A precipitate of nearly pure hetaerolite, ZnMn2O4, a spinel-structured analog of hausmannite, Mn3O4, was prepared by an irreversible wprecipitation of zinc with manganese at 25°C. The synthesis technique entailed constant slow addition of a dilute solution of Mn2+ and Zn2+ chlorides having a Mn/Zn ratio of 2:1 to a reaction vessel that initially contained distilled deionized water, maintained at a pH of 8.50 by addition of dilute NaOH by an automated pH stat, with continuous bubbling of CO2-free air. The solid was identified by means of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy and consisted of bipyramidal crystals generally less than 0.10 μm in diameter. Zn2+ ions are able to substitute extensively for Mn2+ ions that occupy tetrahedral sites in the hausmannite structure.
Hetaerolite appears to be more stable than hausmannite with respect to spontaneous conversion to γMnOOH. The value of the standard free energy of formation of hetaerolite was estimated from the experimental data to be −289.4 ± 0.8 kcal per mole. Solids intermediate in composition between hetaerolite and hausmannite can be prepared by altering the Mn/Zn ratio in the feed solution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(87)90335-8","usgsCitation":"Hem, J., Roberson, C.E., and Lind, C.J., 1987, Synthesis and stability of hetaerolite, ZnMn2O4, at 25°C: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, no. 6, p. 1539-1547, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90335-8.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1539","endPage":"1547","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba34fe4b08c986b31fc5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hem, J.D.","contributorId":54576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roberson, C. E.","contributorId":40190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lind, Carol J.","contributorId":36110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lind","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015292,"text":"70015292 - 1987 - Landsat Image Map Production Methods at the U. S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-14T19:06:30","indexId":"70015292","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2348,"text":"Journal of Imaging Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat Image Map Production Methods at the U. S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"To maintain consistently high quality in satellite image map production, the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) has developed standard procedures for the photographic and digital production of Landsat image mosaics, and for lithographic printing of multispectral imagery. This paper gives a brief review of the photographic, digital, and lithographic procedures currently in use for producing image maps from Landsat data. It is shown that consistency in the printing of image maps is achieved by standardizing the materials and procedures that affect the image detail and color balance of the final product. Densitometric standards are established by printing control targets using the pressplates, inks, pre-press proofs, and paper to be used for printing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Imaging Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07473583","usgsCitation":"Kidwell, R., Binnie, D., and Martin, S., 1987, Landsat Image Map Production Methods at the U. S. Geological Survey: Journal of Imaging Technology, v. 13, no. 3, p. 93-96.","startPage":"93","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224146,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40dae4b0c8380cd650bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kidwell, R.D.","contributorId":99002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kidwell","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Binnie, D.R.","contributorId":49664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binnie","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, S.","contributorId":77658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014850,"text":"70014850 - 1987 - Geological and inorganic materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-10T16:26:46.927009","indexId":"70014850","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geological and inorganic materials","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac00139a012","usgsCitation":"Lichte, F., Seeley, J.L., Jackson, L.L., McKown, D.M., and Taggart, J.E., 1987, Geological and inorganic materials: Analytical Chemistry, v. 59, no. 12, p. 197-212, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00139a012.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"197","endPage":"212","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225663,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a224ee4b0c8380cd56f17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lichte, F.E.","contributorId":99108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichte","given":"F.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seeley, J. L.","contributorId":57864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seeley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jackson, L. L.","contributorId":102500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKown, D. M.","contributorId":71973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKown","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Taggart, J. E.","contributorId":14829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taggart","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70015234,"text":"70015234 - 1987 - Early diagenesis of organic matter in a Sawgrass peat from the Everglades, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-23T12:07:28.49921","indexId":"70015234","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Early diagenesis of organic matter in a Sawgrass peat from the Everglades, Florida","docAbstract":"The transformation of plant biopolymers to humic substances in peats during early diagenesis is a critical but poorly understood step in the formation of coal. This paper presents results concerning the structural interrelationships among various fractions of the organic matter in peat and the dissolved organic matter in the pore water from a site in The Everglades, relying primarily on elemental analysis and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance for structural elucidation. Our goal was to obtaine some insight into the sequence of steps involved in the formation of humic substances
Results show that the major change occurring in the whole peat during diagenesis is loss of carbohydrates. The components of the peat which are more resistant to microbial degradation become concentrated in the humin fraction. This resistant fraction of the organic matter includes aliphatic and aromatic components. The aromatic components are thought to be derived from lignin while the aliphatic moieties may represent decomposed algal remains. The carbohydrates lost from the whole peat appear to be concentrated in the fulvic acids and the dissolved organic matter in the pore water. The humic acids consist predominantly of aromatic and aliphatic structures, and may represent partially degraded lignin-like structures and aliphatic compounds from algae. The data presented here suggest that humic and fulvic acids are the partially degraded fractions of the peat while the humin contains the resistant or preserved portion of the organic matter. The proposition that humic substances are formed by the condensation of amino acids and sugars is not supported by the results of this study.
