Current estimates of discovered viscous and heavy oil in Alaska’s North Slope are 12 billion barrels of oil-in-place and 12–18 billion barrels of oil-in-place, respectively (see Appendix 1 for conversion to SI units). Since the early 1990s to the end of 2010, cumulative viscous oil production has amounted to 150 million barrels, and there has been no commercial production of heavy oil. During the last three decades, the industry has been challenged to develop technologies to commercially produce these untapped oil resources in this Arctic environment. In this paper, the general locations and geologic properties of the viscous oil-bearing West Sak/Schrader Bluff and heavy oil-bearing Ugnu stratigraphic intervals are described first. The geologic variability within these deposits and the evolution of technology have forced an incremental development approach, requiring costly field testing at the pilot scale of innovative extraction techniques. Although viscous oil is currently produced, its development is not mature, and firms appear to be still spending large sums on new approaches to improve recovery. The analysis specifies a representative viscous oil project and then applies a “real options” framework using simulation to determine whether the risked expected project value is sufficient to fund required expenditures on extraction process research and field testing. Computations show available field test funds to be highly sensitive to the operator’s hurdle rate of return as well as the range in magnitude of potential State revenues. The contribution of the paper is solving this problem using an approach where the extreme low return and high scenarios need only be specified, and where the uncertainties are modeled with beta distributions based on historical data or expert opinion.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11053-014-9240-1","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., and Freeman, P., 2015, Evaluation of development options for Alaska North Slope viscous and heavy oil: Natural Resources Research, v. 24, no. 1, p. 85-106, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-014-9240-1.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"106","ipdsId":"IP-052147","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358625,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"24","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-06-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10b345e4b034bf6a7e9c20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":749053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, Philip A. 0000-0002-0863-7431 pfreeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0863-7431","contributorId":193093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Philip A.","email":"pfreeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":749054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70073967,"text":"70073967 - 2015 - Phenology and climate relationships in aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) forest and woodland communities of southwestern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-17T16:20:32.242684","indexId":"70073967","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T13:25:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Phenology and climate relationships in aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) forest and woodland communities of southwestern Colorado","title":"Phenology and climate relationships in aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) forest and woodland communities of southwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) occurs over wide geographical, latitudinal, elevational, and environmental gradients, making it a favorable candidate for a study of phenology and climate relationships. Aspen forests and woodlands provide numerous ecosystem services, such as high primary productivity and biodiversity, retention and storage of environmental variables (precipitation, temperature, snow–water equivalent) that affect the spring and fall phenology of the aspen woodland communities of southwestern Colorado. We assessed the land surface phenology of aspen woodlands using two phenology indices, start of season time (SOST) and end of season time (EOST), from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) database of conterminous U.S. phenological indicators over an 11-year time period (2001–2011). These indicators were developed with 250 m resolution remotely sensed data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer processed to highlight vegetation response. We compiled data on SOST, EOST, elevation, precipitation, air temperature, and snow water equivalent (SWE) for selected sites having more than 80% cover by aspen woodland communities. In the 11-year time frame of our study, EOST had significant positive correlation with minimum fall temperature and significant negative correlation with fall precipitation. SOST had a significant positive correlation with spring SWE and spring maximum temperature.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.05.033","usgsCitation":"Meier, G.A., Brown, J., Evelsizer, R.J., and Vogelmann, J., 2015, Phenology and climate relationships in aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) forest and woodland communities of southwestern Colorado: Ecological Indicators, v. 48, p. 189-197, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.05.033.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"197","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-045382","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294919,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.07739323500078,\n 38.82479148331984\n ],\n [\n -109.07739323500078,\n 37.04810861806919\n ],\n [\n -105.56044097270126,\n 37.04810861806919\n ],\n [\n -105.56044097270126,\n 38.82479148331984\n ],\n [\n -109.07739323500078,\n 38.82479148331984\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542fbaa6e4b092f17df61d6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meier, Gretchen A.","contributorId":96615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"Gretchen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Jesslyn F. 0000-0002-9976-1998","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9976-1998","contributorId":26243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Jesslyn F.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":489304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evelsizer, Ross J.","contributorId":80211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evelsizer","given":"Ross","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vogelmann, James E. 0000-0002-0804-5823 vogel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-5823","contributorId":649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogelmann","given":"James E.","email":"vogel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":489303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70102112,"text":"70102112 - 2015 - Snow effects on alpine vegetation in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-17T16:33:31.39383","indexId":"70102112","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T13:10:16","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2035,"text":"International Journal of Digital Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Snow effects on alpine vegetation in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","docAbstract":"Understanding the relationships between snow and vegetation is important for interpretation of the responses of alpine ecosystems to climate changes. The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is regarded as an ideal area due to its undisturbed features with low population and relatively high snow cover. We used 500 m Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) datasets during 2001–2010 to examine the snow–vegetation relationships, specifically, (1) the influence of snow melting date on vegetation green-up date and (2) the effects of snow cover duration on vegetation greenness. The results showed that the alpine vegetation responded strongly to snow phenology (i.e., snow melting date and snow cover duration) over large areas of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Snow melting date and vegetation green-up date were significantly correlated (p < 0.1) in 39.9% of meadow areas (accounting for 26.2% of vegetated areas) and 36.7% of steppe areas (28.1% of vegetated areas). Vegetation growth was influenced by different seasonal snow cover durations (SCDs) in different regions. Generally, the December–February and March–May SCDs played a significantly role in vegetation growth, both positively and negatively, depending on different water source regions. Snow's positive impact on vegetation was larger than the negative impact.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/17538947.2013.848946","usgsCitation":"Wang, K., Zhang, L., Qiu, Y., Ji, L., Tian, F., Wang, C., and Wang, Z., 2015, Snow effects on alpine vegetation in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: International Journal of Digital Earth, v. 8, no. 1, p. 56-73, https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2013.848946.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"56","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052135","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472352,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2013.848946","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":286394,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","otherGeospatial":"Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 73.18,24.91 ], [ 73.18,40.97 ], [ 106.29,40.97 ], [ 106.29,24.91 ], [ 73.18,24.91 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-11-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53559564e4b0120853e8c1f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Kun","contributorId":51648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Kun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhang, Li","contributorId":98139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Li","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Qiu, Yubao","contributorId":36464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qiu","given":"Yubao","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ji, Lei 0000-0002-6133-1036 lji@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6133-1036","contributorId":2832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ji","given":"Lei","email":"lji@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":492832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tian, Feng","contributorId":17143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tian","given":"Feng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wang, Cuizhen","contributorId":16312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Cuizhen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wang, Zhiyong","contributorId":81412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Zhiyong","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70202414,"text":"70202414 - 2015 - New information and guidance for collapsible bag-type sediment samplers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T12:45:49","indexId":"70202414","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T12:45:43","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"New information and guidance for collapsible bag-type sediment samplers","docAbstract":"Answers for many critical water-related issues require solid-phase water-quality data that are representative, accurate, and consistent. Collection of suspended sediment samples for subsequent analyses of solid-phase constituents that represent water-column sediment concentrations requires use of appropriate isokinetic samplers and sampling techniques (Davis, 2005a). Recent review of field and laboratory data indicates that the Federal Interagency Sedimentation Project (FISP) collapsible bag-type sediment samplers may not function isokinetically under certain low velocity and/or low temperature conditions. Updated guidance and operational limits for FISP bag-type samplers were issued in FISP Memorandum 2013.01 (2013). This paper describes new information and guidance for operation of FISP bag-type samplers and ongoing efforts to further characterize the factors that influence bag-type sampler efficiency.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 5th Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference and the 10th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"3rd Joint Federal Interagency Conference on Sedimentation and Hydrologic Modeling","conferenceDate":"April 19-23, 2015","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV","language":"English","publisher":"SEDHYD 2015 Conference Proceedings","usgsCitation":"Landers, M.N., Sabol, T.A., Manning, M.A., Anderson, J.R., and Sannes, C., 2015, New information and guidance for collapsible bag-type sediment samplers, in Proceedings of the 5th Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference and the 10th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, Reno, NV, April 19-23, 2015, p. 458-467.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"458","endPage":"467","ipdsId":"IP-062083","costCenters":[{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361642,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":361641,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://acwi.gov/sos/pubs/3rdJFIC/Proceedings.pdf"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landers, Mark N. 0000-0002-3014-0480 landers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3014-0480","contributorId":1103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landers","given":"Mark","email":"landers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sabol, Thomas A. 0000-0002-4299-2285 tsabol@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4299-2285","contributorId":3403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sabol","given":"Thomas","email":"tsabol@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manning, Michael A. mmanning@usgs.gov","contributorId":1994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"Michael","email":"mmanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, Jessica R. 0000-0002-3286-7552 jranderson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3286-7552","contributorId":193158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Jessica","email":"jranderson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sannes, Corey","contributorId":213701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sannes","given":"Corey","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70137511,"text":"70137511 - 2015 - Numerical computation of hurricane effects on historic coastal hydrology in Southern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-15T13:40:34","indexId":"70137511","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T12:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1460,"text":"Ecological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical computation of hurricane effects on historic coastal hydrology in Southern Florida","docAbstract":"Introduction
\nNumerical models are critical for assessing the effects of sea level rise (SLR), hurricanes, and storm surge on vegetation change in the Everglades National Park. The model must be capable of representing short-timescale hydrodynamics, salinity transport, and groundwater interaction. However, there is also a strong need to adapt these numerical models to hindcast past conditions in order to examine long-term effects on the distribution of vegetation that cannot be determined using only the modern record.
