables","size":"650 kB"},{"id":296585,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5211/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.00634765625,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -108.984375,\n 31.31610138349565\n ],\n [\n -111.1376953125,\n 31.259769987394286\n ],\n [\n -114.98291015625,\n 32.47269502206151\n ],\n [\n -114.873046875,\n 36.19109202182454\n ],\n [\n -114.14794921875,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -109.00634765625,\n 37.055177106660814\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54896eb5e4b027aeab781282","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paretti, Nicholas V. nparetti@usgs.gov","contributorId":802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paretti","given":"Nicholas V.","email":"nparetti@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":526927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, Jeffrey R. 0000-0002-3365-6589 jkennedy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3365-6589","contributorId":2172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jkennedy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turney, Lovina A. labbott@usgs.gov","contributorId":5744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turney","given":"Lovina","email":"labbott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":526929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Veilleux, Andrea G. aveilleux@usgs.gov","contributorId":4404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veilleux","given":"Andrea","email":"aveilleux@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70134346,"text":"sir20145221 - 2014 - Hydrogeologic framework and groundwater/surface-water interactions of the South Fork Nooksack River Basin, northwestern Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-12-10T09:26:48","indexId":"sir20145221","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-10T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5221","title":"Hydrogeologic framework and groundwater/surface-water interactions of the South Fork Nooksack River Basin, northwestern Washington","docAbstract":"A hydrogeologic framework of the South Fork (SF) Nooksack River Basin in northwestern Washington was developed and hydrologic data were collected to characterize the groundwater-flow system and its interaction with surface‑water features. In addition to domestic, agricultural, and commercial uses of groundwater within the SF Nooksack River Basin, groundwater has the potential to provide ecological benefits by maintaining late-summer streamflows and buffering stream temperatures. Cold-water refugia, created and maintained in part by groundwater, have been identified by water-resource managers as key elements to restore the health and viability of threatened salmonids in the SF Nooksack River. The SF Nooksack River drains a 183-square mile area of the North Cascades and the Puget Lowland underlain by unconsolidated glacial and alluvial sediments deposited over older sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous bedrock. The primary aquifer that interacts with the SF Nooksack River was mapped within unconsolidated glacial outwash and alluvial sediment. The lower extent of this unit is bounded by bedrock and fine-grained, poorly sorted unconsolidated glaciomarine and glaciolacustrine sediments. In places, these deposits overlie and confine an aquifer within older glacial sediments. The extent and thickness of the hydrogeologic units were assembled from mapped geologic units and lithostratigraphic logs of field-inventoried wells. Generalized groundwater-flow directions within the surficial aquifer were interpreted from groundwater levels measured in August 2012; and groundwater seepage gains and losses to the SF Nooksack River were calculated from synoptic streamflow measurements made in the SF Nooksack River and its tributaries in September 2012. A subset of the field-inventoried wells was measured at a monthly interval to determine seasonal fluctuations in groundwater levels during water year 2013. Taken together, these data provide the foundation for a future groundwater-flow model of the SF Nooksack River Basin that may be used to investigate the potential effects of future climate change, land use, and groundwater pumping on water resources in the study area. Site-specific hydrologic data, including time series of longitudinal temperature profiles measured with a fiber-optic distributed temperature sensor and continuous monitoring of stream stage and water levels measured in wells in adjacent wetlands and aquifers, also were measured to characterize the interaction among the SF Nooksack River, surficial aquifers, and riparian wetlands.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145221","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nooksack Indian Tribe","usgsCitation":"Gendaszek, A.S., 2014, Hydrogeologic framework and groundwater/surface-water interactions of the South Fork Nooksack River Basin, northwestern Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5221, Report: vi, 36 p.; 2 Plates: 20.04 x 14.65 inches and 29.76 x 15 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145221.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 36 p.; 2 Plates: 20.04 x 14.65 inches and 29.76 x 15 inches","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059387","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296559,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145221.jpg"},{"id":296556,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5221/pdf/sir2014-5221.pdf","size":"5.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":296557,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5221/downloads/sir2014-5221_plate1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"1.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":296558,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5221/downloads/sir2014-5221_plate2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"1.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":296553,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5221/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"South Fork Noooksack River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.640625,\n 48.58932584966972\n ],\n [\n -121.6845703125,\n 48.09275716032736\n ],\n [\n -120.38818359375,\n 48.09275716032736\n ],\n [\n -120.43212890625,\n 48.58932584966972\n ],\n [\n -121.640625,\n 48.58932584966972\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54896eb4e4b027aeab78127e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gendaszek, Andrew S. 0000-0002-2373-8986 agendasz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2373-8986","contributorId":3509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gendaszek","given":"Andrew","email":"agendasz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70127553,"text":"sir20145191 - 2014 - Lidar point density analysis: implications for identifying water bodies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T11:23:08","indexId":"sir20145191","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-09T08:45:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5191","title":"Lidar point density analysis: implications for identifying water bodies","docAbstract":"Most airborne topographic light detection and ranging (lidar) systems operate within the near-infrared spectrum. Laser pulses from these systems frequently are absorbed by water and therefore do not generate reflected returns on water bodies in the resulting void regions within the lidar point cloud. Thus, an analysis of lidar voids has implications for identifying water bodies. Data analysis techniques to detect reduced lidar return densities were evaluated for test sites in Blackhawk County, Iowa, and Beltrami County, Minnesota, to delineate contiguous areas that have few or no lidar returns. Results from this study indicated a 5-meter radius moving window with fewer than 23 returns (28 percent of the moving window) was sufficient for delineating void regions. Techniques to provide elevation values for void regions to flatten water features and to force channel flow in the downstream direction also are presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145191","usgsCitation":"Worstell, B.B., Poppenga, S.K., Evans, G.A., and Prince, S., 2014, Lidar point density analysis: implications for identifying water bodies: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5191, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145191.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-045281","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296488,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145191.jpg"},{"id":296487,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5191/pdf/sir2014-5191.pdf"},{"id":296478,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5191/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54881d2ae4b02acb4f0c8c12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Worstell, Bruce B. 0000-0001-8927-3336 worstell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8927-3336","contributorId":1815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worstell","given":"Bruce","email":"worstell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poppenga, Sandra K. 0000-0002-2846-6836 spoppenga@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2846-6836","contributorId":3327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppenga","given":"Sandra","email":"spoppenga@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, Gayla A. 0000-0001-5072-4232 gevans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5072-4232","contributorId":3125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Gayla","email":"gevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prince, Sandra sprince@usgs.gov","contributorId":5191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prince","given":"Sandra","email":"sprince@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":526680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70133886,"text":"ofr20131024I - 2014 - Aeromagnetic data, processing, and maps of Fort Irwin and vicinity, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70133886,"text":"ofr20131024I - 2014 - Aeromagnetic data, processing, and maps of Fort Irwin and vicinity, California","indexId":"ofr20131024I","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"chapter":"I","displayTitle":"Aeromagnetic Data, Processing, and Maps of Fort Irwin and Vicinity, California","title":"Aeromagnetic data, processing, and maps of Fort Irwin and vicinity, California"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70201192,"text":"ofr20131024 - 2014 - Geology and geophysics applied to groundwater hydrology at Fort Irwin, California","indexId":"ofr20131024","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and geophysics applied to groundwater hydrology at Fort Irwin, California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70201192,"text":"ofr20131024 - 2014 - Geology and geophysics applied to groundwater hydrology at Fort Irwin, California","indexId":"ofr20131024","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and geophysics applied to groundwater hydrology at Fort Irwin, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-14T12:16:04","indexId":"ofr20131024I","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-02T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1024","chapter":"I","displayTitle":"Aeromagnetic Data, Processing, and Maps of Fort Irwin and Vicinity, California","title":"Aeromagnetic data, processing, and maps of Fort Irwin and vicinity, California","docAbstract":"Aeromagnetic data help provide the underpinnings of a hydrogeologic framework for Fort Irwin by locating inferred structural features or grain that influence groundwater flow. Magnetization boundaries defined by horizontal-gradient analyses coincide locally with Cenozoic faults and can be used to extend these faults beneath cover. These boundaries also highlight the structural grain within the crystalline rocks and may serve as a proxy for fracturing, an important source of permeability within the generally impermeable basement rocks, thus mapping potential groundwater pathways through and along the mountain ranges in the study area.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology and geophysics applied to groundwater hydrology at Fort Irwin, California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131024I","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army, Fort Irwin National Training Center","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V.E., and Jachens, R.C., 2014, Aeromagnetic data, processing, and maps of Fort Irwin and vicinity, California, chap. I of Buesch, D.C., ed., Geology and geophysics applied to groundwater hydrology at Fort Irwin, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013–1024, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131024I.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 18 p,; Supplemental Data","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-039182","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296363,"rank":1,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1024/i/downloads/downloads.zip","text":"Supplemental Data","size":"42 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":296364,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1024/i/images/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":296362,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1024/i/downloads/ofr2013-1024_i.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","city":"Fort Irwin","contact":"Contact Information,
Geology, Minerals, Energy, & Geophysics Science Center—Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025-3591
A principal component of evaluating and managing water use is consumptive use. This is the portion of water withdrawn for a particular use, such as residential, which is evaporated, transpired, incorporated into products or crops, consumed by humans or livestock, or otherwise removed from the immediate water environment. The amount of consumptive use may be estimated by a water (mass)-balance approach; however, because of the difficulty of obtaining necessary data, its application typically is restricted to the facility scale. The general governing mass-balance equation is: Consumptive use = Water supplied - Return flows.
\nThis study explored a mass-balance field-based computation of consumptive use in a residential setting at the scale of a sanitary sewer service area (sewershed). In addition, the feasibility (cost and difficulty) and relative uncertainties (accuracies) associated with applying the approach at this scale were evaluated. The study was conducted during 2011–13 within a 3.5-square mile (mi2) sewershed confined to a predominantly residential area of Elk Grove Village, Illinois. Following background evaluation of the geohydrologic setting, sewershed infrastructure, and possible components of supplied and returned water, the identified primary components were
\n1. public water deliveries by the Elk Grove Village Department of Public Works,
\n2. self-served groundwater withdrawals in an included unincorporated neighborhood with public sanitary sewer service,
\n3. return flows to the sanitary sewer system, and
\n4. direct return of water discharged from swimming pools to Salt Creek. Water volumes principally were reported for deliveries, measured for sanitary sewer returns by using an acoustic Doppler current-velocity meter, and estimated for domestic withdrawals and swimming pool discharges to storm sewers. All water volumes required some degree of estimation. Observation wells were installed adjacent to sewer pipelines (lines) to determine the depth of the water table relative to that of the sewer lines and to collect water samples for detection of optical brighteners, as they are routinely discharged as clotheswashing waste to sanitary sewers. These data provided qualitative information on gains (inflow and infiltration) and losses (exfiltration) of sewer flow by pipe leakage, which might otherwise not be considered in the sewer flow return measurements. Hydrographs of sewer flow also were evaluated to identify and estimate storm-associated inputs to sewer flow.
