{"pageNumber":"485","pageRowStart":"12100","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16502,"records":[{"id":27827,"text":"wri894079 - 1989 - Analysis of the effect of pumping on ground-water flow in the Springfield Plateau and Ozark aquifers near Springfield, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri894079","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4079","title":"Analysis of the effect of pumping on ground-water flow in the Springfield Plateau and Ozark aquifers near Springfield, Missouri","docAbstract":"Pumpage of water from the Ozark aquifer for public supply and industry use by the city of Springfield and surrounding communities in southwestern Missouri has significantly altered the potentiometric surface of the aquifer. Springfield is located on a regional groundwater divide that trends east and west across southern Missouri. Groundwater that once flowed north and south from the divide now moves toward Springfield. Drawdown in the Ozark aquifer beneath Springfield has increased about 50 ft near the center of the city since 1974. The area of well influence also has increased, most notably to the south and southwest, because of increased pumpage by Springfield and new groundwater withdrawals in rapidly increasing communities, such as Republic and Nixa. Changes in the potentiometric surface of the Ozark aquifer, and to a lesser extent the Springfield Plateau aquifer, resulting from stresses applied by pumpage of water supply wells has altered the hydrologic budget of the Springfield area. Downward leakage of groundwater through the Ozark confining unit has increased from about 10 cu ft/sec to about 18 cu ft/sec because drawdown in the Ozark aquifer has resulted in an increased vertical hydraulic gradient across the confining unit. Minimal quantities of water are supplied by increased upward leakage through the St. Francois confining unit. Model simulations indicate substantial quantities of water are still (1987) being removed from storage within the Ozark and Springfield Plateau aquifers and the hydrologic system is not in equilibrium at this time. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri894079","usgsCitation":"Imes, J., 1989, Analysis of the effect of pumping on ground-water flow in the Springfield Plateau and Ozark aquifers near Springfield, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4079, vii, 63 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894079.","productDescription":"vii, 63 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124040,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4079/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56660,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4079/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acee4b07f02db67f5d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Imes, J. L.","contributorId":61428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imes","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27270,"text":"wri874195 - 1989 - Hydrogeology of the Leadville limestone and other paleozoic rocks in northwestern Colorado, with results of aquifer tests at Glenwood Springs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:43","indexId":"wri874195","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4195","title":"Hydrogeology of the Leadville limestone and other paleozoic rocks in northwestern Colorado, with results of aquifer tests at Glenwood Springs","docAbstract":"Paleozoic rocks in northwestern Colorado were investigated during the U.S. Geological Survey 's Regional Aquifer Systems Analysis of the Upper Colorado River Basin. Paleozoic rocks in the study area are grouped into 11 hydrostratigraphic units on the basis of lithologic and hydrologic properties. Devonian and Mississippian carbonate rocks and Pennsylvanian and Permian sandstone are regional aquifers, with natural discharges commonly ranging from 50 to 1,000 gal/min. Other hydrostratigraphic units in the area are either local aquifers or confining layers, with discharges rarely exceeding 50 gal/min. Aquifer tests at Glenwood Springs indicate that the Devonian and Mississippian carbonate rocks unit locally has a transmissivity of 47,000 sq ft/day, a storage coefficient of 0.0005, and a hydraulic conductivity of more than 100 ft/day. Hydraulic conductivities in most hydrostratigraphic units decrease with distance away from structural uplifts. Water in the Devonian and Mississippian carbonate rocks unit flows from structural uplifts to structural and fluvial basins. This hydrostratigraphic unit supplies water to streams that drain the White River Plateau, hot springs at Glenwood Springs, and artesian wells in the Burns basin. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri874195","usgsCitation":"Geldon, A.L., 1989, Hydrogeology of the Leadville limestone and other paleozoic rocks in northwestern Colorado, with results of aquifer tests at Glenwood Springs: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4195, vi, 96 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874195.","productDescription":"vi, 96 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4195/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56149,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4195/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db6150ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geldon, Arthur L.","contributorId":16395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geldon","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":17743,"text":"ofr89588 - 1989 - Summary of water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Colorado– Fiscal year 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-03T19:39:07.16162","indexId":"ofr89588","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-588","title":"Summary of water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Colorado– Fiscal year 1989","docAbstract":"The biennial summary of water resources activities in Colorado is presented for fiscal year 1989. The report includes an introduction of these activities and names of the management personnel to whom information requests may be addressed, a summary of the U.S. Geological Survey mission and of the Water Resources Division mission, and a discussion of the water resources in Colorado in fiscal year 1989, including data collection on surface water and groundwater. All current Colorado hydrologic investigations are listed--their problems, objectives, approaches, progress, and plans for fiscal year 1989. A list of current cooperators, for fiscal year 1989 and a list of reports published or released during fiscal years 1987, 1988, and 1989 also are given. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr89588","usgsCitation":"Griffith, P.A., 1989, Summary of water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Colorado– Fiscal year 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-588, Report: iv, 58 p.; 1 Plate: 26.97 × 22.06 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89588.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 58 p.; 1 Plate: 26.97 × 22.06 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392455,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17729.htm"},{"id":46966,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0588/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46965,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0588/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0588/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -109.09423828125,\n              36.98500309285596\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.97509765625,\n              36.98500309285596\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.97509765625,\n              40.9964840143779\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.09423828125,\n              40.9964840143779\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.09423828125,\n              36.98500309285596\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698778","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffith, P. A.","contributorId":20345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffith","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2333,"text":"wsp2338 - 1989 - Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15073,"text":"ofr86543 - 1987 - Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer","indexId":"ofr86543","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2333,"text":"wsp2338 - 1989 - Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer","indexId":"wsp2338","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:22","indexId":"wsp2338","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2338","title":"Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer","docAbstract":"The highly permeable, unconfined, glacial-drift aquifers that occupy most New England river valleys constitute the principal source of drinking water for many of the communities that obtain part or all of their public water supply from ground water. Recent events have shown that these aquifers are highly susceptible to contamination that results from a number of sources, such as seepage from wastewater lagoons, leaking \r\npetroleum-product storage tanks, and road salting. \r\n\r\nTo protect the quality of water pumped from supply wells in these aquifers, it is necessary to ensure that potentially harmful contaminants do not enter the ground in the area that contributes water to the well. A high degree of protection can be achieved through the application of appropriate land-use controls within the contributing area. However, the contributing areas for most supply wells are not known. \r\n\r\nThis report describes the factors that affect the size and shape of contributing areas to public supply wells and evaluates several methods that may be used to delineate contributing areas of wells in glacial-drift, river-valley aquifers. Analytical, two-dimensional numerical, and three-dimensional numerical models were used to delineate contributing areas. These methods of analysis were compared by applying them to a hypothetical aquifer having the dimensions and geometry of a typical glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer. In the model analyses, factors that control the size and shape of a contributing area were varied over ranges of values common to glacial-drift aquifers in New England. The controlling factors include the rate of well discharge, rate of recharge to the aquifer from precipitation and from adjacent till and bedrock uplands, distance of a pumping well from a stream or other potential source of induced recharge, degree of hydraulic connection of the aquifer with a stream, horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, ratio of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity, and degree of well penetration. \r\n\r\nAnalytical methods proved easiest to apply but gave results that are considered to be less accurate than those obtainable by means of numerical-model analysis. Numerical models have the capability to more closely reflect the variable geohydrologic conditions typical of glacial-drift valley aquifers. For average conditions in the hypothetical aquifer, the analytical method predicts a contributing area limited to the well side of the river because a constant-head boundary simulated by image wells is used in the analytical model. For typical glacial-drift, river-valley aquifers, this simulation is unrealistic because drawdowns, caused by a pumping well, and the contributing area of the well can extend beneath and beyond a river or stream. \r\n\r\nA wide range of hydrologic conditions was simulated by using the two-dimensional numerical model. The resulting contributing area for a well pumped at 1.0 million gallons per day--a common pumping rate--ranged from about 0.9 to 1.8 square miles. Model analyses also show that the contributing area of pumped wells may be expected to extend to the opposite side of the river and to include significant areas of till uplands adjacent to the aquifer on both sides of the valley. \r\n\r\nSimulations done with the three-dimensional model allow a full three-dimensional delineation of the zone of contribution for a pumped well. For the relatively thin (100 feet or less) unconfined aquifers considered in this analysis, the three-dimensional model showed that the zone of contribution extended throughout the entire saturated thickness of aquifer; therefore, the two-dimensional simulations were considered adequate for delineating contributing areas in this particular hydrologic setting. For thicker aquifers, especially those having partially penetrating wells, three-dimensional models are preferable. \r\n\r\nValues