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The Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk and Neslen Formations in the eastern Uinta basin contain large amounts of thermogenic gas that was generated from interbedded humic-rich source rocks. The geometry and distribution of hydrocarbon source and reservoir rocks are controlled by depositional environment. The Blackhawk, composed of laterally extensive sandstone and locally interbedded carbonaceous siltstone and minor coal, reflects deposition in nearshore marine and backshore environments. The Neslen contains organic-rich siltstone and mudstone with lesser amounts of carbonaceous shale, coal, and lenticular sandstone that formed in coastal and lower alluvial-plain depositional settings.
Potential reservoir sandstones are composed dominantly of monocrystalline quartz grains and sedimentary lithic fragments. Mechanical compaction during early burial was followed by the precipitation of quartz, carbonate, and barite later in the burial history. Variations in porosity and permeability (2-10%; < 1 md) reflects the presence of authigenic clay, mineral cements, and dissolved lithic grains. Natural fractures, cemented with carbonate, barite, and kaolinite, occur locally.
Active hydrocarbon generation occurred in the Neslen and Blackhawk during the Oligocene and Miocene when these units were near their maximum burial depth and temperature. The rate of hydrocarbon generation decreased from the late Miocene to the present, owing to widespread cooling that occurred in response to regional uplift and erosion associated with the development of the Colorado Plateau. Temporally equivalent rocks in other areas of the basin may have experienced similar diagenetic and hydrocarbon generation histories.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/94886D4E-1704-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Pitman, J.K., Franczyk, K.J., and Anders, D.E., 1987, Marine and nonmarine gas-bearing rocks in Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk and Neslen Formations, eastern Uinta Basin, Utah: Sedimentology, diagenesis, and source rock potential: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 71, no. 1, p. 76-94, https://doi.org/10.1306/94886D4E-1704-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"76","endPage":"94","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225277,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Utah","otherGeospatial":"eastern Uinta basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.59238431596816,\n 39.387335852247276\n ],\n [\n -108.93830416597535,\n 39.798956042004676\n ],\n [\n -108.60036275514538,\n 40.174817426782084\n ],\n [\n -108.82929080764303,\n 40.28301437096778\n ],\n [\n -109.51607496513572,\n 40.45742877841448\n ],\n [\n -110.21376045846145,\n 40.47401612803404\n ],\n [\n -110.61710988429047,\n 40.291330052933034\n ],\n [\n -110.17015511512854,\n 39.89102420087448\n ],\n [\n -109.69049633846707,\n 39.437869684387124\n ],\n [\n -109.59238431596816,\n 39.387335852247276\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"71","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a51c9e4b0c8380cd6bf37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pitman, Janet K. 0000-0002-0441-779X jpitman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0441-779X","contributorId":767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitman","given":"Janet","email":"jpitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franczyk, Karen J.","contributorId":25224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franczyk","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anders, Donald E.","contributorId":35316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anders","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014633,"text":"70014633 - 1987 - CONCEPTUAL MODELS FOR THE LASSEN HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:34","indexId":"70014633","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1141,"text":"Bulletin. Geothermal Resources Council","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"CONCEPTUAL MODELS FOR THE LASSEN HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM.","docAbstract":"The Lassen hydrothermal system, like a number of other systems in regions of moderate to great topographic relief, includes steam-heated features at higher elevations and high-chloride springs at lower elevations, connected to and fed by a single circulation system at depth. Two conceptual models for such systems are presented. They are similar in several ways: however, there are basic differences in terms of the nature and extent of vapor-dominated conditions beneath the steam-heated features. For some Lassen-like systems, these differences could have environmental and economic implications. Available data do not make it possible to establish a single preferred model for the Lassen system, and the actual system is complex enough that both models may apply to different parts of the system.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin. Geothermal Resources Council","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01607782","usgsCitation":"Ingebritsen, S.E., and Sorey, M., 1987, CONCEPTUAL MODELS FOR THE LASSEN HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM.: Bulletin. Geothermal Resources Council, v. 16, no. 2, p. 3-9.","startPage":"3","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2dee4b0c8380cd4b447","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingebritsen, S. E.","contributorId":8078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sorey, M.L.","contributorId":73185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015261,"text":"70015261 - 1987 - Status of glacial Lake Columbia during the last floods from glacial Lake Missoula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-26T07:20:34","indexId":"70015261","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Status of glacial Lake Columbia during the last floods from glacial Lake Missoula","docAbstract":"The last floods from glacial Lake Missoula, Montana, probably ran into glacial Lake Columbia, in northeastern Washington. In or near Lake Columbia's Sanpoil arm, Lake Missoula floods dating from late in the Fraser glaciation produced normally graded