During the time period 2001–2006, the U.S. Geological Survey reported mercury-concentration measurements that exceeded the North Carolina water-quality criterion (NCWQC) of 0.012 microgram per liter for total recoverable mercury in streams and reservoirs across the Triangle Area of North Carolina. Mercury data were sparse, however, generally consisting of only one or two water samples per year. Additional monitoring and data analysis were needed to better determine the occurrence and distribution of mercury in the Triangle Area for all seasons and waterbody types as well as associations between mercury concentrations and water-quality and land-use parameters. Water at fifteen reservoir and 14 stream sites across the Triangle Area was sampled at various times between August 2007 and June 2009, with water samples collected from both the surfaces and bottoms of the water columns in reservoirs and from the surfaces of streams. A bed sediment sample was also collected at all reservoir sites and at all but one stream site. A total of 301 water samples was collected at reservoir sites. Filtered and total recoverable mercury were detected in at least one water sample collected from each reservoir site. A total of 77 water samples was collected from stream sites with filtered mercury detected in samples from one-half of these sites, and total recoverable mercury detected in at least one water sample from all but two sites. Total recoverable and filtered mercury concentrations exceeded the NCWQC for mercury more frequently in reservoir than in stream samples. Differences in sampling frequencies among seasons and between streams and reservoirs, however, may have negatively biased overall estimates of mercury concentrations in streams relative to reservoirs. Filtered mercury concentrations in surface-water samples from reservoirs and total recoverable mercury concentrations in bottom samples from reservoirs were highest in the fall, whereas no seasonal trends in filtered or total recoverable mercury were detected from stream samples. Total mercury concentrations were calculated for the bulk sample on the basis of the percentage of the grains in the bulk sample whose diameters that were smaller than 0.0625 millimeters. Total mercury concentrations in bed sediment were generally higher for samples from reservoir sites compared to streams sites, although the highest total mercury concentration in bed sediment was from a stream site. Concentrations of total recoverable mercury in water samples from stream sites all fell within the general range for streams and lakes without on-site significant anthropogenic sources (for example, mercury mines or industrial pollution), whereas samples collected from eight reservoir sites had total mercury concentrations in a range characteristic of sites affected by mercury mines or industrial pollution. Results suggested that litterfall may be a source of mercury in streams, whereas atmospheric deposition is likely a dominant source for reservoirs; however, high concentrations of filtered and total recoverable mercury concentrations in the fall season in some reservoir-water samples may warrant further analysis of potential hydrologic factors. Mercury concentrations in all water and bed sediment samples were below levels expected to cause adverse effects to humans and aquatic biota, indicating that mercury levels at the study sites in the Triangle Area were unlikely to cause an immediate health risk to humans or aquatic organisms. The high variability among several sample replicates for total recoverable mercury, however, indicated that inferences from total recoverable mercury concentrations can be tenuous.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215027","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Triangle Area Water Supply Monitoring Project Steering Committee","usgsCitation":"McKee, A.M., Fitzgerald, S., and Giorgino, M., 2021, Occurrence and distribution of mercury in streams and reservoirs in the Triangle Area of North Carolina, July 2007–June 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5027, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215027.","productDescription":"Report: x, 42 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-114002","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":387025,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9S4EMC7","text":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Water and bed sediment data associated with the occurrence and distribution of mercury in streams and reservoirs in the Triangle Area of North Carolina, July 2007 -June 2009"},{"id":387023,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5027/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":387024,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5027/sir20215027.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.50 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2021-5027"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.64263916015625,\n 35.31512519050729\n ],\n [\n -78.12103271484375,\n 35.31512519050729\n ],\n [\n -78.12103271484375,\n 36.49859745028132\n ],\n [\n -79.64263916015625,\n 36.49859745028132\n ],\n [\n -79.64263916015625,\n 35.31512519050729\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
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Coral disease is a growing problem for coral reefs globally and diseases have been linked to thermal stress, excess nutrients, overfishing and other human impacts. The Red Sea is a unique environment for corals with a strong environmental gradient characterized by temperature extremes and high salinities, but minimal terrestrial runoff or riverine input and their associated pollution. Yet, relatively little is known about coral diseases in this region. Disease surveys were conducted at 22 reefs within three regions (Yanbu, Thuwal, Al Lith) in the central Red Sea along the Saudi Arabian coast. Surveys occurred in October 2015, which coincided with a hyperthermal-induced bleaching event. Our objectives were to 1) document types, prevalence, and distribution of coral diseases in a region with minimal terrestrial input, 2) compare regional differences in diseases and bleaching along a latitudinal gradient of environmental conditions, and 3) use histopathology to characterize disease lesions at the cellular level. Coral reefs of the central Red Sea had a widespread but a surprisingly low prevalence of disease (<0.5%), based on the examination of >75,750 colonies. Twenty diseases were recorded affecting 16 coral taxa and included black band disease, white syndromes, endolithic hypermycosis, skeletal eroding band, growth anomalies and focal bleached patches. The three most common diseases were Acropora white syndrome (59.1% of the survey sites), Porites growth anomalies (40.9%), and Porites white syndrome (31.8%). Sixteen out of 30 coral genera within transects had lesions and Acropora, Millepora and Lobophyllia were the most commonly affected. Cell-associated microbial aggregates were found in four coral genera including a first report in Stylophora. Differences in disease prevalence, coral cover, amount of heat stress as measured by degree heating weeks (DHW) and extent of bleaching was evident among sites. Disease prevalence was not explained by coral cover or DHW, and a negative relationship between coral bleaching and disease prevalence was found. The northern-most sites off the coast of Yanbu had the highest average disease prevalence and highest average DHW values but no bleaching. Our study provides a foundation and baseline data for coral disease prevalence in the central Red Sea, which is projected to increase as a consequence of increased frequency and severity of ocean warming.