for several of the factors that affect the size and shape of contributing recharge areas cannot be det","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2338","usgsCitation":"Morrissey, D.J., 1989, Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2338, v, 41 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2338.","productDescription":"v, 41 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138464,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2338/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28194,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2338/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb1f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrissey, Daniel J.","contributorId":89875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrissey","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20264,"text":"ofr89579 - 1989 - Review of edgematchimg procedures for digital cartographic data used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T09:41:45","indexId":"ofr89579","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-579","title":"Review of edgematchimg procedures for digital cartographic data used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS)","docAbstract":"In the process of developing a continuous hydrographic data layer for water resources applications in the Pacific Northwest, map-edge discontinuities in the U.S. Geological Survey 1:100 ,000-scale digital data that required application of computer-assisted edgematching procedures were identified. The spatial data sets required by the project must have line features that match closely enough across map boundaries to ensure full line topology when adjacent files are joined by the computer. Automated edgematching techniques are evaluated as to their effects on positional accuracy. Interactive methods such as selective node-matching and on-screen editing are also reviewed. Interactive procedures complement automated methods by allowing supervision of edgematching in a cartographic and hydrologic context. Common edge conditions encountered in the preparation of the Northwest Rivers data base are described, as are recommended processing solutions. Suggested edgematching procedures for 1:100,000-scale hydrography data are included in an appendix to encourage consistent processing of this theme on a national scale. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr89579","usgsCitation":"Nebert, D., 1989, Review of edgematchimg procedures for digital cartographic data used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-579, iii, 11 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89579.","productDescription":"iii, 11 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152065,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0579/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":21349,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0579/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db60407c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nebert, D.D.","contributorId":62623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nebert","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":12080,"text":"ofr88715 - 1989 - Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12080,"text":"ofr88715 - 1989 - Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California","indexId":"ofr88715","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":31066,"text":"wsp2370B - 1991 - Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California","indexId":"wsp2370B","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":31066,"text":"wsp2370B - 1991 - Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California","indexId":"wsp2370B","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-05T01:59:16.611946","indexId":"ofr88715","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-715","title":"Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Owens Valley, a long, narrow valley located along the east flank of the </span><span>Sierra Nevada in east-central California, is the main source of water for the </span><span>city of Los Angeles. The city diverts most of the surface water in the valley </span><span>into the Owens River-Los Angeles Aqueduct system, which transports the water </span><span>more than 200 miles south to areas of distribution and use. </span><span>Additionally, </span><span>ground water is pumped or flows from wells to supplement the surface-water </span><span>diversions to the river-aqueduct system. </span><span>Pumpage from wells needed to </span><span>supplement water export has increased since 1970, when a second aqueduct was </span><span>put into service, and local concerns have been expressed that the increased </span><span>pumpage may have had a detrimental effect on the environment and the </span><span>indigenous alkaline scrub and meadow plant communities in the valley. The </span><span>scrub and meadow communities depend on soil moisture derived from </span><span>precipitation and the unconfined part of a multilayered aquifer system. </span><span>This </span><span>report, which describes the hydrogeology of the aquifer system and the water </span><span>resources of the valley, is one in a series designed to (1) evaluate the </span><span>effects that ground-water pumping has on scrub and meadow communities and (2) </span><span>appraise alternative strategies to mitigate any adverse effects caused by </span><span>pumping. </span></p><p><span>Two principal topographic features are the surface expression of the geologic framework--the high, prominent mountains on the east and west sides of the valley and the long, narrow intermountain valley floor. The mountains are composed of sedimentary, granitic, and metamorphic rocks, mantled in part by volcanic rocks as well as by glacial, talus, and fluvial deposits. The valley floor is underlain by valley fill that consists of unconsolidated to moderately consolidated alluvial fan, glacial and talus, and fluvial and lacustrine deposits. The valley fill also includes interlayered recent volcanic flows and pyroclastic rocks. The bedrock surface beneath the valley fill is a narrow, steep-sided graben that is structurally separated into the Bishop Basin to the north and the Owens Lake Basin to the south. These two structural basins are separated by (1) a bedrock high that is the upper bedrock block of an east-west normal fault, (2) a horst block of bedrock (the Poverty Hills), and (3) Quaternary basalt flows and cinder cones that intercalate and intrude the sedimentary deposits of the valley fill. The resulting structural separation of the basins allowed separate development of fluvial and lacustrine depositional systems in each basin. </span></p><p><span>Nearly all the ground water in Owens Valley flows through and is stored in the saturated valley fill. The bedrock, which surrounds and underlies the valley fill, is virtually impermeable. Three hydrogeologic units compose the valley-fill aquifer system, a defined subdivision of the ground-water system, and a fourth represents the valley fill below the aquifer system and above the bedrock. The aquifer system is divided into horizontal hydrogeologic units on the basis of either (1) uniform hydrologic characteristics of a specific lithologic layer or (2) distribution of the vertical hydraulic head. Hydrogeologic unit 1 is the upper unit and represents the unconfined part of the system, hydrogeologic unit 2 represents the confining unit (or units), and hydrogeologic unit 3 represents the confined part of the aquifer system. Hydrogeologic unit 4 represents the deep part of the ground-water system and lies below the aquifer system. Hydrogeologic unit 4 transmits or stores much less water than hydrogeologic unit 3 and represents either a moderately consolidated valley fill or a geologic unit in the valley fill defined on the basis of geophysical data. </span></p><p><span>Nearly all the recharge to the aquifer system is from infiltration of runoff from snowmelt and rainfall on the Sierra Nevada. In contrast, little recharge occurs to the system by runoff from the White and Inyo Mountains or from direct precipitation on the valley floor. Ground water flows from the margins of the valley towards the center of the valley; the ground water then flows south to the terminus of the system at Owens (dry) Lake. Ground water flows south from Bishop Basin to Owens Lake Basin through the narrows that constrict the flow opposite Poverty Hills. The aquifer system in the northern half of Owens Lake Basin is divided into east and west halves by the barrier effect caused by the Owens Valley fault. Discharge from the aquifer system is primarily by pumpage and evapotranspiration, and to a lesser extent by flowing wells, springs, underflow, and leakage to the Owens River-Los Angeles aqueduct system. Withdrawals from pumped or flowing wells is the largest component of discharge and accounts for about 50 percent of the outflow from the system. Transpiration by scrub and meadow plant communities, and to a lesser extent by irrigated alfalfa pasture, accounts for about 40 percent of the system's discharge. </span></p><p><span>Natural hydraulic conductivity ranges from less than 400 to about 12,000 feet per day in the basalt flows, the more permeable material in the aquifer system. Where the basalts are fractured by explosives and drilling techniques, actual transmissivities can be greater than 1,000,000 feet squared per day. Hydraulic conductivities in sedimentary deposits of the aquifer system range from less than a few feet per day in lacustrine clays to more than 300 feet per day in gravel stringers and beach deposits in the transition zone between alluvial fan deposits and fluvial and lacustrine deposits.</span></p><div class=\"page\" data-page-number=\"12\" data-loaded=\"true\"><div class=\"textLayer\"><span>Degree of confinement in the aquifer system generally increases to the </span><span>south and east in both the Bishop and Owens Lake Basins. The vertical hydraulic </span><span>gradient across hydrogeologic unit 2 and confining beds in hydrogeologic units 1 </span><span>and 3 is a function of (1) the asymmetric recharge and hydraulic head created by </span><span>the dominant recharge from Sierra Nevada runoff and (2) the areal extent and </span><span>thickness of the confining beds. </span><span>Although most of the pumpage is from </span><span>hydrogeologic unit 3, some coincident drawdown has been recorded in nonpumped </span><span>wells that tap unit 1. Drawdown in hydrogeologic unit 1 is a function of </span><span>changes in (1) lateral flow through hydrogeologic unit 1, (2) upward flow of </span><span>ground water through the confining beds, (3) downward leakage of water from </span><span>hydrogeologic unit 1 to unit 3 through wells, (4) direct withdrawal from well </span><span>intervals open to hydrogeologic unit 1, and (5) increased evapotranspiration.</span></div><div class=\"textLayer\"><span><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></span></div><div class=\"textLayer\"><span>The water in the aquifer system is generally of excellent quality for public supply and irrigation, with the exception of water stored in thick sequences of lacustrine silts and clays near Owens Lake. The water is principally a calcium bicarbonate type and dissolved-solids concentrations range from approximately 104 to 325 milligrams per liter. Water in the lacustrine sediments of Owens (dry) Lake is a sodium bicarbonate type and dissolved-solids concentrations are about 5,400 milligrams per liter. </span></div></div><div class=\"page\" data-page-number=\"13\" data-loaded=\"true\"></div><div class=\"page\" data-page-number=\"14\" data-loaded=\"true\"><div class=\"textLayer\"><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr88715","usgsCitation":"Hollett, K.J., Danskin, W., McCaffrey, W.F., and Walti, C., 1989, Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-715, Report: viii, 118 p.; 2 Plates 35.70 x 35.41 inches and 35.41 x 28.51 inches; 3 Figures: 16.01 x 11.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88715.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 118 p.; 2 Plates 35.70 x 35.41 inches and 35.41 x 28.51 inches; 3 Figures: 16.01 x 11.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":384038,"rank":7,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0715/Figure-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":384037,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0715/Figure-17.