The purpose of this study was to characterize the modern sediments of sandy tidal flats in Willapa Bay, Washington based on their composition.
Generally, clay comprises less than five percent of the sediment. Clay content increases upslope and up-estuary. Principal clay minerals are montmorillanite, illite, and chlorite; two clay mineral suites are present: (1) muddy flat suite with clay containing 44% montmorillonite, and (2) sandy flat suite with clay composition of 88% montmorillonite.
Heavy minerals make up approximately four percent of the tidal flat sediment. Distribution of heavy minerals reflect their source with (1) heavy minerals most abundant near the beach on flats to the north where they were eroded out of terrace deposits, and (2) relatively greater heavy mineral concentrations (supplied by the Naselle River) across the entire flat to the south. The composition of the heavy mineral suite is mainly clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, hornblende, epidote, and opaque minerals. This mineral suite represents several sources including rivers, ocean and ocean beaches, and reworked local Tertiary and Quaternary deposits.
Tidal flat sediments are approximately 90% light minerals, mostly quartz. The light fraction also contains small quantities of lithic fragments, pumice, vegetation, and biogenic shell fragments. Tertiary and Quaternary terrace deposits are the major source of most of the light material.
Fossils make up less than one percent of the bottom sediment. Two foram assemblages are present: (1) a modern shallow-water assemblage characterized by Trochammina inflata, found mainly in muddy flats near rivers, and (2) a relic deep-water assemblage (Eocene to Cretaceous) characterized by such species as Bathysiphon and Cyclammina found predominantly on the sandy flats. Macrofossils consists of shells of the modern tidal flat mollusc assemblage.
Organic sediments were mostly carbon (1%). The highest concentrations of organic carbon are associated with muddy sediments near the Palix River and Pickernell Creek; overall, organic carbon concentration increased up-estuary. C/N ratios are transitional between open marine environments and marsh deposits of estuaries.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81272","usgsCitation":"Hill, G.W., and Chinn, J.L., 1981, Composition of tidal flat sediments, Willapa Bay, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-272, iii, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81272.","productDescription":"iii, 49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":408910,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0272/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141932,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0272/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Willapa Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.178466796875,\n 46.31658418182218\n ],\n [\n -123.67309570312499,\n 46.31658418182218\n ],\n [\n -123.67309570312499,\n 46.77184961467733\n ],\n [\n -124.178466796875,\n 46.77184961467733\n ],\n [\n -124.178466796875,\n 46.31658418182218\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8102","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, Gary W.","contributorId":56627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chinn, John L.","contributorId":97497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chinn","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":159775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9489,"text":"ofr81102 - 1981 - Facies characteristics and patterns in modern size-graded shelf deposits, northwestern Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:15","indexId":"ofr81102","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-102","title":"Facies characteristics and patterns in modern size-graded shelf deposits, northwestern Gulf of Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81102","usgsCitation":"Hill, G.W., 1981, Facies characteristics and patterns in modern size-graded shelf deposits, northwestern Gulf of Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-102, iv, 89 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81102.","productDescription":"iv, 89 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141934,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0102/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37195,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0102/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8898","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, Gary W.","contributorId":56627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9490,"text":"ofr81163 - 1981 - Infaunal and neoichnological characteristics of the South Texas Outer Continental Shelf","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9490,"text":"ofr81163 - 1981 - Infaunal and neoichnological characteristics of the South Texas Outer Continental Shelf","indexId":"ofr81163","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Infaunal and neoichnological characteristics of the South Texas Outer Continental Shelf"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":24998,"text":"pp1238 - 1982 - Geobiologic study of the South Texas outer continental shelf","indexId":"pp1238","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Geobiologic study of the South Texas outer continental shelf"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":24998,"text":"pp1238 - 1982 - Geobiologic study of the South Texas outer continental shelf","indexId":"pp1238","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Geobiologic study of the South Texas outer continental shelf"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-31T19:11:35.9121","indexId":"ofr81163","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-163","title":"Infaunal and neoichnological characteristics of the South Texas Outer Continental Shelf","docAbstract":"The zonation of macrobenthic infauna on the South Texas Outer Continental Shelf is related to water depth and sediment facies. Five zones can be defined by species distribution and density, diversity, equitability, and biogenic sedimentary structures.
