A gas-liquid chromatographic method was modified to quantify both unmetabolized (“free”) and metabolized (“bound”, i.e., thiocyanates) cyanides. The methods for both are efficient and sensitive to 0.05 ppm. Repeated freezing and thawing of whole blood from treated cathartids caused an initial increase in free cyanide concentrations, followed by a gradual decline to a plateau. Bound cyanide concentrations declined after repeated freezing and thawing.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620050902","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Krynitsky, A.J., Wiemeyer, S.N., Hill, E.F., and Carpenter, J.W., 1986, Analysis of cyanide in whole blood of dosed cathartids: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 5, no. 9, p. 787-789, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620050902.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"787","endPage":"789","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197401,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1986-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db68062b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krynitsky, A. J.","contributorId":73954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krynitsky","given":"A.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiemeyer, Stanley N.","contributorId":78279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiemeyer","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, E. F.","contributorId":14362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carpenter, J. W.","contributorId":81854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5222127,"text":"5222127 - 1986 - Effects of body weight and age on the time and pairing of American black ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-13T15:55:31","indexId":"5222127","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of body weight and age on the time and pairing of American black ducks","docAbstract":"I used captive young and adult American Black Ducks (Anas rubripes) during October-February 1984-1985 to test whether body weight and age affected time of pair-bond formation. Eighty ducks were marked individually, and 10 ducks (6 males and 4 females, half of each age class) were assigned to each of 8 experimental pens. Ducks in 4 pens received an ad libitum diet of commercial duck food, and ducks in the other 4 pens received a restricted ration of the same food. During early winter ducks in both groups gained weight, but ducks on the restricted diet gained less than birds on the ad libitum diet; peak winter weight of ducks on the ad libitum diet averaged 22% greater than initial body weight compared with 6.5% for ducks on the restricted diet. In late winter ducks on the restricted diet lost 28.7% of peak winter weight, and ducks on the ad libitum diet lost 19.3%. Weight loss of ducks on the ad libitum diet began before weather conditions became severe and coincided with a reduction in food consumption. This result supports the idea that weight loss of waterfowl in late winter is controlled endogenously. Individuals on the ad libitum diet paired earlier than those on the restricted diet, and pair bonds were stronger. Adults of both sexes paired earlier than young ducks, but differences for females were not significant statistically. Age and energy constraints are factors that can affect intraspecific variation in pairing chronology.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Hepp, G.R., 1986, Effects of body weight and age on the time and pairing of American black ducks: The Auk, v. 103, no. 3, p. 477-484.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"477","endPage":"484","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":17717,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4087118 "},{"id":198074,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e907","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hepp, Gary R.","contributorId":8191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hepp","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222129,"text":"5222129 - 1986 - Radiotelemetry locates wintering grounds of DDE-contaminated black-crowned night-herons","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:07","indexId":"5222129","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiotelemetry locates wintering grounds of DDE-contaminated black-crowned night-herons","docAbstract":"This study was designed to determine if night-herons nesting at Ruby Lake, Nevada, shared a common wintering area with lesser contaminated night-herons nesting farther north in Oregon and Idaho. Radiotelemetry (29 transmitters) and banding studies indicated that the lesser-contaminated Oregon-Idaho night-herons wintered primarily in coastal Mexico (mean 22-23'N latitude), while the Ruby Lake night-herons wintered in the southwestern United States with some in the interior of northern Mexico (mean 29-30?N latitude). We believe the nearly disjunct wintering areas for the populations, and the apparent differing pollutant loads on the wintering areas accounted for the 3-fold higher DDE egg residues at Ruby Lake. Findings from this study emphasize the influence migration patterns can have on pollutants accumulated by populations of migratory birds nesting in relatively unpolluted areas and at relatively short distances apart (400 km).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"3336_Henny.pdf","usgsCitation":"Henny, C.J., and Blus, L.J., 1986, Radiotelemetry locates wintering grounds of DDE-contaminated black-crowned night-herons: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 14, no. 3, p. 236-241.","productDescription":"236-241","startPage":"236","endPage":"241","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":17715,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782239","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":201473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649b2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J.","contributorId":12578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blus, L. J.","contributorId":38116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blus","given":"L.