The relative displacements of the walls of many veins, joints, and dikes demonstrate that these structures are dilatant cracks. We infer that dilatant cracks propagate in a principal stress plane, normal to the maximum tensile or least compressive stress. Arrays of echelon crack segments appear to emerge from the peripheries of some dilatant cracks. Breakdown of a parent crack into an echelon array may be initiated by a spatial or temporal rotation of the remote principal stresses about an axis parallel to the crack propagation direction. Near the parent-crack tip, a rotation of the local principal stresses is induced in the same sense, but not necessarily through the same angle. Incipient echelon cracks form at the parent-crack tip normal to the local maximum tensile stress. Further longitudinal growth along surfaces that twist about axes parallel to the propagation direction realigns each echelon crack into a remote principal stress plane. The walls of these twisted cracks may be idealized as helicoidal surfaces. An array of helicoidal cracks sweeps out less surface area than one parent crack twisting through the same angle. Thus, many echelon cracks grow from a single parent because the work done in creating the array, as measured by its surface area, decreases as the number of cracks increases. In cross sections perpendicular to the propagation direction, echelon cracks grow laterally, each crack overlapping its neighbors, until the mechanical interaction of adjacent cracks limits this growth. Dilation of each crack pinches the tips of adjacent cracks into an asymmetrical form and introduces local stresses that can cause lateral growth along a curving, sigmoidal path. Sigmoidal echelon cracks may link at tip-to-plane intersections, leaving a step in the through-going crack wall. The geometry of dilatant echelon cracks may be used to infer spatial or temporal changes in the orientation of principal stresses in the Earth.
Fingerling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of genetically different strains survived, grew, and were caught at different rates by anglers and in gill nets after release from a hatchery into a 1‐hectare pond. When two domestic strains were compared, more fish of the strain genetically selected for fast growth were caught per unit of angling effort than were fish of a strain not selected for this characteristic. When fish of a natural and domestic strain were released together, survival was higher in the natural strain, but growth was slower. Strain population estimates reflected differences in catchability and were erroneous for the strain selected for growth. These observations imply that rainbow trout of different strains vary in their suitability for different fishery management practices.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1982)2<1:SGACOR>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Brauhn, J., and Kincaid, H., 1982, Survival, growth, and catchability of rainbow trout of four strains: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 2, no. 1, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1982)2<1:SGACOR>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132189,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6880f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brauhn, J.L.","contributorId":59767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brauhn","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kincaid, H.","contributorId":22273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kincaid","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011482,"text":"70011482 - 1982 - Extension in the Rio Grande rift","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T15:09:07.736725","indexId":"70011482","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extension in the Rio Grande rift","docAbstract":"A positive gravity anomaly along the axis of the Rio Grande rift reflects a volume of anomalous mass added at the base of the crust and intruded into the crust. Part of this volume can be associated with vertical uplift of the crust. The remainder of this anomalous volume, plus the volume of surficial graben fill, can be associated with horizontal crustal extension. The volume of crustal uplift in the Rio Grande rift is unknown, but this term can be eliminated by means of an independent equation provided by assumption of generalized isostatic equilibrium. The volume and mass equations combined provide a solution for extension of the crust in terms of the following parameters: total anomalous mass deficiency in the mantle lithosphere, total anomalous mass excess in the crust and its density contrast, total anomalous mass deficiency of surficial graben fill and its density contrast, and the volume of material eroded from the uplift. Using standard density estimates and masses determined by equivalent-source modeling of gravity profiles, I obtained 1-km extension at 37°N (Colorado-New Mexico border), 13-km extension at 35°N (Albuquerque, New Mexico), and 24-km extension at 33°N in southern New Mexico. These estimates are of necessity very poorly constrained and may be as much as ±60% in error. Taking results at face value, the best fitting Euler pole occurs at about 41°N, in north central Colorado. The calculated opening angle is 1.32°. For an approximately 30-m.y. duration of the extensional system (late Oligocene to the present), calculated average angular velocity is 7.8×10−4 rad/m.y.; calculated average spreading half-rate at 33°N (for example) is a stately 0.04 cm/yr. The ratio of extension to uplift increases southward.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB087iB10p08561","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Cordell, L., 1982, Extension in the Rio Grande rift: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 87, no. B10, p. 8561-8569, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB087iB10p08561.