Hydrologic, geologic, geomorphic, and mass-balance data suggest that most of the ∼30,000 playa lake basins on the Southern High Plains have developed by a combination of dissolution of caliche and piping of surface material into the unsaturated zone rather than by eolian processes as has generally been stated. A conceptual model suggests that particulate organic material, much of which is sorbed on smectite clays, is carried downward from the surface into the unsaturated zone by recharging water. The organic material is oxidized to CO2, which dissolves in the water, forms carbonic acid, and dissolves lithologic carbonates. Because organic material is transported and oxidized deep in the unsaturated zone, CO2 concentrations are much higher at depth than in the soil zone, and recharging water remains thermodynamically subsaturated with respect to carbonates and thus able to dissolve them throughout the unsaturated zone. Dissolution promotes lithologic instability, leading to piping and eluviation of material within the unsaturated zone. Playa basins expand laterally as recharge is concentrated at the edge of the playa floor because of lowered permeability in the center that results from accumulation of clays and other fine sediment.
Mass-balance calculations of gas, liquid, and solid fluxes beneath a playa basin suggest that sufficient mass is transported to account for the volume of the depression. Particulate flux is estimated by relating it to the CO2 flux out of the unsaturated zone. Solute flux is estimated from the difference between input values from the playa lake water and that observed in ground water. Gas flux is measured directly from gas samples at specific depths below the: surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<224:PBOTSH>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wood, W., and Osterkamp, W.R., 1987, Playa-lake basins on the Southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico: Part II. A hydrologic model and mass-balance arguments for their development.: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 99, no. 2, p. 224-230, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<224:PBOTSH>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"224","endPage":"230","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225735,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c38e4b0c8380cd79882","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, W.W.","contributorId":21974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Osterkamp, W. R.","contributorId":46044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterkamp","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014870,"text":"70014870 - 1987 - Interaction of acid mine drainage with waters and sediments of West Squaw Creek in the West Shasta Mining District, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T10:36:11","indexId":"70014870","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interaction of acid mine drainage with waters and sediments of West Squaw Creek in the West Shasta Mining District, California","docAbstract":"Acid mine drainage has acidified large volumes of water and added high concentrations of dissolved heavy metals to West Squaw Creek, a California stream draining igneous rocks of low acid-neutralizing capacity. During mixing of the acid sulfate stream waters in the South Fork of West Squaw Creek with an almost equal volume of dilute uncontaminated water, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Al remained in solution rather than precipitating or adsorbing on solid phases. Changes in the concentration of these generally conservative metals could be used to determine relative flow volumes of acid tributaries and the main stream. An amorphous orange precipitate (probably ferric hydroxides or a mixture of ferric hydroxides and jarosite) was ubiquitous in the acid stream beds and was intimately associated with algae at the most acid sites. Relative sorption of cations decreased with decreasing water pH. However, arsenic was almost completely scavenged from solution within a short distance from the sulfide sources.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es00158a009","usgsCitation":"Filipek, L., Nordstrom, D.K., and Ficklin, W.H., 1987, Interaction of acid mine drainage with waters and sediments of West Squaw Creek in the West Shasta Mining District, California: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 21, no. 4, p. 388-396, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00158a009.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"388","endPage":"396","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California ","otherGeospatial":"West Shasta Mining District","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.81616210937499,\n 40.444856858961764\n ],\n [\n -122.24761962890625,\n 40.444856858961764\n ],\n [\n -122.24761962890625,\n 40.92804010533237\n ],\n [\n -122.81616210937499,\n 40.92804010533237\n ],\n [\n -122.81616210937499,\n 40.444856858961764\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3caee4b0c8380cd62f46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Filipek, L.H.","contributorId":58392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Filipek","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":369486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ficklin, W. H.","contributorId":89517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ficklin","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014729,"text":"70014729 - 1987 - Effects of substrate disturbance on secondary plant succession; Mojave Desert, California.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-01T16:54:28.184262","indexId":"70014729","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2163,"text":"Journal of Applied Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of substrate disturbance on secondary plant succession; Mojave Desert, California.","docAbstract":"(1) The effects of substrate disturbance on perennial plant succession in the Mojave Desert were assessed at three military camps abandoned for 40 years.