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222132,"text":"5222132 - 1986 - Potential impacts of agricultural chemicals on waterfowl and other wildlife inhabiting prairie wetlands: An evaluation of research needs and approaches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T15:18:01.639115","indexId":"5222132","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3638,"text":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential impacts of agricultural chemicals on waterfowl and other wildlife inhabiting prairie wetlands: An evaluation of research needs and approaches","docAbstract":"The potential for agricultural chemicals to enter prairie-pothole wetlands and impact wildlife dependent on these wetlands for survival and reproduction appears to be great. However, the actual risk to wetland wildlife from the inputs of these chemicals cannot be adequately assessed at this time, because of insufficient data. Available data on the use of pesticides in the prairie-pothole region and the toxicity of these pesticides suggest that insecticides pose the greatest hazard to wetland wildlife, particularly birds. The majority of the most widely used insecticides within the region are very toxic to aquatic invertebrates and birds. Of particular concern are the impacts of agricultural chemicals on the quality of the remaining wetlands in the region and whether or not these impacts have contributed to observed declines in waterfowl populations. Although existing data suggest that adult and juvenile waterfowl may not be more sensitive to these chemicals than are other wetland wildlife, their food habits and feeding behaviors may make them more vulnerable to direct toxic effects or chemical-induced changes in the abundance of aquatic invertebrates. Laboratory and field studies in the United States and Canada are critically needed to assess these potential impacts.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Management Institute","usgsCitation":"Grue, C., DeWeese, L., Mineau, P., Swanson, G., Foster, J., Arnold, P., Huckins, J., Sheenan, P., Marshall, W., and Ludden, A., 1986, Potential impacts of agricultural chemicals on waterfowl and other wildlife inhabiting prairie wetlands: An evaluation of research needs and approaches: Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, v. 51, p. 357-383.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"383","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196320,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c319","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grue, C.E.","contributorId":86446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grue","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeWeese, L.R.","contributorId":65116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWeese","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mineau, P.","contributorId":86067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mineau","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swanson, G.A.","contributorId":49299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Foster, J.R.","contributorId":53912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Arnold, P.M.","contributorId":63750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnold","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Huckins, J.N.","contributorId":62553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huckins","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sheenan, P.J.","contributorId":36250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheenan","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Marshall, W.K.","contributorId":67182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"W.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Ludden, A.P.","contributorId":25530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludden","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":5222133,"text":"5222133 - 1986 - Antibodies against canine parvovirus of wolves of Minnesota: A serologic study from 1975 through 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:35","indexId":"5222133","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2528,"text":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Antibodies against canine parvovirus of wolves of Minnesota: A serologic study from 1975 through 1985","docAbstract":"Serum samples (n = 137) from 47 wild wolves (Canis lupus; 21 pups and 26 adults) were evaluated from 1975 to 1985 for antibodies against canine parvovirus, using the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. In addition, several blood samples (n = 35) from 14 of these wolves (6 pups and 8 adults) were evaluated simultaneously for erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, and for hemoglobin and blood urea nitrogen concentrations. Sixty-nine (50%) of the serum samples (35 wolves) had HI titers of greater than or equal to 256, whereas 68 (50%) of the samples (16 wolves) had HI titers of less than or equal to 128. Significant differences in the geometric mean titers were not found between pups and adults or between males and females. Of the 47 wolves evaluated, 12 (25%) developed a greater than or equal to fourfold increase in antibody titers during the 11-year period, with 2 wolves developing serologic conversions in 1976. The data indicate that canine parvovirus may have begun infecting wolves before or at the same time that it began infecting the dog population in the United States.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Goyal, S., Mech, L., Rademacher, R., Khan, M., and Seal, U., 1986, Antibodies against canine parvovirus of wolves of Minnesota: A serologic study from 1975 through 1985: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 189, no. 9, p. 1092-1094.","productDescription":"1092-1094","startPage":"1092","endPage":"1094","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"189","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b344","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goyal, S.M.","contributorId":83223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goyal","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rademacher, R.A.","contributorId":30330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rademacher","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Khan, M.A.","contributorId":81916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khan","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seal, U.S.","contributorId":40564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seal","given":"U.