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"8561","endPage":"8569","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220841,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e42e4b0c8380cd5338a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cordell, L.","contributorId":84901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cordell","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011481,"text":"70011481 - 1982 - Permafrost, heat flow, and the geothermal regime at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T15:11:03.279817","indexId":"70011481","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Permafrost, heat flow, and the geothermal regime at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska","docAbstract":"Temperature measurements through permafrost in the oil field at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, combined with laboratory measurements of the thermal conductivity of drill cuttings permit an evaluation of in situ thermal properties and an understanding of the general factors that control the geothermal regime. A sharp contrast in temperature gradient at ∼600 m represents a contrast in thermal conductivity caused by the downward change from interstitial ice to interstitial water at the base of permafrost under near steady state conditions. Interpretation of the gradient contrast in terms of a simple model for the conductivity of an aggregate yields the mean ice content (∼39%), and thermal conductivities for the frozen and thawed sections (8.1 and 4.7 mcal/cm s °C, respectively). These results yield a heat flow of ∼1.3 HFU, which is similar to other values on the Alaskan Arctic Coast; the anomalously deep permafrost is a result of the anomalously high conductivity of the siliceous ice-rich sediments. Curvature in the upper 160 m of the temperature profiles represents a warming of ∼1.8°C of the mean surface temperature and a net accumulation of 5–6 kcal/cm2 by the solid earth surface during the last 100 years or so. Rising sea level and thawing of ice-rich sea cliffs probably caused the shoreline to retreat tens of kilometers in the last 20,000 years, inundating a portion of the continental shelf that is presently the target of intensive oil exploration. A simple conduction model suggests that this recently inundated region is underlain by near-melting ice-rich permafrost to depths of 300–500 m; its presence is important to seismic interpretations in oil exploration and to engineering considerations in oil production. With confirmation of the permafrost configuration by offshore drilling, heat conduction models can yield reliable new information on the chronology of arctic shorelines.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB087iB11p09301","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lachenbruch, A., Sass, J., Marshall, B., and Moses, T.H., 1982, Permafrost, heat flow, and the geothermal regime at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 87, no. B11, p. 9301-9316, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB087iB11p09301.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"9301","endPage":"9316","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220840,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a76a3e4b0c8380cd78223","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lachenbruch, A.H.","contributorId":76737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachenbruch","given":"A.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sass, J.H.","contributorId":70749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":361214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marshall, B.V.","contributorId":72375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"B.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moses, T. H. Jr.","contributorId":70385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moses","given":"T.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70011480,"text":"70011480 - 1982 - Determination of rare earth elements in geological materials by inductively coupled argon plasma/atomic emission spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-10T17:08:24.397672","indexId":"70011480","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of rare earth elements in geological materials by inductively coupled argon plasma/atomic emission spectrometry","docAbstract":"Inductively coupled argon plasma/optical emission spectrometery (ICAP/OES) is useful as a simultaneous, multielement analytical technique for the determination of trace elements in geological materials. A method for the determination of trace-level rare earth elements (REE) in geological materials using an ICAP 63-channel emission spectrometer is described. Separation and preconcentration of the REE and yttrium from a sample digest are achieved by a nitric acid gradient cation exchange and hydrochloric acid anion exchange. Precision of 1-4% relative standard deviation and comparable accuracy are demonstrated by the triplicate analysis of three splits of BCR-1 and BHVO-1. Analyses of other geological materials including coals, soils, and rocks show comparable precision and accuracy.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac00245a018","usgsCitation":"Crock, J., and Lichte, F., 1982, Determination of rare earth elements in geological materials by inductively coupled argon plasma/atomic emission spectrometry: Analytical Chemistry, v. 54, no. 8, p. 1329-1332, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00245a018.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1329","endPage":"1332","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220839,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffc0e4b0c8380cd4f395","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crock, J.G.","contributorId":58236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crock","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lichte, F.E.","contributorId":99108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichte","given":"F.