\nMethods
\nBased on parameters developed for a numerical model developed for the recent 1996 to 2004 period, a hindcast model was developed to represent sea level and water management for the period of 1926 to 1932, constrained by the limited hydrology and meteorology data available from the historic past. Realistic hurricane-wind and storm surge representations, required for the hindcast model, are based on information synthesized from modern storm data. A series of simulation scenarios with various hurricane representations inserted into both hindcast and recent numerical models were used to assess the utility of the storm representation in the model and compare the two simulations.
\nResults
\nThe comparison of the hindcast and recent models showed differences in the hydrology patterns that are consistent with known differences in water delivery systems and sea level rise. A 30x lower-resolution spatially variable wind grid for the hindcast produced similar results to the original high-resolution full wind grid representation of the recent simulation. Storm effects on hydrologic patterns demonstrated with the simulations show hydrologic processes that could have a long-term effect on vegetation change.
\nConclusions
\nThe hindcast simulation estimated hydrologic processes for the 1926 to 1932 period. It shows promise as a simulator in long-term ecological studies to test hypotheses based on theoretical or empirical-based studies at larger landscape scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Heidelberg","doi":"10.1186/s13717-014-0028-3","usgsCitation":"Swain, E.D., Krohn, M.D., and Langtimm, C.A., 2015, Numerical computation of hurricane effects on historic coastal hydrology in Southern Florida: Ecological Processes, v. 4, no. 4, p. 1-20, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-014-0028-3.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052939","costCenters":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-014-0028-3","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":299454,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.716064453125,\n 27.381523191705053\n ],\n [\n -82.232666015625,\n 26.43122806450644\n ],\n [\n -81.112060546875,\n 25.045792240303445\n ],\n [\n -80.26611328125,\n 25.16517336866393\n ],\n [\n -80.057373046875,\n 25.720735134412106\n ],\n [\n -79.969482421875,\n 26.79465448763808\n ],\n [\n -80.540771484375,\n 28.323724553546015\n ],\n [\n -82.716064453125,\n 27.381523191705053\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-02-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5524ffb0e4b027f0aee3d47f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swain, Eric D. 0000-0001-7168-708X edswain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":1538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Eric","email":"edswain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krohn, M. Dennis dkrohn@usgs.gov","contributorId":3378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohn","given":"M.","email":"dkrohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Dennis","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langtimm, Catherine A. 0000-0001-8499-5743 clangtimm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8499-5743","contributorId":3045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langtimm","given":"Catherine","email":"clangtimm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70148671,"text":"70148671 - 2015 - Predicting fine-scale distributions of peripheral aquatic species in headwater streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-19T11:35:47","indexId":"70148671","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T12:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1467,"text":"Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting fine-scale distributions of peripheral aquatic species in headwater streams","docAbstract":"Headwater species and peripheral populations that occupy habitat at the edge of a species range may hold an increased conservation value to managers due to their potential to maximize intraspecies diversity and species' adaptive capabilities in the context of rapid environmental change. The southern Appalachian Mountains are the southern extent of the geographic range of native Salvelinus fontinalis and naturalized Oncorhynchus mykiss and Salmo trutta in eastern North America. We predicted distributions of these peripheral, headwater wild trout populations at a fine scale to serve as a planning and management tool for resource managers to maximize resistance and resilience of these populations in the face of anthropogenic stressors. We developed correlative logistic regression models to predict occurrence of brook trout, rainbow trout, and brown trout for every interconfluence stream reach in the study area. A stream network was generated to capture a more consistent representation of headwater streams. Each of the final models had four significant metrics in common: stream order, fragmentation, precipitation, and land cover. Strahler stream order was found to be the most influential variable in two of the three final models and the second most influential variable in the other model. Greater than 70% presence accuracy was achieved for all three models. The underrepresentation of headwater streams in commonly used hydrography datasets is an important consideration that warrants close examination when forecasting headwater species distributions and range estimates. Additionally, it appears that a relative watershed position metric (e.g., stream order) is an important surrogate variable (even when elevation is included) for biotic interactions across the landscape in areas where headwater species distributions are influenced by topographical gradients.
","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Pub. Ltd.","publisherLocation":"Oxford","doi":"10.1002/ece3.1331","collaboration":"Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration","usgsCitation":"DeRolph, C.R., Nelson, S., Kwak, T.J., and Hain, E.F., 2015, Predicting fine-scale distributions of peripheral aquatic species in headwater streams: Ecology and Evolution, v. 5, no. 1, p. 152-163, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1331.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"152","endPage":"163","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059421","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472353,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1331","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":301363,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-12-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55853d54e4b023124e8f5b32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeRolph, Christopher R.","contributorId":141246,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DeRolph","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":549037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, S.","contributorId":18138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":549038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kwak, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0616-137X tkwak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0616-137X","contributorId":834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwak","given":"Thomas","email":"tkwak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hain, Ernie F.","contributorId":141247,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hain","given":"Ernie","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":549039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70189460,"text":"70189460 - 2015 - Wintering movements and habitat use of Surf Scoter (Melanitta perspicillata) in the mid-Atlantic U.S.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-07T12:34:22","indexId":"70189460","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T12:34:15","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Wintering movements and habitat use of Surf Scoter (Melanitta perspicillata) in the mid-Atlantic U.S.","docAbstract":"Wintering habitat use and migratory pathways are key issues facing sea ducks in the mid-Atlantic U.S. and elsewhere due to the potential for offshore wind energy development. A comprehensive understanding of important winter habitats and environmental characteristics determining sea duck abundance and distribution is paramount in advising marine spatial planning efforts in the region and identifying key resource areas for sea ducks. We captured and tracked 101 Surf Scoters to investigate the spatial patterns, temporal patterns, and environmental variation in migration and winter habitat use through a combination of satellite telemetry data and remotely collected environmental covariate information. We found that Surf Scoters in core-use areas utilized shallow (<40 m) areas within 4.5 km from shore. Resource selection models suggest that other dynamic variables such as sea surface temperatures, productivity, and salinity (and selected interactions among them) may also be important in determining valuable scoter habitat. Migration chronology of birds tracked in this study suggests that Surf Scoters wintering and migrating throughout the mid-Atlantic region could encounter future offshore wind energy facilities between mid-October and early May. Our analyses indicate Surf Scoters tagged along near-shore areas of the mid-Atlantic have a minimal likelihood of overlapping with current Wind Energy Areas (WEAs) in the mid-Atlantic, though activities associated with construction within WEAs, such as installation of transmission lines or vessel traffic within nearshore areas, or possible development of wind farms closer to shore and outside currently designated WEAs, may have a higher likelihood of overlapping with wintering Surf Scoters in the mid-Atlantic.","language":"English","publisher":"Biodiversity Research Institute","usgsCitation":"Meattey, D., Savoy, L., Gilbert, A., Tash, J., Gray, C., Berlin, A., Lepage, C., Gilliland, S., Bowman, T.D., Osenkowsi, J., and Spiegel, C., 2015, Wintering movements and habitat use of Surf Scoter (Melanitta perspicillata) in the mid-Atlantic U.S., 21 p.","productDescription":"21 p.","ipdsId":"IP-085738","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356284,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":343789,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.briloon.org/uploads/BRI_Documents/Wildlife_and_Renewable_Energy/MABS%20Project%20Chapter%2020%20-%20Meattey%20et%20al%202015.pdf"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b6fcc5de4b0f5d57878ecdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meattey, Dustin","contributorId":194565,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meattey","given":"Dustin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savoy, Lucas","contributorId":171896,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Savoy","given":"Lucas","affiliations":[{"id":6928,"text":"BioDiversity Research Institute, Gorham, ME 04038","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":704691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gilbert, Andrew","contributorId":194560,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gilbert","given":"Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tash, Jeffrey","contributorId":194578,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tash","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gray, Carrie E.","contributorId":127669,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gray","given":"Carrie E.","affiliations":[{"id":6928,"text":"BioDiversity Research Institute, Gorham, ME 04038","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":25572,"text":"University of Maine, Orono","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":704694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Berlin, Alicia 0000-0002-5275-3077 aberlin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5275-3077","contributorId":168416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berlin","given":"Alicia","email":"aberlin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lepage, Christine","contributorId":194564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lepage","given":"Christine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gilliland, Scott","contributorId":194563,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gilliland","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bowman, Timothy D.","contributorId":80779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowman","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Osenkowsi, Jason","contributorId":194579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Osenkowsi","given":"Jason","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Spiegel, Caleb","contributorId":194580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spiegel","given":"Caleb","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70155334,"text":"70155334 - 2015 - Status and conservation of interior Redband Trout in