silt beds that become thinner upsection and which alternate with intervals of progressively fewer varves. The highest three interflood intervals each contain only one or two varves, and about 200-400 successive varves conformably overlie the highest flood bed. This sequence suggests that jo??kulhlaup frequency progressively increased until Lake Missoula ended, and that Lake Columbia outlasted Lake Missoula. The upper Grand Coulee, Lake Columbia's late Fraser-age outlet, contains a section of 13 graded beds, most of them sandy and separated by varves, that may correlate with the highest Missoula-flood beds of the Sanpoil River valley. The upper Grand Coulee also contains probable correlatives of many of the approximately 200-400 succeeding varves, as do nearby parts of the Columbia River valley. This collective evidence casts doubt on a prevailing hypothesis according to which one or more late Fraser-age floods from Lake Missoula descended the Columbia River valley with little or no interference from Lake Columbia's Okanogan-lobe dam. ?? 1987.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(87)90076-7","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Atwater, B., 1987, Status of glacial Lake Columbia during the last floods from glacial Lake Missoula: Quaternary Research, v. 27, no. 2, p. 182-201, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(87)90076-7.","startPage":"182","endPage":"201","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266535,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(87)90076-7"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b97bce4b08c986b31bc2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atwater, B.F. 0000-0003-1155-2815","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1155-2815","contributorId":14006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atwater","given":"B.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014597,"text":"70014597 - 1987 - Solute transport with equilibrium aqueous complexation and either sorption or ion exchange: Simulation methodology and applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T10:24:36","indexId":"70014597","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Solute transport with equilibrium aqueous complexation and either sorption or ion exchange: Simulation methodology and applications","docAbstract":"Methodologies that account for specific types of chemical reactions in the simulation of solute transport can be developed so they are compatible with solution algorithms employed in existing transport codes. This enables the simulation of reactive transport in complex multidimensional flow regimes, and provides a means for existing codes to account for some of the fundamental chemical processes that occur among transported solutes. Two equilibrium-controlled reaction systems demonstrate a methodology for accommodating chemical interaction into models of solute transport. One system involves the sorption of a given chemical species, as well as two aqueous complexations in which the sorbing species is a participant. The other reaction set involves binary ion exchange coupled with aqueous complexation involving one of the exchanging species. The methodology accommodates these reaction systems through the addition of nonlinear terms to the transport equations for the sorbing species. Example simulation results show (1) the effect equilibrium chemical parameters have on the spatial distributions of concentration for complexing solutes; (2) that an interrelationship exists between mechanical dispersion and the various reaction processes; (3) that dispersive parameters of the porous media cannot be determined from reactive concentration distributions unless the reaction is accounted for or the influence of the reaction is negligible; (4) how the concentration of a chemical species may be significantly affected by its participation in an aqueous complex with a second species which also sorbs; and (5) that these coupled chemical processes influencing reactive transport can be demonstrated in two-dimensional flow regimes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(87)90174-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Lewis, F., Voss, C.I., and Rubin, J., 1987, Solute transport with equilibrium aqueous complexation and either sorption or ion exchange: Simulation methodology and applications: Journal of Hydrology, v. 90, no. 1-2, p. 81-115, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(87)90174-0.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"115","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225841,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9255e4b08c986b319e51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis, F.M.","contributorId":83966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"F.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rubin, J.","contributorId":26433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014724,"text":"70014724 - 1987 - Higher resolution satellite remote sensing and the impact on image mapping","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T10:12:19","indexId":"70014724","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":626,"text":"Acta Astronautica","printIssn":"0094-5765","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Higher resolution satellite remote sensing and the impact on image mapping","docAbstract":"Recent advances in spatial, spectral, and temporal resolution of civil land remote sensing satellite data are presenting new opportunities for image mapping applications. The U.S. Geological Survey's experimental satellite image mapping program is evolving toward larger scale image map products with increased information content as a result of improved image processing techniques and increased resolution. Thematic mapper data are being used to produce experimental image maps at 1:100,000 scale that meet established U.S. and European map accuracy standards. Availability of high quality, cloud-free, 30-meter ground resolution multispectral data from the Landsat thematic mapper sensor, along with 10-meter ground resolution panchromatic and 20-meter ground resolution multispectral data from the recently launched French SPOT satellite, present new cartographic and image processing challenges.