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5222135,"text":"5222135 - 1986 - Bird poisoning from misuse of the carbamate Furadan in a Texas rice field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:07","indexId":"5222135","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bird poisoning from misuse of the carbamate Furadan in a Texas rice field","docAbstract":"More than 100 birds consisting largely of dickcissels and savannah sparrows, as well as 9 other species of songbirds and sandpipers, died from feeding on planted rice seed treated illegally with Furadan 4F. Brain ChE activity was depressed between 32-85% in 44% of the birds. Carbofuran residues in GI tract contents of birds averaged 3.4 ppm (0.54-10 ppm). Two samples of planted rice seed contained 91 ppm and 22 ppm carbofuran. Known mortality of birds continued for about 2 weeks.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Flickinger, E.L., Mitchell, C.A., White, D.H., and Kolbe, E.J., 1986, Bird poisoning from misuse of the carbamate Furadan in a Texas rice field: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 14, no. 1, p. 59-62.","productDescription":"59-62","startPage":"59","endPage":"62","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":17711,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782467","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":196362,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db61282e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flickinger, Edward L.","contributorId":48907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flickinger","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mitchell, C. A.","contributorId":54543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, Donald H.","contributorId":97868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kolbe, E. J.","contributorId":71512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolbe","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5222138,"text":"5222138 - 1986 - Winter distribution and oiling of common terns in Trinidad: A further look","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:08","indexId":"5222138","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Winter distribution and oiling of common terns in Trinidad: A further look","docAbstract":" Common Terns were studied during January and March 1985 in Trinidad as part of wintering terns in Latin America. Eighty-nine birds were captured, 33 in January, 56 in March. Terns averaged 102 .+-. 0.9 g, with March birds weighing more than those caught in January. This weight is similar to that reported earlier by Blokpoel et al. (1982, 1984) and is considerably less than weights of either premigratory immature or adult Common Terns. Terns in Trinidad appear to be opportunistic, using human fishing for their food source and roosting on boats, oil platforms and other man-made structures. One-half of the captured sample of birds had at least detectable amounts of oil on the plumage. This represents the highest frequency of oiling reported yet for any seabird living under 'baseline' (non-spill) conditions in North or Central America. Oiling had no apparent major effect on the condition of birds since oiled birds had similar weights and blood parameters when compared to unoiled birds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Field Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R., Smith, G.J., and Clapp, R.B., 1986, Winter distribution and oiling of common terns in Trinidad: A further look: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 57, no. 4, p. 300-308.","productDescription":"300-308","startPage":"300","endPage":"308","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":17708,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/JFO/v057n04/p0300-p0308.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":195902,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a9e4b07f02db5c3850","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, G. J.","contributorId":80767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clapp, R. B.","contributorId":9371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clapp","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5221829,"text":"5221829 - 1986 - Computers at work in Interior: Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:53","indexId":"5221829","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2637,"text":"MICROscope","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Computers at work in Interior: Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"MICROscope","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Moyer, L., 1986, Computers at work in Interior: Patuxent Wildlife Research Center: MICROscope, v. 2, no. 5, p. 7-8.","productDescription":"7-8","startPage":"7","endPage":"8","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199003,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a765b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moyer, L.M.","contributorId":96787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moyer","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221501,"text":"5221501 - 1986 - Lead poisoning in free-ranging California condors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:50","indexId":"5221501","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2528,"text":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lead poisoning in free-ranging California condors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Janssen, D., Oosterhuis, J., Allen, J.L., Anderson, M.P., Kelts, D., and Wiemeyer, S.N., 1986, Lead poisoning in free-ranging California condors: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 189, no. 9, p. 