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":384036,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0715/Figure-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":384035,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0715/Plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":384034,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0715/Plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":384033,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0715/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144941,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0715/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.90478515625,\n              36.2354121683998\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.5537109375,\n              36.2354121683998\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.5537109375,\n              37.90953361677018\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.90478515625,\n              37.90953361677018\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.90478515625,\n              36.2354121683998\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db68414d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hollett, Kenneth J.","contributorId":40580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollett","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Danskin, W.R. 0000-0001-8672-5501","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8672-5501","contributorId":22713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danskin","given":"W.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCaffrey, W. F.","contributorId":18001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCaffrey","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walti, C.L.","contributorId":80685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walti","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":2753,"text":"wsp2343 - 1989 - Evaluation of nonpotable ground water in the desert area of southeastern California for powerplant cooling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:20","indexId":"wsp2343","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2343","title":"Evaluation of nonpotable ground water in the desert area of southeastern California for powerplant cooling","docAbstract":"Powerplant siting is dependent upon many factors; in southern California the prevailing physical constraint is water availability. Increasing land-use and other environmental concerns preclude further sites along the coast. A review of available hydrologic data was made of 142 ground-water basins in the southeast California desert area to ascertain if any could be feasible sources of nonpotable powerplant cooling water. Feasibility implies the capacity to sustain a typical 1,000-megawatt electrical-power generating plant for 30 years with an ample supply of ground water for cooling. \r\n\r\nOf the 142 basins reviewed, 5 met or exceeded established hydrologic criteria for supplying the water demands of a typical powerplant. These basins are: (1) middle Amargosa valley, (2) Soda Lake valley, (3) Caves Canyon valley, (4) Chuckwalla Valley, and (5) Calzona-Vidal Valley. Geohydrologic evaluations of these five basins assessed the occurrence and suitability of ground water and effects of long-term pumping. An additional six basins met or exceeded hydrologic criteria, with qualifications, for providing powerplant cooling water. The remaining 131 basins either did not meet the criteria, or available data were insufficient to determine if the basins would meet the criteria.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2343","usgsCitation":"Steinemann, A.C., 1989, Evaluation of nonpotable ground water in the desert area of southeastern California for powerplant cooling: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2343, iv, 44 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2343.","productDescription":"iv, 44 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137814,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2343/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29179,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2343/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fac8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steinemann, Anne C.","contributorId":76718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinemann","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2611,"text":"wsp2302 - 1989 - Alluvial and bedrock aquifers of the Denver Basin — Eastern Colorado's dual ground-water resource","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-21T19:56:55.233074","indexId":"wsp2302","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2302","title":"Alluvial and bedrock aquifers of the Denver Basin — Eastern Colorado's dual ground-water resource","docAbstract":"Large volumes of ground water are contained in alluvial and bedrock aquifers in the semiarid Denver basin of eastern Colorado. The bedrock aquifer, for example, contains 1.2 times as much water as Lake Erie of the Great Lakes, yet it supplies only about 9 percent of the ground water used in the basin. Although this seems to indicate underutilization of this valuable water supply, this is not necessarily the case, for many factors other than the volume of water in the aquifer affect the use of the aquifer. Such factors as climatic conditions, precipitation runoff, geology and water-yielding character of the aquifers, water-level conditions, volume of recharge and discharge, legal and economic constraints, and water-quality conditions can ultimately affect the decision to use ground water. Knowledge of the function and interaction of the various parts of this hydrologic system is important to the proper management and use of the ground-water resources of the region. \r\n\r\nThe semiarid climatic conditions on the Colorado plains produce flash floods of short duration and large peak-flow rates. However, snowmelt runoff from the Rocky Mountains produces the largest volumes of water and is typically of longer duration with smaller peak-flow rates. The alluvial aquifer is recharged easily from both types of runoff and readily stores and transmits the water because it consists of relatively thin deposits of gravel, sand, and clay located in the valleys of principal streams. The bedrock aquifer is recharged less easily because of its greater thickness (as much as 3,000 feet) and prevalent layers of shale which retard the downward movement of water in the formations. \r\n\r\nAlthough the bedrock aquifer contains more than 50 times as much water in storage as the alluvial aquifer, it does not store and transmit water as readily as the alluvial aquifer. For example, about 91 percent of the water pumped from wells is obtained from the alluvial aquifer, yet water-level declines generally have not exceeded 40 feet. By contrast, only 9 percent of the water pumped from wells is obtained from the bedrock aquifer, yet water-level declines in this aquifer have exceeded 500 feet in some areas. \r\n\r\nDepth to water in the alluvial aquifer generally is less than 40 feet, while depth to water in the bedrock aquifer may exceed 1,000 feet in some areas. Cost of pumping water to the surface and cost of maintaining existing supplies in areas of rapidly declining water levels in the bedrock aquifer affect water use. Water use is also affected by the generally poorer quality water found in the alluvial aquifer and, to a lesser extent, by the greater susceptibility of the alluvial aquifer to pollution from surface sources. \r\n\r\nBecause of these factors, the alluvial aquifer is used primarily as a source of irrigation supply, which is the largest water use in the area. The bedrock aquifer is used primarily as a source of domestic or municipal supply, which is the smaller of the two principal uses, even though the bedrock aquifer contains 50 times more stored ground water than the alluvial aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2302","usgsCitation":"Robson, S.G., 1989, Alluvial and bedrock aquifers of the Denver Basin — Eastern Colorado's dual ground-water resource: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2302, x, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2302.","productDescription":"x, 40 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394685,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25269.htm"},{"id":28898,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2302/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138814,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2302/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Denver Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.2870,\n              38.678\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.7,\n              38.678\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.7,\n              40.4360\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.2870,\n              40.4360\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.2870,\n              38.678\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db68763b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robson, Stanley G.","contributorId":73187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robson","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3626,"text":"cir1030 - 1989 - Water resources in the twenty-first century; a study of the implications of climate uncertainty","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15090,"text":"ofr88472 - 1988 - Water resources in the twenty-first century; a study of the implications of climate uncertainty","indexId":"ofr88472","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources in the twenty-first century; a study of the implications of climate uncertainty"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":3626,"text":"cir1030 - 1989 - Water resources in the twenty-first century; a study of the implications of climate uncertainty","indexId":"cir1030","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources in the twenty-first century; a study of the implications of climate uncertainty"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:34","indexId":"cir1030","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1030","title":"Water resources in the twenty-first century; a study of the implications of climate uncertainty","docAbstract":"The interactions of the water resources on and within the surface of the Earth with the atmosphere that surrounds it are exceedingly complex. Increased uncertainty can be attached to the availability of water of usable quality in the 21st century, therefore, because of potential anthropogenic changes in the global climate system. For the U.S. Geological Survey to continue to fulfill its mission with respect to assessing the Nation's water resources, an expanded program to study the hydrologic implications of climate uncertainty will be required. The goal for this program is to develop knowledge and information concerning the potential water-resources implications for the United States of uncertainties in climate that may result from both anthropogenic and natural changes of the Earth's atmosphere. Like most past and current water-resources programs of the Geological Survey, the climate-uncertainty program should be composed of three elements: (1) research, (2) data collection, and (3) interpretive studies. However, unlike most other programs, the climate-uncertainty program necessarily will be dominated by its research component during its early years. \r\n\r\nCritical new concerns to be addressed by the research component are (1) areal estimates of evapotranspiration, (2) hydrologic resolution within atmospheric (climatic) models at the global scale and at mesoscales, (3) linkages between hydrology and climatology, and (4) methodology for the design of data networks that will help to track the impacts of climate change on water resources. Other ongoing activities in U.S. Geological Survey research programs will be enhanced to make them more compatible with climate-uncertainty research needs. \r\n\r\nThe existing hydrologic data base of the Geological Survey serves as a key element in assessing hydrologic and climatologic change. However, this data base has evolved in response to other needs for hydrologic information and probably is not as sensitive to climate change as is desirable. Therefore, as measurement and network-design methodologies are improved to account for climate-change potential, new data-collection activities will be added to the existing programs. One particular area of data-collection concern pertains to the phenomenon of evapotranspiration. \r\n\r\nInterpretive studies of the hydrologic implications of climate uncertainty will be initiated by establishing several studies at the river-basin scale in diverse hydroclimatic and demographic settings. These studies will serve as tests of the existing methodologies for studying the impacts of climate change and also will help to define subsequent research priorities. A prototype for these studies was initiated in early 1988 in the Delaware River basin.