The need to fully exploit these higher resolution data increases the complexity of processing the images into large-scale image maps. The removal of radiometric artifacts and noise prior to geometric correction can be accomplished by using a variety of image processing filters and transforms. Sensor modeling and image restoration techniques allow maximum retention of spatial and radiometric information. An optimum combination of spectral information and spatial resolution can be obtained by merging different sensor types. These processing techniques are discussed and examples are presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0094-5765(87)90109-3","usgsCitation":"Watkins, A.H., and Thormodsgard, J.M., 1987, Higher resolution satellite remote sensing and the impact on image mapping: Acta Astronautica, v. 16, p. 221-232, https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-5765(87)90109-3.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"232","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3143e4b0c8380cd5dd95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watkins, Allen H.","contributorId":10721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watkins","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thormodsgard, June M. thor@usgs.gov","contributorId":3035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thormodsgard","given":"June","email":"thor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":369132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014236,"text":"70014236 - 1987 - Crystal structure and crystal chemistry of melanovanadite, a natural vanadium bronze.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:31","indexId":"70014236","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crystal structure and crystal chemistry of melanovanadite, a natural vanadium bronze.","docAbstract":"The crystal structure of melanovanadite from Minas Ragra, Peru, has been determined in space group P1. The triclinic unit cell (non-standard) has a 6.360(2), b 18.090(9), c 6.276(2) A, alpha 110.18(4)o, beta 101.62(3)o, gamma 82.86(4)o. A subcell with b' = b/2 was found by crystal-structure analysis to contain CaV4O10.5H2O. The subcell has a layer structure in which the vanadate sheet consists of corner-shared tetrahedral VO4 and double square-pyramidal V2O8 groups, similar to that previously found in synthetic CsV2O5. Refinement of the full structure (R = 0.056) showed that the Ca atom, which half-occupies a general position in the subcell, is 90% ordered at one of these sites in the whole unit cell. Bond length-bond strength estimates indicate that the tetrahedra contain V5+, and the square pyramids, V4+.-J.A.Z.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Konnert, J., and Evans, H.T., 1987, Crystal structure and crystal chemistry of melanovanadite, a natural vanadium bronze.: American Mineralogist, v. 72, no. 5-6, p. 637-644.","startPage":"637","endPage":"644","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225238,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcfce4b0c8380cd4e56b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konnert, J.A.","contributorId":17640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konnert","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, H. T. Jr.","contributorId":41859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70140568,"text":"70140568 - 1987 - Design of a spatial data structure using the relational normal forms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:37:39","indexId":"70140568","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2047,"text":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Design of a spatial data structure using the relational normal forms","docAbstract":"In previous work, a relational data structure aimed at the exchange of spatial data between systems was developed. As this data structure was relational it was of first normal form, but compliance with the higher normal forms was not investigated. Recently, a new procedural method for composing fully normalized data structures from the basic data fields has been developed by H. C. Smith, as an alternative to the process of non-loss decomposition which is difficult to understand. Smith's method has been applied to data fields required to store points, lines and polygons in a chain-node spatial data model. When geographic domain, coverage layer and map are also considered, the procedure naturally leads to a catalogue model, needed for the exchange of spatial data. Although the method produces a fully normalized data structure, it is not as easy to identify which normal forms are responsible for the ultimate arrangement of the data fields into relations, but the benefits of these criteria for data base development also apply to spatial data structures and related ancillary data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02693798708927791","usgsCitation":"van Roessel, J.W., 1987, Design of a spatial data structure using the relational normal forms: International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, v. 1, no. 1, p. 33-50, https://doi.org/10.1080/02693798708927791.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"50","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297852,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b72e4b08de9379b3397","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Roessel, Jan W.","contributorId":35745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Roessel","given":"Jan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":540137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014722,"text":"70014722 - 1987 - Solubility and stability of scorodite, FeAsO4.2H2O: Discussion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T09:45:29","indexId":"70014722","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Solubility and stability of scorodite, FeAsO4.2H2O: Discussion","docAbstract":"Reported solubility data for a synthetic scorodite and the techniques used to prepare the synthetic phase are questioned. (A.M. 70-838, 72-852)-J.A.Z.","language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Nordstrom, D.K., and Parks, G.A., 1987, Solubility and stability of scorodite, FeAsO4.2H2O: Discussion: American Mineralogist, v. 72, no. 7-8, p. 849-851.