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011550,"text":"70011550 - 1982 - Chemical and mineralogical analysis of devonian black-shale samples from Martin County, Kentucky; Carroll and Washington counties, Ohio; Wise County, Virginia; and Overton County, Tennessee, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T09:32:06","indexId":"70011550","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical and mineralogical analysis of devonian black-shale samples from Martin County, Kentucky; Carroll and Washington counties, Ohio; Wise County, Virginia; and Overton County, Tennessee, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Core samples of Devonian shales from five localities in the Appalachian basin have been analyzed chemically and mineralogically. The amounts of major elements are similar; however, the minor constituents, organic C, S, phosphate and carbonate show ten-fold variations in amounts. Trace elements Mo, Ni, Cu, V, Co, U, Zn, Hg, As and Mn show variations in amounts that can be related to the minor constituents. All samples contain major amounts of quartz, illite, two types of mixed-layer clays, and chlorite in differing quantities. Pyrite, calcite, feldspar and kaolinite are also present in many samples in minor amounts. Dolomite, apatite, gypsum, barite, biotite and marcasite are present in a few samples in trace amounts. Trace elements listed above are strongly controlled by organic C with the exception of Mn which is associated with carbonate minerals. Amounts of organic C generally range from 3 to 6%, and S is in the range of 2-5%. Amounts of trace elements show the following general ranges in ppm (parts per million): Co, 20-40; Cu, 40-70; U, 10-40; As, 20-40; V, 150-300; Ni, 80-150; high values are as much as twice these values. The organic C was probably the concentrating agent, and the organic C and sulfide S together created an environment that immobilized and preserved these trace elements. Closely spaced samples showing an abrupt transition in color also show changes in organic C, S and trace-element contents. Several associations exist between mineral and chemical content. Pyrite and marcasite are the only minerals found to contain sulfide-S. In general, the illite-chlorite mixed-layer clay mineral shows covariation with organic C if calcite is not present. The enriched trace elements are not related to the clay types, although the clay and organic matter are intimately associated as the bulk fabric of the rock. ?? 1982.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(82)90081-X","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Leventhal, J., and Hosterman, J.W., 1982, Chemical and mineralogical analysis of devonian black-shale samples from Martin County, Kentucky; Carroll and Washington counties, Ohio; Wise County, Virginia; and Overton County, Tennessee, U.S.A.: Chemical Geology, v. 37, no. 3-4, p. 239-264, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(82)90081-X.","startPage":"239","endPage":"264","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266116,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(82)90081-X"},{"id":220982,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f548e4b0c8380cd4c15d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leventhal, J.S.","contributorId":60640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leventhal","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hosterman, J. W.","contributorId":53017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hosterman","given":"J.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014037,"text":"1014037 - 1982 - Survival of duck plaque virus in water from Lake Andes National Wildlife Refuge, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-23T00:00:45.52039","indexId":"1014037","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival of duck plaque virus in water from Lake Andes National Wildlife Refuge, South Dakota","docAbstract":"An isolant of duck plague herpesvirus from the Lake Andes Refuge outbreak was seeded in raw and filter-decontaminated water from two locations on the refuge, held at 4 C, and assayed for infectivity intermittently over a period of 2 mo. From an initial level of about 105 PFU per ml, infectivity in the filtered samples uniformly dropped to about 104 PFU per ml. Infectivity in the raw samples declined much more rapidly; infectious virus remaining at the end of 2 mo (ca. 101 PFU per ml) was only about 0.01% of that originally seeded.
The flux of ammonia, phosphate, silica and radon-222 from Potomac tidal river and estuary sediments is controlled by processes occurring at the sediment-water interface and within surficial sediment. Calculated diffusive fluxes range between 0·6 and 6·5 mmol m−2 day−1 for ammonia, 0·020 and 0·30 mmol m−2 day−1 for phosphate, and 1·3 and 3·8 mmol m−2 day−1 for silica. Measured in situ fluxes range between 1 and 21 mmol m−2 day−1 for ammonia, 0·1 and 2·0 mmol m−2 day−1 for phosphate, and 2 and 19 mmol m−2 day−1 for silica. The ratio of in situ fluxes to diffusive fluxes (flux enhancement) varied between 1·6 and 5·2 in the tidal river, between 2·0 and 20 in the transition zone, and from 1·3 to 5·1 in the lower estuary. The large flux enhancements from transition zone sediments are attributed to macrofaunal irrigation. Nutrient flux enhancements are correlated with radon flux enhancements, suggesting that fluxes may originate from a common region and that nutrients are regenerated within the upper 10–20 cm of the sediment column.