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir1030","usgsCitation":"Moss, M.E., and Lins, H.F., 1989, Water resources in the twenty-first century; a study of the implications of climate uncertainty: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1030, vi, 25 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1030.","productDescription":"vi, 25 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124405,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1989/1030/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30669,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1989/1030/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0951","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moss, Marshall E.","contributorId":6830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moss","given":"Marshall","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lins, Harry F. 0000-0001-5385-9247 hlins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5385-9247","contributorId":1505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lins","given":"Harry","email":"hlins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":147281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1427,"text":"wsp2288 - 1989 - Ground-water hydrology of the central Raton Basin, Colorado and New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:17","indexId":"wsp2288","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2288","title":"Ground-water hydrology of the central Raton Basin, Colorado and New Mexico","docAbstract":"The watersheds of the Purgatoire and Apishapa Rivers contain most of the public coal lands in the Raton Basin. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, investigated the hydrogeology of this area from 1978 to 1982, inventorying 231 wells, 38 springs, and 6 mines, and collecting ground-water samples from 71 sites. \r\n\r\nThe Raton Basin is an asymmetrical trough, containing 10,000 to 25,000 feet of sedimentary rocks that range in age from Pennsylvanian to Eocene. These rocks are intruded by Miocene igneous rocks, covered with Pleistocene and Holocene alluvium on pediments and in stream valleys, and underlain by Precambrian crystalline rocks. Bituminous coal occurs in the Vermejo and Raton Formations of Cretaceous and Paleocene age. Virtually all of the sedimentary rocks transmit water. \r\n\r\nStream alluvium is the most productive aquifer. Bedrock aquifers have smaller yields but greater distribution. The principal bedrock aquifers are the Cuchara-Poison Canyon and the Raton-Vermejo-Trinidad. Other formations are nearly impermeable or too deep to be utilized economically. The Cuchara-Poison Canyon aquifer provides small, nonsustainable yields to wells. Sandstone and coal layers in the Raton-Vermejo-Trinidad aquifer provide small, sustainable yields, but many of these beds are lenticular and can be missed easily by wells. \r\n\r\nWater in alluvium typically is less mineralized than in bedrock but more susceptible to contamination. Sodium and calcium bicarbonate waters predominate in the area, but sodium chloride water commonly occurs in the Cuchara-Poison Canyon aquifer and may occur in the Pierre Shale. Plumes of sulfate-enriched water extend from coal mines into bedrock and alluvial aquifers. Dissolved-solids concentrations range from less than 500 milligrams per liter in calcium bicarbonate water to more than 1,500 milligrams per liter in sulfate and chloride waters. Much of the ground water is hard. Nitrogen is enriched in shallow ground water, and fluoride is enriched in deeper ground water. Levels of iron, manganese, zinc, and selenium locally exceed standards for domestic consumption.\r\n\r\nThe Purgatoire River and its tributaries are predominantly gaining streams, but losing reaches occur. Water quality in streams is affected by tributary inflows, mine discharge, contact with and seepage from tailings, groundwater seepage, diversion ditches, and changes in stage. Ground water flows regionally from west to east and locally from stream divides to valleys. Depths to water vary from 500 feet beneath divides to less than 100 feet in valleys. Springs typically develop where valleys intersect the water table, at or below the contact between the Poison Canyon and Raton Formations, and in stream channels that are crossed by dikes or sills or underlain by shallow bedrock. Most of the water in regional circulation discharges into surface drainages before reaching the east side of the basin. Groundwater supplies probably are insufficient for expanded settlement and coal mining.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2288","usgsCitation":"Geldon, A.L., 1989, Ground-water hydrology of the central Raton Basin, Colorado and New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2288, vii, 81 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2288.","productDescription":"vii, 81 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2288/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26531,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2288/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668b78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geldon, Arthur L.","contributorId":16395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geldon","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20390,"text":"ofr88728 - 1989 - Ground-water quality assessment of the central Oklahoma aquifer, Oklahoma - Analysis of available water-quality data through 1987","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20390,"text":"ofr88728 - 1989 - Ground-water quality assessment of the central Oklahoma aquifer, Oklahoma - Analysis of available water-quality data through 1987","indexId":"ofr88728","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water quality assessment of the central Oklahoma aquifer, Oklahoma - Analysis of available water-quality data through 1987"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2439,"text":"wsp2357B - 1994 - Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma; analysis of available water-quality data through 1987","indexId":"wsp2357B","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma; analysis of available water-quality data through 1987"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2439,"text":"wsp2357B - 1994 - Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma; analysis of available water-quality data through 1987","indexId":"wsp2357B","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma; analysis of available water-quality data through 1987"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-06T15:23:42","indexId":"ofr88728","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-728","title":"Ground-water quality assessment of the central Oklahoma aquifer, Oklahoma - Analysis of available water-quality data through 1987","docAbstract":"<p>Beginning in 1986, the Congress annually has appropriated funds for the U.S. Geological Survey to test and refine concepts for a National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. The long-term goals of a full-scale program would be to:</p><ol><li>Provide a nationally consistent description of current water-quality conditions for a large part of the Nation's surface- and ground-water resources;<br></li><li>Define long-term trends (or lack of trends) in water quality; and<br></li><li>Identify, describe, and explain, as possible, the major factors that affect the observed water-quality conditions and trends.<br></li></ol><p>The results of the NAWQA Program will be made available to water managers, policy makers, and the public, and will provide an improved scientific basis for evaluating the effectiveness of water-quality management programs.</p><p>At present (1988), the assessment program is in a pilot phase in seven project areas throughout the country that represent diverse hydrologic environments and water-quality conditions. The Central Oklahoma aquifer project is one of three pilot ground-water projects. One of the initial activities performed by each pilot project was to compile, screen, and interpret the large amount of water-quality data available within each study unit.</p><p>The purpose of this report is to assess the water quality of the Central Oklahoma aquifer using the information available through 1987. The scope of the work includes compiling data from Federal, State, and local agencies; evaluating the suitability of the information for conducting a regional water-quality assessment; mapping regional variations in major-ion chemistry; calculating summary statistics of the available water-quality data; producing maps to show the location and number of samples that exceeded water-quality standards; and performing contingency-table analyses to determine the relation of geologic unit and depth to the occurrence of chemical constituents that&nbsp;exceed water-quality standards. This report provides an initial description of water-quality conditions in the Central Oklahoma aquifer study unit. No attempt was made in this report to determine the causes for regional variations in major-ion chemistry or to examine the reasons that some chemical constituents exceed water-quality standards.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr88728","usgsCitation":"Parkhurst, D.L., Christenson, S.C., and Schlottmann, J.L., 1989, Ground-water quality assessment of the central Oklahoma aquifer, Oklahoma - Analysis of available water-quality data through 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-728, viii, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88728.","productDescription":"viii, 80 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153648,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0728/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":359240,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0728/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -97.75,\n              34.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.75,\n              34.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.75,\n              36\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.75,\n              36\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.75,\n              34.75\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a28da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":182569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christenson, Scott C. schris@usgs.gov","contributorId":980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christenson","given":"Scott","email":"schris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":182570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schlottmann, Jamie L.","contributorId":8830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlottmann","given":"Jamie","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":20345,"text":"ofr89421 - 1989 - Physical and chemical properties of San Francisco Bay, California, 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T12:58:43","indexId":"ofr89421","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-421","title":"Physical and chemical properties of San Francisco Bay, California, 1980","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey conducted hydrologic investigations in both the deep water channels and the shallow-water regions of the San Francisco Bay estuarine system during 1980. Cruises were conducted regularly, usually at two-week intervals. Physical and chemical properties presented in this report include temperature , salinity, suspended particulate matter, turbidity, extinction coefficient, partial pressure of CO2, partial pressure of oxygen , dissolved organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, discrete chlorophyll a, fluorescence of photosynthetic pigments, dissolved silica, dissolved phosphate, nitrate plus nitrite, nitrite, ammonium, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, dissolved nitrogen, dissolved phosphorus, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. Analytical methods are described. The body of data contained in this report characterizes hydrologic conditions in San Francisco Bay during a year with an average rate of freshwater inflow to the estuary. Concentrations of dissolved silica (discrete-sample) ranged from 3.8 to 310 micro-M in the northern reach of the bay, whereas the range in the southern reach was limited to 63 to 150 micro-M. Concentrations of phosphate (discrete-sample) ranged from 1.3 to 4.4 micro-M in the northern reach, which was narrow in comparison with that of 2.2 to 19.0 micro-M in the southern reach. Concentrations of nitrate plus nitrite (discrete-sample) ranged from near zero to 53 micro-M in the northern reach, and from 2.3 to 64 micro-M in the southern reach. Concentrations of nitrite (discrete-sample) were low in both reaches, exhibiting a range from nearly zero to approximately 2.3 micro-M. Concentrations of ammonium (discrete-sample) ranged from near zero to 14.2 micro-M in the northern reach, and from near zero to 8.3 micro-M in the southern reach. (USGS)</p>","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr89421","usgsCitation":"Ota, A.Y., Schemel, L., and Hager, S., 1989, Physical and chemical properties of San Francisco Bay, California, 1980: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-421, 251 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89421.","productDescription":"251 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":49877,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0421/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153161,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0421/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ota, Allan Y.","contributorId":85192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ota","given":"Allan","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schemel, L. E.","contributorId":89529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schemel","given":"L. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hager, S.W.","contributorId":51746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hager","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":2894,"text":"wsp2304 - 1989 - Potential hydrologic effects of ground-water withdrawals from the Dakota Aquifer, southwestern Kansas","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":16454,"text":"ofr85567 - 1985 - Potential hydrologic effects of ground-water withdrawals from the Dakota Aquifer, southwestern Kansas","indexId":"ofr85567","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Potential hydrologic effects of ground-water withdrawals from the Dakota Aquifer, southwestern Kansas"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2894,"text":"wsp2304 - 1989 - Potential hydrologic effects of ground-water withdrawals from the Dakota Aquifer, southwestern Kansas","indexId":"wsp2304","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Potential hydrologic effects of ground-water withdrawals from the Dakota Aquifer, southwestern Kansas"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:20","indexId":"wsp2304","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2304","title":"Potential hydrologic effects of ground-water withdrawals from the Dakota Aquifer, southwestern Kansas","docAbstract":"A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of potential development of the Dakota aquifer on the layered-aquifer system above Permian rocks in a 5,000-square-mile area of southwestern Kansas. This aquifer system, which consists of five layers, includes the Cheyenne aquifer, the Kiowa confining unit, the Dakota aquifer, the Niobrara-Graneros confining unit, and the High Plains aquifer. Water supplies from the sandstone aquifers thus far have been developed mainly in parts of Hodgeman and Ford Counties. Management restrictions placed on further development of the High Plains aquifer could lead to additional development of the sandstone aquifers in the study area. \r\n\r\nThe upper sandstone aquifer, the Dakota aquifer, consists of sandstone and shale of the Lower Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone and is as much as 400 feet thick. Transmissivity of the Dakota aquifer, determined from analyses of pumping tests, ranges from 100-7,100 feet squared per day. The Dakota aquifer is confined where it is overlain by the shales and limestones of the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara-Graneros confining unit, but locally it is unconfined. \r\n\r\nThe lower sandstone aquifer, the Cheyenne aquifer, consists of the sandstone and shales of the Lower Cretaceous Cheyenne Sandstone in the eastern half of the study area plus undifferentiated Middle and Upper Jurassic rocks (sandstone, siltstone, shale, and limestone) in the western half of the study area. Maximum thickness of the Cheyenne aquifer is more than 300 feet, and maximum transmissivity is estimated at 3,000 feet squared per day. \r\n\r\nEstimated water use in the study area was about 8,800,000 acre-feet from the High Plains aquifer and about 160,000 acre-feet from the Dakota aquifer during 1975-82. The Cheyenne aquifer is not developed in the study area, and no water use from it is reported. \r\n\r\nThe chemical characteristics of water in the sandstone aquifers are highly variable in the study area. Water in the Dakota aquifer is a calcium bicarbonate type water, similar to water in the High Plains aquifer, in the subcrop area. However, in areas distant from the subcrop, water in the Dakota aquifer is a sodium bicarbonate type water with dissolved-solids concentrations in excess of 500 milligrams per liter. In some parts of the study area, water from the Dakota presents high to very high salinity and sodium hazards to crops and soil when it is used for irrigation. The Cheyenne aquifer locally contains mineralized water, as indicated by the response of resistivity curves on geophysical logs. \r\n\r\nHydrographs of wells completed in the Dakota aquifer indicate that the Dakota and High Plains aquifers are hydraulically connected in and near subcrop areas. Locally, the Dakota aquifer has converted from confined to unconfined conditions as a result of declining water levels due to pumpage from the Dakota aquifer and as the result of depletion of the High Plains aquifer in subcrop areas. Gradual declines in the potentiometric surface of the Dakota aquifer have occurred since the onset of pumpage in the 1960's; however, water levels in some wells have risen during the late 1970's. \r\n\r\nA digital computer model of three-dimensional groundwater flow was developed to simulate hydrologic conditions of a five-layer hydrologic system for 1975-82 conditions. The major components of the simulated 1975-82 water budget were well discharge from the High Plains aquifer and loss of ground water from storage in the High Plains aquifer. Although downward leakage from the High Plains aquifer in the study area represented only 18,000 acre-feet of the 1,365,000 acre-feet discharged from the High Plains aquifer during 1982, it was a major source of inflow to the Dakota aquifer. Changes in storage in the Dakota aquifer in the study area during 1982 were about 5,000 acre-feet. \r\n\r\nA baseline projection was made using 1982 simulated hydraulic heads from the calibrated model and 1982 rates of pumpage from both the High Plains and the Dakota aquifer","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2304","usgsCitation":"Watts, K.R., 1989, Potential hydrologic effects of ground-water withdrawals from the Dakota Aquifer, southwestern Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2304, vii, 47 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2304.","productDescription":"vii, 47 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138363,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2304/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29546,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2304/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db68313d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watts, Kenneth R. krwatts@usgs.gov","contributorId":1647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"Kenneth","email":"krwatts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":145969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29906,"text":"wri894086 - 1989 - Sediment transport and accretion and the hydrologic environment of Grove Creek near Kenansville, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T09:49:58","indexId":"wri894086","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4086","title":"Sediment transport and accretion and the hydrologic environment of Grove Creek near Kenansville, North Carolina","docAbstract":"The Grove Creek basin includes an area of about 42 square miles in Duplin County, southeastern North Carolina. This report evaluates sediment transport and sediment-accretion rates in the lowermost 9-mile reach of Grove Creek by using hydrologic, dendrologic, and radioisotopic data collected at seven sites along the study reach.\r\n\r\nHydrologic data indicate two discharge frequencies. In the swampiest reaches downstream of site 5, inundation occurs 35 percent of the time; above this site, inundation occurs about 15 percent of the time. For the period from October 1982 through September 1987, overbank flows at site 4 occurred 82 times and lasted a total of 632 days with a maximum duration of 3 months.\r\n\r\nDistribution of tree species indicates that water-tolerant bald cypress have developed along the lowermost 7 miles of Grove Creek where the flood plain is inundated 35 percent of the time. These swampy conditions have been in existence across limited parts of the flood plain for the last 80 to 150 years. In contrast, the upstream sites have been comparatively dry for the same period.\r\n\r\nThe sediment that is transported in Grove Creek is predominately silt and clay. Measured suspended-sediment concentrations at discharges less than 100 cubic foot per second are less than 15 milligrams per liter; concentrations at higher discharges did not exceed 67 milligrams per liter. Calculated suspended-sediment loads ranged from 75 to 444 tons per year at the various data-collection sites on Grove Creek.\r\n\r\nSediment-accretion rates estimated from dendrologic data ranged from 0.03 foot per year to 0.06 foot per year. The highest accretion rates occur in the downstream swampy reaches and are due to channel braiding, low channel gradients and flow velocities, and high frequency and duration percentages of overbank flow, which result in the deposition of clay and silt over wide areas of the flood plain.\r\n\r\nSediment-accretion rates along Grove Creek were also estimated by radioisotope methods. Sediment cores from the flood plain showed detectable levels of cesium-137, lead-210, and radium-226. Cesium-137 was not present in the sediment cores below a depth of 10 inches; this indicates a maximum accretion rate of about 0.024 foot per year for the period 1952-87. Lead-210 and radium-226 data from these same sediment cores indicate an average accretion rate of 0.026 foot per year to a depth of about 2 feet. The maximum age of the flood-plain sediment at the 2-foot level is about 80 years. The atmosphere was confirmed as the source of excess lead-210 in flood-plain sediments by nearly matching calculated values of the lead-210 flux at each site with the measured value for atmospheric deposition.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894086","usgsCitation":"Stamey, T.C., 1989, Sediment transport and accretion and the hydrologic environment of Grove Creek near Kenansville, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4086, iv, 30 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894086.