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"849","endPage":"851","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"7-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9242e4b08c986b319dc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":369129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parks, George A.","contributorId":41433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parks","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014629,"text":"70014629 - 1987 - Surface current patterns suggested by suspended sediment distribution over the outer continental margin, Bering Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-17T11:16:11.415075","indexId":"70014629","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface current patterns suggested by suspended sediment distribution over the outer continental margin, Bering Sea","docAbstract":"Using high-resolution visible and near-infrared diffuse spectral reflectance, we have systematically investigated apparent wavelength shifts as a function of mineral chemistry in the Fe/Mg olivine series from Fo11 to Fo91. The study also shows that trace amounts of nickel can be spectrally detected in the olivine structure. We show that significant compositional information can only be extracted at relatively high resolution, because the overall spectral characteristics of the olivines change only subtly as a function of the Fe/Mg ratio. Significant spectral variation as a function of grain size is also demonstrated, adding a further complication to the interpretation of remotely sensed data from olivine-rich surfaces. This laboratory study is expected to aid in the interpretation of remotely sensed data from both terrestrial and extraterrestrial bodies. Terrestrial applications may include the recognition of ultramafic, ultrabasic, and basaltic terrains which in themselves may have mineral potential. Among extraterrestrial applications, the asteroids are obvious candidates for further examination if instrumentation can provide the necessary wavelength coverage, resolution, and signal-to-noise ratio so that spectra can be compared to those laboratory data discussed here. Some permutations of Fe-Mg-Ni relations in olivines are discussed as they apply to the interpretation of asteroid surfaces and other extraterrestrial bodies.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB11p11457","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"King, T.V., and Ridley, W., 1987, Relation of the spectroscopic reflectance of olivine to mineral chemistry and some remote sensing implications: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B11, p. 11457-11469, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11457.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"11457","endPage":"11469","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225878,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a6b2e4b0e8fec6cdc280","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, T. V. V.","contributorId":6192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"V. V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ridley, W.I.","contributorId":72122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ridley","given":"W.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014234,"text":"70014234 - 1987 - Submersible observations along the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: 1984 Alvin program.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T12:47:33","indexId":"70014234","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Submersible observations along the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: 1984 Alvin program.","docAbstract":"In September 1984, the research submersible Alvin provided direct observations of three major hydrothermal vent areas along the southernmost segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JFR). The submersible operations focused on specific volcanologie, structural, and hydrothermal problems that had been identified during the preceding 4 years of photographic, dredging, acoustic imaging, and geophysical studies along a 12-km-long section of the ridge. A continuously maintained (from 1981 to the present) net of seafloor-anchored acoustic transponders allowed the observations from Alvin to be directly tied to all previous U.S. Geological Survey data sets and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration water column surveys from 1984 to the present. The three vent areas studied are the largest of at least six areas identified by previous deep-towed camera surveys that lie within a deep cleft, which marks the axis of symmetry of the JFR in this region. The cleft appears to be the locus of eruption for this segment of the JFR. The vent areas, at least in part, are localized near what appear to be previous volcanic eruptive centers marked by extensive lava lake collapse features adjacent to the cleft at these sites. Each hydrothermal area has several active discharge sites, and sulfide deposits occur as clusters (15–100 m2) of small chimneys, individual large chimneys, or clusters of large branched chimneys. We review the dive program and present a brief synthesis of the geology of the vent sites together with sample and track line compilations.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB11p11283","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Normark, W.R., Morton, J.L., and Ross, S.L., 1987, Submersible observations along the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: 1984 Alvin program.: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B11, p. 11283-11290, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11283.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"11283","endPage":"11290","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226210,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d40e4b08c986b31d725","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Normark, William R.","contributorId":69570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morton, Janet L.","contributorId":37269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ross, Stephanie L. 0000-0003-1389-4405 sross@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1389-4405","contributorId":1024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Stephanie","email":"sross@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014731,"text":"70014731 - 1987 - Determination of the rare-earth elements in geological materials by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-09T17:51:58.062311","indexId":"70014731","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of the rare-earth elements in geological materials by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"A method of analysis of geological materials for the determination of the rare-earth elements using the Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric technique (ICP-MS) has been developed. Instrumental parameters and factors affecting analytical results have been first studied and then optimized. Samples are analyzed directly following an acid digestion, without the need for separation or preconcentration with limits of detection of 2-11 ng/g, precision of ?? 