1115-1117.","productDescription":"1115-1117","startPage":"1115","endPage":"1117","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"189","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8895","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Janssen, D.L.","contributorId":90847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janssen","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oosterhuis, J.E.","contributorId":55931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oosterhuis","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, J. L.","contributorId":49295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, Marilyn P.","contributorId":102970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kelts, D.G.","contributorId":59531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelts","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wiemeyer, Stanley N.","contributorId":78279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiemeyer","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5221499,"text":"5221499 - 1986 - Sources of variation in extinction rates, turnover, and diversity of marine invertebrate families during the Paleozoic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-06T13:41:30.624384","indexId":"5221499","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3001,"text":"Paleobiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sources of variation in extinction rates, turnover, and diversity of marine invertebrate families during the Paleozoic","docAbstract":"We have recently shown how capture-recapture models can be used in conjunction with stratigraphic range data to estimate taxonomic extinction rates and taxonomic diversity. Here we present a new method that can be used to estimate taxonomic turnover (defined here as the proportion of taxa extant at time i, that originated in the interval i – 1 to i). We used these methods in conjunction with stratigraphic range data for families in five phyla of Paleozoic marine invertebrates. We estimated fossil encounter probabilities, extinction rates, diversity, and turnover and used these estimates to test hypotheses about variation among phyla and geologic series. Encounter probabilities varied among taxa and showed evidence of a decrease over time for the geologic series examined. The number of families varied substantially among the five phyla and showed some evidence of an increase over the series examined. There was no evidence of variation in extinction probabilities among the phyla. Although there was evidence of temporal variation in extinction probabilities within phyla, there was no evidence of a linear decrease in extinction probabilities over time, as has been reported by others. We did find evidence of high extinction probabilities for the two intervals that had been identified by others as periods of mass extinction. We found no evidence of variation in turnover among the five phyla. There was evidence of temporal variation in turnover, with greater turnover occurring in the older series.
Gray wolves (Canis lupus) captured in traps with toothed jaws offset 1.8 cm incurred fewer injuries than those captured in 3 other types of steel traps. Few wolves seriously damaged canine or carnassial teeth while in traps.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801494","usgsCitation":"Kuehn, D.W., Fuller, T.K., Mech, L.D., Paul, W., Fritts, S.H., and Berg, W.E., 1986, Trap-related injuries to gray wolves in Minnesota: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 50, no. 1, p. 90-91, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801494.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"90","endPage":"91","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200232,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","volume":"50","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db626b29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuehn, David W.","contributorId":72097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuehn","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, Todd K.","contributorId":35700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mech, L. David 0000-0003-3944-7769 david_mech@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":2518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mech","given":"L.","email":"david_mech@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":339607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Paul, William J.","contributorId":94726,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paul","given":"William J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fritts, Steven H.","contributorId":198180,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fritts","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Berg, William E.","contributorId":98349,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Berg","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5223651,"text":"5223651 - 1986 - The taxonomic status of Glossophaga morenoi Martinez and Villa, 1938 (Mammalia: Phyllostomidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:43","indexId":"5223651","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3147,"text":"Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The taxonomic status of Glossophaga morenoi Martinez and Villa, 1938 (Mammalia: Phyllostomidae)","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Phyllostomidae family is leafnose bats","usgsCitation":"Gardner, A.L., 1986, The taxonomic status of Glossophaga morenoi Martinez and Villa, 1938 (Mammalia: Phyllostomidae): Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, v. 99, p. 489-492.","productDescription":"489-492","startPage":"489","endPage":"492","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199886,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db63548e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, A. L.","contributorId":97213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"A.