\nThe volume of sanitary sewer return flow (778 million gallons per year [Mgal/yr]) was determined to substantially exceed the volume of supplied water (566 Mgal/yr), thus, for this study setting, voiding the utility of the applied mass-balance approach for estimating consumptive water use. Mass-balance components, including sanitary sewer flow and supplied-water use, were estimated within reasonable limits of uncertainty. Evidence of a water table that is typically shallower than the area’s sewer lines, yet is sometimes depressed near more deeply buried sewer lines, suggests groundwater infiltration into the sewers contributes to the excess volume of return flow. Technical obstacles and project resources precluded accurate quantification of infiltration volumes and other gains and losses to sanitary sewer flow. As estimated from various simplified methods, a minimum of 26 percent of return flow measured in the sanitary sewer represented groundwater infiltration and stormwater inflow; separately, about 2 percent of return flow was estimated as inflow. On the basis of the alternative winter base-rate method, consumptive use in the sewershed was estimated as 13 percent, which compares favorably with that used by the State of Illinois for Lake Michigan allocation accounting (10 percent) and other States and Canadian Provinces in the Great Lakes region (generally 10-15 percent).
\nThe study also provided other findings considered useful to studies of water use and to performance evaluation of sanitary sewer infrastructure. In urban residential settings, the comparatively small volumes of nonpublic sources of water (self-supplied) and direct (nonsanitary) return flow potentially can be ignored in the estimation of consumptive use. An acoustic Doppler current-velocity meter can be used in sanitary sewers to accurately measure discharge and reasonably estimate storm-associated inflows. Hourly to daily patterns of water use can be readily identified and quantified in the return flow record for the sanitary sewers. Relative volumes of infiltration gains (and exfiltration losses) can be substantial, even in sewer systems of communities making significant investments in system upgrades to limit sewer line leakage. Monitoring of optical brighteners in groundwater (and potentially in sanitary sewer flow) can provide a useful means of identifying probable leakage from (and to) sewer lines. Accurate quantification of gains and losses to sanitary sewer flow at the sewershed scale will require additional research effort and technical advances.
\nUnder ideal conditions, accurate quantification of consumptive use at the sewershed scale by the described mass-balance approach might be possible. Under most prevailing conditions, quantification likely would be more costly and time consuming than that of the present study, given the freely contributed technical support of the host community and relatively appropriate conditions of the study area. Essentials to quantification of consumptive use are a fully cooperative community, storm and sanitary sewers that are separate, and newer sewer infrastructure and (or) a robust program for limiting infiltration, exfiltration, and inflow.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145176","collaboration":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers- Chicago District","usgsCitation":"Mills, P., Duncker, J.J., Over, T.M., Marian Domanski, Marian Domanski, and Engel, F.L., 2014, Evaluation of a mass-balance approach to determine consumptive water use in northeastern Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5176, viii, 90 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145176.","productDescription":"viii, 90 p.","numberOfPages":"102","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-045730","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296338,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145176.jpg"},{"id":296317,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5176/"},{"id":296337,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5176/pdf/sir2014-5176.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"547ed4a3e4b09357f05f8a21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, P.C. pcmills@usgs.gov","contributorId":3810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"P.C.","email":"pcmills@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duncker, James J. 0000-0001-5464-7991 jduncker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5464-7991","contributorId":4316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duncker","given":"James","email":"jduncker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Over, Thomas M. 0000-0001-8280-4368 tmover@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8280-4368","contributorId":1819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Over","given":"Thomas","email":"tmover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marian Domanski","contributorId":128046,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Marian Domanski","id":535671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marian Domanski","contributorId":127611,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marian Domanski","affiliations":[{"id":7078,"text":"USGS IL WSC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Engel, Frank L. 0000-0002-4253-2625 fengel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4253-2625","contributorId":5463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engel","given":"Frank","email":"fengel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70128729,"text":"ofr20141205 - 2014 - Evaluation of the Raven sUAS to detect and monitor greater sage-grouse leks within the Middle Park population","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-19T13:32:27","indexId":"ofr20141205","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-18T17:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1205","title":"Evaluation of the Raven sUAS to detect and monitor greater sage-grouse leks within the Middle Park population","docAbstract":"Staff from the U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center and the Colorado Parks and Wildlife Hot Sulphur Springs Office began discussions in 2011 for a proof of concept study to test the Raven RQ-11A small Unmanned Aircraft System (Raven sUAS) for its suitability to detect and monitor greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) breeding sites (leks). During April 2013, the Raven sUAS was flown over two known lek sites within the Middle Park population in Grand County, Colorado. Known sites were flown to determine the reaction of the greater sage-grouse to the aircraft and to determine if the technology had potential for future use of locating new leks and obtaining population counts on known, active lek sites.
\n\n
The Raven sUAS is a hand-launched reconnaissance and data-gathering tool developed for the U.S. Department of Defense by AeroVironment, Inc. Originally designed to provide aerial observation, day or night, at line-of-site ranges up to 6.2 miles (10 kilometers), the Raven sUAS has a wingspan of 4.5 feet (1.38 meters) and weighs 4.2 pounds (1.9 kilograms). A 60-minute lithium-ion rechargeable battery powers the system which also transmits live video (color or infrared imagery), compass headings, and location information to a ground control station. The Raven sUAS is typically operated by a three-person flight crew consisting of a pilot, mission operator, and a trained observer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141205","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Colorado Parks and Wildlife.","usgsCitation":"Hanson, L., Holmquist-Johnson, C.L., and Cowardin, M.L., 2014, Evaluation of the Raven sUAS to detect and monitor greater sage-grouse leks within the Middle Park population: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1205, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141205.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055826","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296190,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141205.jpg"},{"id":296189,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1205/pdf/ofr2014-1205.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":296188,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1205/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Grand County","otherGeospatial":"Middle Park","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2a75e4b08de9379b3077","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, Leanne hansonl@usgs.gov","contributorId":3231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Leanne","email":"hansonl@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holmquist-Johnson, Christopher L. h-johnsonc@usgs.gov","contributorId":922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmquist-Johnson","given":"Christopher","email":"h-johnsonc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":525446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cowardin, Michelle L.","contributorId":117645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowardin","given":"Michelle","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70123786,"text":"ofr20141179 - 2014 - Stochastic modeling of a lava-flow aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-18T16:25:28","indexId":"ofr20141179","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-18T17:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1179","title":"Stochastic modeling of a lava-flow aquifer system","docAbstract":"This report describes preliminary three-dimensional geostatistical modeling of a lava-flow aquifer system using a multiple-point geostatistical model. The purpose of this study is to provide a proof-of-concept for this modeling approach. An example of the method is demonstrated using a subset of borehole geologic data and aquifer test data from a portion of the Calico Hills Formation, a lava-flow aquifer system that partially underlies Pahute Mesa, Nevada. Groundwater movement in this aquifer system is assumed to be controlled by the spatial distribution of two geologic units—rhyolite lava flows and zeolitized tuffs. The configuration of subsurface lava flows and tuffs is largely unknown because of limited data. The spatial configuration of the lava flows and tuffs is modeled by using a multiple-point geostatistical simulation algorithm that generates a large number of alternative realizations, each honoring the available geologic data and drawn from a geologic conceptual model of the lava-flow aquifer system as represented by a training image. In order to demonstrate how results from the geostatistical model could be analyzed in terms of available hydrologic data, a numerical simulation of part of an aquifer test was applied to the realizations of the geostatistical model.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141179","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Cronkite-Ratcliff, C., and Phelps, G.A., 2014, Stochastic modeling of a lava-flow aquifer system: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1179, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141179.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052382","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296193,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141179.gif"},{"id":296191,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1179/"},{"id":296192,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1179/downloads/ofr2014-1179.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Pahute Mesa","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546c6439e4b068a3ebb6f032","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronkite-Ratcliff, Collin ccronkite-ratcliff@usgs.gov","contributorId":5478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronkite-Ratcliff","given":"Collin","email":"ccronkite-ratcliff@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phelps, Geoffrey A. gphelps@usgs.gov","contributorId":1179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gphelps@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":525441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70127634,"text":"ofr20141187 - 2014 - A ground-based magnetic survey of Frenchman Flat, Nevada National Security Site and Nevada Test and Training Range, Nevada: data release and preliminary interpretation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-14T15:00:56","indexId":"ofr20141187","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-14T15:45:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1187","title":"A ground-based magnetic survey of Frenchman Flat, Nevada National Security Site and Nevada Test and Training Range, Nevada: data release and preliminary interpretation","docAbstract":"The Nevada National Security Site (NNSS, formerly the Nevada Test Site) is located in southern Nevada approximately 105 kilometers (km) (65 miles) northwest of Las Vegas. Frenchman Flat is a sedimentary basin located on the eastern edge of NNSS and extending eastward into the adjacent Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR).
\n\n
In late September 2010, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a ground-based magnetic survey of the northeast portion of Frenchman Flat within the NNSS and within the adjacent NTTR. The survey was designed to address two questions of importance to the siting of new monitoring wells near (down-gradient of) or within groundwater-contaminant plumes resulting from the Milk Shake and Pin Stripe underground nuclear tests:
\n\n
Question 1—What is the horizontal extent of the basalt flow (the Basalt lava flow aquifer or BLFA) encountered in three wells (UE5k, UE5i, and ER-5-3) within the alluvial section at depths ranging from 268 to 290 meters (m) (880 to 950 feet [ft]), and having a thickness between 9 and 21 m (30 and 70 ft)? Exploratory Hole UE5k is located near Emplacement Hole U5k, site of the Milk Shake underground nuclear test (U.S. Department of Energy, 2000). Characterization well ER-5-3 is located approximately 670 m (2,200 ft) west-northwest of the Milk Shake test.
\n\n
Question 2—Does basin and range normal faulting observed in the hills north of Frenchman Flat continue southward under alluvium and possibly disrupt the Topopah Spring Tuff of the Paintbrush Group (the Topopah Spring welded tuff aquifer or TSA) east of the Pin Stripe underground nuclear test, which was conducted in Emplacement hole U11b?