2.5% relative standard deviation, and accuracy comparable to inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry and instrumental neutron activation analysis. A commercially available ICP-MS instrument is used with modifications to the sample introduction system, torch, and sampler orifice to reduce the effects of high salt content of sample solutions prepared from geologic materials. Corrections for isobaric interferences from oxide ions and other diatomic and triatomic ions are made mathematically. Special internal standard procedures are used to compensate for drift in metahmetal oxide ratios and sensitivity. Reference standard values are used to verify the accuracy and utility of the method.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac00135a018","usgsCitation":"Lichte, F., Meier, A.L., and Crock, J.G., 1987, Determination of the rare-earth elements in geological materials by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: Analytical Chemistry, v. 59, no. 8, p. 1150-1157, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00135a018.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1150","endPage":"1157","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226040,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffdae4b0c8380cd4f41d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lichte, F.E.","contributorId":99108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichte","given":"F.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meier, Allen L.","contributorId":14384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crock, James G. jcrock@usgs.gov","contributorId":200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crock","given":"James","email":"jcrock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":369149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015183,"text":"70015183 - 1987 - EFFECTS OF LAND SUBSIDENCE ON FLOOD PROFILES.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:00","indexId":"70015183","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"EFFECTS OF LAND SUBSIDENCE ON FLOOD PROFILES.","docAbstract":"In this study, the effects of land subsidence on water-surface elevation and depth profiles during flood conditions were investigated for a large, hypothetical, slope-controlled stream. Subsidence depressions, with a range of vertical magnitudes and areas were imposed on a hypothetical stream reach. Step-backwater computations were made to determine water-surface and depth profiles for a large hypothetical flood. Changes in the water-surface and depth profiles were related to the assumed subsidence to determine relative effects on flood profiles. The results may be useful in understanding and evaluating flood hazards where subsidence coincides with the flood plain of a large, upland stream.","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulic Engineering, Proceedings of the 1987 National Conference.","conferenceLocation":"Williamsburg, VA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"0872626105","usgsCitation":"Landers, M.N., 1987, EFFECTS OF LAND SUBSIDENCE ON FLOOD PROFILES., Hydraulic Engineering, Proceedings of the 1987 National Conference., Williamsburg, VA, USA, p. 824-829.","startPage":"824","endPage":"829","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224242,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0459e4b0c8380cd50916","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landers, M. N.","contributorId":63428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landers","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28865,"text":"wri864179 - 1987 - Flood characteristics for the Nisqually River and susceptibility of Sunshine Point and Longmire facilities to flooding in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T18:52:53.521985","indexId":"wri864179","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4179","title":"Flood characteristics for the Nisqually River and susceptibility of Sunshine Point and Longmire facilities to flooding in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington","docAbstract":"Inundation from 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year floods at Sunshine Point and Longmire facilities and the Longmire visitors ' center and ranger station generally is not a serious hazard as long as the existing dikes and banks of the Nisqually River and Tahoma Creek remain intact and flood capacities of the channels are maintained. However, average water velocities during floods are high (as much as 23 ft/sec) and the channel, banks, and some dikes are composed of unstable materials. Sunshine Point campground is particularly susceptible to flooding and damage from Tahoma Creek, and to a lesser extent from the Nisqually River, if large amounts of debris or rock material accumulate in the channels and change the flood elevation or courses of either stream. At Longmire flood inundation or damage from the Nisqually River is much less, but flooding is still possible. There, high ridges upstream protect the several park facilities from the river, but accumulations of debris or rock in the channel could cause flooding from overtopping of dikes or riverbanks. Glacial outburst floods are a matter of serious concern at both Sunshine Point campground and Longmire. Glacial outbursts can and have produced very large flood discharges and transported large quantities of debris and rock materials. Although none have been known to transport these materials from Tahoma Glacier as far as Sunshine Point campground, one in 1955 from Nisqually Glacier (estimated at 70,000 cu ft/sec near the glacier) did appreciably increase the magnitude of the water discharge at Longmire. For safety, campers and visitors need to be advised about the potential flood hazards at both facilities.