(2) Soil compaction, removal of the top layer of soil, and alteration of drainage channel density caused significant changes in perennial plant cover, density, and relative species composition.
(3) Long-lived species, predominantly Larrea tridentata, were dominant in all control areas but percentage cover and density were greatly reduced in areas where substrate alterations were significant.
(4) Pioneer species such as Ambrosia dumosa and Hymenoclea salsola had percentage cover values similar to or greater than controls in most areas where substrate alterations were significant, and these species were dominant in the majority of disturbed areas.
(5) Where substrate alterations were insignificant in disturbed areas at one camp, Larrea was the dominant species as in the control.
","language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","doi":"10.2307/2403806","issn":"00218901","usgsCitation":"Prose, D., Metzger, S., and Wilshire, H.G., 1987, Effects of substrate disturbance on secondary plant succession; Mojave Desert, California.: Journal of Applied Ecology, v. 24, no. 1, p. 305-313, https://doi.org/10.2307/2403806.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"313","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225974,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07e7e4b0c8380cd518b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prose, D.V.","contributorId":92682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prose","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Metzger, S.K.","contributorId":27463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metzger","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilshire, H. G.","contributorId":36125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilshire","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70184678,"text":"70184678 - 1987 - [Book review] The geochronology and evolution of Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-10T14:57:19","indexId":"70184678","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3112,"text":"Precambrian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] The geochronology and evolution of Africa","docAbstract":"This book was written 'to provide an up-to-date data bank from which those wishing to construct models concerned with the evolution of Africa .... can draw.' As such, it attempts a survey of 'integrated geology and geochronology' of the African continent throughout the Precambrian and into the Phanerozoic. Political and language divisions often hinder the synthesis of continent-wide data, therefore, this well-indexed inventory of selected data and synthesis of present geochronological knowledge for Africa as a whole provides an important reference for researchers and explorationists, many of whom have limited access to complete collections of the geological literature of Africa.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0301-9268(87)90090-8","usgsCitation":"Wilson, F.H., 1987, [Book review] The geochronology and evolution of Africa: Precambrian Research, v. 36, no. 2, p. 181-182, https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(87)90090-8.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"182","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337397,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Africa","volume":"36","issue":"2","publicComments":"Review of The geochronology and evolution of Africa: L. Cahen, N.J. Snelling, J. Delhal and J.R. Vail, with the collaboration of M. Bonhomme and D. Ledent. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1984, xiii+512pp., £60.00 hardcover.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c952e4b0f37a93ee9b90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":682537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014743,"text":"70014743 - 1987 - The U.S. Midcontinent: a new frontier for mineral exploration.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:31","indexId":"70014743","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1582,"text":"Episodes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The U.S. Midcontinent: a new frontier for mineral exploration.","docAbstract":"The north-central US Midcontinent is underlain by a considerable thickness of sedimentary rocks, mostly Paleozoic, which lie upon a heterogeneous basement of Precambrian granitoid and metamorphic rocks. This article describes a representative sample of Midcontinent geology and explains why the authors believe this region is a 'new frontier' for mineral exploration and discovery. -Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Episodes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07053797","usgsCitation":"Pratt, W., and Sims, P., 1987, The U.S. Midcontinent: a new frontier for mineral exploration.: Episodes, v. 10, no. 4, p. 303-307.","startPage":"303","endPage":"307","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226242,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba948e4b08c986b32216b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pratt, W. P.","contributorId":14838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"W. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sims, P.K.","contributorId":30191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sims","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014747,"text":"70014747 - 1987 - Bundled slaty cleavage in laminated argillite, north-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-13T23:51:44.815466","indexId":"70014747","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2468,"text":"Journal of Structural Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bundled slaty cleavage in laminated argillite, north-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"Exceptional bundled slaty cleavage (defined herein) has been found in drill cores of laminated, folded, weakly metamorphosed argillite at several localities in the early Proterozoic Animikie basin of north-central Minnesota. The cleavage domains are more closely spaced within the cleavage bundles than outside them, the mean tectosilicate grain size of siltstone layers, measured normal to cleavage, is less in the cleavage bundles than outside them, and the cleavage bundles are enriched in opaque phases and phyllosilicates relative to extra-bundle segments. These facts suggest that pressure solution was a major factor in bundle development. If it is assumed that opaque phases have been conserved during pressure solution, the modal differences in composition between intra-bundle and extra-bundle segments of beds provide a means for estimating bulk material shortening normal to cleavage. Argillite samples from the central part of the Animikie basin have been shortened a minimum of about 22%, as estimated by this method. These estimates are similar to the shortening values derived from other strain markers in other rock types interbedded with the argillite, and are also consistent with the regional pattern of deformation.