The numbers of species and individuals per unit area correlate locally with substrate characteristics (particularly sand-to-mud ratios). Sandier substrates have more species and individuals than muddier ones. In the study area, sand-to-mud ratios generally decrease as water depth increases. Consequently, the numbers of species and individuals decrease away from land.
Diversity (H\") is higher in sandier substrates than in muddier substrates. Overall diversity decreases in a seaward direction. Equitability increases as sand-to-mud ratios decrease and thus tends to increase as water depth increases.
Biogenic sedimentary structures on the South Texas Outer Continental Shelf result from the interaction of biologic and geologic processes. The zonation of the structures is useful in overall environmental interpretations of Holocene events and processes. The zonation can be defined in terms of diversity, density, and distribution.
Zonation of biogenic sedimentary structures parallel macrobenthic infaunal zonation. Substrates with diverse and dense biogenic sedimentary structures are associated with diverse, dense macrobenthic infaunal assemblages. The distribution of biogenic sedimentary structures is similar to the distribution of sediment types. Diversity and density of biogenic sedimentary structures decrease away from land. Locally, individual biogenic sedimentary structures become more obvious and distinct in finer sediments and deeper water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81163","usgsCitation":"Hill, G.W., 1981, Infaunal and neoichnological characteristics of the South Texas Outer Continental Shelf: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-163, vi, 130 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81163.","productDescription":"vi, 130 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":408908,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0163/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0163/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"South Texas Outer Continental Shelf","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.72,25.84 ], [ -97.72,30.0 ], [ -93.52,30.0 ], [ -93.52,25.84 ], [ -97.72,25.84 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5ef636","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, Gary W.","contributorId":56627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9493,"text":"ofr81738 - 1981 - Tidal flat sediments - texture, Willapa Bay, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-25T19:34:27.860437","indexId":"ofr81738","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-738","title":"Tidal flat sediments - texture, Willapa Bay, Washington","docAbstract":"The purpose of this study was to texturally characterize the sediments of the mid-estuary tidal flats between Goose Point and Pickernell Creek in Willapa Bay, Washington and to compare these flats with other flats in the estuary.
The mean grain size of sediments on tidal flats in the mid-estuary are fine sand (2-3 V). Sand shoals at the Bay entrance and erosion of cliffs between Goose Point and Pickernell Creek are the source of the sand. The subordinate mud fraction is supplied by rivers and creeks; little mud is deposited on the tidal flats except for those flats immediately adjacent to the rivers. Gravel is a minor component and is concentrated in sediments near the base of the cliffs high on the tidal flats.
Variability in texture within the study area is most pronounced near the Palix River and Pickernell Creek. The average characteristics of mid-estuary tidal flat sediments are best described as poorly sorted, fine-grained sand with strongly-fine skewed leptokurtic distributions.
Distribution patterns of textural parameters show consistent trends of hydraulic energy. Locally, textural patterns reflect (1) the coarsing effects of a flood current gyre between Goose Point and Sandy Point, and (2) relatively narrow flats (i.e., greater slopes) have coarser sediments proportionately higher upslope than wider flats.