the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-07T11:33:40","indexId":"70155334","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Status and conservation of interior Redband Trout in the western United States","docAbstract":"In this article we describe the current status and conservation of interior (potamodromous) Redband Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss sspp. throughout its range in the western United States using extant data and expert opinion provided by fish managers. Redband Trout historically occupied 60,295 km of stream habitat and 152 natural lakes. Currently, Redband Trout occupy 25,417 km of stream habitat (42% of their historical range) and 124 lakes or reservoirs. Nonhybridized populations are assumed to occupy 11,695 km (46%) of currently occupied streams; however, fish from only 4,473 km (18%) have been genetically tested. Approximately 47% of the streams occupied by Redband Trout occur on private land, 45% on government lands, and 8% in protected areas. A total of 210 Redband Trout populations, occupying 15,252 km of stream habitat (60% of the current distribution) and 95,158 ha of lake habitat (52%), are being managed as “conservation populations.” Most conservation populations have been designated as weakly to strongly connected metapopulations (125; 60%) and occupy much more stream length (14,112 km; 93%) than isolated conservation populations (1,141 km; 7%). The primary threats to Redband Trout include invasive species, habitat degradation and fragmentation, and climate change. Although the historical distribution of interior Redband Trout has declined dramatically, we conclude that the species is not currently at imminent risk of extinction because it is still widely distributed with many populations isolated by physical barriers and active conservation efforts are occurring for many populations. However, the hybridization status of many populations has not been well quantified, and introgression may be more prevalent than documented here. We recommend (1) collecting additional genetic data and estimating distribution and abundance by means of a more rigorous spatial sampling design to reduce uncertainties, (2) collecting additional information to assess and predict the impacts of climate on populations, and (3) continuing to use this database to evaluate the status of Redband Trout and inform conservation efforts through time.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","doi":"10.1080/02755947.2014.951807","usgsCitation":"Muhlfeld, C.C., Albeke, S.E., Gunckel, S.L., Writer, B.J., Shepard, B.B., and May, B.E., 2015, Status and conservation of interior Redband Trout in the western United States: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 35, no. 1, p. 31-53, https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2014.951807.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"53","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056005","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472359,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Status_and_Conservation_of_Interior_Redband_Trout_in_the_Western_United_States/1296271","text":"External Repository"},{"id":306496,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-01-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7efa1e4b0bc0bec09f26f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muhlfeld, Clint C. 0000-0002-4599-4059 cmuhlfeld@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4599-4059","contributorId":924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhlfeld","given":"Clint","email":"cmuhlfeld@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Albeke, Shannon E.","contributorId":81781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albeke","given":"Shannon","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gunckel, Stephanie L","contributorId":145858,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gunckel","given":"Stephanie","email":"","middleInitial":"L","affiliations":[{"id":16267,"text":"Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Writer, Benjamin J","contributorId":145857,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Writer","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[{"id":16266,"text":"University of Wyoming, Wyoming Geographic Information Science Center, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shepard, Bradley B.","contributorId":57327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shepard","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"May, Bruce E","contributorId":145859,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"May","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"E","affiliations":[{"id":16268,"text":"Wild Trout Enterprises, LCC, Bozeman, Montana 59718, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70155175,"text":"70155175 - 2015 - Detailed description of oil shale organic and mineralogical heterogeneity via fourier transform infrared mircoscopy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-31T10:51:56","indexId":"70155175","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1506,"text":"Energy & Fuels","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detailed description of oil shale organic and mineralogical heterogeneity via fourier transform infrared mircoscopy","docAbstract":"Mineralogical and geochemical information on reservoir and source rocks is necessary to assess and produce from petroleum systems. The standard methods in the petroleum industry for obtaining these properties are bulk measurements on homogenized, generally crushed, and pulverized rock samples and can take from hours to days to perform. New methods using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy have been developed to more rapidly obtain information on mineralogy and geochemistry. However, these methods are also typically performed on bulk, homogenized samples. We present a new approach to rock sample characterization incorporating multivariate analysis and FTIR microscopy to provide non-destructive, spatially resolved mineralogy and geochemistry on whole rock samples. We are able to predict bulk mineralogy and organic carbon content within the same margin of error as standard characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and total organic carbon (TOC) analysis. Validation of the method was performed using two oil shale samples from the Green River Formation in the Piceance Basin with differing sedimentary structures. One sample represents laminated Green River oil shales, and the other is representative of oil shale breccia. The FTIR microscopy results on the oil shales agree with XRD and LECO TOC data from the homogenized samples but also give additional detail regarding sample heterogeneity by providing information on the distribution of mineral phases and organic content. While measurements for this study were performed on oil shales, the method could also be applied to other geological samples, such as other mudrocks, complex carbonates, and soils.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b00807","usgsCitation":"Washburn, K.E., Birdwell, J.E., Foster, M., and Gutierrez, F., 2015, Detailed description of oil shale organic and mineralogical heterogeneity via fourier transform infrared mircoscopy: Energy & Fuels, v. 29, no. 7, p. 4264-4271, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b00807.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"4264","endPage":"4271","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064769","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306288,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-06-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55bc9c2ae4b033ef52100f1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Washburn, Kathryn E.","contributorId":76644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Washburn","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7152,"text":"Weatherford International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Birdwell, Justin E. 0000-0001-8263-1452 jbirdwell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8263-1452","contributorId":3302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Birdwell","given":"Justin","email":"jbirdwell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":569,"text":"Southwest Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foster, Michael","contributorId":145688,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foster","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16199,"text":"Ingrain Inc.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gutierrez, Fernando","contributorId":145689,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gutierrez","given":"Fernando","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16199,"text":"Ingrain Inc.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70155260,"text":"70155260 - 2015 - A global satellite assisted precipitation climatology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T10:08:26","indexId":"70155260","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1426,"text":"Earth System Science Data","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A global satellite assisted precipitation climatology","docAbstract":"Accurate representations of mean climate conditions, especially in areas of complex terrain, are an important part of environmental monitoring systems. As high-resolution satellite monitoring information accumulates with the passage of time, it can be increasingly useful in efforts to better characterize the earth's mean climatology. Current state-of-the-science products rely on complex and sometimes unreliable relationships between elevation and station-based precipitation records, which can result in poor performance in food and water insecure regions with sparse observation networks. These vulnerable areas (like Ethiopia, Afghanistan, or Haiti) are often the critical regions for humanitarian drought monitoring. Here, we show that long period of record geo-synchronous and polar-orbiting satellite observations provide a unique new resource for producing high resolution (0.05°) global precipitation climatologies that perform reasonably well in data sparse regions.
Traditionally, global climatologies have been produced by combining station observations and physiographic predictors like latitude, longitude, elevation, and slope. While such approaches can work well, especially in areas with reasonably dense observation networks, the fundamental relationship between physiographic variables and the target climate variables can often be indirect and spatially complex. Infrared and microwave satellite observations, on the other hand, directly monitor the earth's energy emissions. These emissions often correspond physically with the location and intensity of precipitation. We show that these relationships provide a good basis for building global climatologies. We also introduce a new geospatial modeling approach based on moving window regressions and inverse distance weighting interpolation. This approach combines satellite fields, gridded physiographic indicators, and in situ climate normals. The resulting global 0.05° monthly precipitation climatology, the Climate Hazards Group's Precipitation Climatology version 1 (CHPclim v.1.0,http://dx.doi.org/10.15780/G2159X), is shown to compare favorably with similar global climatology products, especially in areas with complex terrain and low station densities.
Microthermometry, laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), and Raman spectroscopy have been used to determine the temperature, apparent salinity, and composition of individual fluid inclusions in adularia-sericite Au-Ag epithermal veins from the Karangahake, Martha, Favona, and Waitekauri deposits, southern Hauraki goldfield, New Zealand. Quartz veins contain colloform to crustiform bands that alternate with coarse-grained quartz and amethyst. The ore mineralization occurs only in colloform to crustiform bands.
\nAnalyses of individual fluid inclusions by LA-ICP-MS identify Na as the most abundant cation, together with variable concentrations of K, Ca, Rb, Sr, Sb, and As. Rare inclusions have detectable Li, Al, and Ba concentrations, although recorded Al concentrations with values up to 231 ppm in Al-free quartz may reflect an accidentally captured mineral phase rather than fluid itself. The Na content ranges from ~260 to 10,200 ppm for inclusions in quartz and ~9,700 to 13,700 ppm for inclusions in amethyst. Antimony is the second most commonly detected element in both quartz- and amethyst-hosted inclusions; this element is also detected in the host mineral. Concentrations of Sb and As range from 0.3 to 988 ppm and from 3.33 to 418 ppm, respectively, and are most commonly detected in inclusions from the Karangahake and Martha deposits. The poor correlation between the Na content with either Sb or As suggests that Sb and As were transported as neutral hydroxyl complexes of Sb(OH)3 and As(OH)3. Both Au and Ag occur at concentrations that are less than their respective detection limits (ppm).