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4086/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58723,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4086/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","city":"Kenansville","otherGeospatial":"Grove Creek","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-77.8338,35.1781],[-77.769,35.146],[-77.7521,35.108],[-77.7484,35.0221],[-77.7303,35.0076],[-77.6786,34.9726],[-77.6509,34.9243],[-77.685,34.7392],[-77.6852,34.7328],[-77.6806,34.7205],[-77.919,34.715],[-77.9244,34.7214],[-77.9361,34.7239],[-77.944,34.7227],[-77.9541,34.7192],[-77.9621,34.7153],[-77.9653,34.7203],[-77.9697,34.7209],[-77.9737,34.7187],[-77.9765,34.7183],[-77.9793,34.7169],[-77.9849,34.7166],[-77.9989,34.7182],[-78.0033,34.721],[-78.0104,34.7288],[-78.0176,34.7312],[-78.0249,34.7286],[-78.0289,34.7251],[-78.044,34.7271],[-78.0618,34.7288],[-78.0787,34.7241],[-78.1011,34.7258],[-78.1129,34.7224],[-78.1232,34.7139],[-78.1339,34.7091],[-78.135,34.71],[-78.1493,34.7202],[-78.1974,34.7428],[-78.1938,34.7559],[-78.1793,34.8011],[-78.1732,34.8201],[-78.1684,34.8345],[-78.1672,34.8382],[-78.1466,34.9023],[-78.1483,34.926],[-78.1487,34.9319],[-78.1496,34.9401],[-78.15,34.9478],[-78.1539,34.9969],[-78.1551,35.0396],[-78.1597,35.0801],[-78.1712,35.0934],[-78.1707,35.1152],[-78.1629,35.1374],[-78.1639,35.1896],[-78.077,35.175],[-78.0445,35.1927],[-78.0259,35.1942],[-78.0186,35.194],[-78.0057,35.1911],[-77.9867,35.1844],[-77.9823,35.1812],[-77.9787,35.1707],[-77.9703,35.166],[-77.9546,35.1652],[-77.9448,35.1728],[-77.9302,35.1739],[-77.9202,35.1696],[-77.9113,35.1645],[-77.9098,35.1581],[-77.9015,35.1521],[-77.8971,35.1488],[-77.8895,35.1582],[-77.8855,35.1618],[-77.8338,35.1781]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Duplin\",\"state\":\"NC\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbf6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stamey, T. C.","contributorId":95496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamey","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27008,"text":"wri884030 - 1989 - Water resources of Soledad, Poway, and Moosa basins, San Diego County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-27T21:36:52.086707","indexId":"wri884030","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4030","title":"Water resources of Soledad, Poway, and Moosa basins, San Diego County, California","docAbstract":"<p>Reclaimed water is being considered as as supplemental water supply in the Soledad, Poway, and Moosa basins, San Diego County. This report describes the geology, soils, hydrology, and cultural factors in each of the basins as they relate to use of reclaimed water. Imported water is currently the major water-supply source in the basins. Groundwater supplies are used to a limited extent for both agricultural and domestic needs. Surface water flows are intermittent and, therefore, have not been developed for use in the basins. All three of the basins have the potential for use of reclaimed water, but only the Moosa basin is currently implementing a plan for such use. Concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate in both ground and surface water commonly exceed local basin objectives. As of 1985, plans for use of reclaimed water are oriented toward improving the quality of the groundwater.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884030","usgsCitation":"Evenson, K.D., 1989, Water resources of Soledad, Poway, and Moosa basins, San Diego County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4030, vii, 87 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884030.","productDescription":"vii, 87 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":408837,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49220.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55894,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4030/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124068,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4030/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Diego County","otherGeospatial":"Soledad, Poway, and Mousa basins","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.2667,\n              33.2667\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.2667,\n              32.875\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.9583,\n              32.875\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.9583,\n              33.2667\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.2667,\n              33.2667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69962e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evenson, K. D.","contributorId":85978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evenson","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":4293,"text":"cir1038 - 1989 - Geohazards '88; a symposium highlighting research on the causes, effects, and prediction of geologic and hydrologic hazards; program abstracts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-01T19:09:58","indexId":"cir1038","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1038","title":"Geohazards '88; a symposium highlighting research on the causes, effects, and prediction of geologic and hydrologic hazards; program abstracts","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1038","usgsCitation":"1989, Geohazards '88; a symposium highlighting research on the causes, effects, and prediction of geologic and hydrologic hazards; program abstracts: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1038, iv, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1038.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":31404,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1989/1038/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1989/1038/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8f81","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hodges, Carroll Ann","contributorId":99144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodges","given":"Carroll","email":"","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747034,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":38435,"text":"pp1404B - 1989 - Hydrogeologic framework of the New Jersey Coastal Plain","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":16692,"text":"ofr84730 - 1984 - Hydrogeologic framework of the New Jersey coastal plain","indexId":"ofr84730","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrogeologic framework of the New Jersey coastal plain"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38435,"text":"pp1404B - 1989 - Hydrogeologic framework of the New Jersey Coastal Plain","indexId":"pp1404B","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Hydrogeologic framework of the New Jersey Coastal Plain"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T13:43:49.49535","indexId":"pp1404B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1404","chapter":"B","title":"Hydrogeologic framework of the New Jersey Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of a water-resources, oriented subsurface mapping program within the Coastal Plain of New Jersey.  The occurrence and configuration of 15 regional  hydrogeologic units have been defined, primarily on the basis of an interpretation of borehole geophysical data.  The nine aquifers and six confining beds are composed of unconsolidated clay, silt, sand, and gravel and range in age from Cretaceous to Quaternary.\r\n\r\nElectric and gamma-ray logs from more than 1,000 Coastal Plain wells were examined.  Of these, interpretive data for 302 sites were selected, on the basis of logged depth, quality of data, and data distribution, to prepare structure contour and thickness maps for each aquifer and a thickness map for each confining bed.  These maps, together with 14 hydrogeologic sections, show the geometry, lateral extent, and vertical and horizontal relationships among the 15 hydrogeologic units.  \r\n\r\nThe hydrogeologic maps and sections show that distinct lower, middle, and upper aquifers are present within the Potomac, Raritan-Magothy aquifer system near the Delaware River from Burlington County to Salem County.  Although the lower aquifer is recognized only in this area, the middle aquifer extends into the northeastern Coastal Plain of New Jersey, where it is stratigraphically equivalent to the Farrington aquifer.  The upper aquifer extends throughout most of the New Jersey Coastal Plain and is stratigraphically equivalent to the Old Bridge aquifer in the northeastern Coastal Plain.  The overlying Merchantville-Woodbury confining bed is the most regionally extensive confining bed within the New Jersey Coastal Plain.  Its thickness ranges from less than 100 feet near the outcrop to more than 450 feet along the coast.  The Englishtown aquifer system acts as a single aquifer throughout most of its subsurface extent, but it contains two water-bearing sands in pars of Monmouth and Ocean Counties.  The overlying Marshalltown-Wenonah confining bed is a thin, leaky unit ranging in thickness from approximately 20 to 80 feet.  The Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer is identified in the subsurface throughout the New Jersey Coastal Plain southeast of its outcrop  area.  \r\n\r\nSediments that overlie the Wenonah-Mount Lauren aquifer and that are subjacent to the major aquifers within the Kirkwood Formation and the Cohansey Sand are described hydrologically as a composite confining bed.  These include the Navesink Formation, Red Bank Sand, Tinton Sand, Hornerstown Sand, Vincentown Formation, Manasquan Formation, Shark River Formation, and Piney Point Formation and the basal clay of the Kirkwood Formation.. The Vincentown Formation functions as n aquifer within 3 to 10 miles downdip of its outcrop area.  In areas farther downdip the Vincentown Formation functions as a confining bed.  The Piney Point aquifer is laterally persistent from the southern New Jersey Coastal Plain northward into parts of Burlington and Ocean Counties.  The Atlantic City 800-foot sand of the Kirkwood Formation can be recognized in the subsurface along coastal areas of Cape May, Atlantic, and southern Ocean Counties, but inland only as far west as the extent of the overlying confining bed.  In areas west of the extent of the overlying confining bed, the Kirkwood Formation is in hydraulic connection with the overlying Cohansey Sand and younger surficial deposits and functions as an unconfined aquifer.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Regional aquifer-system analysis - Northern Atlantic coastal plain (Professional Paper 1404)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1404B","usgsCitation":"Zapecza, O.S., 1989, Hydrogeologic framework of the New Jersey Coastal Plain: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1404, Report: vi, 49 p.; 24 plates: 20.25 x 27.68 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1404B.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 49 p.; 24 plates: 20.25 x 27.68 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":104627,"rank":27,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4842.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4842"},{"id":64867,"rank":25,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/plate-23.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64866,"rank":24,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/plate-22.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64861,"rank":19,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/plate-17.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64860,"rank":18,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/plate-16.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64859,"rank":17,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/plate-15.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64858,"rank":16,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/plate-14.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64857,"rank":15,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64856,"rank":14,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64855,"rank":13,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64854,"rank":12,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64853,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64852,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64851,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64847,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64846,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64845,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64869,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124942,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64850,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64849,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64848,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64862,"rank":20,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/plate-18.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64863,"rank":21,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/plate-19.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64864,"rank":22,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/plate-20.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64865,"rank":23,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/plate-21.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64868,"rank":26,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404b/plate-24.