Winter conditions, such as ice cover and snow accumulation, are changing rapidly at northern latitudes and can have important implications for lake processes. For example, snowmelt in the watershed—a defining feature of lake hydrology because it delivers a large portion of annual nutrient inputs—is becoming earlier. Consequently, earlier and a shorter duration of snowmelt are expected to affect annual phytoplankton biomass. To test this hypothesis, we developed an index of runoff timing based on the date when 50% of cumulative runoff between January 1 and May 31 had occurred. The runoff index was computed using stream discharge for inflows, outflows, or for flows from nearby streams for 41 lakes in Europe and North America. The runoff index was then compared with summer chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration (a proxy for phytoplankton biomass) across 5–53 years for each lake. Earlier runoff generally corresponded to lower summer Chl-a. Furthermore, years with earlier runoff also had lower winter/spring runoff magnitude, more protracted runoff, and earlier ice-out. We examined several lake characteristics that may regulate the strength of the relationship between runoff timing and summer Chl-a concentrations; however, our tested covariates had little effect on the relationship. Date of ice-out was not clearly related to summer Chl-a concentrations. Our results indicate that ongoing changes in winter conditions may have important consequences for summer phytoplankton biomass and production.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/gcb.15797","usgsCitation":"Hrycik, A.R., Isles, P.D., Adrian, R., Albright, M., Bacon, L.C., Berger, S.A., Bhattacharya, R., Grossart, H., Hejzlar, J., Hetherington, A.L., Knoll, L.B., Laas, A., McDonald, C.P., Merrell, K., Nejstgaard, J.C., Nelson, K., Noges, P., Paterson, A.M., Pilla, R.M., Robertson, D., Rudstam, L.G., Rusak, J.A., Sadro, S., Silow, E.A., Stockwell, J.D., Yao, H., Yokota, K., and Pierson, D.C., 2021, Earlier winter/spring runoff and snowmelt during warmer winters lead to lower summer chlorophyll-a in north temperate lakes: Global Change Biology, v. 27, no. 19, p. 4615-4629, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15797.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"4615","endPage":"4629","ipdsId":"IP-121909","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":451574,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/111965","text":"External Repository"},{"id":387703,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hrycik, Allison R. 0000-0002-0870-3398","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0870-3398","contributorId":217379,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hrycik","given":"Allison","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":820575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Isles, Peter D. F. 0000-0003-4446-6788","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4446-6788","contributorId":261751,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Isles","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D. F.","affiliations":[{"id":52989,"text":"SUNY Buffalo State College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adrian, Rita 0000-0002-6318-7189","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6318-7189","contributorId":166831,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adrian","given":"Rita","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24542,"text":"Department of Ecosystem Research, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, D- 12587 Berlin, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Albright, Matthew","contributorId":261752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Albright","given":"Matthew","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":52990,"text":"SUNY Oneonta Biological Field Station","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bacon, 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L. 0000-0003-3002-2924","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3002-2924","contributorId":166842,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hetherington","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":24552,"text":"Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Knoll, Lesley B. 0000-0003-0347-5979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0347-5979","contributorId":194463,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knoll","given":"Lesley","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":820585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Laas, Alo 0000-0002-4801-0377","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4801-0377","contributorId":261753,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laas","given":"Alo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18000,"text":"Estonian University of Life 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0000-0001-5875-7215","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5875-7215","contributorId":261759,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yao","given":"Huaxia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":52996,"text":"Dorset Environmental Science Centre","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Yokota, Kiyoko 0000-0002-4578-6540","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4578-6540","contributorId":261760,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yokota","given":"Kiyoko","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":52997,"text":"State University of New York College at Oneonta","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Pierson, Donald C. 0000-0001-6230-0146","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6230-0146","contributorId":204090,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pierson","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":36836,"text":"Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28}]}} ,{"id":70221816,"text":"sir20215056 - 2021 - Hydraulic modeling at selected dam-removal and culvert-retrofit sites in the northeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-09T11:58:58.971817","indexId":"sir20215056","displayToPublicDate":"2021-07-08T16:19:59","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-5056","displayTitle":"Hydraulic Modeling at Selected Dam-Removal and Culvert-Retrofit Sites in the Northeastern United States","title":"Hydraulic modeling at selected dam-removal and culvert-retrofit sites in the northeastern United States","docAbstract":"Aquatic connectivity projects, such as removing dams and modifying culverts, have substantial benefits. The restoration of natural flow conditions improves water quality, sediment transport, aquatic and riparian habitat, and fish passage. These projects can also decrease hazards faced by communities by lowering water-surface elevations of flood waters and by removing the risk of dam breaches associated with aging or inadequate infrastructure.
This report documents and provides results of one- and two-dimensional hydraulic models developed for selected rivers and streams in the northeastern United States where a dam was removed or a culvert was retrofitted. The models were developed for conditions before and after the dam removal or culvert modification. The discharges applied in the models included monthly discharges and flood discharges for the annual exceedance probabilities of 50, 20, 10, 4, 2, 1, 0.5, and 0.2 percent.
This study, by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, demonstrates the benefits resulting from dam removal and retrofitting undersized culverts in terms of decreased water-surface elevations during flooding and improved fish passage. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System was used to model the sites in one- and two-dimensional hydraulics, and decreases in the 1-percent annual exceedance probability discharge water-surface elevation were found at all sites studied. The decreases in water-surface elevation at sites in which the impoundment was removed ranged from 1.3 to 10.4 feet. One site, Bradford Dam in Westerly, Rhode Island, had only a 0.2-foot decrease, but at that site the dam was replaced by a series of weirs to retain the upstream impoundment and allow fish passage.
Minimal differences were found between the water-surface elevations computed by the one- and two-dimensional models. The two-dimensional models, however, provide the additional benefit of detailed velocity and depth data throughout the channel at a resolution not possible with a one-dimensional model. These velocity and depth data allowed for assessment of the suitability for fish passage at the sites. Fish passage was improved at all the sites by removing the dams and retrofitting the culvert. Prolonged swim velocity criteria for selected fish species were maintained throughout three of the nine study sites, and burst swim velocity criteria were met at all study sites.
Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
Using a geology-based assessment methodology, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated undiscovered, technically recoverable mean resources of 879 million barrels of conventional oil and 286.2 trillion cubic feet of conventional gas in the eastern Mediterranean area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20213032","usgsCitation":"Schenk, C.J., Mercier, T.J., Finn, T.M., Woodall, C.A., Marra, K.R., Leathers-Miller, H.M., Le, P.A., and Drake, R.M., II, 2021, Assessment of undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources in the eastern Mediterranean area, 2020 (ver. 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2021−3032, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20213032.","productDescription":"Report: 4 p.; Data Release; Version History","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-126114","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":387002,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2021/3032/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":387004,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2021/3032/fs20213032.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.49 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2021-3032"},{"id":387005,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9OY2LK9","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"USGS National and Global Oil and Gas Assessment Project—Eastern Mediterranean Area Assessment Unit Boundaries and Assessment Input Forms"},{"id":387062,"rank":4,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2021/3032/versionHist.txt","size":"8.0 kB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"FS 2021-3032 version history"}],"otherGeospatial":"Eastern Mediterranean Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 24.2578125,\n 30.90222470517144\n ],\n [\n 37.529296875,\n 30.90222470517144\n ],\n [\n 37.529296875,\n 38.20365531807149\n ],\n [\n 24.2578125,\n 38.20365531807149\n ],\n [\n 24.2578125,\n 30.90222470517144\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: July 8, 2021; Version 1.1: July 10, 2021","contact":"Director, Central Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-939
Denver, CO 80225-0046