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri864179","usgsCitation":"Nelson, L.M., 1987, Flood characteristics for the Nisqually River and susceptibility of Sunshine Point and Longmire facilities to flooding in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4179, Report: iv, 18 p.; 20.74 x 12.38 inches and 16.40 x 12.63 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864179.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 18 p.; 20.74 x 12.38 inches and 16.40 x 12.63 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124120,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4179/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":415522,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36604.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57744,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4179/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57745,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4179/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57743,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4179/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount Rainier National Park, Nisqually river","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.922,\n 46.753\n ],\n [\n -121.922,\n 46.733\n ],\n [\n -121.808,\n 46.733\n ],\n [\n -121.808,\n 46.753\n ],\n [\n -121.922,\n 46.753\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d5e4b07f02db5ddba9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, L. M.","contributorId":39773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015193,"text":"70015193 - 1987 - Direct comparison of kinetic and local equilibrium formulations for solute transport affected by surface reactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T10:30:09","indexId":"70015193","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Direct comparison of kinetic and local equilibrium formulations for solute transport affected by surface reactions","docAbstract":"Modeling transport of reacting solutes in porous media often requires a choice between models based on the local equilibrium assumption (LEA) and models involving reaction kinetics. Direct comparison of the mathematical formulations for these two types of transport models can aid in this choice. For cases of transport affected by surface reaction, such a comparison is made possible by a new derivation procedure. This procedure yields a kinetics-based formulation that is the sum of the LEA formulation and one or more kinetically influenced terms. The dimensionless form of the new kinetics-based formulation facilitates identification of critical parameter groupings which control the approach to transport behavior consistent with LEA model predictions. Results of numerical experiments demonstrate that criteria for LEA applicability can be expressed conveniently in terms of these parameter groupings. The derivation procedure is demonstrated for examples of surface reactions including first-order reversible sorption, Langmuir-type kinetics and binary, homovalent ion exchange.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR023i003p00438","usgsCitation":"Bahr, J.M., and Rubin, J., 1987, Direct comparison of kinetic and local equilibrium formulations for solute transport affected by surface reactions: Water Resources Research, v. 23, no. 3, p. 438-452, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR023i003p00438.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"438","endPage":"452","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224408,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd4ae4b0c8380cd4e74b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bahr, Jean M.","contributorId":69716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bahr","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, Jacob","contributorId":23918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"Jacob","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014097,"text":"70014097 - 1987 - Diffusivity of a glacial-outwash aquifer by the floodwave- response technique","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-20T22:50:56.586809","indexId":"70014097","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diffusivity of a glacial-outwash aquifer by the floodwave- response technique","docAbstract":"Aquifer diffusivity (transmissivity divided by storage coefficient) was calculated for three sites in a glacial-autwash valley aquifer near Cortland, New York from water-level fluctuations induced by rises in stream stage. The observed response data were analyzed through use of a one-dimensional floodwave-response model to calculate the theoretical head response in the aquifer generated by a floodwave in the stream, and then matched to the observed head response. Diffusivity values computed from sharply peaked flood rises ranged from 6.08 to 8.68 ft2. The closest match between observed and calculated heads was obtained from a site where the aquifer is confined and the saturated thickness (and thus the diffusivity) remains constant with the passage of a floodwave. Arrival time of the observed flood-peak seems to be the most useful criterion for curve matching, especially under unconfined conditions, where a match to the rising limb and floodpeak is difficult because of changes in the saturated thickness.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1987.tb02133.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, R., 1987, Diffusivity of a glacial-outwash aquifer by the floodwave- response technique: Groundwater, v. 25, no. 3, p. 290-299, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1987.tb02133.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"290","endPage":"299","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226001,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0113e4b0c8380cd4fab1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, R.J.","contributorId":102921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014180,"text":"70014180 - 1987 - Evaluation of the 1985-1990 IGRF secular variation candidates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-13T13:23:58","indexId":"70014180","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of the 1985-1990 IGRF secular variation candidates","docAbstract":"The IGRF secular variation model for 1985-1990 was adopted by the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy at its Prague meeting in August 1985 as an average of the three candidate models submitted to the committee. We compared the three models at epoch 1985.0 against each other and against a new model based on observatory data available as of July 1, 1985. These comparisons showed that one of the three candidate models disagreed more with the other two and our model, especially in the eastern Pacific. None of the candidate models was seen to respond to a change in the secular variation of the vertical component that appears to have taken place most strongly in the western Pacific area since 1982. The lack of satellite data was seen to be a significant handicap towards prediction of the field change over most of the Earth's surface, especially the southern oceans. Maximum errors of any model are estimated to be of the order of 80 nT a-1. ?? 