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141187","usgsCitation":"Phillips, J.D., Burton, B., Curry-Elrod, E., and Drellack, S., 2014, A ground-based magnetic survey of Frenchman Flat, Nevada National Security Site and Nevada Test and Training Range, Nevada: data release and preliminary interpretation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1187, Report: vi, 144 p.; 1 Plate: 36.00 x 48.00 inches; USGS-474-216: 24 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141187.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 144 p.; 1 Plate: 36.00 x 48.00 inches; USGS-474-216: 24 p.; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"150","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-033091","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296122,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141187.jpg"},{"id":296117,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1187/"},{"id":296118,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1187/pdf/ofr2014-1187.pdf","size":"13.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":296119,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1187/pdf/Plate1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"93.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":296120,"rank":4,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1187/pdf/USGS-474-216.pdf","text":"USGS-474-216","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":296121,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1187/downloads/","text":"Downloads Directory"}],"datum":"North American Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Frenchman Flat","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.9771728515625,\n 36.72567681977065\n ],\n [\n -115.9771728515625,\n 36.85764758564407\n ],\n [\n -115.7244873046875,\n 36.85764758564407\n ],\n [\n -115.7244873046875,\n 36.72567681977065\n ],\n [\n -115.9771728515625,\n 36.72567681977065\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54671998e4b04d4b7dbde512","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, Jeffrey D. 0000-0002-6459-2821 jeff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-2821","contributorId":1572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jeff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":525224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burton, Bethany L. 0000-0001-5011-7862 blburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5011-7862","contributorId":1341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"Bethany L.","email":"blburton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":525225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Curry-Elrod, Erika","contributorId":83634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curry-Elrod","given":"Erika","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Drellack, Sigmund","contributorId":121072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drellack","given":"Sigmund","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70129184,"text":"sir20145201 - 2014 - Water and nutrient budgets for Vancouver Lake, Vancouver, Washington, October 2010-October 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-14T13:33:35","indexId":"sir20145201","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-14T14:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5201","title":"Water and nutrient budgets for Vancouver Lake, Vancouver, Washington, October 2010-October 2012","docAbstract":"Vancouver Lake, a large shallow lake in Clark County, near Vancouver, Washington, has been undergoing water-quality problems for decades. Recently, the biggest concern for the lake are the almost annual harmful cyanobacteria blooms that cause the lake to close for recreation for several weeks each summer. Despite decades of interest in improving the water quality of the lake, fundamental information on the timing and amount of water and nutrients entering and exiting the lake is lacking. In 2010, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a 2-year field study to quantify water flows and nutrient loads in order to develop water and nutrient budgets for the lake. This report presents monthly and annual water and nutrient budgets from October 2010–October 2012 to identify major sources and sinks of nutrients. Lake River, a tidally influenced tributary to the lake, flows into and out of the lake almost daily and composed the greatest proportion of both the water and nutrient budgets for the lake, often at orders of magnitude greater than any other source. From the water budget, we identified precipitation, evaporation and groundwater inflow as minor components of the lake hydrologic cycle, each contributing 1 percent or less to the total water budget. Nutrient budgets were compiled monthly and annually for total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and orthophosphate; and, nitrogen loads were generally an order of magnitude greater than phosphorus loads across all sources. For total nitrogen, flow from Lake River at Felida, Washington, made up 88 percent of all inputs into the lake. For total phosphorus and orthophosphate, Lake River at Felida flowing into the lake was 91 and 76 percent of total inputs, respectively. Nutrient loads from precipitation and groundwater inflow were 1 percent or less of the total budgets. Nutrient inputs from Burnt Bridge Creek and Flushing Channel composed 12 percent of the total nitrogen budget, 8 percent of the total phosphorus budget, and 21 percent of the orthophosphate budget. We identified several data gaps and areas for future research, which include the need for better understanding nutrient inputs to the lake from sediment resuspension and better quantification of indirect nutrient inputs to the lake from Salmon Creek.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145201","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Vancouver Lake Watershed Partnership and Clark County Environmental Services Division","usgsCitation":"Sheibley, R.W., Foreman, J.R., Marshall, C., and Welch, W.B., 2014, Water and nutrient budgets for Vancouver Lake, Vancouver, Washington, October 2010-October 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5201, Report: x, 71 p.; 1 Appendix; 3 Appendix Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145201.","productDescription":"Report: x, 71 p.; 1 Appendix; 3 Appendix Tables","numberOfPages":"86","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2010-10-01","temporalEnd":"2012-10-31","ipdsId":"IP-055155","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296108,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145201.jpg"},{"id":296103,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5201/pdf/sir2014-5201.pdf","size":"5.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":296102,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5201/"},{"id":296104,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5201/pdf/sir2014-5201_appendixesa-g.pdf","text":"Appendix A-G","size":"1.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":296105,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5201/downloads/sir2014-5201_appendixc_tables.xlsx","text":"Appendix C Tables","size":"76 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":296106,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5201/downloads/sir2014-5201_appendixd_tables.xlsx","text":"Appendix D Tables","size":"40 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":296107,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5201/downloads/sir2014-5201_appendixg_tables.xlsx","text":"Appendix G Tables","size":"81 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}}],"scale":"120000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Vancouver","otherGeospatial":"Vancouver Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.8607940673828,\n 45.612596491396005\n ],\n [\n -122.8607940673828,\n 45.83980269335617\n ],\n [\n -122.6081085205078,\n 45.83980269335617\n ],\n [\n -122.6081085205078,\n 45.612596491396005\n ],\n [\n -122.8607940673828,\n 45.612596491396005\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5467199fe4b04d4b7dbde542","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sheibley, Rich W. 0000-0003-1627-8536 sheibley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1627-8536","contributorId":3044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheibley","given":"Rich","email":"sheibley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foreman, James R. 0000-0003-0535-4580 jforeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0535-4580","contributorId":3669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foreman","given":"James","email":"jforeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":525205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marshall, Cameron A. marshall@usgs.gov","contributorId":5412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"Cameron A.","email":"marshall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":525206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Welch, Wendy B. wwelch@usgs.gov","contributorId":1645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"Wendy","email":"wwelch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":525207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70127877,"text":"sir20145195 - 2014 - Flood-inundation maps and updated components for a flood-warning system or the City of Marietta, Ohio and selected communities along the Lower Muskingum River and Ohio River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-14T10:33:20","indexId":"sir20145195","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-14T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5195","title":"Flood-inundation maps and updated components for a flood-warning system or the City of Marietta, Ohio and selected communities along the Lower Muskingum River and Ohio River","docAbstract":"Digital flood-inundation maps for lower reaches of the Muskingum River and a reach of the Ohio River in southeast Ohio were created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Muskingum Watershed Conservancy District and the City of Marietta, Ohio. To complete the inundation maps, Ohio River and lower Muskingum River bathymetry was updated and two streamgages, one on the Ohio River upstream of Marietta near Sardis, Ohio, and one on the Muskingum River in Beverly, Ohio, were added as basic components of the flood-warning system. An updated hydraulic model component also led to the new flood-inundation maps. The maps, which can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science Web site at http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/ depict estimates of the areal extent of flooding corresponding to water levels (stages) at one or more of the following USGS streamgages: Muskingum River at McConnelsville, Ohio (03150000); Muskingum River at Beverly, Ohio (03150500); and Ohio River at Marietta, Ohio (03150700). The maps can be used in conjunction with National Weather Service flood-forecast data to show areas of estimated flood inundation associated with forecasted flood-peak stages.
\n\n
Flood profiles for selected reaches were prepared by calibrating steady-state step-backwater models to selected streamgage rating curves. The step-backwater models were used to determine water-surface-elevation profiles for up to 12 flood stages at a streamgage with corresponding stream-flows ranging from approximately the 10- to 0.2-percent chance annual-exceedance probabilities for each of the 3 streamgages that correspond to the flood-inundation maps. Additional hydraulic modeling was used to account for the effects of backwater from the Ohio River on water levels in the Muskingum River. The computed longitudinal profiles of flood levels were used with a Geographic Information System digital elevation model (derived from light detection and ranging) to delineate flood-inundation areas. Digital maps showing flood-inundation areas overlain on digital orthophotographs were prepared for the selected floods.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145195","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Muskingum Watershed Conservancy District and the City of Marietta, Ohio","usgsCitation":"Whitehead, M.T., and Ostheimer, C.J., 2014, Flood-inundation maps and updated components for a flood-warning system or the City of Marietta, Ohio and selected communities along the Lower Muskingum River and Ohio River: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5195, iv, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145195.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057794","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296088,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145195.jpg"},{"id":296086,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5195/"},{"id":296087,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5195/pdf/sir2014-5195.pdf","size":"1.59 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Ohio","city":"Marietta","otherGeospatial":"Muskingum River, Ohio River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.6007080078125,\n 39.049052206453524\n ],\n [\n -82.6007080078125,\n 40.23760536584024\n ],\n [\n -80.46936035156249,\n 40.23760536584024\n ],\n [\n -80.46936035156249,\n 39.049052206453524\n ],\n [\n -82.6007080078125,\n 39.049052206453524\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5467199be4b04d4b7dbde51d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitehead, Matthew T. mtwhiteh@usgs.gov","contributorId":2158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitehead","given":"Matthew","email":"mtwhiteh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ostheimer, Chad J. ostheime@usgs.gov","contributorId":2160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostheimer","given":"Chad","email":"ostheime@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70128252,"text":"sir20145193 - 2014 - An initial abstraction and constant loss model, and methods for estimating unit hydrographs, peak streamflows, and flood volumes for urban basins in Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-07T13:13:55","indexId":"sir20145193","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-07T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5193","title":"An initial abstraction and constant loss model, and methods for estimating unit hydrographs, peak streamflows, and flood volumes for urban basins in Missouri","docAbstract":"Streamflow data, basin characteristics, and rainfall data from 39 streamflow-gaging stations for urban areas in and adjacent to Missouri were used by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Metropolitan Sewer District of St. Louis to develop an initial abstraction and constant loss model (a time-distributed basin-loss model) and a gamma unit hydrograph (GUH) for urban areas in Missouri. Study-specific methods to determine peak streamflow and flood volume for a given rainfall event also were developed.
\n\n
Distinct basin characteristics were evaluated and selected for use on the basis of their theoretical relation to flow, results from previous studies, and the ability to reliably measure the basin characteristic using digital datasets and geographic information system (GIS) technology. The key basin characteristics determined or computed for each of the 39 basins upstream from the streamflow-gaging stations were drainage area, percent impervious area, main-channel slope based on the 10- and 85-percent length method, percentage of the basin area in storage (lakes, ponds, reservoirs, wetlands), the composite Natural Resources Conservation Service curve number estimated from a combination of the soil type data and land-use characteristics, and the streamflow variability index developed for the recently completed study of low-flow regression in Missouri.
\n\n
Characteristics of spatial and temporal rainfall distribution came from the next generation weather radar (NEXRAD) network. Procedures were developed for this study to convert the variable radar sweep rate into a 5-minute total rainfall hyetograph using data from the radar bin at the centroid of a given basin. Additional characteristics determined for each storm on the basin included the 5-day and 14-day antecedent rainfall, estimated from the mean of daily rainfall values from various rain gages in the area.