The low fluxes of phosphate from tidal viver sediments reflect the control benthic sediment exerts on phosphorus through sorption by sedimentary iron oxyhydroxides. In the tidal river, benthic fluxes of ammonia and phosphate equal one-half and one-third of the nutrient input of the Blue Plains sewage treatment plant. In the tidal Potomac River, benthic sediment regeneration supplies a significant fraction of the nutrients utilized by primary producers in the water column during the summer months.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0272-7714(82)90050-6","issn":"02727714","usgsCitation":"Callender, E., and Hammond, D.E., 1982, Nutrient exchange across the sediment-water interface in the Potomac River estuary: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 15, no. 4, p. 395-413, https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(82)90050-6.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"395","endPage":"413","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220710,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Potomac River Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.37968016536072,\n 38.15179519791147\n ],\n [\n -76.47584555732367,\n 38.24070826790492\n ],\n [\n -76.6342356146744,\n 38.30732180367178\n ],\n [\n -76.93404536608735,\n 38.44701123146089\n ],\n [\n -77.01041200088184,\n 38.502368768842956\n ],\n [\n -77.15466008882592,\n 38.471373784505914\n ],\n [\n -77.18577242151983,\n 38.44479604592837\n ],\n [\n -77.14617490718162,\n 38.42042451787552\n ],\n [\n -77.21122796645062,\n 38.39161119840554\n ],\n [\n -77.23951190526336,\n 38.41820851652139\n ],\n [\n -77.24234029914456,\n 38.49794173014277\n ],\n [\n -77.1037489989629,\n 38.59306308558112\n ],\n [\n -77.08395024179448,\n 38.65935228781433\n ],\n [\n -76.97929966818793,\n 38.67481094945245\n ],\n [\n -76.99061324371273,\n 38.89748564445449\n ],\n [\n -77.123547756132,\n 38.904089105700024\n ],\n [\n -77.0669798785066,\n 38.78072326531756\n ],\n [\n -77.072636666269,\n 38.723373583459704\n ],\n [\n -77.14051811941921,\n 38.72558019236837\n ],\n [\n -77.20839957256945,\n 38.70792541316973\n ],\n [\n -77.25648226855124,\n 38.67922709688676\n ],\n [\n -77.36113284215777,\n 38.524499880736926\n ],\n [\n -77.3950735687329,\n 38.4359346238916\n ],\n [\n -77.3837599932074,\n 38.34282403214826\n ],\n [\n -77.3583044482759,\n 38.30510233706053\n ],\n [\n -77.1320329377756,\n 38.3250750915131\n ],\n [\n -77.06980827238777,\n 38.25625689162962\n ],\n [\n -77.01889680881746,\n 38.18737314680871\n ],\n [\n -76.9142462352109,\n 38.14289761431084\n ],\n [\n -76.68514633082944,\n 38.04495596507758\n ],\n [\n -76.6116080899168,\n 38.085038866518175\n ],\n [\n -76.59463772662889,\n 37.99593593670912\n ],\n [\n -76.48715875914115,\n 37.93126853852341\n ],\n [\n -76.3853365794158,\n 37.91341923572085\n ],\n [\n -76.37968016536072,\n 38.15179519791147\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6984e4b0c8380cd73d81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Callender, E.","contributorId":72528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callender","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammond, Douglas E.","contributorId":67878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011473,"text":"70011473 - 1982 - Oxygen isotope geothermometry and stability of lawsonite and pumpellyite in the Shuksan Suite, North Cascades, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:30","indexId":"70011473","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen isotope geothermometry and stability of lawsonite and pumpellyite in the Shuksan Suite, North Cascades, Washington","docAbstract":"Metamorphic temperatures of 330??-400?? C are inferred for rocks from the Shuksan blueschist terrane in the North Cascades, Washington. The temperatures are calculated from 18O fractionations between coexisting quartz and magnetite using the equations of Bottinga and Javoy (1973). Pressures of approximately 7 kilobars are indicated by the Jadeite content of clinopyroxene coexisting with quartz+albite. Published experimental and theoretical studies of the stability of lawsonite and pumpellyite are consistent with the oxygen isotope temperatures and occurrence of these minerals in the Shuksan Suite. ?? 1982 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00371353","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Brown, E.H., and O’Neil, J.R., 1982, Oxygen isotope geothermometry and stability of lawsonite and pumpellyite in the Shuksan Suite, North Cascades, Washington: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 80, no. 3, p. 240-244, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00371353.","startPage":"240","endPage":"244","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205057,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371353"},{"id":220709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7298e4b0c8380cd76bc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, E. H.","contributorId":78757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011565,"text":"70011565 - 1982 - An equation correlating the solubility of quartz in water from 25° to 900°C at pressures up to 10,000 bars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-05T15:54:53","indexId":"70011565","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An equation correlating the solubility of quartz in water from 25° to 900°C at pressures up to 10,000 bars","docAbstract":"The solubility of quartz in water from 25° to 900°C at specific volume of the solvent ranging from about 1 to 10 and from 300° to 600°C at specific volume of the solvent ranging from about 10 to 100 is given by an empirically derived equation of the form: log m = A + B(log V) + C(log V)2 where m is the molal silica concentration, V is the specific volume of pure water, and A = −4.66206 + 0.0034063T + 2179.7T−1 − 1.1292 × 106T−2 + 1.3543 × 108T−3B = −0.0014180T— 806.97T−1C = 3.9465 × 10−4T T is temperature in kelvins. The experimental data used in formulating the empirical relation ranged in pressure from 1 bar at 25°C to about 10,000 bars at 900°C, and the lowest pressure in the low-density steam region was about 30 bars. According to the above equation, the average difference in molality between 518 measured and calculated solubilities is −0.016 m with a standard deviation of 0.089.