The following comparisons can be made between tide flats in Willapa Bay. Mean grain size varies systematically up-estuary permitting the estuary to be artificially divided into 3 parts: outer estuary = 2-3 Ø; mid-estuary = 3-4 Ø; and inner estuary = greater than 4 Ø. Outer estuarine tide flats extend deep into the estuary, particularly to the south. The transition from outer to inner estuarine tide flats based on textural differences is a rapid change (i.e., occurs over a short distance).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81738","usgsCitation":"Hill, G.W., and Chin, J., 1981, Tidal flat sediments - texture, Willapa Bay, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-738, iv, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81738.","productDescription":"iv, 57 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":427071,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0738/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141938,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0738/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Willapa Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.178466796875,\n 46.31658418182218\n ],\n [\n -123.67309570312499,\n 46.31658418182218\n ],\n [\n -123.67309570312499,\n 46.77184961467733\n ],\n [\n -124.178466796875,\n 46.77184961467733\n ],\n [\n -124.178466796875,\n 46.31658418182218\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b781","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, Gary W.","contributorId":56627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chin, John L.","contributorId":98291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chin","given":"John L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9507,"text":"ofr81396 - 1981 - Preliminary geologic map of the Frisco Peak Quadrangle, Millard and Beaver counties, Utah","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9507,"text":"ofr81396 - 1981 - Preliminary geologic map of the Frisco Peak Quadrangle, Millard and Beaver counties, Utah","indexId":"ofr81396","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Frisco Peak Quadrangle, Millard and Beaver counties, Utah"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":66205,"text":"i1573 - 1984 - Geologic map of the Frisco Peak Quadrangle, Millard and Beaver counties, Utah","indexId":"i1573","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Frisco Peak Quadrangle, Millard and Beaver counties, Utah"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":66205,"text":"i1573 - 1984 - Geologic map of the Frisco Peak Quadrangle, Millard and Beaver counties, Utah","indexId":"i1573","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Frisco Peak Quadrangle, Millard and Beaver counties, Utah"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:11","indexId":"ofr81396","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-396","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Frisco Peak Quadrangle, Millard and Beaver counties, Utah","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81396","usgsCitation":"Hintze, L.F., Lemmon, D., and Morris, H.T., 1981, Preliminary geologic map of the Frisco Peak Quadrangle, Millard and Beaver counties, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-396, 15 p., 1 over-size sheet; scale 1:62,500 ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81396.","productDescription":"15 p., 1 over-size sheet; scale 1:62,500 ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140995,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":108149,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12026.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"12026"}],"scale":"62500","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b367","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hintze, Lehi F.","contributorId":104057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hintze","given":"Lehi","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lemmon, D.M.","contributorId":16007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemmon","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morris, H. T.","contributorId":15585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":9510,"text":"ofr81478 - 1981 - Estimating probabilities of reservoir storage for the upper Delaware River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-04T17:27:01.244923","indexId":"ofr81478","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-478","title":"Estimating probabilities of reservoir storage for the upper Delaware River Basin","docAbstract":"A technique for estimating conditional probabilities of reservoir system storage is described and applied to the upper Delaware River Basin. The results indicate that there is a 73 percent probability that the three major New York City reservoirs (Pepacton, Cannonsville, and Neversink) would be full by June 1, 1981, and only a 9 percent probability that storage would return to the \"drought warning\" sector of the operations curve sometime in the next year. In contrast, if restrictions are lifted and there is an immediate return to normal operating policies, the probability of the reservoir system being full by June 1 is 37 percent and the probability that storage would return to the \"drought warning\" sector in the next year is 30 percent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81478","usgsCitation":"Hirsch, R.M., 1981, Estimating probabilities of reservoir storage for the upper Delaware River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-478, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81478.","productDescription":"18 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":409168,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0478/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":140998,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0478/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Delaware River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.080078125,\n 40.622291783092706\n ],\n [\n -76.86035156249999,\n 39.317300373271024\n ],\n [\n -75.69580078125,\n 38.436379603\n ],\n [\n -75.08056640625,\n 38.40194908237822\n ],\n [\n -74.454345703125,\n 38.71980474264237\n ],\n [\n -73.927001953125,\n 40.16208338164617\n ],\n [\n -74.00390625,\n 41.409775832009565\n ],\n [\n -74.50927734375,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -75.289306640625,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n -76.058349609375,\n 41.46742831254425\n ],\n [\n -77.080078125,\n 40.622291783092706\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc8d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hirsch, Robert M. 0000-0002-4534-075X