\n\n
The database of observed rainfall and runoff events for the 39 basins upstream from the streamflow-gaging stations was analyzed to compute the optimal storm-specific initial abstraction and constant loss values, as well as the time to peak, peak streamflow, and shape factor values of the GUH. The optimal storm-specific values were used to develop a regional regression equation for initial abstraction; conversely, the constant loss was estimated not by regression but from either a generalized or specific regional mean value. The optimal storm-specific values of GUH time to peak, GUH peak streamflow, and GUH shape factor were used to develop regression equations for the GUH.
\n\n
The regression equations for the GUH initially were tested alone, and then were combined with the appropriate regional regression equation for initial abstraction and both the generalized regional and specific regional mean constant loss values. For the GUH regression equations, the interquartile range was substantially smaller than the range spanned by the minimum and maximum values, which indicates most of the errors have much smaller variation, and the minimum and maximum values may be extreme outliers. The central tendency of the regressed errors for peak streamflow and runoff hydrograph volume were both approximately zero, which implies a generally unbiased estimation of these values. The mean and median of the regressed errors for time to peak streamflow were both small but greater than zero, which implies the GUH regression equations create a hydrograph that has a peak that is later in time than observed. Specifically, the regressed times indicate an offset of about 10 minutes, on average, from observed. The mean and median of the regressed errors for widths of the runoff hydrograph at 50 and 75 percent were less than zero, which implies the GUH tends to slightly underestimate these widths compared to the observed.
\n\n
The appropriate regional initial abstraction regression equation was combined with both the generalized and the specific regional mean constant loss values and the GUH regression equations. Both the generalized regional mean constant loss and specific regional mean constant loss forms of the basin-loss model worked equally well to model the observed runoff hydrograph based on the error analysis, and neither model seems to make a consistently better approximation. Both initial abstraction and constant loss models combined with the GUH regression equations were further validated using several storms available after the start of the project in early 2011 with similar but consistently higher error results. If these methods are used in an urban area in Missouri other than those examined in this study, advice to the user is given to consider using the generalized regional mean values. If these methods are used in an urban area that is a subbasin of one of the basins in this study, advice to the user is given to consider using the specific regional mean values.
\n\n
The rainfall-runoff pairs from the storm-specific GUH analysis were further analyzed against various basin and rainfall characteristics to develop equations to estimate the peak streamflow and flood volume based on a quantity of rainfall on the basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145193","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Metropolitan Sewer District of St. Louis","usgsCitation":"Huizinga, R.J., 2014, An initial abstraction and constant loss model, and methods for estimating unit hydrographs, peak streamflows, and flood volumes for urban basins in Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5193, Report: x, 59 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145193.","productDescription":"Report: x, 59 p.; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"74","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057930","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295937,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145193.jpg"},{"id":295934,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5193/"},{"id":295935,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5193/pdf/sir2014-5193.pdf"},{"id":295936,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5193/downloads/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"545ddf16e4b0ba8303f8b61f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huizinga, Richard J. 0000-0002-2940-2324 huizinga@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2940-2324","contributorId":2089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huizinga","given":"Richard","email":"huizinga@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70129027,"text":"sim3314 - 2014 - Geologic map of the west-central Buffalo National River region, northern Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-06T13:08:05","indexId":"sim3314","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-06T13:45:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3314","title":"Geologic map of the west-central Buffalo National River region, northern Arkansas","docAbstract":"This map summarizes the geology of the west-central Buffalo National River region in the Ozark Plateaus region of northern Arkansas. Geologically, the region lies on the southern flank of the Ozark dome, an uplift that exposes oldest rocks at its center in Missouri. Physiographically, the map area spans the Springfield Plateau, a topographic surface generally held up by Mississippian cherty limestone and the higher Boston Mountains to the south, held up by Pennsylvanian rocks. The Buffalo River flows eastward through the map area, enhancing bedrock erosion of an approximately 1,600-ft- (490-m-) thick sequence of Ordovician, Mississippian, and Pennsylvanian carbonate and clastic sedimentary rocks that have been mildly deformed by a series of faults and folds. Quaternary surficial units are present as alluvial deposits along major streams, including a series of terrace deposits from the Buffalo River, as well as colluvium and landslide deposits mantling bedrock on hillslopes.
\n\n
This report provides a geologic map database of the map area that improves understanding of the regional geologic framework and its influence on the regional groundwater flow system. Furthermore, additional edits were made to the Ponca and Jasper quadrangles in the following ways: new control points on important contacts were obtained using modern GPS; recent higher resolution elevation data allowed further control on placement of contacts; some new contacts were added, in particular the contact separating the upper and lower Everton Formation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3314","usgsCitation":"Hudson, M., and Turner, K.J., 2014, Geologic map of the west-central Buffalo National River region, northern Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3314, 2 Plates: 58.0 x 51.5 inches and 58.0 x 29.0 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3314.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 58.0 x 51.5 inches and 58.0 x 29.0 inches; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-045630","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295923,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim3314.jpg"},{"id":295891,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3314/"},{"id":295920,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3314/pdf/SIM3314_west_sheet1.pdf","text":"Map Sheet 1 (West)","size":"71.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":295921,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3314/pdf/SIM3314_east_sheet2.pdf","text":"Map Sheet 2 (East)","size":"46.5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":295922,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3314/downloads/","text":"Downloads Directory"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Buffalo National River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"545c8d9ee4b0ba8303f7037e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hudson, Mark R. 0000-0003-0338-6079 mhudson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0338-6079","contributorId":1236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Mark R.","email":"mhudson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":524264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turner, Kenzie J. 0000-0002-4940-3981 kturner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4940-3981","contributorId":496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Kenzie","email":"kturner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":524265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70125934,"text":"ds886 - 2014 - Quality of surface water in Missouri, water year 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T11:14:04","indexId":"ds886","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-06T09:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"886","title":"Quality of surface water in Missouri, water year 2013","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, designed and operates a series of monitoring stations on streams and springs throughout Missouri known as the Ambient Water-Quality Monitoring Network. During the 2013 water year (October 1, 2012, through September 30, 2013), data were collected at 79 stations—73 Ambient Water-Quality Monitoring Network stations, 4 alternate Ambient Water-Quality Monitoring Network stations, and 2 U.S. Geological Survey National Stream Quality Accounting Network stations. Dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, water temperature, suspended solids, suspended sediment, Escherichia coli bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, dissolved nitrate plus nitrite as nitrogen, total phosphorus, dissolved and total recoverable lead and zinc, and select pesticide compound summaries are presented for 76 of these stations. The stations primarily have been classified into groups corresponding to the physiography of the State, primary land use, or unique station types. In addition, a summary of hydrologic conditions in the State including peak discharges, monthly mean discharges, and 7-day low flow is presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds886","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Barr, M.N., and Schneider, R.E., 2014, Quality of surface water in Missouri, water year 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 886, iv, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds886.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p.","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2013-01-01","temporalEnd":"2013-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-058570","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295907,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds886.jpg"},{"id":295894,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0886/"},{"id":295906,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0886/pdf/ds886.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"545c8da1e4b0ba8303f703a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barr, Miya N. 0000-0002-9961-9190 mnbarr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9961-9190","contributorId":3686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barr","given":"Miya","email":"mnbarr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":524274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schneider, Rachel E. rschneider@usgs.gov","contributorId":5786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Rachel","email":"rschneider@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":524275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70129339,"text":"sir20145203 - 2014 - Selenium in the upper Blackfoot River watershed, southeastern Idaho, 2001-12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-11T09:02:02","indexId":"sir20145203","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-06T09:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5203","title":"Selenium in the upper Blackfoot River watershed, southeastern Idaho, 2001-12","docAbstract":"The upper Blackfoot River in southeastern Idaho receives runoff from 12 large phosphate mines. Waste shales that are removed to access the phosphate ore are highly enriched with selenium, resulting in elevated selenium in runoff from the mine waste dumps. In 2001, in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began monitoring streamflow, selenium, and other water-quality parameters at a single location near the outlet of the upper Blackfoot River to the Blackfoot Reservoir. Water samples primarily were collected by a flow triggered, automated pump sampler, supplemented by manual point and equal-width integrated manual samples.
\n\n
The approach to monitoring concentrations and streamflow over time at a fixed location is ideal for evaluating temporal trends, but provides no information about the relative source contributions from the mine waste dumps draining into various tributaries. In 2001, the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality (IDEQ) began an annual, mid-May, synoptic survey of selenium concentrations and streamflow at 21 locations along the main stem Blackfoot River and its tributaries. Individually, neither the intensive USGS sampling at the outlet nor the IDEQ annual synoptic sampling provides a comprehensive view of selenium runoff in the Blackfoot River watershed. Together, the efforts are complementary; therefore, in this report, results are presented from both sampling efforts.
\n\n
The USGS collected time-series data from 2001 to 2012 at a fixed location, the Blackfoot River near the outlet of the reservoir, near Henry, Idaho (USGS streamgage 13063000). Dissolved selenium concentrations from 450 filtered samples collected at this site ranged from 0.5 to 11.4 micrograms per liter (μg/L). The State of Idaho chronic aquatic life criterion concentration of 5 μg/L was exceeded in 31 percent of the samples, with most exceedances occurring during May of each year. No exceedances of the selenium criterion were recorded in months other than April, May, or June. Concentrations of selenium in unfiltered and filtered samples were similar, and concentrations from samples collected by depth and width integrated methods were similar to those collected by grab (point) samples, indicating that the grab samples adequately represent selenium concentrations across the entire river cross section. In speciation analyses made during 2003 and 2004, the median percentage of total selenium as selenate was 81 percent, ranging from 17 to 98 percent, and the median percentage of total selenium as selenite was 19 percent, ranging from 2 to 83 percent of the total selenium. During the period of study, selenium concentrations had an upward trend during the lowflow season of August–October. Time trends were not obvious during other seasons. Selenium daily loads varied by more than a factor of 900 during the study period and ranged from 0.03 kilograms per day (kg/d) to more than 24 kg/d. Annual maximum daily loads of selenium varied over nearly a factor of 12, ranging from about 2 to 24 kg/d.