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(82)90135-1","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Fournier, R.O., and Potter, R.W., 1982, An equation correlating the solubility of quartz in water from 25° to 900°C at pressures up to 10,000 bars: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 46, no. 10, p. 1969-1973, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(82)90135-1.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1969","endPage":"1973","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221241,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea41e4b0c8380cd48731","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fournier, Robert O.","contributorId":73202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Potter, Robert W. II","contributorId":67899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"Robert","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011560,"text":"70011560 - 1982 - Late Eocene- Oligocene magnetostratigraphy and biostratigraphy at South Atlantic DSDP site 522","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-01T11:59:47.73662","indexId":"70011560","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Eocene- Oligocene magnetostratigraphy and biostratigraphy at South Atlantic DSDP site 522","docAbstract":"Upper Eocene to lowest Miocene sediments recovered at Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Site 522 in the South Atlantic Ocean allow direct calibration of magnetostratigraphy and calcareous plankton biostratigraphy. The results from Site 522 show that the Eocene/Oligocene boundary occurs in the reversed interval of magnetic Chron C13 (= C13R) and that the Oligocene/IMiocene boundary probably occurs in the upper part of Chron C6C.
The modified Polyconic map projection designed by Lallemand and adopted for the International Map of the World between 1909 and 1962 has two meridians and two parallels which are true to scale. Constructed geometrically in the past, forward and inverse coordinate transformations may be calculated analytically in order to transfer data from existing quadrangles to other maps. The equations for these transformations are derived and used to calculate representative tables of coordinates andscale factors. Although the projection is neither equal-area nor conformai, scale does not vary more than 0.06% throughout the quadrangle.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Toronto Press","doi":"10.3138/557H-7263-01X6-072L","usgsCitation":"Snyder, J., 1982, The modified polyconic projection for the IMW: Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, v. 19, no. 3-4, p. 31-43, https://doi.org/10.3138/557H-7263-01X6-072L.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"43","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221669,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bade1e4b08c986b323e41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, John P.","contributorId":16878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"John P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1013733,"text":"1013733 - 1982 - Plasma corticosteroids and chlorides in striped bass exposed to tricaine methanesulfonate, quinaldine, etomidate, and salt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-08T15:55:38.457028","indexId":"1013733","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plasma corticosteroids and chlorides in striped bass exposed to tricaine methanesulfonate, quinaldine, etomidate, and salt","docAbstract":"Plasma chloride and corticosteroid concentrations were measured in yearling striped bass (Morone saxatilis) exposed to 25 mg/L tricaine methanesulfonate, 2.5 mg/L quinaldine, or 0.1 mg/L etomidate (an experimental drug), alone and in combination with 10 g/L salt (NaCl). Plasma chloride levels were unaffected in all treatments during a 15‐min exposure and during a 10‐min period of close confinement in a dipnet. Plasma corticosteroids increased in fish exposed to salt alone and in fish exposed to tricaine methanesulfonate or quinaldine, either alone or in combination with salt. Etomidate alone or combined with salt limited the increase in plasma corticosteroids during exposure and confinement. Etomidate appears to be a useful drug for suppressing physiological changes during the handling and transportation of striped bass.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1982)44[205:PCACIS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Davis, K.B., Parker, N., and Suttle, M.A., 1982, Plasma corticosteroids and chlorides in striped bass exposed to tricaine methanesulfonate, quinaldine, etomidate, and salt: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 44, no. 4, p. 205-207, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1982)44[205:PCACIS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"207","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130012,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684ff0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, K. B.","contributorId":83869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parker, N. C.","contributorId":101209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"N. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Suttle, M. A.","contributorId":54926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suttle","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011463,"text":"70011463 - 1982 - Simulations of seabird damage and recovery from oilspills in the northern Gulf of Alaska.