Seismic reflection data collected in 1973 by Western Geophysical Company show that highly reflective rocks make up the midcrust of the convergent margin adjacent to the eastern Aleutian Trench. These rocks form an arch that strikes obliquely across the strongly expressed northeast-southwest structural grain of exposed Mesozoic rocks. In an earlier report we proposed that the deep events mark the location of either the presently subducting plate or the top of underplated rocks. However, the short radius of curvature of this arch precludes the possibility that the deep events indicate the igneous oceanic crust. Instead, the deep reflections could be from underplated rocks that have been arched by the imbrication or underplating of strata below the reflective rocks. High-amplitude water layer and interbed multiples prevent precise connection of shallow and deep geology. For example, the Border Ranges fault, a suture between major tectonostratigraphic terranes, is not revealed on any of our seismic sections. We speculate, however, that one band of reflections that rises toward but does not reach the surface is from the Eagle River thrust fault, which separates Late Cretaceous melange from deformed turbidite sequences of the same age.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB08p07907","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Fisher, M.A., von Huene, R.E., and Smith, G., 1987, Reflections from midcrustal rocks within the Mesozoic subduction complex near the eastern Aleutian Trench: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B8, p. 7907-7915, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB08p07907.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"7907","endPage":"7915","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225272,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a43ee4b0e8fec6cdbae4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"von Huene, Roland E. 0000-0003-1301-3866 rvonhuene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":191070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","email":"rvonhuene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":369200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, G.L.","contributorId":25569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014751,"text":"70014751 - 1987 - The periodic structure of the natural record, and nonlinear dynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T00:32:32.161296","indexId":"70014751","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The periodic structure of the natural record, and nonlinear dynamics","docAbstract":"Concepts of cyclicity in geology have involved many famous protagonists in the history of Earth sciences. Early in this century, sophisticated theories of terrestrial rhythms had been formulated by such pioneers as T. C. Chamberlin [1909], R. T. ,Chamberlin [1914], Barrell [1917], Stille [1924], Joly [1925, 1930], Holmes [1926], Lull [1929], Schuchert [1932], Grabau [1940], and Umbgrove [1939a,b, 1947] (see the review by Williams [1981]). The physical chemist S. Arrhenius [1908] had also formulated a general hypothesis for cosmological origins of terrestrial phenomena. Khain [1964] later proposed resonances between terrestrial and cosmological rhythms, and McCrea [1975] and Williams [1975] summarized evidence of galactic correlations with glaciation.