rhirsch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4534-075X","contributorId":2005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hirsch","given":"Robert","email":"rhirsch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37316,"text":"WMA - Integrated Information Dissemination Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":159811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9513,"text":"ofr81488 - 1981 - Techniques of trend analysis for monthly water-quality data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:11","indexId":"ofr81488","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-488","title":"Techniques of trend analysis for monthly water-quality data","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81488","usgsCitation":"Hirsch, R.M., Slack, J.R., and Smith, R.A., 1981, Techniques of trend analysis for monthly water-quality data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-488, 33 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81488.","productDescription":"33 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141016,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0488/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37226,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0488/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685bcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hirsch, Robert M. 0000-0002-4534-075X rhirsch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4534-075X","contributorId":2005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hirsch","given":"Robert","email":"rhirsch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37316,"text":"WMA - Integrated Information Dissemination Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":159817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slack, James Richard","contributorId":83905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Richard A. 0000-0003-2117-2269 rsmith1@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2117-2269","contributorId":580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"rsmith1@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":159816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":9537,"text":"ofr81695 - 1981 - Floods of March 1978, in the Maumee River basin, northeastern Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-25T12:18:03","indexId":"ofr81695","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-695","title":"Floods of March 1978, in the Maumee River basin, northeastern Indiana","docAbstract":"Floods in the Maumee River basin in northeastern Indiana in March 1978 resulted in heavy damage in Fort Wayne and surrounding areas. Flood damage in Fort Wayne was estimated by the Mayor to be 11 million dollars. Approximately 15 percent of the city was inundated, and 2,400 of its 190,000 residents were forced to leave their homes. The estimate of damage in Adams and Allen Counties by Civil Defense officials was 44 million dollars. The Maumee River at New Haven exceeded the peak stage of record, 21.4 feet, by 2.2 feet. The peak discharge at this stream-gaging station, 22,400 cubic feet per second, was about equal to that of a 75-year flood. Recurrence intervals of peak flows on streams tributary to the Maumee River ranged from 5 to 50 years. Records of peak and daily discharges and some precipitation data are given in this report.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/ofr81695","usgsCitation":"Hoggatt, R.E., 1981, Floods of March 1978, in the Maumee River basin, northeastern Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-695, iv, 18 p. ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81695.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p. ill., map ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142828,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":94513,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015046045863?urlappend=%3Bseq=1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana, Ohio","county":"Adams, Allen","city":"New Haven","otherGeospatial":"Maumee River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.8026,40.9221],[-84.8027,40.9187],[-84.8026,40.9074],[-84.8023,40.7281],[-84.8025,40.7051],[-84.8025,40.7],[-84.8037,40.5723],[-84.8782,40.571],[-84.992,40.5697],[-85.0689,40.5688],[-85.074,40.9181],[-85.1087,40.9181],[-85.2218,40.9174],[-85.3349,40.9172],[-85.3347,41.0034],[-85.3346,41.0061],[-85.3381,41.0901],[-85.3397,41.1781],[-85.3111,41.1788],[-85.309,41.265],[-85.1935,41.2643],[-85.078,41.2658],[-84.9636,41.2676],[-84.8487,41.2698],[-84.8049,41.2702],[-84.8047,41.2536],[-84.8047,41.2527],[-84.8035,41.0133],[-84.8033,40.989],[-84.8026,40.9221]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Adams\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cde4b07f02db544f97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoggatt, Richard Earl","contributorId":25929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoggatt","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"Earl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9545,"text":"ofr811029 - 1981 - Late Neogene and Quaternary geology of the southwestern Florida shelf and slope","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:18","indexId":"ofr811029","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-1029","title":"Late Neogene and Quaternary geology of the southwestern Florida shelf and slope","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr811029","usgsCitation":"Holmes, C.W., 1981, Late Neogene and Quaternary geology of the southwestern Florida shelf and slope: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1029, iii, 30 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr811029.","productDescription":"iii, 30 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1029/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37271,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1029/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8b9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, Charles Ward","contributorId":22328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Ward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9552,"text":"ofr811061 - 1981 - Flow model of Saginaw River near Saginaw, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-12T10:39:57","indexId":"ofr811061","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-1061","title":"Flow model of Saginaw River near Saginaw, Michigan","docAbstract":"An unsteady-flow simulation model was applied to a 19.5-mile reach of Saginaw River. The model provides a method of determining instantaneous discharge for flows from -8,000 to 12,000 cubic feet per second. The currently used slope-rating method can be utilized to compute discharge only under steady and high-flow conditions. Unsteady flow frequently occurs in the Saginaw River as a result of lake seiching.