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222124,"text":"5222124 - 1986 - Cholinesterase inhibition in meadow voles (Microtus Pennsylvanicus) following field applications of orthene®","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-12T16:15:03.881531","indexId":"5222124","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Cholinesterase inhibition in meadow voles (Microtus Pennsylvanicus) following field applications of orthene®","title":"Cholinesterase inhibition in meadow voles (Microtus Pennsylvanicus) following field applications of orthene®","docAbstract":"Brain acetylcholinesterase activity in field-caught meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) was depressed after a field-spray of Orthene® (acephate: acetylphosphoramidothioic acid O,S-dimethyl ester) by as much as 32% in 1982 and 38% in 1983. Short-term recovery was demonstrated and occurred in a time-dependent fashion in 1982. Plasma Cholinesterase levels were more variable but also were depressed. Residues were detected in vegetation samples and in the gastrointestinal tracts of exposed voles. Residues in vegetation were diluted or absent 7 to 8 d following the treatment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620050304","usgsCitation":"Jett, D.A., 1986, Cholinesterase inhibition in meadow voles (Microtus Pennsylvanicus) following field applications of orthene®: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 5, no. 3, p. 255-259, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620050304.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"259","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196802,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1986-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e25dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jett, David A.","contributorId":66366,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jett","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223558,"text":"5223558 - 1986 - Range extension for the gray-backed tern in the western Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T12:16:25.301724","indexId":"5223558","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:59","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Range extension for the gray-backed tern in the western Pacific","docAbstract":"About 75 pairs of Gray-backed Terns (Sterna lunata) nested on Guguan in the Northern Mariana Islands in 1979. This locality represents a breeding range extension of about 2000 km to the west of the westernmost previously known colony. The species is also reported for the first time from Uracas, northernmost of the Northern Mariana Islands, where it may also breed.","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521151","usgsCitation":"Clapp, R.B., and Hatch, J., 1986, Range extension for the gray-backed tern in the western Pacific: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 9, no. 1, p. 110-112, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521151.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"110","endPage":"112","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201888,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683e91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clapp, R. B.","contributorId":9371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clapp","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatch, J.J.","contributorId":76860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223559,"text":"5223559 - 1986 - Nesting of the masked booby on the Dry Tortugas, Florida: The first record for the contiguous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-30T13:06:14","indexId":"5223559","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:59","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nesting of the masked booby on the Dry Tortugas, Florida: The first record for the contiguous United States","docAbstract":"In both 1984 and 1985 Masked Boobies (Sula dactylatra) attempted to nest on sandy islets at the Dry Tortugas, Florida. Nesting attempts failed because the nest sites were washed away by summer storms. It seems likely that this species will eventually nest there successfully and will establish a small breeding population. This is the first documented nesting by this species in the contiguous United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"Colonial Waterbird Society","publisherLocation":"Elgin, IL","doi":"10.2307/1521152","usgsCitation":"Clapp, R.B., and Robertson, W., 1986, Nesting of the masked booby on the Dry Tortugas, Florida: The first record for the contiguous United States: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 9, no. 1, p. 113-116, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521152.","productDescription":"113-116","startPage":"113","endPage":"116","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199471,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Dry Torgugas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.869873046875,\n 24.62938542886063\n ],\n [\n -82.87064552307129,\n 24.6309458596427\n ],\n [\n -82.8724479675293,\n 24.631492005813232\n ],\n [\n -82.8750228881836,\n 24.63032168966796\n ],\n [\n -82.87562370300293,\n 24.627512886203856\n ],\n [\n -82.87519454956053,\n 24.625172168430968\n ],\n [\n -82.87287712097167,\n 24.625094143750292\n ],\n [\n -82.8713321685791,\n 24.625952412559027\n ],\n [\n -82.86832809448242,\n 24.625250193062943\n ],\n [\n -82.86626815795898,\n 24.62439191943259\n ],\n [\n -82.86334991455077,\n 24.62368969117008\n ],\n [\n -82.86120414733887,\n 24.62501611902092\n ],\n [\n -82.86111831665039,\n 24.627903001570964\n ],\n [\n -82.86343574523926,\n 24.62993158185065\n ],\n [\n -82.86652565002441,\n 24.630165646687182\n ],\n [\n -82.86892890930174,\n 24.629853560141072\n ],\n [\n -82.869873046875,\n 24.62938542886063\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af5a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clapp, R. B.","contributorId":9371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clapp","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, W.R. Jr.","contributorId":105019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"W.