The horizontal-gradient method has been used since 1982 to locate density or magnetic boundaries from gravity data (Cordell, 1979) or pseudogravity data (Cordell and Grauch, 1985). The method is based on the principle that a near-vertical, fault-like boundary produces a gravity anomaly whose horizontal gradient is largest directly over the top edge of the boundary. Magnetic data can be transformed to pseudogravity data using Fourier techniques (e.g., Hildenbrand, 1983) so that they behave like gravity data; thus the horizontal gradient of pseudogravity also has maximum magnitude directly over the boundary. The method normally is applied to gridded data rather than to profiles. The horizontal-gradient magnitude is contoured and lines are drawn or calculated (Blakely and Simpson, 1986) along the contour ridges. These lines presumably mark the top edges of magnetic or density boundaries. However, horizontal-gradient magnitude maxima (gradient maxima) can be offset from a position directly over the boundary for several reasons. Offsets occur when boundaries are not near-vertical, or when several boundaries are close together. This note predicts these offsets. Many other factors also cause offsets, but they are less straightforward and usually are only significant in local studies; we discuss these factors only briefly.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1442236","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Grauch, V.J., and Cordell, L., 1987, Limitations of determining density or magnetic boundaries from the horizontal gradient of gravity or pseudogravity data: Geophysics, v. 52, no. 1, p. 118-121, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442236.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"121","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225333,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4789e4b0c8380cd678ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grauch, V. J. S. 0000-0002-0761-3489","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-3489","contributorId":34125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cordell, L.","contributorId":84901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cordell","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015320,"text":"70015320 - 1987 - Isotope geochemistry of minerals and fluids from Newberry volcano, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:57","indexId":"70015320","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotope geochemistry of minerals and fluids from Newberry volcano, Oregon","docAbstract":"Isotopic compositions were determined for hydrothermal quartz, calcite, and siderite from core samples of the Newberry 2 drill hole, Oregon. The ??15O values for these minerals decrease with increasing temperatures. The values indicate that these hydrothermal minerals precipitated in isotopic equilibrium with water currently present in the reservoirs. The ??18O values of quartz and calcite from the andesite and basalt flows (700-932 m) have isotopic values which require that the equilibrated water ??18O values increase slightly (- 11.3 to -9.2???) with increasing measured temperatures (150-265??C). The lithic tuffs and brecciated lava flows (300-700 m) contain widespread siderite. Calculated oxygen isotopic compositions of waters in equilibrium with siderite generally increase with increasing temperatures (76-100??C). The ??18O values of siderite probably result from precipitation in water produced by mixing various amounts of the deep hydrothermal water (- 10.5 ???) with meteoric water (- 15.5 ???) recharged within the caldera. The ??13C values of calcite and siderite decrease with increasing temperatures and show that these minerals precipitated in isotopic equilibrium with CO2 of about -8 ???. The ??18O values of weakly altered (<5% alteration of plagioclase) whole-rock samples decrease with increasing temperatures above 100??C, indicating that exchange between water and rock is kinetically controlled. The water/rock mass ratios decrease with decreasing temperatures. The ??18O values of rocks from the bottom of Newberry 2 show about 40% isotopic exchange with the reservoir water. The calculated ??18O and ??D values of bottom hole water determined from the fluid produced during the 20 hour flow test are -10.2 and -109???, respectively. The ??D value of the hydrothermal water indicates recharge from outside the caldera. ?? 1987.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Carothers, W., Mariner, R.H., and Keith, T.E., 1987, Isotope geochemistry of minerals and fluids from Newberry volcano, Oregon: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 31, no. 1-2, p. 47-63.","startPage":"47","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f89e4b0c8380cd645e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carothers, W.W.","contributorId":43803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carothers","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mariner, Robert H.","contributorId":81075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mariner","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keith, T. E. C.","contributorId":11681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015300,"text":"70015300 - 1987 - Evolution, biogeography, and systematics of Puriana: evolution and speciation in Ostracoda, III.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-20T11:49:26.225289","indexId":"70015300","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution, biogeography, and systematics of Puriana: evolution and speciation in Ostracoda, III.","docAbstract":"Three types of geographic isolation—land barriers, deep water barriers, and climatic barriers—resulted in three distinct evolutionary responses in Neogene and Quaternary species of the epineritic ostracode genus Puriana. Through systematic, paleobiogeographic, and morphologic study of several hundred fossil and Recent populations from the eastern Pacific, western Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean, the phylogeny of the genus and the geography of speciation events were determined. Isolation of large populations by the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene did not lead to lineage splitting in species known to have existed before the Isthmus formed. Conversely, the establishment of small isolated populations on Caribbean islands by passive dispersal mechanisms frequently led to the evolution of new species or subspecies. Climatic changes along the southeastern United States during the Pliocene also catalyzed possible parapatric speciation as populations that immigrated to the northeastern periphery of the genus' range split to form new species. The results provide evidence that evolutionary models describing the influence of abiotic events on patterns of evolution and speciation can be tested using properly selected tectonic and climatic events and fossil groups amenable to species-level analysis. Two new species, P. bajaensis and P. paikensis, are described.