\nGeochemical modeling of the microthermometric and LA-ICP-MS data obtained from individual fluid inclusions suggests that fluids responsible for the quartz deposition were neutral to alkaline and that adiabatic boiling is the most effective mechanism for both gold and silica precipitation. The presence of single-phase vapor-only fluid inclusions in some mineralized samples indicates that local flashing may have contributed to deposition of Au and Ag.
\nAssuming adiabatic boiling under hydrostatic pressure, samples from the Karangahake deposit (Maria vein) were deposited from low-salinity fluids (<3.9 wt % NaCl equiv) at temperatures between 225° and 262°C and at depths of 270 to 575 m below the former water table. The average deep reservoir fluid temperature estimated from the Na/K geothermometer is 287°C, and the steam loss during boiling ranges between 8 and 17%.
\nFluid inclusions in quartz from the Martha deposit trapped dilute fluids with salinity less than 1.7 wt % NaCl equiv. The coexisting liquid-rich (homogenization temperature, Th = 189°–225°C) and vapor-rich inclusions (Th = 205°–243°C) suggest formation at depths of 200 to 400 m below the water table. According to the Na/K geothermometer, the deep reservoir fluid temperature was near 295°C, and the steam loss during boiling ranged between 15 and 23%. Pseudosecondary inclusions in amethyst display salinity around 4.0 wt % NaCl equiv and homogenization temperatures between 218° and 241°C. Secondary inclusions are slightly more dilute (3.2–4.2 wt % NaCl equiv), with homogenization temperatures between 213° and 242°C.
\nFluid inclusions in quartz from the Waitekauri deposit homogenize from 210° to 265°C and contain less than 1.2 wt % NaCl equiv. A thin quartz vein that occurs between the Jubilee and Scotia deposits contains coexisting liquid- and vapor-rich inclusions; their homogenization temperatures indicate a formation depth of 300 m below the former water table. The calculated deep reservoir fluid temperature is around 283°C and the steam loss is estimated to be between 13 and 18%.
\nLA-ICP-MS analyses show that in some cases different fluid inclusion assemblages (FIAs) within a single sample trapped fluids with variable chemistries. These differences likely reflect modification of a single parent fluid through mineral dissolution and precipitation, water/rock interactions, boiling and vapor loss, conductive cooling, and mixing.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","publisherLocation":"Lancaster, PA","doi":"10.2113/econgeo.110.3.763","usgsCitation":"Simpson, M.P., Strmic Palinkas, S., Mauk, J.L., and Bodnar, R.J., 2015, Fluid inclusion chemistry of adularia-sericite epithermal Au-Ag deposits of the southern Hauraki Goldfield, New Zealand: Economic Geology, v. 110, no. 3, p. 763-786, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.110.3.763.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"763","endPage":"786","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055202","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299449,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"New Zealand","volume":"110","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-02-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5524ffabe4b027f0aee3d472","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpson, Mark P.","contributorId":140072,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Simpson","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":13376,"text":"The University of Auckland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Strmic Palinkas, Sabina","contributorId":140073,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Strmic Palinkas","given":"Sabina","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13376,"text":"The University of Auckland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mauk, Jeffrey L. 0000-0002-6244-2774 jmauk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6244-2774","contributorId":4101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mauk","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jmauk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bodnar, Robert J.","contributorId":61540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodnar","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70148403,"text":"70148403 - 2015 - Testing taxon tenacity of tortoises: evidence for a geographical selection gradient at a secondary contact zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-02T09:39:24","indexId":"70148403","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1467,"text":"Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing taxon tenacity of tortoises: evidence for a geographical selection gradient at a secondary contact zone","docAbstract":"We examined a secondary contact zone between two species of desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii and G. morafkai. The taxa were isolated from a common ancestor during the formation of the Colorado River (4-8 mya) and are a classic example of allopatric speciation. However, an anomalous population of G. agassizii comes into secondary contact with G. morafkai east of the Colorado River in the Black Mountains of Arizona and provides an opportunity to examine reinforcement of species' boundaries under natural conditions. We sampled 234 tortoises representing G. agassizii in California (n = 103), G. morafkai in Arizona (n = 78), and 53 individuals of undetermined assignment in the contact zone including and surrounding the Black Mountains. We genotyped individuals for 25 STR loci and determined maternal lineage using mtDNA sequence data. We performed multilocus genetic clustering analyses and used multiple statistical methods to detect levels of hybridization. We tested hypotheses about habitat use between G. agassizii and G. morafkai in the region where they co-occur using habitat suitability models. Gopherus agassizii and G. morafkai maintain independent taxonomic identities likely due to ecological niche partitioning, and the maintenance of the hybrid zone is best described by a geographical selection gradient model.
","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Pub. Ltd.","publisherLocation":"Oxford","doi":"10.1002/ece3.1500","usgsCitation":"Edwards, T., Berry, K.H., Inman, R.D., Esque, T., Nussear, K.E., Jones, C.A., and Culver, M., 2015, Testing taxon tenacity of tortoises: evidence for a geographical selection gradient at a secondary contact zone: Ecology and Evolution, v. 5, no. 10, p. 2095-2114, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1500.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"2095","endPage":"2114","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059930","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472378,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1500","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":300961,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"10","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-04-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"556ed3dfe4b0d9246a9fa800","chorus":{"doi":"10.1002/ece3.1500","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1500","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Edwards Taylor, Berry Kristin H., Inman Richard D., Esque Todd C., Nussear Kenneth E., Jones Cristina A., Culver Melanie","journalName":"Ecology and Evolution","publicationDate":"4/30/2015","auditedOn":"3/17/2016"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Taylor","contributorId":62337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Taylor","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berry, Kristin H. 0000-0003-1591-8394 kristin_berry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1591-8394","contributorId":437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"Kristin","email":"kristin_berry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Inman, Richard D. rdinman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Inman","given":"Richard","email":"rdinman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":548017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Esque, Todd C. tesque@usgs.gov","contributorId":140024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esque","given":"Todd C.","email":"tesque@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":548018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nussear, Kenneth E. knussear@usgs.gov","contributorId":2695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nussear","given":"Kenneth","email":"knussear@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jones, Cristina A.","contributorId":141026,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Cristina","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13658,"text":"AZ Game and Fish, Phoenix, AZ","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Culver, Melanie 0000-0001-5380-3059 mculver@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5380-3059","contributorId":4327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Culver","given":"Melanie","email":"mculver@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":127,"text":"Arizona Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":548021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70147981,"text":"70147981 - 2015 - A likelihood-based approach for assessment of extra-pair paternity and conspecific brood parasitism in natural populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-11T09:17:24","indexId":"70147981","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2776,"text":"Molecular Ecology Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A likelihood-based approach for assessment of extra-pair paternity and conspecific brood parasitism in natural populations","docAbstract":"Genotypes are frequently used to assess alternative reproductive strategies such as extra-pair paternity and conspecific brood parasitism in wild populations. However, such analyses are vulnerable to genotyping error or molecular artifacts that can bias results. For example, when using multilocus microsatellite data, a mismatch at a single locus, suggesting the offspring was not directly related to its putative parents, can occur quite commonly even when the offspring is truly related. Some recent studies have advocated an ad-hoc rule that offspring must differ at more than one locus in order to conclude that they are not directly related. While this reduces the frequency with which true offspring are identified as not directly related young, it also introduces bias in the opposite direction, wherein not directly related young are categorized as true offspring. More importantly, it ignores the additional information on allele frequencies which would reduce overall bias. In this study, we present a novel technique for assessing extra-pair paternity and conspecific brood parasitism using a likelihood-based approach in a new version of program cervus. We test the suitability of the technique by applying it to a simulated data set and then present an example to demonstrate its influence on the estimation of alternative reproductive strategies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell","publisherLocation":"Oxford, England","doi":"10.1111/1755-0998.12287","usgsCitation":"Lemons, P.R., Marshall, T., McCloskey, S., Sethi, S., Schmutz, J.A., and Sedinger, J.S., 2015, A likelihood-based approach for assessment of extra-pair paternity and conspecific brood parasitism in natural populations: Molecular Ecology Resources, v. 15, no. 1, p. 107-116, https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12287.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"107","endPage":"116","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057153","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300262,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5551d2ace4b0a92fa7e93bc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lemons, Patrick R.","contributorId":11014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemons","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marshall, T.C.","contributorId":140668,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marshall","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCloskey, Sarah E. smccloskey@usgs.gov","contributorId":4850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCloskey","given":"Sarah E.","email":"smccloskey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":546533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sethi, S.A.","contributorId":140669,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sethi","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sedinger, James S.","contributorId":84861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sedinger","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12742,"text":"University of Nevada Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70147095,"text":"70147095 - 2015 - Computing elastic‐rebound‐motivated rarthquake probabilities in unsegmented fault models: a new methodology supported by physics‐based simulators","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-28T09:09:46","indexId":"70147095","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Computing elastic‐rebound‐motivated rarthquake probabilities in unsegmented fault models: a new methodology supported by physics‐based simulators","docAbstract":"A methodology is presented for computing elastic‐rebound‐based probabilities in an unsegmented fault or fault system, which involves computing along‐fault averages of renewal‐model parameters. The approach is less biased and more self‐consistent than a logical extension of that applied most recently for multisegment ruptures in California. It also enables the application of magnitude‐dependent aperiodicity values, which the previous approach does not. Monte Carlo simulations are used to analyze long‐term system behavior, which is generally found to be consistent with that of physics‐based earthquake simulators. Results cast doubt that recurrence‐interval distributions at points on faults look anything like traditionally applied renewal models, a fact that should be considered when interpreting paleoseismic data. We avoid such assumptions by changing the \"probability of what\" question (from offset at a point to the occurrence of a rupture, assuming it is the next event to occur). The new methodology is simple, although not perfect in terms of recovering long‐term rates in Monte Carlo simulations. It represents a reasonable, improved way to represent first‐order elastic‐rebound predictability, assuming it is there in the first place, and for a system that clearly exhibits other unmodeled complexities, such as aftershock triggering.