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"New Jersey Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.6167,\n              40.5678\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.6167,\n              38.8869\n            ],\n            [\n              -74,\n              38.8869\n            ],\n            [\n              -74,\n              40.5678\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.6167,\n              40.5678\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628dd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zapecza, Otto S. ozapecza@usgs.gov","contributorId":3687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zapecza","given":"Otto","email":"ozapecza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":219818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":21410,"text":"ofr89380 - 1989 - Miscellaneous streamflow measurements in the State of Washington, January 1961 to September 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:46","indexId":"ofr89380","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-380","title":"Miscellaneous streamflow measurements in the State of Washington, January 1961 to September 1985","docAbstract":"This report is a compilation of previously published miscellaneous streamflow measurements made in Washington State by the U.S. Geological Survey between January 1961 and September 1985. It is a supplement to a volume of similar data for the period 1890 to January 1961. The data include stream name and stream to which it is tributary, latitude and longitude, county code, hydrologic unit code, land-line location, drainage area, and measurement dates and discharges. In general, the data sites are not at gaging stations; however, some data are given for gaging station sites during periods when the stations were not in operation. All data in this report have been entered into a computerized data base that includes the data for the period 1890 to January 1961. The data can be retrieved in a variety of ways, such as by county, by hydrologic unit code, by river basin , or by size of drainage area. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr89380","usgsCitation":"Williams, J., and Riis, S., 1989, Miscellaneous streamflow measurements in the State of Washington, January 1961 to September 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-380, iii, 382 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89380.","productDescription":"iii, 382 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0380/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50980,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0380/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699b94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, John R.","contributorId":41832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"John R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Riis, S.A.","contributorId":79500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riis","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":18016,"text":"ofr88478 - 1989 - Assessment of the potential effects of climate change on water resources of the Delaware River basin; work plan for 1988-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:23","indexId":"ofr88478","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-478","title":"Assessment of the potential effects of climate change on water resources of the Delaware River basin; work plan for 1988-90","docAbstract":"The current consensus is that some global atmospheric warming will occur as a result of increasing ' greenhouse ' gases. Water resources scientists, planners, and managers are concerned about the uncertainty associated with climatic-change effects on water supplies and what planning might be necessary to mitigate the effects. Collaborative studies between climatologists, hydrologists, biologists, and others are needed to gain this understanding. The Delaware River basin study is an interdisciplinary effort on the part of the U.S. Geological Survey that was initiated to improve understanding of the sensitivity of the basin 's water resources to the potential effects of climate change. The Delaware River basin is 12,765 sq mi in area, crosses five physiographic provinces, and supplies water for an estimated 20 million people within and outside the basin. Climate change presumably will result in changes in precipitation and temperature and could have significant effects on evapotranspiration, streamflow, and groundwater recharge. A rise in sea level is likely to accompany global warming and, depending on changes in freshwater inflows, could alter the salinity of the Estuary and increase saline-water intrusion into adjacent aquifer systems. Because the potential effects are not well understood, this report discusses how the effects of climate change on the basin 's water resources might be defined and evaluated. The study objective is to investigate the basin 's hydrologic response, under existing water management policy and infrastructure, to various scenarios of climate change. Specific objectives include defining the temporal and spatial variability of basin hydrology under existing climate conditions , developing climate-change scenarios, and evaluating the potential effects and sensitivities of basin water availability to these scenarios. The objectives will be accomplished through intensive modeling analysis of the basin 's climate, watershed, estuary, and aquifer systems. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nCopies of this report can be purchased from Books and Open-File Reports,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88478","usgsCitation":"Ayers, M.A., and Leavesley, G., 1989, Assessment of the potential effects of climate change on water resources of the Delaware River basin; work plan for 1988-90: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-478, iv, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88478.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0478/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47262,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0478/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671ccb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayers, M. A.","contributorId":41417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayers","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":13718,"text":"ofr87237 - 1989 - Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13718,"text":"ofr87237 - 1989 - Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","indexId":"ofr87237","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38451,"text":"pp1408F - 1992 - Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","indexId":"pp1408F","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":38451,"text":"pp1408F - 1992 - Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","indexId":"pp1408F","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-22T20:48:37.270001","indexId":"ofr87237","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-237","title":"Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr87237","usgsCitation":"Garabedian, S., 1989, Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-237, Report: x, 151 p.; 10 Plates: 27.67 x 25.65 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87237.","productDescription":"Report: x, 151 p.; 10 Plates: 27.67 x 25.65 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":383499,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0237/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383498,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0237/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383497,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0237/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383496,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0237/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383495,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0237/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383494,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0237/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383493,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0237/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383492,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0237/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383491,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0237/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383490,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0237/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147282,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0237/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.93847656250001,\n              42.06560675405716\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.005859375,\n              42.06560675405716\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.005859375,\n              43.96119063892024\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.93847656250001,\n              43.96119063892024\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.93847656250001,\n              42.06560675405716\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e8fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garabedian, S. P.","contributorId":56657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"S. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2542,"text":"wsp2298 - 1989 - Simulation of rainfall-runoff response in mined and unmined watersheds in coal areas of West Virginia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20561,"text":"ofr86321 - 1986 - Simulation of rainfall-runoff response in small coal-mined and in undisturbed watersheds in West Virginia","indexId":"ofr86321","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Simulation of rainfall-runoff response in small coal-mined and in undisturbed watersheds in West Virginia"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2542,"text":"wsp2298 - 1989 - Simulation of rainfall-runoff response in mined and unmined watersheds in coal areas of West Virginia","indexId":"wsp2298","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Simulation of rainfall-runoff response in mined and unmined watersheds in coal areas of West Virginia"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:30","indexId":"wsp2298","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2298","title":"Simulation of rainfall-runoff response in mined and unmined watersheds in coal areas of West Virginia","docAbstract":"Meteorologic and hydrologic data from five small watersheds in the coal areas of West Virginia were used to calibrate and test the U.S. Geological Survey Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System for simulating streamflow under various climatic and land-use conditions. Three of the basins--Horsecamp Run, Gilmer Run, and Collison Creek--are primarily forested and relatively undisturbed. The remaining basins--Drawdy Creek and Brier Creek-are extensively mined, both surface and underground above stream drainage level. \r\n\r\nLow-flow measurements at numerous synoptic sites in the mined basins indicate that coal mining has substantially altered the hydrologic system of each basin. The effects of mining on streamflow that were identified are (1) reduced base flow in stream segments underlain by underground mines, (2) increased base flow in streams that are downdip and stratigraphically below the elevation of the mined coal beds, and (3) interbasin transfer of ground water through underground mines. These changes probably reflect increased permeability of surface rocks caused by subsidence fractures associated with collapsed underground mines in the basin. Such fractures would increase downward percolation of precipitation, surface and subsurface flow, and ground-water flow to deeper rocks or to underground mine workings. \r\n\r\nModel simulations of the water budgets for the unmined basins during the 1972-73 water years indicate that total annual runoff averaged 60 percent of average annual precipitation; annual evapotranspiration losses averaged 40 percent of average annual precipitation. Of the total annual runoff, approximately 91 percent was surface and subsurface runoff and 9 percent was groundwater discharge. Changes in storage in the soil zone and in the subsurface and ground-water reservoirs in the basins were negligible. \r\n\r\nIn contrast, water-budget simulations for the mined basins indicate significant differences in annual recharge and in total annual runoff. Model simulations of the water budget for Drawdy Creek basin indicate that total annual runoff during 1972-73 averaged only 43 percent of average annual precipitation--the lowest of all study basins; annual evapotranspiration losses averaged 49 percent, and interbasin transfer of ground-water losses averaged about 8 percent. Of the total annual runoff, approximately 74 percent was surface and subsurface flow and 26 percent was ground-water discharge. The low total annual runoff at Drawdy Creek probably reflects increased recharge of precipitation and surface and subsurface flow losses to ground water. Most of the increase in ground-water storage is, in turn, lost to a ground-water sink--namely, interbasin transfer of ground water by gravity drainage and (or) mine pumpage from underground mines that extend to adjacent basins. \r\n\r\nHypothetical mining situations were posed for model analysis to determine the effects of increased mining on streamflow in the mined basins. Results of model simulations indicate that streamflow characteristics, the water budget, and the seasonal distribution of streamflow would be significantly modified in response to an increase in mining in the basins. Simulations indicate that (1) total annual runoff in the basins would decrease because of increased surface- and subsurface-flow losses and increased recharge of precipitation to ground water (these losses would tend to reduce medium to high flows mainly during winter and spring when losses would be greatest), (2) extreme high flows in response to intense rainstorms would be negligibly affected, regardless of the magnitude of mining in the basins, (3) ground-water discharge also would decrease during winter and spring, but the amount and duration of low flows during summer and fall would substantially increase in response to increased ground-water storage in rocks and in underground mines, and (4) the increase in ground-water storage in the basins would be depleted, mostly by increased losses to a grou","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2298","usgsCitation":"Puente, C., and Atkins, J.T., 1989, Simulation of rainfall-runoff response in mined and unmined watersheds in coal areas of West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2298, iv, 48 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2298.