Sulfide samples obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey's DSRV Alvin dives on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge closely resemble those from the same area described by Koski et al. (1984). Major minerals include sphalerite, wurtzite, pyrite, marcasite, isocubanite, anhydrite, and chalcopyrite. Equilibrium, if attained at all, during deposition of most sulfides was a transient event over a few tens of micrometers at most and was perturbed by rapid temperature and compositional changes of the circulating fluid. Two new minerals were found: one, a hydrated Zn, Fe hydroxy-chlorosulfate, and the other, a (Mn, Mg, Fe) hydroxide or hydroxy-hydrate. Both were formed at relatively low temperatures. Lizardite, starkeyite, and anatase were found for the first time in such an environment. Sulfide geothermometry involving the system Cu-Fe-S indicates a vent temperature of <328°C for one sample. Fluid inclusion studies on crystals from the same vicinity of the same sample give pressure-corrected homogenization temperatures of 268° and 285°C. Ice-melting temperatures on inclusions from the same sample are about −2.8°C, indicating that the equivalent salinity of the trapped fluid is about 50% greater than that of seawater. Volatile concentrations from vesicle-free basalt glass from the vent field are about 0.013 wt % CO2 and 0.16 wt % H2O. CO2 contents in these samples yield an entrapment depth of 2200 m of seawater, which is the depth from which the samples were collected.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB11p11373","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Brett, R., Evans, H.T., Gibson, E., Hedenquist, J., Wandless, M., and Sommer, M., 1987, Mineralogical studies of sulfide samples and volatile concentrations of basalt glasses from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B11, p. 11373-11379, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11373.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"11373","endPage":"11379","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225659,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5aa8e4b0c8380cd6f027","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brett, R.","contributorId":106632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brett","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, H. T. Jr.","contributorId":41859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gibson, E.K. Jr.","contributorId":108256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibson","given":"E.K.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hedenquist, J.W.","contributorId":88093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedenquist","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wandless, M.-V.","contributorId":54611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wandless","given":"M.-V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sommer, M.A.","contributorId":20074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sommer","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70014785,"text":"70014785 - 1987 - Size and maceral association of pyrite in Illinois coals and their float-sink fractions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-14T21:29:06.981817","indexId":"70014785","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Size and maceral association of pyrite in Illinois coals and their float-sink fractions","docAbstract":"The amount of pyrite (FeS2) removed by physical cleaning varies with differences in the amount of pyrite enclosed within minerals and of free pyrite in feed coals. A microscopic procedure for characterizing the size and maceral association of pyrite grains was developed and evaluate by testing three coals and their washed products. The results yield an index to the cleanability of pyrite. The index is dependent upon particle size and has intermediate values for feed coals, lower values for cleaned fractions, and higher values for refuse fractions; furthermore, it correlates with pyritic sulfur content. In the coals examined, the summed percentage of grain diameters of pyrite enclosed in vitrinite, liptinite, and bi- and trimacerite provides a quantitative measure of the proportion of early diagenetic deposition of pyrite.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(87)90067-2","usgsCitation":"Harvey, R., and DeMaris, P., 1987, Size and maceral association of pyrite in Illinois coals and their float-sink fractions: Organic Geochemistry, v. 11, no. 5, p. 343-349, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(87)90067-2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"349","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225726,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Herrin, 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\"}}]}","volume":"11","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9113e4b08c986b319752","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, R.D.","contributorId":56371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeMaris, P.J.","contributorId":56808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeMaris","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014786,"text":"70014786 - 1987 - Prospects for heavy crude oil development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T15:26:21.372335","indexId":"70014786","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1509,"text":"Energy Exploration & Exploitation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prospects for heavy crude oil development","docAbstract":"Growth rates of unattached bacteria in groundwater contaminated with treated sewage and collected at various distances