\n\n
For the annual spring synoptic samples collected by the IDEQ along the main stem Blackfoot River and major tributaries, selenium concentrations ranged from less than 2 to 870 μg/L in 176 samples. In most years, the synoptic sampling showed that the majority of the selenium loads passing the USGS streamgage at the outlet of the watershed could be attributed to a single tributary, East Mill Creek, which enters the Blackfoot River through Spring Creek. Selenium loads decreased by about half from East Mill Creek before reaching the Blackfoot River, suggesting that much selenium is at least temporarily removed from the water column by uptake by aquatic vegetation or by losses to sediment. Similar decreases in selenium loads occurred through the main stem Blackfoot River before reaching the outlet in low flow years, but not in high flow years.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145203","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Mebane, C.A., Mladenka, G.C., Van Every, Lynn, Williams, M.L., Hardy, M.A., and Garbarino, J.R., 2014, Selenium in the upper Blackfoot River watershed, southeastern Idaho, 2001–12, with an appendix on selenium speciation analytical methods, by Garbarino, J.R. (ver.1.1, August 2015): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5203, 34 p., plus appendixes, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20145203.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 34 p.; 5 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2001-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-048924","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295905,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145203.jpg"},{"id":295899,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5203/pdf/sir2014-5203.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2014-5203 report"},{"id":295900,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5203/downloads/sir2014-5203_appendixa.kml","text":"Appendix A","size":"7 KB"},{"id":295901,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5203/downloads/sir2014-5203_appendixb.pdf","text":"Appendix B","size":"280 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":295902,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5203/downloads/sir2014-5203_appendixc.pdf","text":"Appendix C","size":"706 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":295895,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5203/"},{"id":295903,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5203/downloads/sir2014-5203_appendixd.xlsx","text":"Appendix D","size":"321 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":295904,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5203/downloads/sir2014-5203_appendixe.pdf","text":"Appendix E","size":"507 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":306562,"rank":9,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5203/versionHist.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Blackfoot River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.544189453125,\n 42.49842801732158\n ],\n [\n -111.544189453125,\n 42.974511174899156\n ],\n [\n -111.0662841796875,\n 42.974511174899156\n ],\n [\n -111.0662841796875,\n 42.49842801732158\n ],\n [\n -111.544189453125,\n 42.49842801732158\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1: Originally posted November 5, 2014; Version 1.1: August 2015","contact":"Director, Idaho Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
230 Collins Road
Boise, Idaho 83702
http://id.water.usgs.gov
Flow-duration curves (FDCs) of daily streamflow are useful for many applications in water resources planning and management but must be estimated at ungaged sites. One common technique for estimating FDCs at ungaged sites in a given region is to use equations obtained by linear regression of FDC quantiles against multiple basin characteristics that can be computed by means of a geographic information system (GIS) computer program. In this study, such regional regression equations for estimating FDC quantiles were computed at the 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 90, 95, 98, 99, 99.5, 99.8, and 99.9-percent exceedance probabilities for rural, unregulated streams in Indiana and Illinois with temporally stationary records, using data through September 30, 2007. The approach used accounts for censored values below 0.01 cubic feet per second, which are observed at exceedance probabilities as low as 70 percent (that is, occurring at least 30 percent of the time). The basin characteristics used are suitable for computation by the USGS Web-based application, StreamStats, and are available for all U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region V states and the larger Great Lakes area, with some specific local exceptions. Indiana and Illinois were each divided into three regions, and a different set of equations for estimating FDC quantiles was computed for each region.
The error of estimation of the FDC quantiles, measured as the mean square residual in log space converted to a percentage of the quantile, varies somewhat among regions and varies strongly with exceedance probability, with a minimum error of 10 to 20 percent at an exceedance probability of 5 or 10 percent, but rises to 17 to 38 percent at the high-flow end of the FDCs (the 0.1-percent quantile) and 100 to 745 percent at the low-flow end. For comparison, errors of estimation also were computed for FDC quantiles estimated by linear regression on drainage area alone and by using the drainage-area ratio (DAR) method. Three criteria, the nearest basin centroid and two others termed “strict” and “broad”, were used to select index stations for the DAR method. The “strict” and “broad” criteria put conditions on the basin centroid distance and the range of their drainage-area ratios, and the errors were averaged for all index station pairs satisfying each criterion. The use of the simpler DAR method usually resulted in higher errors of estimation compared to the linear regression equations with multiple basin characteristics, except occasionally in the case of the DAR method with the strict index station selection criterion, a criterion that is rarely possible to satisfy in practice.
An example application of the estimated equations to one gaged and a few ungaged locations in a watershed in the study area is included to illustrate the steps required. These steps are the computation of the basin characteristics and, using those characteristics together with the estimated equations, the computation of the FDC quantiles and their uncertainties.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145177","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region V, and the Indiana Department of Environmental Management","usgsCitation":"Over, T.M., Riley, J.D., Marti, M.K., Sharpe, J.B., and Arvin, D., 2014, Estimation of regional flow-duration curves for Indiana and Illinois (ver. 2.0, April 2022): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5177, 24 p. and additional downloads, tables 2–5, 8–13, and 18, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145177.","productDescription":"Report: v, 24 p.; Tables: 2-5, 8-13, and 18; Data Release","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-053042","costCenters":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438739,"rank":26,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data 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U.S. Geological Survey
405 North Goodwin
Urbana, IL 61801
In order to better define the size of the thermal anomaly in the Raft River Valley, Idaho, the U.S. Geological Survey drilled a series of intermediate-depth (nominal 500-ft depth) wells in 1977 and 1978. This report presents geologic, geophysical, and temperature data for these drill holes, along with data for five wells drilled by the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory with U.S. Department of Energy Funding. Data previously reported for other drill holes are also included in order to make them available as digital files.
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For purposes of defining the thermal anomaly for the geothermal system, temperature gradients are calculated over long depth intervals on the basis of the appearance of reasonable linear segments on a temperature versus plot depth. Temperature versus depth data for some drill holes can be represented by a single gradient, whereas others require multiple gradients to match the data. Data for some drill holes clearly reflect vertical flows of water in the formation surrounding the drill holes, and water velocities are calculated for these drill holes. Within The Narrows area, temperature versus depth data show reversals at different depth in different drill holes. In the main thermal area, temperatures in intermediate-depth drill holes vary approximately linearly but with very high values of temperature gradient. Temperature gradients on a map of the area can be reasonable divided into a large area of regional gradients and smaller areas defining the thermal anomalies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141201","usgsCitation":"Nathenson, M., Urban, T.C., and Covington, H., 2014, Geologic and geophysical data for wells drilled at Raft River Valley, Cassia County, Idaho, in 1977-1978 and data for wells drilled previously: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1201, Report: iv, 30 p.; 2 Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141201.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 30 p.; 2 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052136","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295850,"rank":9,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141201.JPG"},{"id":295822,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1201/"},{"id":295844,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1201/pdf/ofr20141201_appendixA.pdf"},{"id":295843,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1201/pdf/ofr2014-1201.pdf"},{"id":295845,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1201/pdf/ofr20141201_appendixB.pdf"},{"id":295846,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1201/pdf/ofr20141201_appendixA_figs.pdf"},{"id":295847,"rank":6,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1201/downloads/ofr20141201_appendixA_tables.zip"},{"id":295848,"rank":7,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1201/pdf/ofr20141201_appendixB_figs.pdf"},{"id":295849,"rank":8,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1201/downloads/ofr20141201_appendixB_tables.zip"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Cassia County","otherGeospatial":"Raft River Valley","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5459eaa1e4b009f8aec96fe4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nathenson, Manuel 0000-0002-5216-984X mnathnsn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5216-984X","contributorId":1358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nathenson","given":"Manuel","email":"mnathnsn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":522919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Urban, Thomas C.","contributorId":53949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urban","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":522920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Covington, Harry R.","contributorId":101309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Covington","given":"Harry R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":522921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70127784,"text":"ofr20141215 - 2014 - Water-quality characteristics indicative of wastewater in selected streams in the upper Neuse River Basin, Durham and Orange Counties, North Carolina, from 2004 to 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T16:58:12","indexId":"ofr20141215","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-04T09:45:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1215","title":"Water-quality characteristics indicative of wastewater in selected streams in the upper Neuse River Basin, Durham and Orange Counties, North Carolina, from 2004 to 2013","docAbstract":"Data were collected during three time periods to assess the effects of wastewater treatment and disposal practices on the occurrence of selected contaminants indicative of wastewater in the upper Neuse River Basin, North Carolina. The first phase of data collection, December 2004 to June 2005, and the second phase, April to October 2008, addressed the effects of point and nonpoint sources of wastewater effluent on stream quality during baseflow conditions. Point-source effects were assessed by sampling a municipal wastewater treatment plant outfall and sites on the Eno River upstream and downstream from the outfall. Water-quality data suggest that the wastewater treatment plant effluent contributed to increases in concentrations of nitrogen and carbamazepine at the downstream site. Nonpoint source effects were assessed by sampling seven small streams that drained an undeveloped area and residential areas served by either centralized or onsite wastewater treatment systems. Samples were analyzed for inorganic constituents, including nutrients, ions, and metals; organic compounds considered indicative of wastewater contamination; antibiotics, optical brighteners, and fecal coliform bacteria. Hypothesized differences in water quality between the sites with primarily centralized and onsite wastewater treatment were not apparent, likely due to the relatively large heterogeneity of the sites within each category.