Model computations are based on solution of the continuity and momentum flow equations, on hydraulic characteristics of Saginaw River, and on time-dependent boundary conditions. An implicit, finite-difference technique is used to solve the one-dimensional flow equations. Channel storage and conveyance characteristics were obtained from data collected during a 1979 field survey and through model calibration. Boundary conditions are specified by stage or discharge data at the model extremities. Optionally, wind velocity data are incorporated in the flow simulations.
The model can simulate instantaneous stage and discharge data and summarize or plot the data. Simulations of low-flows are sensitive to small errors in stage data and to gentle breezes. Simulation of high flows for present channel conditions requires additional data and further study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/ofr811061","usgsCitation":"Holtschlag, D.J., 1981, Flow model of Saginaw River near Saginaw, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1061, v, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr811061.","productDescription":"v, 20 p.","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":141685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1061/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":343667,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1061/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Saginaw River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.40521240234375,\n 43.29320031385282\n ],\n [\n -83.69384765625,\n 43.29320031385282\n ],\n [\n -83.69384765625,\n 43.79092385423618\n ],\n [\n -84.40521240234375,\n 43.79092385423618\n ],\n [\n -84.40521240234375,\n 43.29320031385282\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df2d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holtschlag, David J. 0000-0001-5185-4928 dholtschlag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-4928","contributorId":5447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holtschlag","given":"David","email":"dholtschlag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":159878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9561,"text":"ofr81512 - 1981 - Correlation characteristics of surficial deposits with a description of surficial stratigraphy in the Nevada Test Site region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:16","indexId":"ofr81512","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-512","title":"Correlation characteristics of surficial deposits with a description of surficial stratigraphy in the Nevada Test Site region","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81512","usgsCitation":"Hoover, D.L., Swadley, W.C., and Gordon, A., 1981, Correlation characteristics of surficial deposits with a description of surficial stratigraphy in the Nevada Test Site region: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-512, iii, 30 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81512.","productDescription":"iii, 30 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141916,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0512/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37285,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0512/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db6846f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoover, D. L.","contributorId":70388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoover","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swadley, W. C.","contributorId":46940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swadley","given":"W.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gordon, A.J.","contributorId":101667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":9564,"text":"ofr81961 - 1981 - E-field ratio telluric survey near the Big Maria Mountains, Riverside County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-15T20:09:24.529001","indexId":"ofr81961","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-961","title":"E-field ratio telluric survey near the Big Maria Mountains, Riverside County, California","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) under the Wilderness Act (Public Law 88-577) and the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (Public Law 94-579) has the responsibility, along with the U.S. Bureau of Mines, to survey certain areas in order to determine their mineral resource potential. This report presents results of three electric-field ratio telluric traverses conducted as part of the Bureau of Land Management Wilderness Program in the Big Maria Mountains, Riverside County, Calif. The telluric traverses were run on the southwest side of the Big Maria Mountains in an attempt to define the location of major buried faults near the eroded front of the range.
E-field ratio tellurics is a descriptive name applied to the electrical exploration technique used in this survey. The telluric method refers to the measurement of the earth's electric field generated by induction from natural electromagnetic waves arriving at the surface. The E-field ratio telluric method uses a receiving array of three electrodes spaced equidistant and inline. This array is, in effect, two colinear dipoles sharing a common electrode. The potential difference across each dipole is then proportional to the component of the telluric field in the direction of the array. This configuration permits the measurement of the ratio of the telluric field at each dipole in the direction of the dipole line, and hence the name. The traverse data is extended by moving the three-electrode array forward one dipole length so that the forward electrode becomes the center electrode for the next ratio measurement.