from the source of contamination were estimated by using frequency of dividing cells and tritiated-thymidine uptake and compared with growth rates obtained with unsupplemented, closed-bottle incubations. Estimates of bacterial generation times [(In 2)/μ] along a 3-km-long transect in oxygen-depleted (0.1 to 0.7 mg of dissolved oxygen liter-1) groundwater ranged from 16 h at 0.26 km downgradient from an on-land, treated-sewage outfall to 139 h at 1.6 km and correlated with bacterial abundance (r2 = 0.88 at P < 0.001). Partitioning of assimilated thymidine into nucleic acid generally decreased with distance from the contaminant source, and one population in heavily contaminated groundwater assimilated little thymidine during a 20-h incubation. Several assumptions commonly made when frequency of dividing cells and tritiated-thymidine uptake are used were not applicable to the groundwater samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.53.12.2992-2996.1987","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Harvey, R., and George, L., 1987, Growth determinations for unattached bacteria in a contaminated aquifer: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 53, no. 12, p. 2992-2996, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.53.12.2992-2996.1987.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"2992","endPage":"2996","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489719,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.53.12.2992-2996.1987","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":225794,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.63954884374593,\n 41.73751976509678\n ],\n [\n -70.68070167450198,\n 41.6945136775133\n ],\n [\n -70.6779581505853,\n 41.64532862029054\n ],\n [\n -70.67247110275133,\n 41.57353305884914\n ],\n [\n -70.70813691366979,\n 41.52630961823749\n ],\n [\n -70.6450358635835,\n 41.505766928716014\n ],\n [\n -70.60388300483176,\n 41.53452486840766\n ],\n [\n -70.5325513829955,\n 41.53452486840766\n ],\n [\n -70.46121976115928,\n 41.546845787507465\n ],\n [\n -70.42555395024084,\n 41.579690094800526\n ],\n [\n -70.33776118490337,\n 41.61661998392671\n ],\n [\n -70.26642956306715,\n 41.59610598773847\n ],\n [\n -70.1512015585625,\n 41.63302648454291\n ],\n [\n -70.02499945838991,\n 41.65967814379741\n ],\n [\n -70.00030774313942,\n 41.64532862029054\n ],\n [\n -69.93171964521983,\n 41.64942881033289\n ],\n [\n -69.91251497780193,\n 41.77231315298667\n ],\n [\n -69.94818078872038,\n 41.92150558094457\n ],\n [\n -70.02499945838991,\n 42.0316431803505\n ],\n [\n -70.08535698455957,\n 42.07034999451639\n ],\n [\n -70.1950979412309,\n 42.10089134374752\n ],\n [\n -70.25819899131719,\n 42.08256829852266\n ],\n [\n -70.26094251523384,\n 42.05609233347204\n ],\n [\n -70.21430260864811,\n 42.013300141541976\n ],\n [\n -70.1512015585625,\n 42.04183147085118\n ],\n [\n -70.09633108022686,\n 42.00718461934795\n ],\n [\n -70.09633108022686,\n 41.90721454025004\n ],\n [\n -70.04146060189117,\n 41.79277103595206\n ],\n [\n -70.21155908473149,\n 41.764128172257415\n ],\n [\n -70.25545546739986,\n 41.73751977314524\n ],\n [\n -70.41183633065691,\n 41.75184874318762\n ],\n [\n -70.4749373807432,\n 41.784588666019545\n ],\n [\n -70.5572430982467,\n 41.78254291035651\n ],\n [\n -70.63954884374593,\n 41.73751976509678\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"53","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2df2e4b0c8380cd5c17a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, R.W. 0000-0002-2791-8503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":11757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"George, L.H.","contributorId":97256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014792,"text":"70014792 - 1987 - Petrologic and experimental evidence for the etching of garnets by organic acids in the upper Jurassic Morrision Formation, northwestern New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-20T23:16:55.027936","indexId":"70014792","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrologic and experimental evidence for the etching of garnets by organic acids in the upper Jurassic Morrision Formation, northwestern New Mexico","docAbstract":"The upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in the southern part of the San Juan Basin contains uniquely etched detrital garnets characterized by smooth, crystallographically controlled faceted surfaces. The etched garnets occur in relatively homogeneous Morrison sandstones in discrete stratigraphic zones that are bounded above and below by sandstones bearing unetched garnets. Diagenetic alterations associated with etched garnets include etched staurolite, skeletal plagioclase, regularly interstratified illite-smectite, iron-rich chlorite, ankerite, albite, diagenetically altered (organic-poor) uranium ore, and extensive secondary porosity. Etching of garnets and partial to complete dissolution of other aluminosilicate minerals were caused by high concentrations of organic acids generated during the maturation of epigenetic organic matter (predominantly type-III kerogen) in the Morrison Formation. The presence of authigenic phases that form near 100 degrees C indicates that temperatures were high enough during diagenesis to cause the thermal degradation of kerogen. The subsequent release of reactive organic acids promoted a variety of water-rock reactions. This hypothesis was corroborated by experiments in which dicarboxylic acid solutions created facets on garnets identical to those developed on naturally etched Morrison garnets. The excellent complexing ability of organic acid anions accounts for the characteristic lack of alteration products on etched surfaces.