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Stanford, CA","doi":"10.1785/0120140094","usgsCitation":"Field, E.H., 2015, Computing elastic‐rebound‐motivated rarthquake probabilities in unsegmented fault models: a new methodology supported by physics‐based simulators: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 105, p. 544-559, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120140094.","productDescription":"16","startPage":"544","endPage":"559","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061683","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299909,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-01-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5540af2ae4b0a658d79392a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Field, Edward H. 0000-0001-8172-7882 field@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8172-7882","contributorId":52242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Edward","email":"field@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70189826,"text":"70189826 - 2015 - Analysis and selection of magnitude relations for the Working Group on Utah Earthquake Probabilities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-27T16:10:12","indexId":"70189826","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Analysis and selection of magnitude relations for the Working Group on Utah Earthquake Probabilities","docAbstract":"Prior to calculating time-independent and -dependent earthquake probabilities for faults in the Wasatch Front region, the Working Group on Utah Earthquake Probabilities (WGUEP) updated a seismic-source model for the region (Wong and others, 2014) and evaluated 19 historical regressions on earthquake magnitude (M). These regressions relate M to fault parameters for historical surface-faulting earthquakes, including linear fault length (e.g., surface-rupture length [SRL] or segment length), average displacement, maximum displacement, rupture area, seismic moment (Mo ), and slip rate. These regressions show that significant epistemic uncertainties complicate the determination of characteristic magnitude for fault sources in the Basin and Range Province (BRP). For example, we found that M estimates (as a function of SRL) span about 0.3–0.4 units (figure 1) owing to differences in the fault parameter used; age, quality, and size of historical earthquake databases; and fault type and region considered.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Basin and Range Province Seismic Hazards Summit III, Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication 15-5","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"conferenceTitle":"Basin and Range Province Seismic Hazards Summit III","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"DuRoss, C., Olig, S., and Schwartz, D., 2015, Analysis and selection of magnitude relations for the Working Group on Utah Earthquake Probabilities, in Basin and Range Province Seismic Hazards Summit III, Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication 15-5, 30 p.","productDescription":"30 p.","ipdsId":"IP-064153","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344412,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":344373,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ugspub.nr.utah.gov/publications/misc_pubs/mp-15-5/mp-15-5_technical_sessions1-2.pdf"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"597afba7e4b0a38ca2750b6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DuRoss, Christopher 0000-0002-6963-7451 cduross@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6963-7451","contributorId":152321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DuRoss","given":"Christopher","email":"cduross@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":706480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olig, Susan","contributorId":195184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Olig","given":"Susan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwartz, David","contributorId":195185,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70192335,"text":"70192335 - 2015 - Synoptic evaluation of scale-dependent metrics for hydrographic line feature geometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-02T13:03:49","indexId":"70192335","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":18,"text":"Abstract or summary"},"title":"Synoptic evaluation of scale-dependent metrics for hydrographic line feature geometry","docAbstract":"Methods of acquisition and feature simplification for vector feature data impact cartographic representations and scientific investigations of these data, and are therefore important considerations for geographic information science (Haunert and Sester 2008). After initial collection, linear features may be simplified to reduce excessive detail or to furnish a reduced-scale version of the features through cartographic generalization (Regnauld and McMaster 2008, Stanislawski et al. 2014). A variety of algorithms exist to simplify linear cartographic features, and all of the methods affect the positional accuracy of the features (Shahriari and Tao 2002, Regnauld and McMaster 2008, Stanislawski et al. 2012). In general, simplification operations are controlled by one or more tolerance parameters that limit the amount of positional change the operation can make to features. Using a single tolerance value can have varying levels of positional change on features; depending on local shape, texture, or geometric characteristics of the original features (McMaster and Shea 1992, Shahriari and Tao 2002, Buttenfield et al. 2010). Consequently, numerous researchers have advocated calibration of simplification parameters to control quantifiable properties of resulting changes to the features (Li and Openshaw 1990, Raposo 2013, Tobler 1988, Veregin 2000, and Buttenfield, 1986, 1989).
This research identifies relations between local topographic conditions and geometric characteristics of linear features that are available in the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD). The NHD is a comprehensive vector dataset of surface 18 th ICA Workshop on Generalisation and Multiple Representation, Rio de Janiero, Brazil 2015 2 water features within the United States that is maintained by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). In this paper, geometric characteristics of cartographic representations for natural stream and river features are summarized for subbasin watersheds within entire regions of the conterminous United States and compared to topographic metrics. A concurrent processing workflow is implemented using a Linux high-performance computing cluster to simultaneously process multiple subbasins, and thereby complete the work in a fraction of the time required for a single-process environment. In addition, similar metrics are generated for several levels of simplification of the hydrographic features to quantify the effects of simplification over the various landscape conditions.
Objectives of this exploratory investigation are to quantify geometric characteristics of linear hydrographic features over the various terrain conditions within the conterminous United States and thereby illuminate relations between stream geomorphological conditions and cartographic representation. The synoptic view of these characteristics over regional watersheds that is afforded through concurrent processing, in conjunction with terrain conditions, may reveal patterns for classifying cartographic stream features into stream geomorphological classes. Furthermore, the synoptic measurement of the amount of change in geometric characteristics caused by the several levels of simplification can enable estimation of tolerance values that appropriately control simplification-induced geometric change of the cartographic features within the various geomorphological classes in the country. Hence, these empirically derived rules or relations could help generate multiscale-representations of features through automated generalization that adequately maintain surface drainage variations and patterns reflective of the natural stream geomorphological conditions across the country.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"18th ICA Workshop on Generalisation and Multiple Representation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"18th ICA Workshop on Generalisation and Multiple Representation","conferenceDate":"August 21, 2015","conferenceLocation":"Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Stanislawski, L.V., Buttenfield, B.P., Raposo, P., Cameron, M., and Falgout, J.T., 2015, Synoptic evaluation of scale-dependent metrics for hydrographic line feature geometry, in 18th ICA Workshop on Generalisation and Multiple Representation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 21, 2015, 14 p.","productDescription":"14 p.","ipdsId":"IP-066969","costCenters":[{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350965,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a7586dce4b00f54eb1d820a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanislawski, Larry V. 0000-0002-9437-0576 lstan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9437-0576","contributorId":3386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanislawski","given":"Larry","email":"lstan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":404,"text":"NGTOC Rolla","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":715394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buttenfield, Barbara P.","contributorId":184069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buttenfield","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":715395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Raposo, Paulo","contributorId":198220,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Raposo","given":"Paulo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":715396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cameron, Madeline macameron@usgs.gov","contributorId":198221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cameron","given":"Madeline","email":"macameron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":715397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Falgout, Jeff T. 0000-0002-7108-477X jfalgout@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7108-477X","contributorId":4957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falgout","given":"Jeff","email":"jfalgout@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":208,"text":"Core Science Analytics and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":715398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70159512,"text":"ofr20131280H - 2015 - Mineral potential tracts for orogenic, Carlin-like, and epithermal gold deposits in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, (phase V, deliverable 69)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70159512,"text":"ofr20131280H - 2015 - Mineral potential tracts for orogenic, Carlin-like, and epithermal gold deposits in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, (phase V, deliverable 69)","indexId":"ofr20131280H","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"chapter":"H","title":"Mineral potential tracts for orogenic, Carlin-like, and epithermal gold deposits in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, (phase V, deliverable 69)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-08T16:58:34.262515","indexId":"ofr20131280H","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1280","chapter":"H","title":"Mineral potential tracts for orogenic, Carlin-like, and epithermal gold deposits in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, (phase V, deliverable 69)","docAbstract":"The gold resources of Mauritania presently include two important deposits and a series of poorly studied prospects. The Tasiast belt of deposits, which came into production in 2007, is located in the southwestern corner of the Rgueïbat Shield and defines a world-class Paleoproterozoic(?) orogenic gold ore system. The producing Guelb Moghrein deposit occurs along a shear zone in Middle Archean rocks at the bend in the Northern Mauritanides and is most commonly stated to be an iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) type of deposit, although it also has some important characteristics of orogenic gold and skarn deposits. Both major deposits are surrounded by numerous prospects that show similar mineralization styles. The Guelb Moghrein deposit, and IOCG deposit types in general are discussed in greater detail in a companion report by Fernette (2015). In addition, many small gold prospects, which are probably orogenic gold occurrences and are suggested to be early Paleozoic in age, occur along the length of Southern Mauritanides. Existing data indicate the gold deposits and prospects in Mauritania have a sulfide assemblage most commonly dominated by pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite, and have ore-related fluids with apparently high salinities.