We simulated the concurrent rapid motion of landslides on an unstable slope at Barry Arm, Alaska. Movement of landslides into the adjacent fjord displaced fjord water and generated a tsunami, which propagated out of Barry Arm. Rather than assuming an initial sea surface height, velocity, and location for the tsunami, we generated the tsunami directly using a model capable of simulating the dynamics of both water and landslide material. The fjord below most of the landslide source area was occupied by the Barry Glacier until about 2012; therefore, our direct simulation of tsunami generation by landslide motion required new topographic and bathymetric data, which was collected in 2020. The topographic data also constrained landslide geometries and volumes. We considered four scenarios based on two landslide volumes and two landslide mobilities—a more mobile, contractive landslide and a less mobile, noncontractive landslide. The larger of the two volumes is 689 × 106 cubic meters (m3)—larger than the volume estimate in a previous study—and reflects the largest plausible volume given current observational data. The considered scenario that generated the largest wave heights resulted in forecast wave heights of over 200 meters (m) in the northern part of Barry Arm, adjacent to the landslide source area and runup on the opposite fjord wall in excess of 500 m. Simulated wave heights in excess of 5 m in southern Barry Arm and in Harriman Fjord occurred within 10–15 minutes (min) of landslide motion. The simulated tsunami reached Whittier, Alaska, approximately 20 min after initial rapid landslide motion, with peak heights of just over 2 m in Passage Fjord, 500 m offshore Whittier, occurring 26 min after initial rapid motion. Time of peak wave heights was consistent with previous modeling. Although results are preliminary and can be refined with additional observations and analyses, they provide a refined assessment of the upper bound of the hazard presented by the Barry Arm landslides. The results herein support the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Tsunami Warning Center mission to detect, forecast, and warn for tsunamis in Alaska.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211071","usgsCitation":"Barnhart, K.R., Jones, R.P., George, D.L., Coe, J.A., and Staley, D.M., 2021, Preliminary assessment of the wave generating potential from landslides at Barry Arm, Prince William Sound, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1071, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211071.","productDescription":"Report: v, 28 p.; Data Release","ipdsId":"IP-130004","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386958,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XVJDNP","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Select model results from simulations of hypothetical rapid failures of landslides into Barry Arm Fjord, Prince William Sound, Alaska"},{"id":386957,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1071/ofr20211071.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2021-1071"},{"id":386956,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1071/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Barry Arm, Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.90869140625,\n 60.77659627851085\n ],\n [\n -147.95562744140625,\n 60.77659627851085\n ],\n [\n -147.95562744140625,\n 61.18165309177166\n ],\n [\n -148.90869140625,\n 61.18165309177166\n ],\n [\n -148.90869140625,\n 60.77659627851085\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Geologic Hazards Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, Mail Stop 966
Denver, CO 80225
The widespread parthenogenetic gecko Lepidodactylus lugubris is comprised of several clonal lineages, at least one of which has been known for some time to have originated from hybridization between its maternal ancestor, Lepidodactylus moestus, and a putatively undescribed paternal ancestor previously known only from remote islands in the Central Pacific. By integrating new genetic sequences from multiple studies on Lepidodactylus and incorporating new genetic sequences from previously sampled populations, we recovered a phylogenetic tree that shows a close genetic similarity between the generally hypothesized paternal hybrid ancestor and a recently described species from Maluku (Indonesia), Lepidodactylus pantai. Our results suggest that the paternal hybrid ancestor of at least one parthenogenetic clone of L. lugubris is conspecific with L. pantai and that the range of this species extends to Palau, the Caroline Islands, the Kei Islands, Wagabu, and potentially other small islands near New Guinea. Deeper genetic structure in the western (Palau, Maluku) versus eastern (eastern Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia) part of this species’ range suggests that the western populations likely dispersed via natural colonization, whereas the eastern populations may be the result of human-mediated dispersal. The potential taxonomic affinities and biogeographic history should be confirmed with further morphological and genetic analyses, including research on L. woodfordi from its type locality, which would have nomenclatural priority if found to be conspecific with L. pantai. We recommend referring to the wide-ranging sexual species as Lepidodactylus pantai until such a comparison can be made.
","language":"English","publisher":"Magnolia Press","doi":"10.11646/zootaxa.4999.1.6","usgsCitation":"Karin, B.R., Oliver, P.M., Stubbs, A.L., Afirin, U., Iskandar, D.T., Arida, E., Oong, Z., McGuire, J.A., Kraus, F., Fujita, M.K., Ineich, I., Ota, H., Hathaway, S.A., and Fisher, R., 2021, Who’s your daddy? On the identity and distribution of the paternal hybrid ancestor of the parthenogenetic gecko Lepidodactylus lugubris (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae): Zootaxa, v. 4999, no. 1, p. 87-100, https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4999.1.6.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"100","ipdsId":"IP-129699","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":451577,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4999.1.6","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":414616,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Pacific Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 118.10657329760227,\n 18.296867024041646\n ],\n [\n 118.10657329760227,\n -20\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n -20\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 18.296867024041646\n ],\n [\n 118.10657329760227,\n 18.296867024041646\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -143,\n 20.05806033654703\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 20.05806033654703\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n -20.24574183012558\n ],\n [\n -143,\n -20.24574183012558\n ],\n [\n -143,\n 20.05806033654703\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4999","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karin, Benjamin R.","contributorId":216475,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karin","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":13243,"text":"University of California Berkeley","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":867317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oliver, Paul M.","contributorId":178111,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oliver","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stubbs, Alexander L.","contributorId":216480,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stubbs","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13243,"text":"University of California Berkeley","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":867319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Afirin, Umilaela","contributorId":303351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Afirin","given":"Umilaela","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":65772,"text":"University of California, Berkeley; Museum Hamburg, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":867320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Iskandar, Djoko T.","contributorId":303352,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Iskandar","given":"Djoko","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":65773,"text":"Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":867321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Arida, Evy","contributorId":216470,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arida","given":"Evy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39448,"text":", The Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong, Indonesia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":867322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Oong, Zheng","contributorId":303353,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oong","given":"Zheng","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":65774,"text":"University of California, Berkeley; University of Minnesota, Saint Paul","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":867323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McGuire, Jimmy A.","contributorId":216474,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGuire","given":"Jimmy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13243,"text":"University of California Berkeley","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":867324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kraus, Frederick","contributorId":175369,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kraus","given":"Frederick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Fujita, Matthew K.","contributorId":303354,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fujita","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":12734,"text":"University of Texas at Arlington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":867326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Ineich, Ivan","contributorId":291686,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ineich","given":"Ivan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Ota, Hidetoshi","contributorId":147501,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ota","given":"Hidetoshi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Hathaway, Stacie A. 0000-0002-4167-8059","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4167-8059","contributorId":206793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hathaway","given":"Stacie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":867329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":51675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":867330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70227450,"text":"70227450 - 2021 - Potential effect of low-rise, downcast artificial lights on nocturnally migrating land birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-17T15:11:05.21635","indexId":"70227450","displayToPublicDate":"2021-07-08T09:04:43","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2010,"text":"Integrative and Comparative Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential effect of low-rise, downcast artificial lights on nocturnally migrating land birds","docAbstract":"Artificial light at night (ALAN) on tall or upward-pointed lighting installations affects the flight behavior of night-migrating birds. We hypothesized that common low-rise lights pointing downward also affect the movement of nocturnal migrants. We predicted that birds in flight will react close to low-rise lights, and be attracted and grounded near light sources, with a stronger effect on juveniles during their autumn migration. We conducted a controlled longitudinal experiment with light-emitting diode floodlights and considered nearby structures that turn on lights at night. We analyzed 1501 high-resolution 3D nocturnal flight paths of free-flying migrants and diurnally captured 758–2009 birds around experimental lights during spring and autumn 2016, and spring 2017. We identified change points along flight paths where birds turned horizontally or vertically, and we considered these indicative of reactions. Flight paths with and without reactions were generally closer to our experimental site in spring than in autumn when the lights were on. Reactions were up to 40% more likely to occur in autumn than in spring depending on the threshold magnitude of turning angle. Reactions in spring were up to ∼60% more likely to occur at ∼35 m from the lights than at >1.5 km. In autumn, some vertical reactions were ∼40% more likely to occur at ∼50 m from the lights than at >2.2 km. Interactions between distance to lights and visibility or cloud cover were consistent with known effects of ALAN on nocturnal migrants. Under poor visibility, reactions were up to 50% more likely to occur farthest from structures in spring, but up to 60% more likely to occur closest to lights in autumn. Thus, the effects of ALAN on night-migrating land birds are not limited to bright lights pointing upward or lights on tall structures in urban areas. Diurnal capture rates of birds were not different when lights were on or off for either season. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that low-rise lights pointing downward affect night-migrating birds. Although the interpreted reactions constitute subtle modifications in the linearity of flight paths, we discuss future work that could verify whether the protection of nocturnal migrants with lights-out programs would have greater impact if implemented beyond urban areas and include management of low-rise lights.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/icb/icab154","usgsCitation":"Cabrera-Cruz, S.A., Larkin, R.P., Gimpel, M.E., Gruber, J., Zenzal, T.J., and Buler, J.J., 2021, Potential effect of low-rise, downcast artificial lights on nocturnally migrating land birds: Integrative and Comparative Biology, v. 61, no. 3, p. 1216-1236, https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab154.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1216","endPage":"1236","ipdsId":"IP-127198","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":451580,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab154","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":394434,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cabrera-Cruz, Sergio A.","contributorId":271139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cabrera-Cruz","given":"Sergio","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13359,"text":"University of Delaware","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":830948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larkin, Ronald P.","contributorId":187419,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larkin","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gimpel, Maren E.","contributorId":271140,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gimpel","given":"Maren","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":56299,"text":"Washington College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":830950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gruber, James G.","contributorId":271141,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gruber","given":"James G.","affiliations":[{"id":56299,"text":"Washington College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":830951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zenzal, Theodore J. Jr. 0000-0001-7342-1373","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7342-1373","contributorId":224399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zenzal","given":"Theodore","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":830952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Buler, Jeffrey J.","contributorId":194648,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buler","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70224748,"text":"70224748 - 2021 - Managing for RADical ecosystem change: Applying the Resist-Accept-Direct (RAD) framework","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-04T12:40:37.085506","indexId":"70224748","displayToPublicDate":"2021-07-08T07:27:51","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1701,"text":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Managing for RADical ecosystem change: Applying the Resist-Accept-Direct (RAD) framework","docAbstract":"Ecosystem transformation involves the emergence of persistent ecological or social–ecological systems that diverge, dramatically and irreversibly, from prior ecosystem structure and function. Such transformations are occurring at increasing rates across the planet in response to changes in climate, land use, and other factors. Consequently, a dynamic view of ecosystem processes that accommodates rapid, irreversible change will be critical for effectively conserving fish, wildlife, and other natural resources, and maintaining ecosystem services. However, managing ecosystems toward states with novel structure and function is an inherently unpredictable and difficult task. Managers navigating ecosystem transformation can benefit from considering broader objectives, beyond a traditional focus on resisting ecosystem change, by also considering whether accepting inevitable change or directing it along some desirable pathway is more feasible (that is, practical and appropriate) under some circumstances (the RAD framework). By explicitly acknowledging transformation and implementing an iterative RAD approach, natural resource managers can be deliberate and strategic in addressing profound ecosystem change.
The avifauna of Guam was devastated by the introduction of the Brown Treesnake, and the restoration of native birds would need to address the problem with eradication or suppression of BTS. With eradication of the snake unlikely in the near term, and suppression capabilities limited to specific finite areas, key information for reintroductions is how low BTS abundance will likely need to be for each bird species to be re-established based on their vulnerability to BTS predation. Here, we estimate vulnerability, which can no longer be measured directly, so biologists who are familiar with one or more of seven Guam birds were surveyed to obtain their knowledge and produce quantitative vulnerability estimates. As is typical of birds adapted to islands devoid of predators, respondents judged that our focal species exhibit few predator avoidance and tolerance traits, leaving body size as the prime determinant of vulnerability. Respondent opinion also holds that any behavior that reduces the likelihood of an encounter by BTS, e.g., roosting/nesting in palm crowns, cavity nesting, and in particular urban dwelling, substantially reduces vulnerability. Our results can help inform species-specific decisions about when it may be safe to consider the release of birds on Guam depending on the relative vulnerability of each species to predation by BTS.
International agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) have committed to conserve, and sustainably and equitably use, biodiversity. The CBD is a vital instrument for global conservation because it guides 195 countries and the European Union in setting priorities and allocating resources, and requires regular reporting on progress. However, the CBD and similar policy agreements have often neglected genetic diversity. This is a critical gap because genetic diversity underlies adaptation to environmental change and ecosystem resilience. Here we aim to inform future policy, monitoring, and reporting efforts focused on limiting biodiversity loss by conducting the largest yet evaluation of how Parties to the CBD report on genetic diversity. A large, globally representative sample of 114 CBD National Reports was examined to assess reported actions, progress, values and indicators related to genetic diversity. Although the importance of genetic diversity is recognized by most Parties to the CBD, genetic diversity targets mainly addressed variation within crops and livestock (a small fraction of all species). Reported actions to conserve genetic diversity primarily concerned ex situ facilities and legislation, rather than monitoring and in situ intervention. The most commonly reported status indicators are not well correlated to maintaining genetic diversity. Lastly, few reports mentioned genetic monitoring using DNA data, indigenous use and knowledge of genetic diversity, or development of strategies to conserve genetic diversity. We make several recommendations for the post-2020 CBD Biodiversity Framework, and similar efforts such as IPBES, to improve awareness, assessment, and monitoring of genetic diversity, and facilitate consistent and complete reporting in the future.
Exchanges of groundwater and surface-water are fundamental to a wide range of water-supply and water-quality management issues but challenging to map beyond the reach scale. Waterborne gradient self-potential (SP) measurements are directly sensitive to water flow through riverbed sediments and can be used to infer exchange locations, direction (gain versus loss), scale, and relative changes, but to date applications to river corridor hydrology are limited. Numerical modeling and field experiments were therefore performed herein, each emphasizing waterborne gradient SP logging for identifying and locating focused vertical groundwater discharge (surface-water gain) and recharge (surface-water loss) in a river. Two and three-dimensional numerical models were constructed to simulate the polarities, appearances, and peak amplitudes of streaming-potential and electric-field anomalies on a riverbed and in the surface-water that were attributable to steady-state vertical fluxes of groundwater through high-permeability conduits in the riverbed. Effects of varied hydraulic length-scale of exchange and surface-water depth were tested through numerical modeling. Modeling results aided in data acquisition and interpretation for three repeated field experiments performed along a 1.5–2.0 km reach of the Quashnet River in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, where focused, meter-scale groundwater discharges occur at discrete locations within otherwise ubiquitous and more diffuse groundwater upwelling conditions. Strong gradient SP anomalies were repeatedly measured in the Quashnet River at previously confirmed locations of focused groundwater discharge, showing the efficacy of waterborne gradient SP logging in identifying and characterizing groundwater/surface water exchange dynamics at multiple river network scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"EEGS","doi":"10.32389/JEEG20-066","usgsCitation":"Ikard, S., Briggs, M., and Lane, J.W., 2021, Investigation of scale-dependent groundwater/surface-water exchange in rivers by gradient self-potential logging: Numerical modeling and field experiments: Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, v. 26, no. 2, 181 p., https://doi.org/10.32389/JEEG20-066.","productDescription":"181 p.","ipdsId":"IP-126186","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":387675,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Quashnet River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.51935195922852,\n 41.57115075028995\n ],\n [\n -70.5057907104492,\n 41.57115075028995\n ],\n [\n -70.5057907104492,\n 41.59400643013302\n ],\n [\n -70.51935195922852,\n 41.59400643013302\n ],\n [\n -70.51935195922852,\n 41.57115075028995\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ikard, Scott 0000-0002-8304-4935","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8304-4935","contributorId":201775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ikard","given":"Scott","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":820533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Briggs, Martin A. 0000-0003-3206-4132","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3206-4132","contributorId":257637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Martin A.