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During the third phase of data collection, May 2012 to January 2013, data were collected to address the suitability of optical brighteners as tracers of wastewater in small streams during streamflow recession. Samples were collected at five small streams following periods of rainfall and analyzed for optical brighteners, specific conductance nutrients, and selected hormones. Optical brighteners were absent in the undeveloped catchment but were present in the recession period after rainfall events in catchments with centralized though possibly leaky sewage treatment and areas with onsite treatment. Sand filter systems in areas with onsite treatment appear to change the effluent flow and retention characteristics such that optical brighteners were present both before and after rainfall events. Nitrate plus nitrite, as nitrogen concentrations in samples from this last study phase generally were larger than those collected during baseflow conditions in the previous phases of this study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141215","collaboration":"North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Health; Durham County Health Department; City of Durham Stormwater Department; City of Raleigh, North Carolina","usgsCitation":"Ferrell, G.M., Yearout, M.S., Grimes, B.H., Graves, A.K., Fitzgerald, S., and Meyer, M.T., 2014, Water-quality characteristics indicative of wastewater in selected streams in the upper Neuse River Basin, Durham and Orange Counties, North Carolina, from 2004 to 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1215, Report: xi, 62 p.; 10 Appendixes; 2 Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141215.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 62 p.; 10 Appendixes; 2 Tables","numberOfPages":"77","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2013-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-052107","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295840,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141215.jpg"},{"id":295770,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1215/"},{"id":295825,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1215/pdf/ofr2014-1215.pdf"},{"id":295838,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1215/appendix/"},{"id":295839,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1215/table"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Durham County, Orange County","otherGeospatial":"Upper Neuse River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.4036865234375,\n 35.793310688351724\n ],\n [\n -79.4036865234375,\n 36.22876574685929\n ],\n [\n -78.63327026367188,\n 36.22876574685929\n ],\n [\n -78.63327026367188,\n 35.793310688351724\n ],\n [\n -79.4036865234375,\n 35.793310688351724\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5459eaa4e4b009f8aec97030","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferrell, Gloria M. gferrell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrell","given":"Gloria","email":"gferrell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":521319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yearout, Matthew S.","contributorId":124564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yearout","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":5039,"text":"Department of Environment, Land, and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":521320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grimes, Barbara H.","contributorId":124565,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grimes","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":5039,"text":"Department of Environment, Land, and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":521321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graves, Alexandria K.","contributorId":124566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Graves","given":"Alexandria","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5039,"text":"Department of Environment, Land, and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":521322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fitzgerald, Sharon A. safitzge@usgs.gov","contributorId":4532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"Sharon A.","email":"safitzge@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":521318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Meyer, Michael T. 0000-0001-6006-7985 mmeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-7985","contributorId":866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Michael","email":"mmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":521323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70127487,"text":"ofr20141206 - 2014 - Low-head hydropower assessment of the Brazilian State of São Paulo","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T11:27:29","indexId":"ofr20141206","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-04T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1206","title":"Low-head hydropower assessment of the Brazilian State of São Paulo","docAbstract":"This study produced a comprehensive estimate of the magnitude of hydropower potential available in the streams that drain watersheds entirely within the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Because a large part of the contributing area is outside of São Paulo, the main stem of the Paraná River was excluded from the assessment. Potential head drops were calculated from the Digital Terrain Elevation Data,which has a 1-arc-second resolution (approximately 30-meter resolution at the equator). For the conditioning and validation of synthetic stream channels derived from the Digital Elevation Model datasets, hydrography data (in digital format) supplied by the São Paulo State Department of Energy and the Agência Nacional de Águas were used. Within the study area there were 1,424 rain gages and 123 streamgages with long-term data records. To estimate average yearly streamflow, a hydrologic regionalization system that divides the State into 21 homogeneous basins was used. Stream segments, upstream areas, and mean annual rainfall were estimated using geographic information systems techniques. The accuracy of the flows estimated with the regionalization models was validated. Overall, simulated streamflows were significantly correlated with the observed flows but with a consistent underestimation bias. When the annual mean flows from the regionalization models were adjusted upward by 10 percent, average streamflow estimation bias was reduced from -13 percent to -4 percent. The sum of all the validated stream reach mean annual hydropower potentials in the 21 basins is 7,000 megawatts (MW). Hydropower potential is mainly concentrated near the Serra do Mar mountain range and along the Tietê River. The power potential along the Tietê River is mainly at sites with medium and high potentials, sites where hydropower has already been harnessed. In addition to the annual mean hydropower estimates, potential hydropower estimates with flow rates with exceedance probabilities of 40 percent, 60 percent, and 90 percent were made.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141206","usgsCitation":"Artan, G.A., Cushing, W.M., Mathis, M.L., and Tieszen, L.L., 2014, Low-head hydropower assessment of the Brazilian State of São Paulo: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1206, v, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141206.","productDescription":"v, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051675","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295835,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141206.jpg"},{"id":295834,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1206/pdf/ofr2014-1206.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":295766,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1206/"}],"country":"Brazil","city":"São Paulo","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5459eaa2e4b009f8aec96ffe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Artan, Guleid A. 0000-0001-8409-6182 gartan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8409-6182","contributorId":2938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Artan","given":"Guleid","email":"gartan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":521219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cushing, W. Matthew 0000-0001-5209-6006 mcushing@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5209-6006","contributorId":2980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cushing","given":"W.","email":"mcushing@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Matthew","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":521220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mathis, Melissa L. 0000-0003-4967-4770 mlmathis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4967-4770","contributorId":5461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathis","given":"Melissa","email":"mlmathis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":521221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tieszen, Larry L. tieszen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"Larry","email":"tieszen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":521222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70188050,"text":"70188050 - 2014 - Understanding the hydrologic sources and sinks in the Nile Basin using multisource climate and remote sensing data sets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-30T15:10:08","indexId":"70188050","displayToPublicDate":"2014-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Understanding the hydrologic sources and sinks in the Nile Basin using multisource climate and remote sensing data sets","docAbstract":"In this study, we integrated satellite-drived precipitation and modeled evapotranspiration data (2000–2012) to describe spatial variability of hydrologic sources and sinks in the Nile Basin. Over 2000–2012 period, 4 out of 11 countries (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda) in the Nile Basin showed a positive water balance while three downstream countries (South Sudan, Sudan, and Egypt) showed a negative balance. Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mass deviation in storage data analysis showed that at annual timescales, the Nile Basin storage change is substantial while over longer time periods, it is minimal (<1% of basin precipitation). We also used long-term gridded runoff and river discharge data (1869–1984) to understand the discrepancy in the observed and expected flow along the Nile River. The top three countries that contribute most to the flow are Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Kenya. The study revealed that ∼85% of the runoff generated in the equatorial region is lost in an interstation basin that includes the Sudd wetlands in South Sudan; this proportion is higher than the literature reported loss of 50% at the Sudd wetlands alone. The loss in runoff and flow volume at different sections of the river tend to be more than what can be explained by evaporation losses, suggesting a potential recharge to deeper aquifers that are not connected to the Nile channel systems. On the other hand, we also found that the expected average annual Nile flow at Aswan is greater (97 km3) than the reported amount (84 km3). Due to the large variations of the reported Nile flow at different locations and time periods, the study results indicate the need for increased hydrometeorological instrumentation of the basin. The study also helped improve our understanding of the spatial dynamics of water sources and sinks in the Nile Basin and identified emerging hydrologic questions that require further attention.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1002/2013WR015231","usgsCitation":"Senay, G., Velpuri, N.M., Bohms, S., Demissie, Y., and Gebremichael, M., 2014, Understanding the hydrologic sources and sinks in the Nile Basin using multisource climate and remote sensing data sets: Water Resources Research, v. 50, no. 11, p. 8625-8650, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR015231.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"8625","endPage":"8650","ipdsId":"IP-054002","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472662,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2013wr015231","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":341873,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Nile Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 23.818359375,\n -3.688855143147035\n ],\n [\n 37.6171875,\n -3.688855143147035\n ],\n [\n 37.6171875,\n 31.57853542647338\n ],\n [\n 23.818359375,\n 31.57853542647338\n ],\n [\n 23.818359375,\n -3.688855143147035\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-11-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"592e84c0e4b092b266f10d6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":166812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel","email":"senay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Velpuri, Naga Manohar 0000-0002-6370-1926 nvelpuri@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6370-1926","contributorId":166813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Velpuri","given":"Naga","email":"nvelpuri@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Manohar","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bohms, Stefanie 0000-0002-2979-4655 sbohms@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2979-4655","contributorId":3148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohms","given":"Stefanie","email":"sbohms@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Demissie, Yonas","contributorId":192369,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Demissie","given":"Yonas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gebremichael, Mekonnen","contributorId":147882,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gebremichael","given":"Mekonnen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70122403,"text":"sir20145149 - 2014 - Aquifers of Arkansas: protection, management, and hydrologic and geochemical characteristics of groundwater resources in Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-09T09:29:28","indexId":"sir20145149","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-31T15:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5149","title":"Aquifers of Arkansas: protection, management, and hydrologic and geochemical characteristics of groundwater resources in Arkansas","docAbstract":"Sixteen aquifers in Arkansas that currently serve or have served as sources of water supply are described with respect to existing groundwater protection and management programs, geology, hydrologic characteristics, water use, water levels, deductive analysis, projections of hydrologic conditions, and water quality. State and Federal protection and management programs are described according to regulatory oversight, management strategies, and ambient groundwater-monitoring programs that currently (2013) are in place for assessing and protecting groundwater resources throughout the State.
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Physical attributes, groundwater geochemistry, and groundwater quality are described for each of the 16 aquifers of the State. Information in regard to the hydrology and geochemistry of each of the aquifers is summarized from about 550 historical and recent publications. Additionally, more than 8,000 sites with groundwater-quality data were obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System and the Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality databases and entered into a spatial database to investigate distribution and trends in chemical constituents for each of the aquifers.
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The 16 aquifers of the State were divided into two major physiographic regions of the State: the Coastal Plain Province (referred to as Coastal Plain) of eastern and southern Arkansas, which includes 11 of the 16 aquifers, and the Interior Highlands Division (referred to as Interior Highlands) of western Arkansas, which includes the remaining 5 aquifers. The 11 aquifers in the Coastal Plain consist of various geologic units that are Cenozoic in age and consist primarily of Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary sands, gravels, silts, and clays. Groundwater in the Coastal Plain represents one of the most valuable natural resources in the State, driving the economic engines of agriculture, while also supplying abundant water for commercial, industrial, and public-supply use. In terms of age from youngest to oldest, the aquifers of the Coastal Plain include Quaternary alluvial aquifers, including the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer (the most important aquifer in Arkansas in terms of volume of use and economic benefits), the Jackson Group (a regional confining unit that served for decades as an important source of domestic supply), and the Cockfield, Sparta, Cane River, Carrizo, Wilcox, Nacatoch, Ozan, Tokio, and Trinity aquifers. The Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer accounts for approximately 94 percent of all groundwater used in the State, and the aquifer is used primarily for irrigation purposes. The Sparta aquifer is the second most important aquifer in terms of use, and the aquifer was used in the past dominantly as a source of public and industrial supply, although increasing irrigation use is occurring because of critically declining water levels in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer. Other aquifers of the Coastal Plain generally are used as important local sources of domestic, industrial, and public supply, in addition to other minor uses. Water quality generally is good for all aquifers of the Coastal Plain, except for elevated iron concentrations and localized areas of high salinity. The high salinity results from intrusion from underlying formations, evapotranspiration processes in areas of low recharge, and inadequate flushing in downgradient areas of residual salinity from deposition in marine environments. Trends in the spatial distribution of individual chemical constituents are related to position along the flow path for most aquifers of the Coastal Plain. These trends include elevated iron and nitrate concentrations with lower pH values and dissolved solids in groundwater from the outcrop areas, transitioning to lower iron and nitrate (related to changes in redox) and higher pH and dissolved solids (dominantly from the dissolution of carbonate minerals) in groundwater downgradient from outcrop areas. Groundwater generally trended from a calcium- to a sodium-bicarbonate water type with increasing cation exchange along the flow path.