1987.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(87)90161-0","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Cain, J., and Kluth, C., 1987, Evaluation of the 1985-1990 IGRF secular variation candidates: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 48, no. 3-4, p. 362-378, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(87)90161-0.","startPage":"362","endPage":"378","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267332,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(87)90161-0"},{"id":225429,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ccfe4b0c8380cd52ce6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cain, J.C.","contributorId":68457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kluth, C.","contributorId":60390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kluth","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014744,"text":"70014744 - 1987 - Recent mafic volcanism on Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-23T11:41:00","indexId":"70014744","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent mafic volcanism on Mars","docAbstract":"The evidence for volcanism on Mars is commonly accepted, but none has been documented in the Valles Marineris equatorial rift system. A recent survey of the troughs in this valley revealed dark patches that are interpreted to be volcanic vents. The configuration and association of these patches with tectonic structures suggest that they are of internal origin; their albedo and color ratios indicate a mafic composition; and their stratigraphic position, crispness of morphologic detail, and low albedo imply that they are young, perhaps even recent.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.235.4788.565","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Lucchitta, B.K., 1987, Recent mafic volcanism on Mars: Science, v. 235, no. 4788, p. 565-567, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.235.4788.565.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"565","endPage":"567","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226243,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"235","issue":"4788","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9627e4b0c8380cd81e2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucchitta, Baerbel K. blucchitta@usgs.gov","contributorId":3649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchitta","given":"Baerbel","email":"blucchitta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":369187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014248,"text":"70014248 - 1987 - HYDROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COASTAL LAGOONS AT HUGH TAYLOR BIRCH STATE RECREATION AREA, FORT LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:30","indexId":"70014248","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"HYDROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COASTAL LAGOONS AT HUGH TAYLOR BIRCH STATE RECREATION AREA, FORT LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE.","docAbstract":"The author presents initial results of an ongoing study of Southeast Florida coastal lagoon lakes. Objectives include presenting environmental conditions within and adjacent to the lagoons under a variety of hydrologic conditions and to determine water-quality changes in ground water and surface water and how these changes in water quality affect lagoonal biological communities within the lagoons.","largerWorkTitle":"Oceans Conference Record (IEEE)","conferenceTitle":"Oceans 87 - Proceedings: The Ocean, An International Workplace.","conferenceLocation":"Halifax, NS, Can","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","issn":"01977385","usgsCitation":"Brock, R.J., 1987, HYDROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COASTAL LAGOONS AT HUGH TAYLOR BIRCH STATE RECREATION AREA, FORT LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE., in Oceans Conference Record (IEEE), Halifax, NS, Can, p. 1586-1590.","startPage":"1586","endPage":"1590","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2e8be4b0c8380cd5c63e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brock, Robert J.","contributorId":82858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014582,"text":"70014582 - 1987 - Thermodynamics of aragonite-strontianite solid solutions: Results from stoichiometric solubility at 25 and 76°C","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T10:39:09","indexId":"70014582","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermodynamics of aragonite-strontianite solid solutions: Results from stoichiometric solubility at 25 and 76°C","docAbstract":"Dissolution of synthetic strontianite-aragonite solid solutions was followed analytically to stoichiometric saturation using large solid to solution ratios in CO2-H2O solution at 25 and 76°C. The compositional dependence of the equilibrium constant was calculated from the composition of saturated (stoichiometric) solutions and used to calculate the activities and activity coefficients of CaCO3 and SrCO3 in the solid Ca(1−x)SrxCO3 at 25 and 76°C. The results show that the solid-solution is not regular but unsymmetrical. The excess free energy of mixing is closely modeled for all compositions by the relation
\nwhere A0 is 8.49 ± 0.30 and 7.71 ± 0.20 KJ/mole and A1 is −4.51 ± 0.20 and −3.36 ± 0.40 KJ/mole at 25 and 76°C, respectively. The equilibrium constant is denned as a function of the SrCO3 mole fraction, x, by the relation
\n![\"\"](\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-0016703787903243-si2.gif\" "\\"\\"")
where R is the gas constant, T is in Kelvins and KA and KS are the aragonite and strontianite equilibrium constants.