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":820534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lane, John W. 0000-0002-3558-243X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X","contributorId":219742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":820535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70222423,"text":"70222423 - 2021 - Distributed memory parallel groundwater modeling for the Netherlands Hydrological Instrument","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-28T12:01:05.400154","indexId":"70222423","displayToPublicDate":"2021-07-08T06:56:13","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9115,"text":"Environmental Software & Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distributed memory parallel groundwater modeling for the Netherlands Hydrological Instrument","docAbstract":"Worldwide, billions of people rely on fresh groundwater reserves for their domestic, agricultural and industrial water use. Extreme droughts and excessive groundwater pumping put pressure on water authorities in maintaining sustainable water usage. High-resolution integrated models are valuable assets in supporting them. The Netherlands Hydrological Instrument (NHI) provides the Dutch water authorities with open source modeling software and data. However, NHI integrated groundwater models often require long run times and large memory usage, therefore strongly limiting their application. As a solution, we present a distributed memory parallelization, focusing on the National Hydrological Model. Depending on the level of integration, we show that significant speedups can be obtained up to two orders of magnitude. As far as we know, this is the first reported integrated groundwater parallelization of an operational hydrological model used for national-scale integrated water management and policy making. The parallel model code and data are freely available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105092","usgsCitation":"Verkaik, J., Hughes, J.D., Walsum, V., Oude Essink, G., Lin, H., and Bierkens, M., 2021, Distributed memory parallel groundwater modeling for the Netherlands Hydrological Instrument: Environmental Software & Modelling, v. 143, 105092, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105092.","productDescription":"105092, 15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-129864","costCenters":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":451594,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105092","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":387499,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"143","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verkaik, Jarno 0000-0001-7420-8304","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7420-8304","contributorId":261418,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Verkaik","given":"Jarno","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":52847,"text":"Deltares and Utrecht University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hughes, Joseph D. 0000-0003-1311-2354 jdhughes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1311-2354","contributorId":2492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"Joseph","email":"jdhughes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":819994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walsum, van","contributorId":261419,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walsum","given":"van","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":52848,"text":"Wageningen Environmental Research","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oude Essink, G.H.P. 0000-0003-0931-6944","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0931-6944","contributorId":261420,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oude Essink","given":"G.H.P.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":52847,"text":"Deltares and Utrecht University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lin, H.X.","contributorId":261421,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lin","given":"H.X.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":52849,"text":"Delft Institute of Applied Mathematics and Leiden University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bierkens, M.F.P. 0000-0002-7411-6562","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7411-6562","contributorId":261422,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bierkens","given":"M.F.P.","affiliations":[{"id":52850,"text":"Utrecht University and Deltares","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70240119,"text":"70240119 - 2021 - Factors influencing distributional shifts and abundance at the range core of a climate-sensitive mammal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-27T12:56:42.509076","indexId":"70240119","displayToPublicDate":"2021-07-08T06:54:30","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors influencing distributional shifts and abundance at the range core of a climate-sensitive mammal","docAbstract":"Species are frequently responding to contemporary climate change by shifting to higher elevations and poleward to track suitable climate space. However, depending on local conditions and species’ sensitivity, the nature of these shifts can be highly variable and difficult to predict. Here, we examine how the American pika (Ochotona princeps), a philopatric, montane lagomorph, responds to climatic gradients at three spatial scales. Using mixed-effects modeling in an information-theoretic approach, we evaluated a priori model suites regarding predictors of site occupancy, relative abundance, and elevational-range retraction across 760 talus patches, nested within 64 watersheds across the Northern Rocky Mountains of North America, during 2017–2020. The top environmental predictors differed across these response metrics. Warmer temperatures in summer and winter were associated with lower occupancy, lower relative abundances, and greater elevational retraction across watersheds. Occupancy was also strongly influenced by habitat patch size, but only when combined with climate metrics such as actual evapotranspiration. Using a second analytical approach, acute heat stress and summer precipitation best explained retraction residuals (i.e., the relative extent of retraction given the original elevational range of occupancy). Despite the study domain occurring near the species’ geographic-range center, where populations might have higher abundances and be at lower risk of climate-related stress, 33.9% of patches showed evidence of recent extirpations. Pika-extirpated sites averaged 1.44℃ warmer in summer than did occupied sites. Additionally, the minimum elevation of pika occupancy has retracted upslope in 69% of watersheds (mean: 281 m). Our results emphasize the nuance associated with evaluating species’ range dynamics in response to climate gradients, variability, and temperature exceedances, especially in regions where species occupy gradients of conditions that may constitute multiple range edges. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of evaluating diverse drivers across response metrics to improve the predictive accuracy of widely used, correlative models.
We show that a fixed smartphone network can provide robust Earthquake Early Warning for at least two orders of magnitude less cost than scientific-grade networks. Our software and cloud-based data architecture that we have constructed for the Alerta Sismica Temprana Utilizando Teléfonos Inteligentes (ASTUTI; Earthquake Early Warning Utilizing Smartphones) network in Costa Rica is easily scaled and exported. Implementation comprises provisioning and installing modern smartphones in judicious locations. Stand-up time for regionally operational networks can be on the order of days. We evaluated a non-parametric ground-motion detection and alerting strategy that would alert the entire Costa Rican population of any event with a ground motion detection threshold of 0.55–0.65 %g at four neighboring stations. During a 6-month evaluation period ASTUTI detected and alerted on five of 13 earthquakes with Mw 4.8–5.3 that caused felt Modified Mercalli Intensity shaking levels of 4.3–6. The system did not produce any false alerts and the undetected events did not produce wide-spread or significant felt shaking. System latencies were less than or similar to scientific-grade latencies. Alerts for all five detected events would have reached the capital city, San Jose, before strong S-wave shaking. This would have afforded time for Drop Cover Hold On actions by most residents. Two of the five alerts were triggered by P-waves suggesting that smartphone-based networks could approach the fastest theoretical EEW performance, especially with future expected improvements in smartphone sensors and processing algorithms.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2021AV000407","usgsCitation":"Brooks, B.A., Protti, M., Ericksen, T., Bunn, J., Vega, F., Cochran, E.S., Duncan, C., Avery, J., Minson, S.E., Chaves, E.J., Baez, J., Foster, J.H., and Glennie, C.L., 2021, Robust earthquake early warning at a fraction of the cost: ASTUTI Costa Rica: AGU Advances, v. 2, no. 3, e2021AV000407, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2021AV000407.","productDescription":"e2021AV000407, 16 p.","ipdsId":"IP-126171","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021av000407","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":482273,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Costa Rica","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-82.96578,8.22503],[-83.50844,8.44693],[-83.71147,8.65684],[-83.59631,8.83044],[-83.63264,9.05139],[-83.90989,9.2908],[-84.3034,9.48735],[-84.64764,9.61554],[-84.71335,9.90805],[-84.97566,10.08672],[-84.91137,9.79599],[-85.11092,9.55704],[-85.33949,9.83454],[-85.66079,9.93335],[-85.79744,10.13489],[-85.79171,10.43934],[-85.65931,10.75433],[-85.94173,10.89528],[-85.71254,11.08844],[-85.56185,11.21712],[-84.903,10.9523],[-84.67307,11.08266],[-84.35593,10.99923],[-84.19018,10.79345],[-83.89505,10.72684],[-83.65561,10.93876],[-83.40232,10.39544],[-83.01568,9.99298],[-82.5462,9.56613],[-82.93289,9.47681],[-82.92715,9.07433],[-82.71918,8.92571],[-82.86866,8.80727],[-82.82977,8.6263],[-82.91318,8.42352],[-82.96578,8.22503]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Costa Rica\"}}]}","volume":"2","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, Benjamin A. 0000-0001-7954-6281 bbrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7954-6281","contributorId":5237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Benjamin","email":"bbrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Protti, Marino","contributorId":351073,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Protti","given":"Marino","affiliations":[{"id":34121,"text":"Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ericksen, Todd 