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2298/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28783,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2298/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a376","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Puente, Celso","contributorId":36140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puente","given":"Celso","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Atkins, John T. jtatkins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkins","given":"John","email":"jtatkins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":145373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29302,"text":"wri884005 - 1989 - Suspended-sediment yields from an unmined area and from mined areas before and after reclamation in Pennsylvania, June 1978-September 1983","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-20T08:10:45","indexId":"wri884005","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4005","title":"Suspended-sediment yields from an unmined area and from mined areas before and after reclamation in Pennsylvania, June 1978-September 1983","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, has collected hydrologic data from areas in Tioga, Clearfield, and Fayette Counties to determine the effects of surface coal mining on sediment yields. The data were collected from June 1978 through September 1983. Rainfall, streamflow and suspended-sediment data were collected with automatic recording and sampling equipment. Data were collected in Tioga County from an agricultural area that was unaffected by mining and from a forested area prior to surface mining. Data were collected from two areas affected by active surface mining in Tioga County and from an area in Clearfield County being mined by the contour-surface method. Data also were collected from three areas, Tioga, Clearfield, and Fayette Counties, during and after reclamation. The efficiencies of sediment-control pounds in Clearfield and Fayette Counties also were determined. The average annual sediment yield from the agricultural area in Tioga County, which was 35 percent forested, was 0.48 ton per acre per year, and the yield from the forested area prior to mining was 0.0036 ton per acre per year. The average annual sediment yields from the areas affected by active surface mining were 22 tons per acre from the improved haul road and 148 tons per acre from the unimproved haul road. \r\n\r\nThe average annual sediment yield from the site in Clearfield County that had been prepared for mining was 6.3 tons per acre. The average annual sediment yield from the same site while it was being mined by the contour method was 5.5 tons per acre per year. The sediment-control pond reduced the average annual sediment yield to 0.50 ton per acre while the site was prepared for mining and to 0.14 ton per acre while the site was being mined. Because the active surface mining reduced the effective drainage area to the pond, the sediment yield decreased from 0.50 to 0.14 ton per acre. \r\n\r\nAverage annual suspended-sediment yields from the reclaimed site in Tioga County were 1.0 ton per acre during the first year, when vegetation was becoming established, and 0.037 ton per acre during the second year, when vegetation was well established. The average annual sediment yield below a 21.2-acre, reclaimed, surface mine in Clearfield County that had been mined by the contour method was 15 tons per acre during the first year when vegetation was becoming established. However, the average annual sediment yield below a sediment-control pond at this reclaimed site in Clearfield County was 0.30 ton per acre. \r\n\r\nData collected from a 4.2-acre reclaimed area that had been surface mined by the block-cut method in Fayette County showed that annual sediment yields from the area were 77 tons per acre in 1981 (no vegetation), 32 tons per acre in 1982 (sparse vegetation), and 1.0 ton per acre in 1983 (well-esatablished vegetation). The average annual yield below a sediment-control pond at the mine site in Fayette County was 0.19 ton per acre during the 27 months of data collection.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884005","usgsCitation":"Reed, L., and Hainly, R., 1989, Suspended-sediment yields from an unmined area and from mined areas before and after reclamation in Pennsylvania, June 1978-September 1983: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4005, viii, 50 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884005.","productDescription":"viii, 50 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159375,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4005/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58150,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4005/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687fee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, L.A.","contributorId":14454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hainly, R.A.","contributorId":45732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hainly","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":13635,"text":"ofr85174 - 1989 - Hydrologic and meteorologic data for the Bald Mountain area, Aroostook County, Maine: June 1979 through June 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-21T20:35:19.140509","indexId":"ofr85174","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-174","title":"Hydrologic and meteorologic data for the Bald Mountain area, Aroostook County, Maine: June 1979 through June 1984","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr85174","usgsCitation":"Fontaine, R.A., 1989, Hydrologic and meteorologic data for the Bald Mountain area, Aroostook County, Maine: June 1979 through June 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-174, iv, 166 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85174.","productDescription":"iv, 166 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410886,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75762.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":42153,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0174/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0174/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","county":"Aroostook County","otherGeospatial":"Bald Mountain area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -68.8333,\n              46.8333\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.8333,\n              46.6667\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.6667,\n              46.6667\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.6667,\n              46.8333\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.8333,\n              46.8333\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6117e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fontaine, Richard A. rfontain@usgs.gov","contributorId":2379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fontaine","given":"Richard","email":"rfontain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":168144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":17421,"text":"ofr9167 - 1989 - National Research Program of the Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey, Fiscal Year 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-06T12:39:41","indexId":"ofr9167","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-67","title":"National Research Program of the Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey, Fiscal Year 1989","docAbstract":"<p>The National Research Program (NRP) of the U.S. Geological Survey's Water Resources Division (WRD) had its beginnings in the late 1950's when \"core research\" was added as a line item to the Congressional budget. Since that time, the NRP has grown to encompass a broad spectrum of scientific investigations. The sciences of hydrology, mathematics, chemistry, physics, ecology, biology, geology, and engineering are used to gain a fundamental understanding of the processes that affect the availability, movement, and quality of the Nation's water resources. The knowledge gained and methods developed have great value to WRD's operational program. Results of the investigations conducted by the NRP are applicable not only to the solution of current water problems but also to future issues, anticipated or unanticipated, that may affect the Nation's water resources.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9167","usgsCitation":"1989, National Research Program of the Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey, Fiscal Year 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-67, iii, 303 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9167.","productDescription":"iii, 303 p.","numberOfPages":"311","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":349766,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0067/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0067/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698753","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Eggers, JoAnn","contributorId":19425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggers","given":"JoAnn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722164,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, Linda C.","contributorId":98702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Linda C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722165,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":38453,"text":"pp1409E - 1989 - Ground-water hydrology and simulated effects of development in Smith Creek valley, a hydrologically closed basin in Lander County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:02","indexId":"pp1409E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1409","chapter":"E","title":"Ground-water hydrology and simulated effects of development in Smith Creek valley, a hydrologically closed basin in Lander County, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1409E","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J.M., Carlton, S., and Hines, L., 1989, Ground-water hydrology and simulated effects of development in Smith Creek valley, a hydrologically closed basin in Lander County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1409, p. E1-E57, 2 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1409E.","productDescription":"p. E1-E57, 2 plates in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104637,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4862.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4862"},{"id":122090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64944,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409e/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64945,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409e/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64946,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668d86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, J. M.","contributorId":62217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carlton, S.M.","contributorId":18036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlton","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, L.B.","contributorId":49406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}