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The Interior Highlands of western Arkansas has less reported groundwater use than other areas of the State, reflecting a combination of factors. These factors include prevalent and increasing use of surface water, less intensive agricultural uses, lower population and industry densities, lesser potential yield of the resource, and lack of detailed reporting. The overall low yields of aquifers of the Interior Highlands result in domestic supply as the dominant use, with minor industrial, public, and commercial-supply use. Where greater volumes are required for growth of population and industry, surface water is the greatest supplier of water needs in the Interior Highlands. The various aquifers of the Interior Highlands generally occur in shallow, fractured, well-indurated, structurally modified bedrock of this mountainous region of the State, as compared to the relatively flat-lying, unconsolidated sediments of the Coastal Plain. In terms of age from youngest to oldest, the aquifers of the Interior Highlands include: the Arkansas River Valley alluvial aquifer, the Ouachita Mountains aquifer, the Western Interior Plains confining system, the Springfield Plateau aquifer, and the Ozark aquifer. Spatial trends in groundwater geochemistry in the Interior Highlands differ greatly from trends noted for aquifers of the Coastal Plain. In the Coastal Plain, the prevalence of long regional flow paths results in regionally predictable and mappable geochemical changes along the flow paths. In the Interior Highlands, short, topographically controlled flow paths (from hilltops to valleys) within small watersheds represent the predominant groundwater-flow system. As such, dense data coverage from numerous wells would be required to effectively characterize these groundwater basins and define small-scale geochemical changes along any given flow path for aquifers of the Interior Highlands. Changes in geochemistry generally were related to rock type and residence time along individual flow paths. Dominant changes in geochemistry for the Ouachita Mountains aquifer and the Western Interior Plains confining system are attributed to rock/water interaction and changes in redox zonation along the flow path. In these areas, groundwater evolves along flow paths from a calcium- to a sodium-bicarbonate water type with increasing reducing conditions resulting in denitrification, elevated iron and manganese concentrations, and production of methane in the more geochemically evolved and strongest reducing conditions. In the Ozark and Springfield Plateau aquifers, rapid influx of surface-derived contaminants, especially nitrogen, coupled with few to no attenuation processes was attributed to the karst landscape developed on Mississippian- and Ordovician-age carbonate rocks of the Ozark Plateaus. Increasing nitrate concentrations are related to increasing agricultural land use, and areas of mature karst development result in higher nitrate concentrations than areas with less karst features.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145149","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission","usgsCitation":"Kresse, T.M., Hays, P.D., Merriman, K.R., Gillip, J.A., Fugitt, D., Spellman, J.L., Nottmeier, A.M., Westerman, D.A., Blackstock, J.M., and Battreal, J.L., 2014, Aquifers of Arkansas: protection, management, and hydrologic and geochemical characteristics of groundwater resources in Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5149, Report: xxi, 334 p.; Report pages 1-111; Report pages 112-221; Report pages 222-235, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145149.","productDescription":"Report: xxi, 334 p.; Report pages 1-111; Report pages 112-221; Report pages 222-235","numberOfPages":"360","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-054912","costCenters":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science 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kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report Front Matter","linkHelpText":"Report Front Matter"},{"id":295814,"rank":4,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5149/pdf/sir2014-5149_Abstract.pdf","text":"Abstract through the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer","size":"20.2 MB","description":"Report pages 1-111","linkHelpText":"Report pages 1-111"},{"id":295815,"rank":5,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5149/pdf/sir2014-5149_MinorAlluvial.pdf","text":"Minor Alluvial Aquifers in Coastal Plain through the Trinity Aquifer","size":"23.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report pages 112-249","linkHelpText":"Report pages 112-249"},{"id":295783,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5149/"},{"id":295812,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5149/pdf/sir2014-5149.pdf","size":"54.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkasas","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"545c9bb2e4b0ba8303f709a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kresse, Timothy M. 0000-0003-1035-0672 tkresse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1035-0672","contributorId":2758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kresse","given":"Timothy","email":"tkresse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":522842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hays, Phillip D. 0000-0001-5491-9272 pdhays@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5491-9272","contributorId":4145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hays","given":"Phillip","email":"pdhays@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":522843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Merriman, Katherine R. 0000-0002-1303-2410 kmerriman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1303-2410","contributorId":4973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merriman","given":"Katherine","email":"kmerriman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":522844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gillip, Jonathan A. jgillip@usgs.gov","contributorId":3222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillip","given":"Jonathan","email":"jgillip@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":522845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fugitt, D. Todd","contributorId":127005,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fugitt","given":"D. Todd","affiliations":[{"id":6759,"text":"Arkansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":522846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Spellman, Jane L.","contributorId":127006,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spellman","given":"Jane","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6760,"text":"FTN Associates, Ltd","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":522847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nottmeier, Anna M. 0000-0002-0205-0955 anottmeier@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0205-0955","contributorId":5283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nottmeier","given":"Anna","email":"anottmeier@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":522848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Westerman, Drew A. 0000-0002-8522-776X dawester@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8522-776X","contributorId":4526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westerman","given":"Drew","email":"dawester@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":522849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Blackstock, Joshua M. jblackst@usgs.gov","contributorId":5553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackstock","given":"Joshua","email":"jblackst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":522850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Battreal, James L.","contributorId":127019,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Battreal","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6759,"text":"Arkansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":522898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70122361,"text":"sir20145166 - 2014 - Groundwater-flow and land-subsidence model of Antelope Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-31T15:21:38","indexId":"sir20145166","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-31T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5166","title":"Groundwater-flow and land-subsidence model of Antelope Valley, California","docAbstract":"Antelope Valley, California, is a topographically closed basin in the western part of the Mojave Desert, about 50 miles northeast of Los Angeles. The Antelope Valley groundwater basin is about 940 square miles and is separated from the northern part of Antelope Valley by faults and low-lying hills. Prior to 1972, groundwater provided more than 90 percent of the total water supply in the valley; since 1972, it has provided between 50 and 90 percent. Most groundwater pumping in the valley occurs in the Antelope Valley groundwater basin, which includes the rapidly growing cities of Lancaster and Palmdale. Groundwater-level declines of more than 270 feet in some parts of the groundwater basin have resulted in an increase in pumping lifts, reduced well efficiency, and land subsidence of more than 6 feet in some areas. Future urban growth and limits on the supply of imported water may increase reliance on groundwater.
\n\n
In 2011, the Los Angeles County Superior Court of California ruled that the Antelope Valley groundwater basin is in overdraft—groundwater extractions are in excess of the Court-defined safe yield of the groundwater basin. The Court determined that the safe yield of the adjudicated area of the basin was 110,000 acre-feet per year (acre-ft/yr). Natural recharge is an important component of total groundwater recharge in Antelope Valley; however, the exact quantity and distribution of natural recharge, primarily in the form of mountain-front recharge, is uncertain, with total estimates ranging from 30,000 to 160,000 acre-ft/yr. Technical experts, retained by parties to the adjudication, used 60,000 acre-ft/yr to estimate the sustainable yield of the basin, and this value was used in this study. In order to better understand the uncertainty associated with natural recharge and to provide a tool to aid in groundwater management, a numerical model of groundwater flow and land subsidence in the Antelope Valley groundwater basin was developed using old and new geohydrologic information.
\n\n
The groundwater-flow system consists of three aquifers: the upper, middle, and lower aquifers. The three aquifers, which were identified on the basis of the hydrologic properties, age, and depth of the unconsolidated deposits, consist of gravel, sand, silt, and clay alluvial deposits and clay and silty clay lacustrine deposits. Prior to groundwater development in the valley, recharge was primarily the infiltration of runoff from the surrounding mountains. Groundwater flowed from the recharge areas to discharge areas around the playas where it discharged from the aquifer system as either evapotranspiration or from springs. Partial barriers to horizontal groundwater flow, such as faults, have been identified in the groundwater basin. Water-level declines owing to groundwater development have eliminated the natural sources of discharge, and pumping for agricultural and urban uses have become the primary source of discharge from the groundwater system. Infiltration of return flow from agricultural irrigation has become an important source of recharge to the aquifer system.
\n\n
The groundwater-flow model of the basin was discretized horizontally into a grid of 130 rows and 118 columns of square cells 1 kilometer (0.621 mile) on a side, and vertically into four layers representing the upper (two layers), middle (one layer), and lower (one layer) aquifers. Faults that were thought to act as horizontal-flow barriers were simulated in the model. The model was calibrated to simulate steady-state conditions, represented by 1915 water levels and transient-state conditions during 1915–95, by using water-level and subsidence data. Initial estimates of the aquifer-system properties and stresses were obtained from a previously published numerical model of the Antelope Valley groundwater basin; estimates also were obtained from recently collected hydrologic data and from results of simulations of groundwater-flow and land-subsidence models of the Edwards Air Force Base area. Some of these initial estimates were modified during model calibration. Groundwater pumpage for agriculture was estimated on the basis of irrigated crop acreage and crop consumptive-use data. Pumpage for public supply, which is metered, was compiled and entered into a database used for this study. Estimated annual agricultural pumpage peaked at 395,000 acre-feet (acre-ft) in 1951 and then declined because of declining agricultural production. Recharge from irrigation return flows was assumed to be 30 percent of agricultural pumpage; delays associated with return flow moving through the unsaturated zone were also simulated. The annual quantity of mountain-front recharge initially was based on estimates from previous studies. The model was calibrated using the PEST software suite; prior information from the area was incorporated through the use of Tikhonov regularization. During model calibration, the estimated mountain-front recharge was reduced from the previous estimate of 30,300 acre-ft/yr to 29,150 acre-ft/yr.
\n\n
Results of the simulations using the calibrated model indicate that simulated groundwater pumpage exceeded recharge in most years, resulting in an estimated cumulative depletion in groundwater storage of 8,700,000 acre-ft during the transient-simulation period (1915–2005). About 15,000,000 acre-ft of cumulative groundwater pumpage was simulated during the transient-simulation period (1915–2005), reaching a maximum rate of about 400,000 acre-ft/yr in 1951. Groundwater pumpage resulted in simulated hydraulic heads declining by more than 150 feet (ft) compared to 1915 conditions in agricultural areas. The decline in hydraulic head in the groundwater basin is the result of this depletion of groundwater storage. In turn, the simulated decline in hydraulic head in the groundwater basin has resulted in the decrease in natural discharge from the basin and has caused compaction of aquitards, resulting in land subsidence. The areal distribution of total simulated land subsidence for 2005, after about 90 years of groundwater development, indicates that land subsidence occurred throughout almost the entire Lancaster subbasin, with a maximum of about 9.4 ft in the central and eastern parts of the subbasin.
\n\n
An important objective of this study was to systematically address the uncertainty in estimates of natural recharge and related aquifer parameters by using the groundwater-flow and land-subsidence model with observational data and expert knowledge. After the model was calibrated to the observations and a reasonable parameter set obtained, the parameter null space—parameter values that do not appreciably affect the model calibration but may have importance for prediction—was identified. The effect of parameter uncertainty on the estimation of mountain-front recharge was addressed using the Null-Space Monte Carlo method. The Pareto trade-off method of visualizing uncertainty was also used to portray the reasonableness of larger natural-recharge rates. Results indicate that the total mountain-front recharge likely ranges between 28,000 and 44,000 acre-ft/yr, which is appreciably less than published estimates of 60,000 acre-ft/yr. Additionally, expected errors associated with agricultural pumpage estimates used in this study were found to have relatively little effect on the estimates of mountain-front recharge, reflecting the difficulty in increasing recharge through manipulation of other components of the water budget.