Electric-field data so obtained are proportional to the square root of the apparent resistivity of the earth at the location of the dipoles. However, because the apparent resistivity can be a function of the dipole direction, it is important to know the orientation of the dipoles with respect to major structures. Because the resistivity of fluid-saturated earth materials is largely dependent on the porosity of the rocks, the salinity of the pore fluid, and the presence of clays or similar material where surface conduction is high, alluvial fill, argillite and similar rocks tend to have low resistivities whereas igneous or high-grade metamorphic rocks have high resistivities. Variation in the electrical properties along a traverse may then be used to infer lithologic or structural changes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81961","usgsCitation":"Hoover, D.B., Broker, M.M., and Stambaugh, T., 1981, E-field ratio telluric survey near the Big Maria Mountains, Riverside County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-961, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81961.","productDescription":"15 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389296,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0961/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0961/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Riverside County","otherGeospatial":"Big Maria Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.98016357421875,\n 33.543683878655926\n ],\n [\n -114.26742553710936,\n 33.543683878655926\n ],\n [\n -114.26742553710936,\n 34.023071367612125\n ],\n [\n -114.98016357421875,\n 34.023071367612125\n ],\n [\n -114.98016357421875,\n 33.543683878655926\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62f545","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoover, Donald B.","contributorId":89877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoover","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Broker, Michael M.","contributorId":6058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broker","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stambaugh, T.","contributorId":6448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stambaugh","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":9574,"text":"ofr81779 - 1981 - Analyses of outcrops and B-horizon soil samples, Iron River 1° x 2° quadrangle, Michigan-Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-04T18:51:13.612725","indexId":"ofr81779","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-779","title":"Analyses of outcrops and B-horizon soil samples, Iron River 1° x 2° quadrangle, Michigan-Wisconsin","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81779","usgsCitation":"Hopkins, R., Hoffman, J.D., and Alminas, H.V., 1981, Analyses of outcrops and B-horizon soil samples, Iron River 1° x 2° quadrangle, Michigan-Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-779, i, 168 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81779.","productDescription":"i, 168 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390192,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75536.htm"},{"id":37301,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0779/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141918,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0779/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Iron River 1° x 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -88,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -88,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 46\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683863","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hopkins, R.T.","contributorId":80264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffman, J. D.","contributorId":8419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alminas, Henry V.","contributorId":59783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alminas","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":9583,"text":"ofr81111 - 1981 - The Sea Data 651-4 data logger","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-18T21:57:02.952678","indexId":"ofr81111","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-111","title":"The Sea Data 651-4 data logger","docAbstract":"This paper describes a digital data logger used as the primary controller and data collection device for the U.S. Geological Survey Sediment Monitoring Tripod Program. The tripods are deployed at sea in water depths up to 100 m for periods of 3 to 6 months. The system measures bottom current speed and direction, pressure, temperature, light transmission, and photographs the bottom. This report is intended to provide a description of the unit and its operation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81111","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Hosom, D.S., and Butman, B., 1981, The Sea Data 651-4 data logger: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-111, vii, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81111.","productDescription":"vii, 85 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403969,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0111/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142897,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0111/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c4a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hosom, David S.","contributorId":64257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hosom","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butman, Bradford 0000-0002-4174-2073 bbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-2073","contributorId":943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"Bradford","email":"bbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":159948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9584,"text":"ofr81585 - 1981 - Clay mineralogy of Devonian shales in the Appalachian Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-04T20:37:27.0429","indexId":"ofr81585","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-585","title":"Clay mineralogy of Devonian shales in the Appalachian Basin","docAbstract":"A study of the clay mineralogy of the Devonian black shales of the Appalachian basin was undertaken to help predict areas for potential gas resources. More than 2,100 samples from 84 drill holes representing 11 shale units were analyzed for clay mineralogy or whole—rock mineralogy or both. Approximately 1,300 samples were from drill cores and about 800 samples were from drill cuttings. Illite (2M) recrystallized during diagenesis is more or less uniformly present throughout all shale units. Chlorite formed during low grade metamorphism is least abundant in the younger units and more abundant in the older units. Illite—smectite mixed—layer clay, which supplied the material for the formation of chlorite, is most abundant in the younger units and least abundant in the older units. Illite—chlorite mixed—layer clay occurs as a trace in all shale units. Kaolinite, the only unaltered detrital clay mineral, occurs in about 25 to 30 percent of the samples. The source of the kaolinite appears to have been to the east and northeast of the basin of deposition. The color of the shale units is primarily due to the organic content; however, those shales that contain calcite are darker than those that do not for equal amounts of organic carbon.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81585","usgsCitation":"Hosterman, J.W., and Whitlow, S.I., 1981, Clay mineralogy of Devonian shales in the Appalachian Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-585, Report: iii, 170 p.; 1 Plate: 26.20 x 27.92 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81585.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 170 p.; 1 Plate: 26.20 x 27.92 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395483,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0585/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":395482,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0585/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":373916,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0585/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672b49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hosterman, John W.","contributorId":48962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hosterman","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitlow, Sallie I.","contributorId":8854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitlow","given":"Sallie","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9586,"text":"ofr81771 - 1981 - Erosional history of the New River, southern Appalachians, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:19","indexId":"ofr81771","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-771","title":"Erosional history of the New River, southern Appalachians, Virginia","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81771","usgsCitation":"Houser, B., 1981, Erosional history of the New River, southern Appalachians, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-771, xiii, 251 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81771.","productDescription":"xiii, 251 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142900,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0771/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37309,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0771/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37310,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0771/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37311,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0771/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdf1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Houser, Brenda","contributorId":67516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houser","given":"Brenda","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9588,"text":"ofr811192 - 1981 - An assessment of streamflow, water quality, and the effects of constructing an impoundment on Bridge Creek at Augusta, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-13T21:11:13.46241","indexId":"ofr811192","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-1192","title":"An assessment of streamflow, water quality, and the effects of constructing an impoundment on Bridge Creek at Augusta, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"This study documents Streamflow, temperature, and water-quality conditions of Bridge Creek at Augusta, Wisconsin, and evaluates the potential effects of a proposed small impoundment on the creek. The effects are of concern to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources because the stream is a Class II trout stream.
\nAverage daily Streamflow, from records collected during the 1980 water year, was about 50 cubic feet per second, and flow ranged from 4.5 to 1,010 cubic feet per second. Average summer (1980) water temperature of the creek was 21.0°C, and the average summer dissolved-oxygen concentration was 7.1 milligrams per liter. Water temperature did not exceed 26.0°C, and dissolved oxygen did not fall below 6.0 milligrams per liter at any time during the summer.
\nA computer-simulated average summer temperature below the proposed impoundment was 22.5°C with a surface-level outlet from the reservoir, and 21.9°C with a bottom-draw outlet. Dissolved oxygen exceeded 6.0 milligrams per liter in both cases.