0000-0001-9340-575X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9340-575X","contributorId":217363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericksen","given":"Todd","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bunn, Julian","contributorId":216379,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bunn","given":"Julian","affiliations":[{"id":13711,"text":"Caltech","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vega, Floribeth","contributorId":351075,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vega","given":"Floribeth","affiliations":[{"id":34121,"text":"Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cochran, Elizabeth S. 0000-0003-2485-4484 ecochran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2485-4484","contributorId":2025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochran","given":"Elizabeth","email":"ecochran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Duncan, Chris","contributorId":351077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duncan","given":"Chris","affiliations":[{"id":83911,"text":"GISMatters","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Avery, Jonathan","contributorId":244557,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Avery","given":"Jonathan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48939,"text":"Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, HI, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Minson, Sarah E. 0000-0001-5869-3477 sminson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5869-3477","contributorId":5357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minson","given":"Sarah","email":"sminson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":927856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Chaves, Esteban J.","contributorId":236655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chaves","given":"Esteban","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":47499,"text":"Volcanological and Seismological Observatory of Costa Rica at Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Baez, Juan Carlos","contributorId":351079,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baez","given":"Juan Carlos","affiliations":[{"id":83913,"text":"Centro Sismologico Nacional de Chile","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Foster, James H.","contributorId":244553,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foster","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":48939,"text":"Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, HI, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":927858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Glennie, Craig L.","contributorId":198143,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glennie","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":927859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70228931,"text":"70228931 - 2021 - Juvenile moose stress and nutrition dynamics related to winter ticks, landscape characteristics, climate-mediated factors and survival","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-24T17:14:48.527888","indexId":"70228931","displayToPublicDate":"2021-07-07T11:08:11","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3919,"text":"Conservation Physiology","onlineIssn":"2051-1434","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Juvenile moose stress and nutrition dynamics related to winter ticks, landscape characteristics, climate-mediated factors and survival","docAbstract":"Moose populations in the northeastern United States have declined over the past 15 years, primarily due to the impacts of winter ticks. Research efforts have focused on the effects of winter tick infestation on moose survival and reproduction, but stress and nutritional responses to ticks and other stressors remain understudied. We examined the influence of several environmental factors on moose calf stress hormone metabolite concentrations and nutritional restriction in Vermont, USA. We collected 407 fecal and 461 snow urine samples from 84 radio-collared moose calves in the winters of 2017–2019 (January–April) to measure fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCM) concentrations and urea nitrogen:creatinine (UN:C) ratios. We used generalized mixed-effects models to evaluate the influence of individual condition, winter ticks, habitat, climate and human development on stress and nutrition in calf moose. We then used these physiological data to build generalized linear models to predict calf winter survival. Calf fGCM concentrations increased with nutritional restriction and snow depth during adult winter tick engorgement. Calf UN:C ratios increased in calves with lighter weights and higher tick loads in early winter. Calf UN:C ratios also increased in individuals with home ranges composed of little deciduous forests during adult winter tick engorgement. Our predictive models estimated that winter survival was negatively related to UN:C ratios and positively related to fGCM concentrations, particularly in early winter. By late March, as winter ticks are having their greatest toll and endogenous resources become depleted, we estimated a curvilinear relationship between fGCM concentrations and survival. Our results provide novel evidence linking moose calf stress and nutrition, a problematic parasite and challenging environment and winter survival. Our findings provide a baseline to support the development of non-invasive physiological monitoring for assessing environmental impacts on moose populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/conphys/coab048","usgsCitation":"Rosenblatt, E., Debow, J., Blouin, J., Donovan, T.M., Murdoch, J., Creel, S., Rogers, W., Gieder, K., Fortin, N., and Alexander, C., 2021, Juvenile moose stress and nutrition dynamics related to winter ticks, landscape characteristics, climate-mediated factors and survival: Conservation Physiology, v. 9, no. 1, coab048, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/coab048.","productDescription":"coab048, 20 p.","ipdsId":"IP-123406","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":451599,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/coab048","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":396433,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.212890625,\n 43.6599240747891\n ],\n [\n -71.7626953125,\n 43.6599240747891\n ],\n [\n -71.7626953125,\n 44.98811302615805\n ],\n [\n -73.212890625,\n 44.98811302615805\n ],\n [\n -73.212890625,\n 43.6599240747891\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-07-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenblatt, Elias","contributorId":276324,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rosenblatt","given":"Elias","affiliations":[{"id":13253,"text":"University of Vermont","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Debow, Jacob","contributorId":276321,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Debow","given":"Jacob","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13253,"text":"University of Vermont","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blouin, Joshua","contributorId":276322,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blouin","given":"Joshua","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13253,"text":"University of Vermont","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Donovan, Therese M. 0000-0001-8124-9251 tdonovan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8124-9251","contributorId":204296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donovan","given":"Therese","email":"tdonovan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murdoch, James","contributorId":276325,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murdoch","given":"James","affiliations":[{"id":13253,"text":"University of Vermont","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Creel, Scott","contributorId":15089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creel","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rogers, Will","contributorId":280055,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rogers","given":"Will","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36555,"text":"Montana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gieder, Katherina","contributorId":280056,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gieder","given":"Katherina","affiliations":[{"id":27622,"text":"Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Fortin, Nick","contributorId":280057,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fortin","given":"Nick","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27622,"text":"Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Alexander, Cedric","contributorId":280058,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alexander","given":"Cedric","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27622,"text":"Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":835953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70222070,"text":"70222070 - 2021 - Detrital zircon record of magmatism and sediment dispersal across the North American Cordilleran arc system (28-48°N)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-16T14:54:38.432173","indexId":"70222070","displayToPublicDate":"2021-07-07T09:48:38","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1431,"text":"Earth-Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detrital zircon record of magmatism and sediment dispersal across the North American Cordilleran arc system (28-48°N)","docAbstract":"As zircon U-Pb geochronology has become a leading method in sediment provenance studies and basin analysis over the past 20 years, the volume of detrital zircon data made available in published literature has enabled researchers to go beyond source-to-sink provenance studies to explore increasingly complex geologic problems. In this review, we utilize the growing body of detrital zircon data acquired from Jurassic-Paleocene forearc and foreland basin strata of the North American Cordillera to investigate the Mesozoic to earliest Cenozoic evolution of the arc and its associated basins between 28°N and 48°N. Our compilation includes 830 detrital zircon samples (101,898 individual ages) from 70 studies published between 2000 and 2020. For comparative purposes, we also compile 1307 igneous zircon U-Pb ages that characterize the magmatic history of the arc. We place primary emphasis on detrital zircon ages between 251 and 56 Ma that we infer to be uniquely derived from magmatic sources in the arc. Informed by existing knowledge of magmatic, structural, and sedimentological processes that acted on the orogen, we investigate spatial and temporal trends in these “arc-derived zircon” to establish a detrital record of arc magmatism, investigate source-to-sink relationships between the arc and adjacent basins, and discuss controls on sediment dispersal across the orogen.
Our review shows that compilations of detrital zircon data from the Cordilleran forearc and foreland basin systems are excellent proxies for arc magmatism because the basins are enriched in arc-derived zircon and compilations provide space- and time-integrated records of crystallization ages. The compiled detrital zircon data support a history of continuous arc magmatism throughout Mesozoic and earliest Cenozoic time, characterized by low-volume magmatism from Triassic-Early Jurassic time (~251–174 Ma) and episodic higher-volume magmatism from Middle Jurassic-Late Cretaceous time (~174–66 Ma). These trends elucidate the initiation and timing of magmatic events at the orogen-scale and corroborate our understanding of cyclic arc behavior.
