The objective for siting and design of low-level radioactive-waste repository sites is to isolate the waste from the biosphere until the waste no longer poses an unacceptable hazard as a result of radioactive decay. Low-level radioactive waste commonly is isolated at shallow depths with various engineered features to stabilize the waste and to reduce its dissolution and transport by ground water. The unsaturated zone generally is preferred for isolating the waste. Low-level radioactive waste may need to be isolated for 300 to 500 years. Maintenance and monitoring of the repository site are required by Federal regulations for only the first 100 years. Therefore, geohydrology of the repository site needs to provide natural isolation of the waste for the hazardous period following maintenance of the site. Engineering design of the repository needs to be compatible with the natural geohydrologic conditions at the site. Studies at existing commercial and Federal waste-disposal sites provide information on the problems encountered and the basis for establishing siting guidelines for improved isolation of radioactive waste, engineering design of repository structures, and surveillance needs to assess the effectiveness of the repositories and to provide early warning of problems that may require remedial action.
Climate directly affects the hydrology of a site and probably is the most important single factor that affects the suitability of a site for shallow-land burial of low-level radioactive waste. Humid and subhumid regions are not well suited for shallow isolation of low-level radioactive waste in the unsaturated zone; arid regions with zero to small infiltration from precipitation, great depths to the water table, and long flow paths to natural discharge areas are naturally well suited to isolation of the waste. The unsaturated zone is preferred for isolation of low-level radioactive waste. The guiding rationale is to minimize contact of water with the waste and to minimize transport of waste from the repository. The hydrology of a flow system containing a repository is greatly affected by the engineering of the repository site. Prediction of the performance of the repository is a complex problem, hampered by problems of characterizing the natural and manmade features of the flow system and by the limitations of models to predict flow and geochemical processes in the saturated and unsaturated zones. Disposal in low-permeability unfractured clays in the saturated zone may be feasible where the radionuclide transport is controlled by diffusion rather than advection.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir1034","usgsCitation":"Bedinger, M.S., 1989, Geohydrologic aspects for siting and design of low-level radioactive-waste disposal: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1034, iv, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1034.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":31268,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1989/1034/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124744,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1989/1034/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8f58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bedinger, M. S.","contributorId":65452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedinger","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4717,"text":"twri02F1 - 1989 - Application of drilling, coring, and sampling techniques to test holes and wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:32","indexId":"twri02F1","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"02-F1","title":"Application of drilling, coring, and sampling techniques to test holes and wells","docAbstract":"The purpose of this manual is to provide ground-water hydrologists with a working knowledge of the techniques of test drilling, auger drilling, coring and sampling, and the related drilling and sampling equipment. For the most part, the techniques discussed deal with drilling, sampling, and completion of test holes in unconsolidated sediments because a hydrologist is interested primarily in shallow-aquifer data in this type of lithology. Successful drilling and coring of these materials usually is difficult, and published research information on the subject is not readily available. The authors emphasize in-situ sampling of unconsolidated sediments to obtain virtually undisturbed samples.\r\nParticular attention is given to auger drilling and hydraulic-rotary methods of drilling because these are the principal means of test drilling performed by the U.S. Geological Survey during hydrologic studies. Techniques for sampling areas contaminated by solid or liquid waste are discussed. Basic concepts of well development and a detailed discussion of drilling muds, as related to hole conditioning, also are included in the report. The information contained in this manual is intended to help ground-water hydrologists obtain useful subsurface data and samples from their drilling programs.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ; for sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO,","doi":"10.3133/twri02F1","issn":"0565-596X","usgsCitation":"Shuter, E., and Teasdale, W.E., 1989, Application of drilling, coring, and sampling techniques to test holes and wells: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 02-F1, ix, 97 p. :ill. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri02F1.","productDescription":"ix, 97 p. :ill. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":345,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri2-f1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":139083,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67ab39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shuter, Eugene","contributorId":93890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shuter","given":"Eugene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Teasdale, Warren E.","contributorId":85164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teasdale","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18016,"text":"ofr88478 - 1989 - Assessment of the potential effects of climate change on water resources of the Delaware River basin; work plan for 1988-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:23","indexId":"ofr88478","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-478","title":"Assessment of the potential effects of climate change on water resources of the Delaware River basin; work plan for 1988-90","docAbstract":"The current consensus is that some global atmospheric warming will occur as a result of increasing ' greenhouse ' gases. Water resources scientists, planners, and managers are concerned about the uncertainty associated with climatic-change effects on water supplies and what planning might be necessary to mitigate the effects. Collaborative studies between climatologists, hydrologists, biologists, and others are needed to gain this understanding. The Delaware River basin study is an interdisciplinary effort on the part of the U.S. Geological Survey that was initiated to improve understanding of the sensitivity of the basin 's water resources to the potential effects of climate change. The Delaware River basin is 12,765 sq mi in area, crosses five