\nNutrient concentrations in Bridge Creek and comparisons with a similar impoundment at nearby Fall Creek indicate that the proposed impoundment would have nuisance weed growth. The impoundment would have a computed transit time of about 3 days, with a surface-level outlet, or 1 day with a bottom-draw outlet, assuming a normal pool elevation and a summer base flow of 7.5 cubic feet per second. Total storage in the proposed impoundment is estimated to be 48 acre-feet.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr811192","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"House, L.B., 1981, An assessment of streamflow, water quality, and the effects of constructing an impoundment on Bridge Creek at Augusta, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1192, Report: iv, 25 p.; 1 Plate: 17.00 x 15.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr811192.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 25 p.; 1 Plate: 17.00 x 15.00 inches","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":408296,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_11913.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":37313,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1192/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37314,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1192/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142902,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1192/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Eau Claire County","city":"Augusta","otherGeospatial":"Bridge Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.27853393554688,\n 44.558184901080324\n ],\n [\n -91.27853393554688,\n 44.90890028388591\n ],\n [\n -90.87203979492188,\n 44.90890028388591\n ],\n [\n -90.87203979492188,\n 44.558184901080324\n ],\n [\n -91.27853393554688,\n 44.558184901080324\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684d84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"House, Leo B.","contributorId":70766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"House","given":"Leo","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9597,"text":"ofr81816 - 1981 - U.S. Geological Survey reports on the water resources of Florida, 1886-1980","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":23401,"text":"ofr81337 - 1980 - United States Geological Survey reports on the water resources of Florida, 1886-1979","indexId":"ofr81337","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"United States Geological Survey reports on the water resources of Florida, 1886-1979"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":9597,"text":"ofr81816 - 1981 - U.S. Geological Survey reports on the water resources of Florida, 1886-1980","indexId":"ofr81816","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"U.S. Geological Survey reports on the water resources of Florida, 1886-1980"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-09T18:29:23.094384","indexId":"ofr81816","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-816","title":"U.S. Geological Survey reports on the water resources of Florida, 1886-1980","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has been making investigations of the water resources of Florida since the latter part of the 19th century. The earlier work consisted mainly of data collection at a few spring and river sites at intermittent intervals with the exception of a statewide ground-water study made during 1910-12 (Matson and Sanford, 1913).
Since 1930, when an office was established for surface-water studies and in 1938 for ground-water studies in Florida, practically all of the water-resources investigations made by the U.S. Geological Survey have been in cooperation with state and local agencies.
This second edition of \"United States Geological Survey Reports on the Water Resources of Florida, 1886-1980\" includes reports approved for release in calendar year 1980. In addition to updating the first edition (1980) several reports released prior to 1979, which were inadvertently omitted, have been added.
The bibliographic list of publications which follows is arranged alphabetically by senior author.
The publications are also indexed by geographic area and by subject. Only two lines are used for each publication in the indexes; thus the complete reference is given only in the bibliographic list.
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Virginia-Tennessee","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81204","usgsCitation":"Hufschmidt, P.W., 1981, Hydrology of area 16, Eastern Coal Province, Virginia-Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-204, v, 74 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81204.","productDescription":"v, 74 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":94933,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0204/report.pdf","size":"16082","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141734,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0204/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db60462a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hufschmidt, Peter W.","contributorId":85185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hufschmidt","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9613,"text":"ofr8169 - 1981 - Low-flow frequency data for selected stream gaging stations in Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-02T07:15:54","indexId":"ofr8169","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-69","title":"Low-flow frequency data for selected stream gaging stations in Florida","docAbstract":"This report contains tables of low-flow frequency data for 161 stream-gaging stations in Florida. The selected stations represent those having suitable flow records spanning 7 or more years. Flow values representing the annual minimum average flow for selected periods ranging from 1 to 183 days are presented for recurrence intervals ranging from 2 to 50 years. The low-flow frequency data of relatively short-term stations were adjusted where possible on basis of records of long-term stations to reduce the possible bias introduced by short-term climatic trends. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr8169","usgsCitation":"Hughes, G., 1981, Low-flow frequency data for selected stream gaging stations in Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-69, ix, 110 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8169.","productDescription":"ix, 110 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0069/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":275907,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0069/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db64874c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, G.H.","contributorId":73975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9620,"text":"ofr811225 - 1981 - Digitizing procedure for the National Coal Resources Data System of the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:15","indexId":"ofr811225","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-1225","title":"Digitizing procedure for the National Coal Resources Data System of the U.S. Geological Survey","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr811225","usgsCitation":"Hunter, J.F., Crowley, S.S., and Medlin, A.L., 1981, Digitizing procedure for the National Coal Resources Data System of the U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1225, 10 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr811225.","productDescription":"10 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141758,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1225/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37352,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1225/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64acc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunter, Judy F.","contributorId":50895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"Judy","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crowley, Sharon S.","contributorId":78325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Medlin, Antoinette L.","contributorId":84370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medlin","given":"Antoinette","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}