Detrital zircon distributions are spatially and temporally variable both within and across basins, which we discuss relative to topographic development of the orogen and attendant responses of sediment dispersal systems. Detrital zircon distributions in the forearc signal rapid transfer of sediment from the arc to basins dominantly via fluvial processes. In contrast, detrital zircon distributions across the foreland reflect the presence of topographic barriers in the hinterland region of the arc that effectively isolated parts of the foreland. The presence of hinterland topography in turn highlights the important role of ash-fall events in delivering arc-derived zircon to the foreland, underscoring the need to consider ash-fall processes in paleodrainage reconstructions. These broad regional trends, and in general the close linkage between orogenic process and sediment dispersal, emerge from our compilation because it averages out much of the local variability observed in studies of more limited geographic or temporal extent.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103734","usgsCitation":"Schwartz, T.M., Surpless, K.D., Colgan, J.P., Johnstone, S., and Holm-Denoma, C., 2021, Detrital zircon record of magmatism and sediment dispersal across the North American Cordilleran arc system (28-48°N): Earth-Science Reviews, v. 220, 103734, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103734.","productDescription":"103734, 35 p.","ipdsId":"IP-126369","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436282,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96NOPRE","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Preliminary detrital zircon data for Upper Cretaceous to Paleocene strata of the Crazy Mountains basin, Montana"},{"id":436281,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9E5INN9","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Compilation of in situ and detrital zircon U-Pb ages for the Jurassic-Paleocene North American Cordillera (28-50 degrees north)"},{"id":387227,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Mexico, United States","otherGeospatial":"North American Cordilleran arc system","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.140625,\n 23.725011735951796\n ],\n [\n -102.65625,\n 39.095962936305476\n ],\n [\n -104.23828125,\n 49.26780455063753\n ],\n [\n -117.94921874999999,\n 56.65622649350222\n ],\n [\n -131.484375,\n 54.97761367069628\n ],\n [\n -123.3984375,\n 37.579412513438385\n ],\n [\n -118.30078125,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -112.5,\n 21.94304553343818\n ],\n [\n -99.140625,\n 23.725011735951796\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"220","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwartz, Theresa Maude 0000-0001-6606-4072","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6606-4072","contributorId":245180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Theresa","email":"","middleInitial":"Maude","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":819418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Surpless, Kathleen D.","contributorId":261176,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Surpless","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":52761,"text":"Trinity University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Colgan, Joseph P. 0000-0001-6671-1436 jcolgan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6671-1436","contributorId":1649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colgan","given":"Joseph","email":"jcolgan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":819420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnstone, Samuel 0000-0002-3945-2499","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3945-2499","contributorId":207545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnstone","given":"Samuel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":819421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Holm-Denoma, Christopher S. 0000-0003-3229-5440","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3229-5440","contributorId":219763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holm-Denoma","given":"Christopher S.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":819422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70236481,"text":"70236481 - 2021 - Wastewater disposal has not significantly altered the regional stress state in southern Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-08T13:34:34.597861","indexId":"70236481","displayToPublicDate":"2021-07-07T08:28:43","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wastewater disposal has not significantly altered the regional stress state in southern Kansas","docAbstract":"Wastewater disposal is primarily responsible for the increased seismicity rate since ~2013 in southern Kansas. Previous work that used shear wave splitting (SWS) in southern Kansas interpreted a ~90º temporal rotation in the fast polarization direction and attributed it to increased pore pressures resulting from fluid injection. However, this interpreted rotation coincided with a change in the stations used to make the SWS measurements. We investigate the temporal variability of fast azimuths in southern Kansas by making SWS measurements on earthquake families with similar source-receiver paths recorded on a stable local seismic network. We select high-quality SWS measurements by investigating the stability of results across 65 different frequency bands between 0.5-15 Hz. We find that the fast polarization direction in southern Kansas is relatively constant with an average ENE (~N79ºE) orientation between 2014-2017. Our fast polarization measurements are primarily a reflection of the maximum principal horizontal stress direction (SHmax). We observe a slight spatial change in SHmax to the NE (~N55°E) near the Nemaha Ridge in Oklahoma. However, we do not observe any significant temporal rotation of SHmax or variation in delay time (i.e., crack density) in southern Kansas, contrary to the earlier study. The previously interpreted ~90º rotation may either be a reflection of a very local stress change or a misinterpretation of SWS results potentially due to the use of inconsistent source-receiver paths. Our SWS measurements cover the period of peak wastewater disposal and seismicity rates and suggest an absence of significant temporal rotations in the local anisotropy and stress orientations associated with wastewater disposal.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1785/0220210079","usgsCitation":"Skoumal, R., and Cochran, E.S., 2021, Wastewater disposal has not significantly altered the regional stress state in southern Kansas: Seismological Research Letters, v. 6, no. 92, p. 3516-3525, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220210079.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"3516","endPage":"3525","ipdsId":"IP-127499","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406375,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-97.802,37.0004],[-97.8986,37.0003],[-98.0538,37.0003],[-98.1164,37.0003],[-98.3291,37.0003],[-98.3482,37.0003],[-98.3503,37.3854],[-97.807,37.3867],[-97.8068,37.4746],[-97.1514,37.4764],[-97.1468,37.0001],[-97.1978,36.9995],[-97.271,36.9997],[-97.4111,37.0001],[-97.4597,37.0002],[-97.4624,37.0002],[-97.5354,37.0002],[-97.7424,37.0003],[-97.802,37.0004]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Harper\",\"state\":\"KS\"}}]}","volume":"6","issue":"92","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-07-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skoumal, Robert","contributorId":217693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skoumal","given":"Robert","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":851189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cochran, Elizabeth S. 0000-0003-2485-4484 ecochran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2485-4484","contributorId":2025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochran","given":"Elizabeth","email":"ecochran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":851190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70224969,"text":"70224969 - 2021 - Blue waters, green bottoms: Benthic filamentous algal blooms are an emerging threat to clear lakes worldwide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-11T16:58:05.08129","indexId":"70224969","displayToPublicDate":"2021-07-07T08:25:49","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Blue waters, green bottoms: Benthic filamentous algal blooms are an emerging threat to clear lakes worldwide","docAbstract":"Nearshore (littoral) habitats of clear lakes with high water quality are increasingly experiencing unexplained proliferations of filamentous algae that grow on submerged surfaces. These filamentous algal blooms (FABs) are sometimes associated with nutrient pollution in groundwater, but complex changes in climate, nutrient transport, lake hydrodynamics, and food web structure may also facilitate this emerging threat to clear lakes. A coordinated effort among members of the public, managers, and scientists is needed to document the occurrence of FABs, to standardize methods for measuring their severity, to adapt existing data collection networks to include nearshore habitats, and to mitigate and reverse this profound structural change in lake ecosystems. Current models of lake eutrophication do not explain this littoral greening. However, a cohesive response to it is essential for protecting some of the world's most valued lakes and the flora, fauna, and ecosystem services they sustain.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Biological Sciences","doi":"10.1093/biosci/biab049","usgsCitation":"Vadeboncoeur, Y., Moore, M.V., Stewart, S.D., Chandra, S., Atkins, K., Baron, J., Bouma-Gregson, K., Brothers, S., Francoeur, S., Genzoli, L., Higgins, S.N., Hilt, S., Katona, L., Kelly, D., Oleksy, I., Ozersky, T., Powel, M., Roberts, D., Timoshkin, O., Tromboni, F., Vander Zanden, M.J., Volkova, E., Waters, S., Wood, S.A., and Yamamuro, M., 2021, Blue waters, green bottoms: Benthic filamentous algal blooms are an emerging threat to clear lakes worldwide: BioScience, v. 71, no. 10, p. 1011-1027, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab049.