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:01","indexId":"70011463","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2258,"text":"Journal of Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulations of seabird damage and recovery from oilspills in the northern Gulf of Alaska.","docAbstract":"If an oilspill contacts a colony of glaucous-winged gulls Larus hyperboreus, reducing the population by 50%, the population is expected to recover to its pre-spill level in c.20 yr. For common murres Uria aalge, this same situation yields a recovery time of c.70 yr. Assuming that oil is found in the study area, and based on the expected number of oilspills to occur and contact these colonies during the lease lifetime, and assuming that each oilspill contact causes a fractional population loss of 0.95, the probability of reducing the population to some fraction of its initial level was calculated. For gulls, only a 10% change of population reduction to less than one-half the pre-spill level was calculated for the lease lifetime. For murres, only a 4% change of similar reduction was calculated.-from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Samuels, W., and Lanfear, K., 1982, Simulations of seabird damage and recovery from oilspills in the northern Gulf of Alaska.: Journal of Environmental Management, v. 15, no. 2, p. 169-182.","startPage":"169","endPage":"182","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90cae4b08c986b31966f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Samuels, W.B.","contributorId":85958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuels","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanfear, K.J.","contributorId":14392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanfear","given":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011462,"text":"70011462 - 1982 - Applications of Landsat imagery to problems of petroleum exploration in Qaidam Basin, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-10T17:44:30.399186","indexId":"70011462","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applications of Landsat imagery to problems of petroleum exploration in Qaidam Basin, China","docAbstract":"Tertiary and Quaternary nonmarine, petroleum-bearing sedimentary rocks in the Qaidam basin of remote western China have been extensively deformed by compressive forces. These forces created many folds which are current targets of Chinese exploration programs. Manual techniques of image analysis and interpretation were applied to computer-enhanced Landsat images of the western part of the Qaidam basin in an effort to evaluate the contributions of Landsat imagery in defining the geologic conditions of the basin and to determine its usefulness as an exploration tool in the region. Most success was realized in defining the structural geologic setting of the region.
Image-derived interpretations of folds, strike-slip faults, thrust faults, normal or reverse faults, and fractures compared very favorably, in terms of locations and numbers mapped, with Chinese data compiled from years of extensive field mapping. The image studies resulted in the identification of at least one subsurface fold that had not been detected by field mapping. The results of this study have direct exploration significance. Many potential hydrocarbon trapping structures were precisely located and information was obtained that may have significant implications with respect to fluid migration or attempts to locate offset reservoirs and buried folds. In addition, the orientations of major structural trends defined from Landsat imagery correlate well with those predicted for the area based on global tectonic theory. These correlations suggest that similar orientations exist in the eastern half of the basin where folded rocks are mostly obscured by unconsolidated surface sediments and where limited exploration has occurred.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/03B5A7A0-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Bailey, G., and Anderson, P.D., 1982, Applications of Landsat imagery to problems of petroleum exploration in Qaidam Basin, China: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 66, no. 9, p. 1348-1354, https://doi.org/10.1306/03B5A7A0-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1348","endPage":"1354","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221667,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","otherGeospatial":"Qaidam Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 85.517578125,\n 32.84267363195431\n ],\n [\n 85.517578125,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n 100.634765625,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n 100.634765625,\n 32.84267363195431\n ],\n [\n 85.517578125,\n 32.84267363195431\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec87e4b0c8380cd4930e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, G. B.","contributorId":105041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"G. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, P. D.","contributorId":91189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011558,"text":"70011558 - 1982 - Biostratigraphy and paleoenvironment of Miocene- Pliocene hemipelagic limestone: Kingshill Seaway, St. Croix, US Virgin Islands.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-24T12:14:36","indexId":"70011558","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2294,"text":"Journal of Foraminiferal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biostratigraphy and paleoenvironment of Miocene- Pliocene hemipelagic limestone: Kingshill Seaway, St. Croix, US Virgin Islands.","docAbstract":"The Kingshill Limestone and younger carbonate rocks constitute the central portion of St. Croix, forming the remains of an ancient seaway that was flanked by emergent highlands. The seaway has been filled with thick epipelagic sediments alternating with carbonate turbidites and ash falls and capped with shallow-water reefal and terrigenous debris. Planktonic foraminifera indicate that ages of these rocks range sequentially in a SW direction from the middle Miocene to lower Pliocene. Scanning electron micrographs illustrate 42 species and subspecies of pelagic foraminifera and 13 selected paleoenvironmentally significant aberrant forms.