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223552,"text":"5223552 - 1986 - A black-headed grosbeak specimen from Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:34","indexId":"5223552","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:59","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3236,"text":"Raven","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A black-headed grosbeak specimen from Virginia","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Raven","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Clapp, R.B., 1986, A black-headed grosbeak specimen from Virginia: Raven, v. 57, p. 1-3.","productDescription":"1-3","startPage":"1","endPage":"3","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201883,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b11d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clapp, R. B.","contributorId":9371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clapp","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5224870,"text":"5224870 - 1986 - Use of an inactivated eastern equine encephalitis virus vaccine in cranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:29","indexId":"5224870","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:59","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":704,"text":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Annual Proceedings","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of an inactivated eastern equine encephalitis virus vaccine in cranes","docAbstract":"An unprecedented outbreak of fatal eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus occurred during the late summer and fall of 1984 in endangered whooping cranes (Grus americana) at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland. As part of efforts to prevent future epizootics of EEE. studies were conducted to evaluate the antibody response of cranes following vaccination with a formalin-inactivated EEE virus vaccine. Viral specific neutralizing antibody was elicited in sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) and whooping cranes following 1M inoculation with the vaccine. Among the 1M-inoculated cranes, peak antibody titers of 1:80 on days 30 to 60 had waned to undetectable levels by days 90 to 120. Although the initial titers were not increased by the first booster dose, the duration of the antibody was extended considerably. Whooping cranes, receiving vaccine 6 months after their first vaccination, developed titers of 1:80 to 1:320 by day 30. At 45 days after the final vaccination, these titers had dropped to 1:10 to 1:160. Cranes with preexisting EEE virus antibody, apparently reflecting natural infection, exhibited an anamnestic response indicated by a rapid increase and sustained high antibody titer. Even though EEE virus vaccine induced neutralizing antibody and produced no adverse side effects, further studies will be required to assess the significance of this response as a strategy for protecting whooping cranes against natural EEE virus infection. The loss of captive whooping cranes to the EEE virus presented a previously unrecognized risk and obstacle to recovery of this species. Not only was, there a setback in the captive breeding and reintroduction program for the whooping crane, but, because of the susceptibility of the species to the EEE virus. establishment of additional crane populations may be more complicated than initially envisioned. However, through continued surveillance, serological monitoring, and vaccination activities, we are confident that the impact of EEE virus on whooping crane recovery can be overcome to the ultimate benefit of this endangered species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Annual Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Edited by M.S. Silberman and Suzanne D. Silberman 6931_Carpenter.pdf","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, J.W., Dein, F., Clark, G., Watts, D., and Crabbs, C., 1986, Use of an inactivated eastern equine encephalitis virus vaccine in cranes: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Annual Proceedings, v. 1986.","productDescription":"88 (abstract)","startPage":"88 (abs)","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202503,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1986","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db604b73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carpenter, J. W.","contributorId":81854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dein, F. J.","contributorId":97030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dein","given":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, G.G.","contributorId":68275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"G.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Watts, D.M.","contributorId":72886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crabbs, C.L.","contributorId":51265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crabbs","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5223513,"text":"5223513 - 1986 - Subspecies of the greater scaup and their names","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:40","indexId":"5223513","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:59","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subspecies of the greater scaup and their names","docAbstract":"The name Fuligula mariloides Vigors, presently used by many authors for a subspecies of the Greater Scaup, Aythya marila, was originally proposed for the Lesser Scaup, A. afinis, and may not be used in combination with the name marila. The name mariloides has been applied to a population of Greater Scaup in Kamchatka and the Commander Islands, supposedly distinguished by small size and dark dorsal color, or for that population and the one in North America, otherwise known as A. m. nearctica. Evidence for a subspecifically distinct population in eastern Asia is lacking, and A. marila is best considered to consist of only the Eurasian A. m. marila and the American A. m. nearctica. There is some interchange of the two subspecies in migration. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Banks, R., 1986, Subspecies of the greater scaup and their names: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 98, no. 3, p. 433-444.","productDescription":"433-444","startPage":"433","endPage":"444","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17689,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v098n03/p0433-p0444.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"98","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699b0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, R.C.","contributorId":20440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}