\n\n
The calibrated model was used to simulate the response of the aquifer to potential future pumping scenarios: (1) no change in the distribution of pumpage, or status quo; (2) redistribution of pumpage; and (3) artificial recharge. All three of these scenarios specify a total pumpage throughout the Antelope Valley of 110,000 acre-ft/yr according to the safe yield value ruled by the Los Angeles County Superior Court of California. This reduction in groundwater pumpage is assumed uniform throughout the basin, based on a 10-percent reduction of the total pumpage in 2005 to achieve the 110,000 acre-ft/yr level. The calibrated Antelope Valley groundwater-flow and land-subsidence model was used to simulate the hydrologic effects of the three groundwater-management scenarios during a 50-year period by using the reduced, temporally constant, pumpage distribution.
\n\n
Results from the first scenario indicated that the total drawdown observed since predevelopment would continue, with values exceeding 325 ft near Palmdale; consequently, land subsidence would also continue, with additional subsidence (since 2005) exceeding 3 ft in the central part of the Lancaster subbasin. The second scenario evaluated redistributing pumpage from areas in the Lancaster subbasin where simulated hydraulic-head declines were the greatest to areas where declines were smallest. Neither a formal optimization algorithm nor water-rights allocations were considered when redistributing the pumpage. Results indicated that hydraulic heads near Palmdale, where the pumpage was reduced, would recover by about 200 ft compared to 2005 conditions, with only 30 ft of additional drawdown in the northwestern part of the Lancaster subbasin, where the pumpage was increased. The magnitude of the simulated additional land subsidence decreased slightly compared to the first, status quo, scenario but land subsidence continued to be simulated throughout most of the northern part of the Lancaster subbasin. The third scenario consisted of two artificial-recharge simulations along the Upper Amargosa Creek channel and at a site located north of Antelope Buttes. Results indicate that applying artificial recharge at these sites would yield continued drawdowns and associated land subsidence. However, the magnitudes of drawdown and subsidence would be smaller than those simulated in the status quo scenario, indicating that artificial-recharge operations in the Antelope Valley could be expected to reduce the magnitude and extent of continued water-level declines and associated land subsidence.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145166","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works, Antelope Valley-East Kern Water Agency, Palmdale Water District, and Edwards Air Force Base","usgsCitation":"Siade, A.J., Nishikawa, T., Rewis, D.L., Martin, P., and Phillips, S.P., 2014, Groundwater-flow and land-subsidence model of Antelope Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5166, Report: xiv, 138 p.; 5 Appendix Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145166.","productDescription":"Report: xiv, 138 p.; 5 Appendix Tables","numberOfPages":"154","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-023623","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295810,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145166.jpg"},{"id":295798,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5166/pdf/sir2014-5166.pdf","size":"13.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":295799,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5166/downloads/sir2014-5166_appendix_2_table_1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 2 Table 1","size":"1.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":295800,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5166/downloads/sir2014-5166_appendix_3_table_1_and_2.xlsx","text":"Appendix 3 Tables 1 and 2","size":"259 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":295801,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5166/downloads/sir2014-5166_appendix_4_table_1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 4 Table 1","size":"222 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":295802,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5166/downloads/sir2014-5166_appendix_7_table_1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 7 Table 1","size":"238 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":295803,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5166/downloads/sir2014-5166_appendixtables.xlsx","text":"Appendix Tables","size":"1.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":295777,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5166/"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Antelope Valley","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5454968ee4b0dc7793747c72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Siade, Adam J. asiade@usgs.gov","contributorId":1533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siade","given":"Adam","email":"asiade@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":522821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nishikawa, Tracy 0000-0002-7348-3838 tnish@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-3838","contributorId":1515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishikawa","given":"Tracy","email":"tnish@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":522824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rewis, Diane L. dlrewis@usgs.gov","contributorId":1511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rewis","given":"Diane","email":"dlrewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":522822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Martin, Peter pmmartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Peter","email":"pmmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":522823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Phillips, Steven P. 0000-0002-5107-868X sphillip@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5107-868X","contributorId":1506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Steven","email":"sphillip@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":522879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70123235,"text":"ofr20141185 - 2014 - Water-quality modeling of Klamath Straits Drain recirculation, a Klamath River wetland, and 2011 conditions for the Link River to Keno Dam reach of the Klamath River, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-24T15:40:24","indexId":"ofr20141185","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-24T15:34:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1185","title":"Water-quality modeling of Klamath Straits Drain recirculation, a Klamath River wetland, and 2011 conditions for the Link River to Keno Dam reach of the Klamath River, Oregon","docAbstract":"The upper Klamath River and adjacent Lost River are interconnected basins in south-central Oregon and northern California. Both basins have impaired water quality with Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) in progress or approved. In cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Watercourse Engineering, Inc., have conducted modeling and research to inform management of these basins for multiple purposes, including agriculture, endangered species protection, wildlife refuges, and adjacent and downstream water users. A water-quality and hydrodynamic model (CE-QUAL-W2) of the Link River to Keno Dam reach of the Klamath River for 2006–09 is one of the tools used in this work. The model can simulate stage, flow, water velocity, ice cover, water temperature, specific conductance, suspended sediment, nutrients, organic matter in bed sediment and the water column, three algal groups, three macrophyte groups, dissolved oxygen, and pH.
\nThis report documents two model scenarios and a test of the existing model applied to year 2011, which had exceptional water quality. The first scenario examined the water-quality effects of recirculating Klamath Straits Drain flows into the Ady Canal, to conserve water and to decrease flows from the Klamath Straits Drain to the Klamath River. The second scenario explicitly incorporated a 2.73×106 m2 (675 acre) off-channel connected wetland into the CE-QUAL-W2 framework, with the wetland operating from May 1 through October 31. The wetland represented a managed treatment feature to decrease organic matter loads and process nutrients. Finally, the summer of 2011 showed substantially higher dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the Link-Keno reach than in other recent years, so the Link-Keno model (originally developed for 2006–09) was run with 2011 data as a test of model parameters and rates and to develop insights regarding the reasons for the improved water-quality conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141185","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, A., Sogutlugil, I., Deas, M.L., and Rounds, S.A., 2014, Water-quality modeling of Klamath Straits Drain recirculation, a Klamath River wetland, and 2011 conditions for the Link River to Keno Dam reach of the Klamath River, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1185, viii, 75 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141185.","productDescription":"viii, 75 p.","numberOfPages":"88","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-056254","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295752,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141185.jpg"},{"id":295750,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1185/"},{"id":295751,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1185/pdf/ofr2014-1185.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544b5c07e4b03653c63fb1be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, Annett B. 0000-0001-7783-3906 annett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7783-3906","contributorId":79821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Annett B.","email":"annett@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":499955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sogutlugil, I. Ertugrul","contributorId":23867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sogutlugil","given":"I. Ertugrul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Deas, Michael L.","contributorId":61359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deas","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rounds, Stewart A. 0000-0002-8540-2206 sarounds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8540-2206","contributorId":905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rounds","given":"Stewart","email":"sarounds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70122402,"text":"sir20145155 - 2014 - Water chemistry, seepage investigation, streamflow, reservoir storage, and annual availability of water for the San Juan-Chama Project, northern New Mexico, 1942-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-16T13:14:25","indexId":"sir20145155","displayToPublicDate":"2014-10-16T13:06:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5155","title":"Water chemistry, seepage investigation, streamflow, reservoir storage, and annual availability of water for the San Juan-Chama Project, northern New Mexico, 1942-2010","docAbstract":"The Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority supplements the municipal water supply for the Albuquerque metropolitan area, in central New Mexico, with surface water diverted from the Rio Grande. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority, undertook this study in which water-chemistry data and historical streamflow were compiled and new water-chemistry data were collected to characterize the water chemistry and streamflow of the San Juan-Chama Project (SJCP). Characterization of streamflow included analysis of the variability of annual streamflow and comparison of the theoretical amount of water that could have been diverted into the SJCP to the actual amount of water that was diverted for the SJCP. Additionally, a seepage investigation was conducted along the channel between Azotea Tunnel Outlet and the streamflow-gaging station at Willow Creek above Heron Reservoir to estimate the magnitude of the gain or loss in streamflow resulting from groundwater interaction over the approximately 10-mile reach.
\nGenerally, surface-water chemistry varied with streamflow throughout the year. Streamflow ranged from high flow to low flow on the basis of the quantity of water diverted from the Rio Blanco, Little Navajo River, and Navajo River for the SJCP. Vertical profiles of the water temperature over the depth of the water column at Heron Reservoir indicated that the reservoir is seasonally stratified. The results from the seepage investigations indicated a small amount of loss of streamflow along the channel.
\nAnnual variability in streamflow for the SJCP was an indication of the variation in the climate parameters that interact to contribute to streamflow in the Rio Blanco, Little Navajo River, Navajo River, and Willow Creek watersheds. For most years, streamflow at Azotea Tunnel Outlet started in March and continued for approximately 3 months until the middle of July. The majority of annual streamflow at Azotea Tunnel Outlet occurred from May through June, with a median duration of slightly longer than a month. Years with higher maximum daily streamflow generally are associated with higher annual streamflow than years with lower maximum daily streamflow. The amount of water that can be diverted for the SJCP is controlled by the availability of streamflow and is limited by several factors including legal limits for diversion, limits from the SJCP infrastructure including the size of the diversion dams and tunnels, the capacity of Heron Reservoir, and operational constraints that limit when water can be diverted. The average annual streamflow at Azotea Tunnel Outlet was 94,710 acre-feet, and the annual streamflow at Azotea Tunnel Outlet was approximately 75 percent of the annual streamflow available for the SJCP. The average annual percentage of available streamflow not diverted for the SJCP was 14 percent because of structural limitations of the capacity of infrastructure, 1 percent because of limitations of the reservoir storage capacity, and 29 percent because of the limitations from operations. For most years, the annual available streamflow not diverted for unknown reasons exceeded the sum of the water not diverted because of structural, capacity, and operational limitations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145155","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority","usgsCitation":"McKean, S.E., and Anderholm, S.K., 2014, Water chemistry, seepage investigation, streamflow, reservoir storage, and annual availability of water for the San Juan-Chama Project, northern New Mexico, 1942-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5155, Report: viii, 52 p.; 1 Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145155.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 52 p.; 1 Appendix","numberOfPages":"63","ipdsId":"IP-045511","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295409,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145155.jpg"},{"id":295407,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5155/pdf/sir2014-5155.pdf"},{"id":295406,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5155/"},{"id":295408,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5155/downloads/sir2014-5155_appendix_1.xlsx"}],"datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"San Juan-Chama","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5440d006e4b0b0a643c7329a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKean, Sarah E.","contributorId":92604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKean","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderholm, Scott K.","contributorId":69912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderholm","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}