-from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Foraminiferal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/gsjfr.12.3.205","issn":"00961191","usgsCitation":"Lidz, B.H., 1982, Biostratigraphy and paleoenvironment of Miocene- Pliocene hemipelagic limestone: Kingshill Seaway, St. Croix, US Virgin Islands.: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 12, no. 3, p. 205-233, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.12.3.205.","startPage":"205","endPage":"233","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":269900,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.12.3.205"},{"id":221121,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f19be4b0c8380cd4ad2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lidz, B. H.","contributorId":30651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidz","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003808,"text":"1003808 - 1982 - DDT poisoning in a Cooper's hawk collected in 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-12T06:53:51","indexId":"1003808","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"DDT poisoning in a Cooper's hawk collected in 1980","docAbstract":"In April 1980, a Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii) was found on the ground in Lakewood, Colorado, unable to fly and in convulsion. The bird died shortly thereafter. The hawk was packed in dry ice and shipped air express to the Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. Department of the Interior, National Wildlife Health Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, for necropsy. Following necropsy, the brain, gastrointestinal tract, and remaining carcass except skin, feet, wings, liver, and kidney were packed in dry ice and shipped air express to the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, for chemical residue analysis. Because the bird's behavior before death suggested some form of poisoning, the kidney was assayed for thallium, the liver for lead, and the gastrointestinal tract for strychnine, sodium fluoroacetate, and arsenic. When these assays proved negative, the bird was analyzed for organochlorine pesticides. Necropsy findings and pesticide residue analyses are reported here.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01608514","usgsCitation":"Prouty, R.M., Pattee, O.H., and Schmeling, S.K., 1982, DDT poisoning in a Cooper's hawk collected in 1980: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 28, no. 3, p. 319-321, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01608514.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"321","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134081,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Jefferson County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-105.053,39.9137],[-105.0526,39.9137],[-105.052,39.8257],[-105.0518,39.7885],[-105.0517,39.6666],[-105.0654,39.6667],[-105.0651,39.6449],[-105.0844,39.6333],[-105.1059,39.6334],[-105.1061,39.6099],[-105.0518,39.6104],[-105.0512,39.5659],[-105.0452,39.5659],[-105.0494,39.5627],[-105.0561,39.5592],[-105.0609,39.5551],[-105.0609,39.5501],[-105.0646,39.547],[-105.0724,39.5402],[-105.0762,39.524],[-105.0757,39.5194],[-105.0775,39.5126],[-105.077,39.5095],[-105.08,39.5059],[-105.0818,39.5022],[-105.0843,39.4941],[-105.0874,39.4891],[-105.0928,39.4846],[-105.1,39.4829],[-105.1119,39.4834],[-105.1137,39.4825],[-105.1149,39.4798],[-105.1155,39.4785],[-105.1197,39.4762],[-105.1263,39.4731],[-105.1305,39.4695],[-105.1306,39.4654],[-105.1289,39.4586],[-105.1253,39.4563],[-105.123,39.4531],[-105.1225,39.4468],[-105.1237,39.4409],[-105.1244,39.4368],[-105.1238,39.4336],[-105.1268,39.4296],[-105.1335,39.4233],[-105.1383,39.4197],[-105.1419,39.417],[-105.1527,39.4116],[-105.1586,39.4094],[-105.1664,39.4049],[-105.1671,39.4031],[-105.1671,39.399],[-105.1654,39.3949],[-105.166,39.39],[-105.1702,39.3845],[-105.1697,39.3809],[-105.168,39.3732],[-105.1663,39.3682],[-105.1658,39.36],[-105.1694,39.3555],[-105.1718,39.3501],[-105.1767,39.3402],[-105.1815,39.3352],[-105.184,39.328],[-105.1846,39.3239],[-105.187,39.3194],[-105.1877,39.3158],[-105.1919,39.3131],[-105.1948,39.3126],[-105.1955,39.3081],[-105.1938,39.304],[-105.1938,39.3018],[-105.2016,39.2982],[-105.2046,39.295],[-105.2058,39.29],[-105.2143,39.2729],[-105.2167,39.2683],[-105.2162,39.2643],[-105.2144,39.2606],[-105.2168,39.2593],[-105.2204,39.2589],[-105.2216,39.2575],[-105.2217,39.2534],[-105.2259,39.248],[-105.2348,39.2431],[-105.2396,39.2399],[-105.2432,39.2395],[-105.2491,39.2395],[-105.2527,39.2396],[-105.2533,39.2378],[-105.2557,39.2332],[-105.2582,39.2283],[-105.2595,39.2156],[-105.2601,39.2097],[-105.2619,39.2074],[-105.2649,39.2061],[-105.272,39.2052],[-105.2744,39.2048],[-105.2768,39.2016],[-105.2817,39.1935],[-105.2841,39.1863],[-105.2872,39.1772],[-105.2908,39.1741],[-105.2961,39.1705],[-105.2985,39.1673],[-105.3015,39.1632],[-105.3051,39.1624],[-105.3069,39.161],[-105.3117,39.1542],[-105.3136,39.1493],[-105.3148,39.1461],[-105.3171,39.1443],[-105.3195,39.1434],[-105.3213,39.1407],[-105.322,39.1343],[-105.3232,39.1307],[-105.3297,39.1308],[-105.3671,39.1305],[-105.3801,39.1306],[-105.3938,39.1306],[-105.3954,39.2177],[-105.3966,39.2993],[-105.397,39.3138],[-105.3976,39.3858],[-105.3975,39.3995],[-105.3975,39.4724],[-105.3971,39.5173],[-105.3969,39.5395],[-105.3969,39.5436],[-105.3973,39.5644],[-105.396,39.6506],[-105.3945,39.7499],[-105.3939,39.8251],[-105.3958,39.8827],[-105.3968,39.9117],[-105.3117,39.9122],[-105.2931,39.9125],[-105.2355,39.9127],[-105.1935,39.9128],[-105.1635,39.9131],[-105.1532,39.9132],[-105.1545,39.9127],[-105.1549,39.9126],[-105.1559,39.9123],[-105.1564,39.9122],[-105.1572,39.9119],[-105.1583,39.9116],[-105.1589,39.9115],[-105.1596,39.9114],[-105.1602,39.9114],[-105.1609,39.9115],[-105.1617,39.9114],[-105.1624,39.9114],[-105.163,39.9112],[-105.1637,39.9111],[-105.1657,39.9105],[-105.1657,39.9069],[-105.1657,39.9018],[-105.166,39.9018],[-105.166,