\nA preliminary evaluation of these gold data can be used to develop broad, firstorder tracts defining favorable and permissive areas for gold resources; detailed metamorphic and structural maps are required for more detailed future tract definition. Such a first-order assessment can, nonetheless, broadly identify four tracts of gold resource potential. Three of these are favorable for discovery of new orogenic gold deposits. One tract, although not favorable, is nevertheless permissive for discovery of epithermal gold deposits. Tract 1 is defined by favorable medium metamorphic grade greenstone belts within vast areas of unfavorable high metamorphic grade, Mesoarchean and Paleoproterozoic granite-gneiss basement of the Rgueïbat Shield. Faults >200 km in length following the general strike of the greenstone belts; lineament intersections with both exposed and buried parts of greenstone belts within 500 m of the surface, as defined by aeromagnetic data (Finn and Anderson, 2015); and areas of banded iron formation (BIF) in the belts are particularly favorable areas for hosting gold resources in orogenic gold deposits within and along the margins of the greenstone belts. Tracts 2 and 3, also for orogenic gold, reflect the favorable Proterozoic-Cambrian metamorphic rocks of the Northern and Southern Mauritanides, with >200-km-long faults following the general strike of the range, and areas underlain by ultramafic and BIF rocks being particularly favorable. Outcrops of Triassic-Jurassic igneous rocks along the margins of the Taoudeni Basin define tract 4, which is permissive for epithermal gold deposits. Although extensive data are lacking for the area, carbonate units along the northern side of the Taoudeni Basin could be considered permissive host rocks for Carlin-type mineralization, but the deep-water carbonate lithologies are typically not favorable for such.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Second projet de renforcement institutionnel du secteur minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) (Open File Report 2013-1280)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131280H","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania","usgsCitation":"Goldfarb, R.J., Marsh, E.E., Anderson, E.D., Horton, J.D., Finn, C.A., and Beaudoin, G., 2015, Mineral potential tracts for orogenic, Carlin-like, and epithermal gold deposits in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, (phase V, deliverable 69): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1280, vi, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131280H.","productDescription":"vi, 19 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052706","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319097,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131280H.PNG"},{"id":319096,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1280/Final_Reports_English/deliverable_69-Gold_chapter_H.pdf","text":"Chapter 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vegetation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-16T11:39:34","indexId":"70155195","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":53,"text":"Natural Resource Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NPS/NGPN/NRR - 2015/989","title":"Potential nitrogen critical loads for northern Great Plains grassland vegetation","docAbstract":"The National Park Service is concerned that increasing atmospheric nitrogen deposition caused by fossil fuel combustion and agricultural activities could adversely affect the northern Great Plains (NGP) ecosystems in its trust. The critical load concept facilitates communication between scientists and policy makers or land managers by translating the complex effects of air pollution on ecosystems into concrete numbers that can be used to inform air quality targets. A critical load is the exposure level below which significant harmful effects on sensitive elements of the environment do not occur. A recent review of the literature suggested that the nitrogen critical load for Great Plains vegetation is 10-25 kg N/ha/yr. For comparison, current atmospheric nitrogen deposition in NGP National Park Service (NPS) units ranges from ~4 kg N/ha/yr in the west to ~13 kg N/ha/yr in the east. The suggested critical load, however, was derived from studies far outside of the NGP, and from experiments investigating nitrogen loads substantially higher than current atmospheric deposition in the region.
Therefore, to better determine the nitrogen critical load for sensitive elements in NGP parks, we conducted a four-year field experiment in three northern Great Plains vegetation types at Badlands and Wind Cave National Parks. The vegetation types were chosen because of their importance in NGP parks, their expected sensitivity to nitrogen addition, and to span a range of natural fertility. In the experiment, we added nitrogen at rates ranging from below current atmospheric deposition (2.5 kg N/ha/yr) to far above those levels but commensurate with earlier experiments (100 kg N/ha/yr). We measured the response of a variety of vegetation and soil characteristics shown to be sensitive to nitrogen addition in other studies, including plant biomass production, plant tissue nitrogen concentration, plant species richness and composition, non-native species abundance, and soil inorganic nitrogen concentration. To determine critical loads for the NGP plant communities in our experiment, we followed the NPS’s precautionary principle in assuming that it is better to be cautious than to let harm occur to the environment. Thus, the critical loads we derived are the lowest nitrogen level that any of our data suggest has a measureable effect on any of the response variables measured.
Badlands sparse vegetation, a low-productivity plant community that is an important part of the scenery at Badlands National Park and provides habitat for rare plant species, was the most sensitive of the three vegetation types. More aspects of this vegetation type responded to nitrogen addition, and at lower levels, than at the other two sites. Our data suggest that nitrogen deposition levels of 4- 6 kg N/ha/yr may increase biomass production, and consequently the amount of dead plant material on the ground in this plant community. Slightly higher critical loads are suggested for the two more productive vegetation types more characteristic of most NGP grasslands: 6-10 kg N/ha/yr for biomass production, grass tissue nitrogen concentration, or non-native species (especially annual brome grasses) cover. Highly variable results among years, as well as inconsistent responses to an increasing dose of nitrogen within sites, complicated the derivation of critical loads in this experiment, however. A less precautionary approach to deriving critical loads yielded higher values of 10-38 kg N/ha/yr.