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1011","endPage":"1027","ipdsId":"IP-125146","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":451607,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab049","text":"Publisher 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Jake","contributorId":265448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vander Zanden","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jake","affiliations":[{"id":7122,"text":"University of Wisconsin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":825000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Volkova, Ekaterina","contributorId":267301,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Volkova","given":"Ekaterina","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":55467,"text":"Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences’ Limnological Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":824936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Waters, Sean","contributorId":267336,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Waters","given":"Sean","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Wood, Susanna A.","contributorId":267337,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Susanna","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Yamamuro, Masumi","contributorId":267338,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yamamuro","given":"Masumi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25}]}} ,{"id":70223308,"text":"70223308 - 2021 - Predicting wildfire impacts on the prehistoric archaeological record of the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-20T12:38:24.433922","indexId":"70223308","displayToPublicDate":"2021-07-07T07:35:37","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1636,"text":"Fire Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting wildfire impacts on the prehistoric archaeological record of the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, USA","docAbstract":"Wildfires of uncharacteristic severity, a consequence of climate changes and accumulated fuels, can cause amplified or novel impacts to archaeological resources. The archaeological record includes physical features associated with human activity; these exist within ecological landscapes and provide a unique long-term perspective on human–environment interactions. The potential for fire-caused damage to archaeological materials is of major concern because these resources are irreplaceable and non-renewable, have social or religious significance for living peoples, and are protected by an extensive body of legislation. Although previous studies have modeled ecological burn severity as a function of environmental setting and climate, the fidelity of these variables as predictors of archaeological fire effects has not been evaluated. This study, focused on prehistoric archaeological sites in a fire-prone and archaeologically rich landscape in the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico, USA, identified the environmental and climate variables that best predict observed fire severity and fire effects to archaeological features and artifacts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1186/s42408-021-00103-6","usgsCitation":"Friggens, M., Loehman, R.A., Constan, C., and Kneifel, R., 2021, Predicting wildfire impacts on the prehistoric archaeological record of the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, USA: Fire Ecology, v. 17, 18, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-021-00103-6.","productDescription":"18, 19 p.","ipdsId":"IP-122913","costCenters":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":451608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-021-00103-6","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":388219,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Jemez Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.9189453125,\n 35.24561909420681\n ],\n [\n -105.1171875,\n 35.24561909420681\n ],\n [\n -105.1171875,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -106.9189453125,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -106.9189453125,\n 35.24561909420681\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friggens, Megan","contributorId":219865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Friggens","given":"Megan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36400,"text":"US Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loehman, Rachel A. 0000-0001-7680-1865 rloehman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7680-1865","contributorId":187605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loehman","given":"Rachel","email":"rloehman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":821685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Constan, Connie","contributorId":264574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Constan","given":"Connie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36400,"text":"US Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kneifel, Rebekah","contributorId":264576,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kneifel","given":"Rebekah","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36400,"text":"US Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70221843,"text":"70221843 - 2021 - Twenty-first-century projections of shoreline change along inlet-interrupted coastlines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-12T11:57:03.394157","indexId":"70221843","displayToPublicDate":"2021-07-07T06:55:17","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8955,"text":"Nature--Scientific Reports","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Twenty-first-century projections of shoreline change along inlet-interrupted coastlines","docAbstract":"Sandy coastlines adjacent to tidal inlets are highly dynamic and widespread landforms, where large changes are expected due to climatic and anthropogenic influences. To adequately assess these important changes, both oceanic (e.g., sea-level rise) and terrestrial (e.g., fluvial sediment supply) processes that govern the local sediment budget must be considered. Here, we present novel projections of shoreline change adjacent to 41 tidal inlets around the world, using a probabilistic, reduced complexity, system-based model that considers catchment-estuary-coastal systems in a holistic way. Under the RCP 8.5 scenario, retreat dominates (90% of cases) over the twenty-first century, with projections exceeding 100 m of retreat in two-thirds of cases. However, the remaining systems are projected to accrete under the same scenario, reflecting fluvial influence. This diverse range of response compared to earlier methods implies that erosion hazards at inlet-interrupted coasts have been inadequately characterised to date. The methods used here need to be applied widely to support evidence-based coastal adaptation.
Movement of animals directly affects individual fitness, yet fine spatial and temporal resolution movement behavior has been studied in relatively few small species, particularly in the tropics. Nectarivorous Hawaiian honeycreepers are believed to be highly mobile throughout the year, but their fine-scale movement patterns remain unknown. The movement behavior of these crucial pollinators has important implications for forest ecology, and for mortality from avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum), an introduced disease that does not occur in high-elevation forests where Hawaiian honeycreepers primarily breed.
We used an automated radio telemetry network to track the movement of two Hawaiian honeycreeper species, the ʻapapane (Himatione sanguinea) and ʻiʻiwi (Drepanis coccinea). We collected high temporal and spatial resolution data across the annual cycle. We identified movement strategies using a multivariate analysis of movement metrics and assessed seasonal changes in movement behavior.
Both species exhibited multiple movement strategies including sedentary, central place foraging, commuting, and nomadism , and these movement strategies occurred simultaneously across the population. We observed a high degree of intraspecific variability at the individual and population level. The timing of the movement strategies corresponded well with regional bloom patterns of ‘ōhi‘a (Metrosideros polymorpha) the primary nectar source for the focal species. Birds made long-distance flights, including multi-day forays outside the tracking array, but exhibited a high degree of fidelity to a core use area, even in the non-breeding period. Both species visited elevations where avian malaria can occur but exhibited little seasonal change in elevation (< 150 m) and regularly returned to high-elevation roosts at night.
This study demonstrates the power of automated telemetry to study complex and fine-scale movement behaviors in rugged tropical environments. Our work reveals a system in which birds can track shifting resources using a diverse set of movement behaviors and can facultatively respond to environmental change. Importantly, fidelity to high-elevation roosting sites minimizes nocturnal exposure to avian malaria for far-ranging individuals and is thus a beneficial behavior that may be under high selection pressure.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1186/s40462-021-00275-5","usgsCitation":"Smetzer, J.R., Paxton, K.L., and Paxton, E.H., 2021, Individual and seasonal variation in the movement behavior of two tropical nectarivorous birds: Movement Ecology, v. 9, 36, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-021-00275-5.","productDescription":"36, 15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-127576","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":451613,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-021-00275-5","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436283,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P92GS2TR","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Hawai'i Island locations of 'Apapane and 'I'iwi from automated radio telemetry tracking system 2014 to 2016"},{"id":390327,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.379638671875,\n 19.694314241825747\n ],\n [\n -155.15441894531247,\n 19.694314241825747\n ],\n [\n -155.15441894531247,\n 19.89072302399691\n ],\n [\n -155.379638671875,\n 19.89072302399691\n ],\n [\n -155.379638671875,\n 19.694314241825747\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-07-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smetzer, Jennifer R","contributorId":255352,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smetzer","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"R","affiliations":[{"id":13341,"text":"Hawai‘i Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":824870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paxton, Kristina L. 0000-0003-2321-5090","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2321-5090","contributorId":41917,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paxton","given":"Kristina","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6977,"text":"University of Hawai`i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":12981,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":824871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paxton, Eben H. 0000-0001-5578-7689","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5578-7689","contributorId":19640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paxton","given":"Eben","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":824872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}