\n\n
The experimental results indicate the Henry's law coefficients of SrCO3 in aragonites containing 0 to 6 mole percent SrCO3 are approximately 91± 8 and 23 ± 1 at 25 and 76°C, respectively and for strontianites the Henry's law coefficients and applicable compositional ranges are approximately 7.3 ± 0.3 (0.84 ≤ x ≤ 1.00) and 3.3 ± 0.5 (0.50 ≤ x ≤ 1.00) at 25 and 76°C, respectively. Substitution of small amounts of Sr in aragonite and Ca in strontianite initially increases the stability of the solid. The most stable aragonites and strontianites contain 0.58 ± 0.03 and 12.5 ± 1.1 mole percent SrCO3 and CaCO3 at 25°C and 3.1 ± 0.3 and 17.2 ± 1.1 mole percent SrCO3 and CaCO3 at 76°C, respectively. The spinode occurs over the regions 0.065 ± 0.001 ≤ x ≤ 0.620 ± 0.014 at 25°C and 0.103 ± 0.007 ≤ x ≤ 0.585 ± 0.019 at 76°C where all compositions are unstable. A miscibility gap occurs over the compositional ranges 0.0058 ± 0.0003 ≤ x ≤ 0.875 ± 0.011 at 25°C and 0.031 ± 0.003 ≤ x ≤ 0.828 ± 0.011 at 76°C and is in reasonable agreement with reported compositions of natural aragonites and strontianites. Marine aragonites are neither at equilibrium nor stoichiometric saturation with surface seawater. The experimentally observed distribution coefficient of Sr in aragonite is 12 times larger than the calculated equilibrium value (0.095) at 25°C. Naturally occurring strontianites contain large amounts of calcium primarily because Ca/Sr ratios in natural waters are typically large.
\nNeither equilibrium nor stoichiometric saturation is observed at 76°C during laboratory recrystallization of strontianite-aragonite solid solutions even after apparent 100 percent conversion to a narrow secondary composition and demonstration of a nearly constant composition system for periods of 300 hours.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(87)90324-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Plummer, N., and Busenberg, E., 1987, Thermodynamics of aragonite-strontianite solid solutions: Results from stoichiometric solubility at 25 and 76°C: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, no. 6, p. 1393-1411, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90324-3.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1393","endPage":"1411","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225584,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb27fe4b08c986b32583c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":368725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Busenberg, E.","contributorId":56796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014194,"text":"70014194 - 1987 - Geological hazards: programs and research in the USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:29","indexId":"70014194","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1582,"text":"Episodes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geological hazards: programs and research in the USA","docAbstract":"Geological hazards have been studied for centuries, but government support of research to lessen their effects is relatively new. This article briefly describes government programs and research under way in the U.S.A. that are directed towards reducing losses of life and property from earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and landslides. -Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Episodes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07053797","usgsCitation":"Filson, J., 1987, Geological hazards: programs and research in the USA: Episodes, v. 10, no. 4, p. 292-295.","startPage":"292","endPage":"295","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225691,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2265e4b0c8380cd56fea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Filson, J.R.","contributorId":52619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Filson","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014278,"text":"70014278 - 1987 - Seismic response of dam with soil‐structure interaction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T14:40:21.496085","indexId":"70014278","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2252,"text":"Journal of Engineering Mechanics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic response of dam with soil‐structure interaction","docAbstract":"An analytical solution to the response of a long trapezoidal‐section dam on a foundation consisting of an elastic half‐space and subjected to simulated earthquake morion is developed. An optimum seismic design is achieved when the cross section of the dam is triangular. The effect of soil structure interaction is to lower the strain occurring in the dam.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1987)113:9(1420)","issn":"07339399","usgsCitation":"Bycroft, G., and Mork, P.N., 1987, Seismic response of dam with soil‐structure interaction: Journal of Engineering Mechanics, v. 113, no. 9, p. 1420-1428, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1987)113:9(1420).","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1420","endPage":"1428","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225827,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf25e4b0c8380cd873f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bycroft, G.N.","contributorId":106903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bycroft","given":"G.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mork, P. N.","contributorId":33309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mork","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}