39.9015],[-105.1657,39.9015],[-105.1657,39.8997],[-105.1657,39.8988],[-105.1654,39.8988],[-105.1652,39.8959],[-105.1654,39.8959],[-105.1653,39.8925],[-105.1651,39.8925],[-105.1651,39.8914],[-105.1475,39.8894],[-105.1474,39.8893],[-105.138,39.8892],[-105.1347,39.8892],[-105.1355,39.8897],[-105.1371,39.8908],[-105.1367,39.8908],[-105.1366,39.8909],[-105.1364,39.891],[-105.1363,39.8911],[-105.1363,39.8913],[-105.1363,39.8915],[-105.1363,39.892],[-105.1331,39.892],[-105.1322,39.8925],[-105.1315,39.8927],[-105.1309,39.8927],[-105.1303,39.8907],[-105.1301,39.8905],[-105.13,39.8905],[-105.1299,39.8904],[-105.1298,39.8904],[-105.1295,39.8904],[-105.1289,39.8904],[-105.1289,39.8927],[-105.1293,39.8927],[-105.1293,39.8928],[-105.1289,39.8928],[-105.1289,39.8946],[-105.1288,39.8946],[-105.1288,39.8999],[-105.1475,39.8999],[-105.1471,39.9132],[-105.1076,39.9134],[-105.108,39.9128],[-105.1076,39.9126],[-105.1075,39.9124],[-105.1072,39.9123],[-105.1066,39.9131],[-105.106,39.9128],[-105.1069,39.9117],[-105.102,39.9092],[-105.1017,39.909],[-105.1012,39.9088],[-105.1006,39.9086],[-105.1004,39.907],[-105.1001,39.9022],[-105.0967,39.9008],[-105.0967,39.8998],[-105.0938,39.8997],[-105.0906,39.8997],[-105.0906,39.8989],[-105.0842,39.8989],[-105.0842,39.8997],[-105.0811,39.8997],[-105.0765,39.8997],[-105.0716,39.8998],[-105.0717,39.9071],[-105.0624,39.907],[-105.0624,39.9136],[-105.06,39.9136],[-105.06,39.9124],[-105.0588,39.9124],[-105.0589,39.9137],[-105.0577,39.9137],[-105.0576,39.9124],[-105.0553,39.9124],[-105.0553,39.9137],[-105.053,39.9137]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Jefferson\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","volume":"28","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67eb3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prouty, Richard M.","contributorId":79121,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Prouty","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pattee, Oliver H.","contributorId":45412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pattee","given":"Oliver","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmeling, Shelia K.","contributorId":98673,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schmeling","given":"Shelia","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006531,"text":"70006531 - 1982 - Alewives and rainbow smelt in Lake Huron: midwater and bottom aggregations and estimates of standing stocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-04T14:24:53","indexId":"70006531","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alewives and rainbow smelt in Lake Huron: midwater and bottom aggregations and estimates of standing stocks","docAbstract":"The continued availability of adequate amounts of forage fish, primarily alewives Alosa pseudoharengus and rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax, is critical to the success of ongoing programs aimed at rebuilding lake trout Salvelinus namaycush populations and maintaining other salmonid stocks in Lake Huron. These forage species are distributed at middepths as well as on or near the bottom. Acoustic methods were integrated with midwater and bottom trawling to characterize the population and estimate the biomass of the forage stocks. The average sizes of alewives and rainbow smelt caught at middepths were smaller than those caught in bottom trawls; however, most size ranges in the bottom trawl catches were also present in the midwater catches. Subadult and adult fish (both species) were rarely caught concurrently in midwater and when they were caught together the fish were invariably large subadults and small adults. Biomass estimates for the pelagic component were determined from trawl catches and echogram counts. The regression of echogram counts (X) on trawl catches (Y) was Y = -2.69 + 0.983X (r2 = 0.766) at the fish densities investigated. The pelagic biomasses of alewives and rainbow smelt in United States waters of Lake Huron were estimated at 17,200 t in July 1974, 22,000 t in July 1975, and 19,000 t in August 1976. Biomass estimates of the stocks in midwater were usually larger in spring than in fall, probably due to seasonal differences in distribution rather than in abundance. Estimates for the demersal component of the combined alewife-rainbow smelt forage stock, calculated from stratified random sampling of the spring bottom trawl catches for 1973 through 1980 went from 35,000 t in 1973, to a high of 83,000 t in 1975, and to 72,000 t in 1980; the estimates in fall went from 31,000 t in 1973, to a high of 56,000 t in 1977, and to 43,000 t in 1980. Biomass estimates calculated from spring catch data were usually larger than those calculated from fall data. Estimates of the midwater stocks, coinciding with the spring and fall bottom trawl surveys, indicated that between 20 and 30% of the total biomass was in midwater.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1982)111<267:AARSIL>2.0.CO;2","collaboration":"Abstract has subscript/superscript to be fixed","usgsCitation":"Argyle, R.L., 1982, Alewives and rainbow smelt in Lake Huron: midwater and bottom aggregations and estimates of standing stocks: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 111, no. 3, p. 267-285, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1982)111<267:AARSIL>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"267","endPage":"285","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258398,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1982)111<267:AARSIL>2.0.CO;2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258409,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Huron","volume":"111","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e959e4b0c8380cd48206","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Argyle, Ray L.","contributorId":9993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Argyle","given":"Ray","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}