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The Nīnole Hills anomaly is elongated, striking northeast, and in inversions both anomalies merge at approximately −7 km above sea level. The positive anomaly, modeled as a rock volume of ~1200 km3 beneath the Nīnole Hills, is associated with old eruptive vents. Based on the geologic and geophysical data, we propose that the gravity anomaly under the Nīnole Hills records an early SWRZ orientation, now abandoned due to geologically rapid rift-zone reorganization. Catastrophic submarine landslides from Mauna Loa's western flank are the most likely cause for the concurrent abandonment of the Nīnole Hills section of the SWRZ. Rift zone reorganization induced by mass wasting is likely more common than currently recognized.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2015GL065863","usgsCitation":"Zurek, J., Williams-Jones, G., Trusdell, F., and Martin, S., 2015, The origin of Mauna Loa's Nīnole Hills: Evidence of rift zone reorganization: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 42, no. 20, p. 8358-8366, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065863.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"8358","endPage":"8366","ipdsId":"IP-066614","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl065863","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":340000,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Mauna Loa, Nīnole Hills","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.1871337890625,\n 18.851711132087274\n ],\n [\n -154.75067138671875,\n 18.851711132087274\n ],\n [\n -154.75067138671875,\n 19.84939395842279\n ],\n [\n -156.1871337890625,\n 19.84939395842279\n ],\n [\n -156.1871337890625,\n 18.851711132087274\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"20","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-10-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f877bae4b0b7ea54521c26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zurek, Jeffrey","contributorId":191169,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zurek","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams-Jones, Glyn","contributorId":147765,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams-Jones","given":"Glyn","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16928,"text":"Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":692111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trusdell, Frank A. 0000-0002-0681-0528 trusdell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0681-0528","contributorId":754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trusdell","given":"Frank A.","email":"trusdell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Martin, Simon","contributorId":191170,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martin","given":"Simon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70192553,"text":"70192553 - 2015 - Application and utility of a low-cost unmanned aerial system to manage and conserve aquatic resources in four Texas rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-26T11:39:43","indexId":"70192553","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3909,"text":"Journal of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application and utility of a low-cost unmanned aerial system to manage and conserve aquatic resources in four Texas rivers","docAbstract":"Low-cost unmanned aerial systems (UAS) have recently gained increasing attention in natural resources management due to their versatility and demonstrated utility in collection of high-resolution, temporally-specific geospatial data. This study applied low-cost UAS to support the geospatial data needs of aquatic resources management projects in four Texas rivers. Specifically, a UAS was used to (1) map invasive salt cedar (multiple species in the genus Tamarix) that have degraded instream habitat conditions in the Pease River, (2) map instream meso-habitats and structural habitat features (e.g., boulders, woody debris) in the South Llano River as a baseline prior to watershed-scale habitat improvements, (3) map enduring pools in the Blanco River during drought conditions to guide smallmouth bass removal efforts, and (4) quantify river use by anglers in the Guadalupe River. These four case studies represent an initial step toward assessing the full range of UAS applications in aquatic resources management, including their ability to offer potential cost savings, time efficiencies, and higher quality data over traditional survey methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies","usgsCitation":"Birdsong, T.W., Bean, M., Grabowski, T.B., Hardy, T., Heard, T., Holdstock, D., Kollaus, K., Magnelia, S.J., and Tolman, K., 2015, Application and utility of a low-cost unmanned aerial system to manage and conserve aquatic resources in four Texas rivers: Journal of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, v. 2015, p. 80-85.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"80","endPage":"85","ipdsId":"IP-061429","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347451,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":347450,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.seafwa.org/publications/journal/?id=91"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","volume":"2015","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a07eb8be4b09af898c8ccf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Birdsong, Timothy W.","contributorId":172473,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Birdsong","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":716180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bean, Megan","contributorId":198471,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bean","given":"Megan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":716181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grabowski, Timothy B. 0000-0001-9763-8948 tgrabowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9763-8948","contributorId":4178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grabowski","given":"Timothy","email":"tgrabowski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":716168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hardy, Thomas B.","contributorId":62936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardy","given":"Thomas B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":716182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Heard, Thomas","contributorId":198472,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heard","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":716183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Holdstock, Derrick","contributorId":198473,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holdstock","given":"Derrick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":716184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kollaus, Kristy","contributorId":198474,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kollaus","given":"Kristy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":716185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Magnelia, Stephan J.","contributorId":172959,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Magnelia","given":"Stephan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":716186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Tolman, Kristina","contributorId":198475,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tolman","given":"Kristina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":716187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70192095,"text":"70192095 - 2015 - Quality assurance testing of acoustic doppler current profiler transform matrices","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T13:21:10","indexId":"70192095","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Quality assurance testing of acoustic doppler current profiler transform matrices","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility (HIF) is nationally responsible for the design, testing, evaluation, repair, calibration, warehousing, and distribution of hydrologic instrumentation in use within the USGS Water Mission Area (WMA). The HIF's Hydraulic Laboratory has begun routine quality assurance (QA) testing and documenting the performance of every USGS WMA acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) used for making velocity and discharge measurements. All existing ADCPs are being registered and tracked in a database maintained by the HIF, and called for QA checks in the HIF's Hydraulic Laboratory on a 3- year cycle. All new ADCPs purchased directly from the manufacturer as well as ADCPs sent to the HIF or the manufacturer for repair are being registered and tracked in the database and QA checked in the laboratory before being placed into service. Meters failing the QA check are sent directly to the manufacturer for repairs and rechecked by HIF or removed from service. Although this QA program is specific to the SonTek1 and Teledyne RD Instruments1, ADCPs most commonly used within the WMA, it is the intent of the USGS Office of Surface Water and the HIF to expand this program to include all bottom tracking ADCPs as they become available and more widely used throughout the WMA. As part of the HIF QA process, instruments are inspected for physical damage, the instrument must pass the ADCP diagnostic self-check tests, the temperature probe must be within ± 2 degrees Celsius of a National Institute of Standards and Technology traceable reference thermometer and the distance made good over a fixed distance must meet the manufacturer's specifications (+/-0.25% or +/-1% difference). The transform matrix is tested by conducting distance-made-good (DMG) tests comparing the straight-line distance from bottom tracking to the measured tow-track distance. The DMG test is conducted on each instrument twice in the forward and reverse directions (4 tows) at four orientations (16 total tows); with beam 1 orientated 0 degrees to the towing direction; turned 45 degrees to the towing direction; turned 90 degrees to the towing direction; and turned 135 degrees to the towing direction. All QA data files and summary results are archived. This paper documents methodology, participation and preliminary results of WMA ADCP QA testing.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"2015 IEEE/OES Eleveth Current, Waves and Turbulence Measurement (CWTM)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2015 IEEE/OES Eleveth Current, Waves and Turbulence Measurement (CWTM)","conferenceDate":"March 2-6, 2015","conferenceLocation":"St. Petersburg, FL","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/CWTM.2015.7098108","usgsCitation":"Armstrong, B., Fulford, J.M., and Thibodeaux, K.G., 2015, Quality assurance testing of acoustic doppler current profiler transform matrices, in 2015 IEEE/OES Eleveth Current, Waves and Turbulence Measurement (CWTM), St. Petersburg, FL, March 2-6, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1109/CWTM.2015.7098108.","ipdsId":"IP-062099","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1266885","text":"External Repository"},{"id":352082,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5afeebefe4b0da30c1bfc6a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Armstrong, Brandy barmstrong@usgs.gov","contributorId":140038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"Brandy","email":"barmstrong@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":714204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fulford, Janice M. jfulford@usgs.gov","contributorId":991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulford","given":"Janice","email":"jfulford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":714205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thibodeaux, Kirk G.","contributorId":107036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thibodeaux","given":"Kirk","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":714206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70188439,"text":"70188439 - 2015 - Cenozoic stratigraphy and structure of the Chesapeake Bay region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-10T12:02:09","indexId":"70188439","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5369,"text":"GSA Field Guides","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":15}},"title":"Cenozoic stratigraphy and structure of the Chesapeake Bay region","docAbstract":"The Salisbury embayment is a broad tectonic downwarp that is filled by generally seaward-thickening, wedge-shaped deposits of the central Atlantic Coastal Plain. Our two-day field trip will take us to the western side of this embayment from the Fall Zone in Washington, D.C., to some of the bluffs along Aquia Creek and the Potomac River in Virginia, and then to the Calvert Cliffs on the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay. We will see fluvial-deltaic Cretaceous deposits of the Potomac Formation. We will then focus on Cenozoic marine deposits. Transgressive and highstand deposits are stacked upon each other with unconformities separating them; rarely are regressive or lowstand deposits preserved. The Paleocene and Eocene shallow shelf deposits consist of glauconitic, silty sands that contain varying amounts of marine shells. The Miocene shallow shelf deposits consist of diatomaceous silts and silty and shelly sands. The lithology, thickness, dip, preservation, and distribution of the succession of coastal plain sediments that were deposited in our field-trip area are, to a great extent, structurally controlled. Surficial and subsurface mapping using numerous continuous cores, auger holes, water-well data, and seismic surveys has documented some folds and numerous high-angle reverse and normal faults that offset Cretaceous and Cenozoic deposits. Many of these structures are rooted in early Mesozoic and/or Paleozoic NE-trending regional tectonic fault systems that underlie the Atlantic Coastal Plain. On Day 1, we will focus on two fault systems (stops 1–2; Stafford fault system and the Skinkers Neck–Brandywine fault system and their constituent fault zones and faults). We will then see (stops 3–5) a few of the remaining exposures of largely unlithified marine Paleocene and Eocene strata along the Virginia side of the Potomac River including the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum boundary clay. These exposures are capped by fluvial-estuarine Pleistocene terrace deposits. On Day 2, we will see (stops 6–9) the classic Miocene section along the ~25 miles (~40 km) of Calvert Cliffs in Maryland, including a possible fault and structural warping. Cores from nearby test holes will also be shown to supplement outcrops.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2015.0040(07)","usgsCitation":"Powars, D.S., Edwards, L.E., Kidwell, S.M., and Schindler, J.S., 2015, Cenozoic stratigraphy and structure of the Chesapeake Bay region: GSA Field Guides, v. 40, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.1130/2015.0040(07).","productDescription":"59 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"229","ipdsId":"IP-066988","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342354,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","volume":"40","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"593d0539e4b0764e6c61b65a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powars, David S. 0000-0002-6787-8964 dspowars@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6787-8964","contributorId":1181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powars","given":"David","email":"dspowars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kidwell, Susan M.","contributorId":18003,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kidwell","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":33013,"text":"Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":697754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schindler, J. Stephen 0000-0001-9550-5957 sschindl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9550-5957","contributorId":3270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schindler","given":"J.","email":"sschindl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Stephen","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70142503,"text":"70142503 - 2015 - Estimating switchgrass productivity in the Great Plains using satellite vegetation index and site environmental variables","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T10:08:49","indexId":"70142503","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating switchgrass productivity in the Great Plains using satellite vegetation index and site environmental variables","docAbstract":"Switchgrass is being evaluated as a potential feedstock source for cellulosic biofuels and is being cultivated in several regions of the United States. The recent availability of switchgrass land cover maps derived from the National Agricultural Statistics Service cropland data layer for the conterminous United States provides an opportunity to assess the environmental conditions of switchgrass over large areas and across different geographic locations. The main goal of this study is to develop a data-driven multiple regression switchgrass productivity model and identify the optimal climate and environment conditions for the highly productive switchgrass in the Great Plains (GP). Environmental and climate variables used in the study include elevation, soil organic carbon, available water capacity, climate, and seasonal weather. Satellite-derived growing season averaged Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GSN) was used as a proxy for switchgrass productivity. Multiple regression analyses indicate that there are strong correlations between site environmental variables and switchgrass productivity (r = 0.95). Sufficient precipitation and suitable temperature during the growing season (i.e., not too hot or too cold) are favorable for switchgrass growth. Elevation and soil characteristics (e.g., soil available water capacity) are also an important factor impacting switchgrass productivity. An anticipated switchgrass biomass productivity map for the entire GP based on site environmental and climate conditions and switchgrass productivity model was generated. Highly productive switchgrass areas are mainly located in the eastern part of the GP. Results from this study can help land managers and biofuel plant investors better understand the general environmental and climate conditions influencing switchgrass growth and make optimal land use decisions regarding switchgrass development in the GP.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.09.013","usgsCitation":"Gu, Y., Wylie, B.K., and Howard, D., 2015, Estimating switchgrass productivity in the Great Plains using satellite vegetation index and site environmental variables: Ecological Indicators, v. 48, p. 472-476, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.09.013.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"472","endPage":"476","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-046430","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298318,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Plains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.3564453125,\n 25.918526162075153\n ],\n [\n -115.3564453125,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -89.9560546875,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -89.9560546875,\n 25.918526162075153\n ],\n [\n -115.3564453125,\n 25.918526162075153\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"48","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54faddb9e4b02419550db6d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gu, Yingxin 0000-0002-3544-1856 ygu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3544-1856","contributorId":409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gu","given":"Yingxin","email":"ygu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":541914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wylie, Bruce K. 0000-0002-7374-1083 wylie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","email":"wylie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howard, Daniel M. 0000-0002-7563-7538 dhoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7563-7538","contributorId":4431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Daniel M.","email":"dhoward@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":541912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159506,"text":"ofr20131280A - 2015 - Synthesis of geological, structural, and geochronologic data (phase V, deliverable 53)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70159506,"text":"ofr20131280A - 2015 - Synthesis of geological, structural, and geochronologic data (phase V, deliverable 53)","indexId":"ofr20131280A","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Synthesis of geological, structural, and geochronologic data (phase V, deliverable 53)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-08T17:09:07.060813","indexId":"ofr20131280A","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1280","chapter":"A","title":"Synthesis of geological, structural, and geochronologic data (phase V, deliverable 53)","docAbstract":"This report is a companion to the new Geologic Map of Mauritania (Bradley and others, 2015; referred to herein as “Deliverable 51”) and the new Structural Geologic Map of Mauritania (Bradley and others, 2015a; referred to herein as “Deliverable 52”). Section 1 contains explanatory information for these two digital maps. Section 2 covers the analytical methods used in obtaining new U-Pb ages from 9 igneous rock samples, new detrital zircon ages from 40 sedimentary or metasedimentary rock samples, and new 40Ar/39Ar ages from 12 samples of metamorphic rocks and veins. Sections 3 through 6 present the new geochronological results, organized by region. In Section 7, we discuss implications of the new ages for the regional geology and discuss problematic results. Finally, in Section 8, we summarize the geology and tectonic evolution of Mauritania in narrative form, drawing on new and published information, in the context of global tectonics. The report is being released in both English and French. In both versions, we use the French-language names for formal stratigraphic units.
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III 0000-0002-6602-5935 jvjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6602-5935","contributorId":201245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"James","suffix":"III","email":"jvjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Bowring, Samuel","contributorId":149750,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowring","given":"Samuel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17812,"text":"Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70156597,"text":"ofr20131280K - 2015 - Mineral potential for sediment-hosted copper deposits in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania (phase V, deliverable 75)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70156597,"text":"ofr20131280K - 2015 - Mineral potential for sediment-hosted copper deposits in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania (phase V, deliverable 75)","indexId":"ofr20131280K","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"chapter":"K","title":"Mineral potential for sediment-hosted copper deposits in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania (phase V, deliverable 75)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-08T17:32:05.765553","indexId":"ofr20131280K","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1280","chapter":"K","title":"Mineral potential for sediment-hosted copper deposits in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania (phase V, deliverable 75)","docAbstract":"The presence of Neoproterozoic through Cambrian, continental, siliciclastic sedimentary rocks interbedded with dolomitic carbonates, shales, and glacial tillites similar to the Katanga Supergroup host rocks of the Central African Copperbelt and other sediment-hosted copper-bearing Proterozoic sequences worldwide, is first order criteria for consideration of the Neoproterozoic units of the Taoudeni Basin in Mauritania as prospective for sediment-hosted copper deposits. Review of the National Mineral Occurrences Database (Marsh and Anderson, 2015) and previous literature suggest that only a handful of small sediment-hosted copper occurrences have been found to date in Mauritania and that the resource potential for this deposit type is low. In the northern Taoudeni Basin, the most important occurrence is at Taradent. This occurrence consists of three mineralized horizons in the lower Neoproterozoic Char Group in three outcrop areas separated by alluvium over a strike length of 12 kilometers (km). The most extensively mineralized horizon consists of malachite and disseminated copper sulfides, and is concentrated at the base of a dolomitic interval, consistent with a reduced faciestype sediment-hosted copper deposit model. Additional and poorly described copper occurrences in the Taoudeni Basin margin sedimentary rocks in northeastern Mauritania, such as Chegga Guettatira and Sidi Bara, may be sediment-hosted copper occurrences and extend the potential throughout this portion of the Basin.
\nAdditional potential for sediment-hosted copper deposits is indicated in reports by the British Geological Survey (BGS; Gunn and others, 2004) and BRGM (Salpeteur, 2005) in the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian sedimentary rocks (Teniagouri Group) of the central and southern Taoudeni Basin at a number of occurrences in the vicinity of Fouges, Weringuel, and Gig Zig. These occurrences exhibit characteristics consistent with a reduced-facies-type sediment-hosted copper deposit model and based on correlation of similar host rocks extend the potential throughout the entire Taoudeni Basin margin. Very poorly described copper occurrences in the northeastern and southeastern part of the Basin at Kreb en Naga, Kreb en Naga SW, Berbere, Dhar Nema, Dhar Nema 2, Saile, and Nejam-Medroume all are described as occurring in sedimentary rocks and are hosted by or are in close proximity to voluminous outcrops of Jurassic microgabbros (also referred to as dolerite or diabase). Uncertainty exists as to whether they are sediment-hosted copper occurrences. They are likely more closely analogous to copper occurrences associated with mafic igneous activity.
\nThe determination of whether reported copper occurrences and associated sedimentary rocks at Kreb en Naga and Kreb en Naga SW in the northeastern Taoudeni Basin and the Dhar Nema occurrences in the southeastern Taoudeni are permissive of sediment-hosted copper mineralization was inconclusive due to the absence of copper showings. While sedimentary host rocks at these locations must be broadly considered permissive, the absence of other favorable geologic features in these areas indicates that the potential for mineral deposits of this type is low. The widespread presence of mafic sills and dikes of Jurassic age throughout these areas and descriptions of associated minor copper mineralization suggests that many of the copper occurrences in these areas are not of the sediment-hosted copper type.
\nHighly speculative potential exists in the Coastal Basin for Revett-type copper deposits in unexposed Jurassic-Cretaceous sandstones that may contain structural traps with gas accumulations. Eocene continental red bed sandstones of the Gorgol Formation, where overlain by the shallow marine sedimentary rocks of the Rinndiao Formation, represent an additional low potential rock sequence within the southeastern portion of the Coastal Basin that is permissive of sediment-hosted copper deposits.
\nField examinations of outcrop areas in the vicinity of many of the known occurrences were performed in late 2007 to provide additional criteria for evaluating the potential for this type of mineralization in Mauritania. In general, the geographic coordinates of occurrences are imprecise and many of the occurrences could not be located. Examination of outcrops of the Char Group in the Taradent area confirms the permissive nature of these rocks for reduced-facies-type sediment-hosted copper deposits. Inspection of weak copper mineralization hosted by black shales at several occurrences in the Gadel-Maylime area confirms that these occurrences are also of the reduced-faciestype and that the black and green shales of the Bouly and Ould Yenje Formations are permissive. Reported copper analyses up to 0.75 percent copper at Taradent and a single analysis of mineralized shale in the Gadel-Maylime area containing 0.55 percent copper indicate that low grade ore material exists at these locations. However indications that such copper grades are continuous over significant intervals and present in large tonnages are lacking.
\nAlthough mineral occurrence data and descriptive geological information are adequate to delineate areas favorable for sediment-hosted copper deposits, this review indicates that potential for this type of deposit in Mauritania is low.
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