physiographic provinces, and supplies water for an estimated 20 million people within and outside the basin. Climate change presumably will result in changes in precipitation and temperature and could have significant effects on evapotranspiration, streamflow, and groundwater recharge. A rise in sea level is likely to accompany global warming and, depending on changes in freshwater inflows, could alter the salinity of the Estuary and increase saline-water intrusion into adjacent aquifer systems. Because the potential effects are not well understood, this report discusses how the effects of climate change on the basin 's water resources might be defined and evaluated. The study objective is to investigate the basin 's hydrologic response, under existing water management policy and infrastructure, to various scenarios of climate change. Specific objectives include defining the temporal and spatial variability of basin hydrology under existing climate conditions , developing climate-change scenarios, and evaluating the potential effects and sensitivities of basin water availability to these scenarios. The objectives will be accomplished through intensive modeling analysis of the basin 's climate, watershed, estuary, and aquifer systems. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nCopies of this report can be purchased from Books and Open-File Reports,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88478","usgsCitation":"Ayers, M.A., and Leavesley, G., 1989, Assessment of the potential effects of climate change on water resources of the Delaware River basin; work plan for 1988-90: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-478, iv, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88478.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0478/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47262,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0478/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671ccb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayers, M. A.","contributorId":41417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayers","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17870,"text":"ofr89591 - 1989 - Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Montana, October 1987 through September 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:20","indexId":"ofr89591","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-591","title":"Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Montana, October 1987 through September 1989","docAbstract":"Water resources programs and activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Montana consist principally of hydrological data collection and local, areal, or statewide hydrologic investigations. The work is supported by direct Federal funding, by transfer of funds from other Federal agencies, and by joint funding agreements with State or local agencies. The Montana District of the Geological Survey 's Water Resources Division conducts its hydrologic work through a headquarters office in Helena, and field offices in Helena, Billings, Fort Peck and Kalispell. This report describes the eighteen projects funded for fiscal years 1988 and 1989. In addition, it describes the operations of the Montana District, water conditions during water year 1988, activities in addition to regular programs, sources of publications and information, and lists reports published or released during the preceding 5 years. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-file reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr89591","usgsCitation":"Thamke, J.N., 1989, Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Montana, October 1987 through September 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-591, iv, 78 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89591.","productDescription":"iv, 78 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150059,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0591/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47108,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0591/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699607","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thamke, J. N. (compiler)","contributorId":75952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thamke","given":"J.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17869,"text":"ofr89621 - 1989 - Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Missouri, fiscal year 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:20","indexId":"ofr89621","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-621","title":"Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Missouri, fiscal year 1989","docAbstract":"Water resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Missouri consist of collecting hydrologic data and making interpretive studies. Hydrologic studies in Missouri are made through three basic types of projects: hydrologic data collection programs; local or areal hydrologic investigations; and statewide or regional studies. These projects are funded through cooperative joint-funding agreements with State and local agencies, transfer of funds from other Federal agencies, and direct Federal funds. The data and the results of the investigations are published or released by either the U.S. Geological Survey or by cooperating agencies. The report describes the hydrologic data collection programs and local or areal hydrologic investigations in Missouri for fiscal year 1989 and provides a list of selected water resources references for Missouri. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr89621","usgsCitation":"Jenkins, K.L., 1989, Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Missouri, fiscal year 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-621, x, 54 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89621.","productDescription":"x, 54 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150042,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0621/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47107,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0621/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9ea8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jenkins, K. L. (compiler)","contributorId":61053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"K.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17863,"text":"ofr89592 - 1989 - Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Kansas; fiscal years 1987 and 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:19","indexId":"ofr89592","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-592","title":"Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Kansas; fiscal years 1987 and 1988","docAbstract":"The principal mission of the U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, in Kansas is to investigate the occurrence, quantity, quality, distribution, and movement of surface and groundwater throughout the State. Primary activities include the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of hydrologic data, evaluation of water demands, and water resources research. Hydrologic investigations are conducted through four types of studies: (1) data collection programs; (2) statewide or regional investigations; (3) local or area investigations; and (4) research. These studies are funded through cooperative agreements with State and local agencies, transfer of funds from other agencies, and direct Federal funds. Thirty-six water related studies were ongoing during fiscal years 1987 and 1988 in Kansas. This report describes for each study the problem that initiated the study, the objectives of the study, the approach designed to achieve the objectives, and significant milestones and publications that resulted during fiscal years 1987 and 1988. Information on more than 2,100 data collection stations in Kansas is presented in maps and tables. A list of 46 reports and abstracts published or released by the U.S. Geological Survey, its cooperators, or technical and scientific organizations during 1987 and 1988 is provided. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr89592","usgsCitation":"Combs, L.J., 1989, Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Kansas; fiscal years 1987 and 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-592, iv, 97 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89592.","productDescription":"iv, 97 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150245,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0592/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47101,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0592/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4fb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Combs, L. J. (compiler)","contributorId":9271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Combs","given":"L.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17841,"text":"ofr89227 - 1989 - Water-resources activities in Florida, 1988-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T18:15:39","indexId":"ofr89227","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-227","title":"Water-resources activities in Florida, 1988-89","docAbstract":"This report contains summary statements of water resources activities in Florida conducted by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with Federal, State , and local agencies during 1988. These activities are part of the Federal program of appraising the Nation 's water resources. Included are brief descriptions of the nature and scope of all active studies, summaries of significant results for 1988 and anticipated accomplishments during 1989. Water resources appraisals in Florida are highly diversified, ranging from hydrologic records networks to interpretive appraisals of water resources and applied research to develop investigative techniques. Thus, water-resources investigations range from basic descriptive water-availability studies for areas of low-intensity water development and management to sophisticated cause and effect studies in areas of high-intensity water development and management. The interpretive reports and records that are products of the investigations are a principal hydrologic foundation upon which the plans for development, management, and protection of Florida 's water resources may be used. Water data and information required to implement sound water-management programs in highly urbanized areas relate to the quantity and quality of storm runoff, sources of aquifer contamination, injection of wastes into deep strata, underground storage of freshwater, artificial recharge of aquifers, environmental effects of reuse of water, and effects of land development on changes in ground-and surface-water quality. In some parts of the State broad areas are largely rural. Future growth is anticipated in many of these. This report is intended to inform those agencies vitally interested in the water resources of Florida as to the current status and objectives of the U.S. Geological Survey cooperative program. The mission of this program is to collect, interpret, and publish information on water resources. Almost all of this work is done in cooperation with other public agencies. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr89227","usgsCitation":"1989, Water-resources activities in Florida, 1988-89: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-227, viii, 76 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89227.","productDescription":"viii, 76 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0227/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47079,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0227/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699662","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Glenn, M.E.","contributorId":57075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glenn","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":745677,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17796,"text":"ofr89409 - 1989 - U.S. Geological Survey second national symposium on Water quality; abstracts of the technical sessions, Orlando, Florida, November 12-17, 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-19T21:59:48","indexId":"ofr89409","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-409","title":"U.S. Geological Survey second national symposium on Water quality; abstracts of the technical sessions, Orlando, Florida, November 12-17, 1989","docAbstract":"The U.S Geological Survey (USGS) compiled and analyzed existing hydrologic and water-quality data from over 200 stream and estuary stations of the Abemarle-Pamlico estuarine system (A/P) to identify long-term temporal and spatial trends. The dataset included seven stations of the USGS National Stream Quality Accounting Network, two stations of the National Atmospheric Precipitation Deposition monitoring network, stations of the N.C. Department of Natural Resources and Community Development, and stations from 25 reports by individual investigators. Regression-residuals analysis, the seasonal Kendall's Tau test for trends, and graphical analysis using annual box plots were employed to determine trends. Profound change has occurred in the water quality of the A/P area over the last 30 years. Analysis of water-quality data upstream from the estuaries indicates increases of discharge-adjusted values of specific conductance, alkalinity, phosphorous, hardness, chloride, and dissolved solids. In the estuaries, pH is increasing except in the Pamlico River, where it is decreasing. There is a generalized decrease in suspended inorganic material in the system. Salinities are decreasing for sections of the Pamlico River, and increasing for parts of Albemarle Sound. Nitrogen concentrations are decreasing except in the Pamlico River, where they are increasing. Phosphorus concentrations are increasing in the Pamlico River and decreasing elsewhere. Annual average data show that nitrogen is the limiting nutrient in the Neuse and Pamlico Rivers. Phosphorus is limiting in the rest of the area. Chlorophyll-a levels are increasing in parts of the Neuse and Pamlico Rivers and decreasing in parts of the Chowan River. To evaluate the effect of basin characteristics on water quality, linear correlation was used. Agricultural crop variables produced the most correlations with water-quality data. Fertilizer usage had little detectable relation to water quality in the study area. In the section of the Pamlico River near Aurora, relations between employment, road mileages, and water quality indicated effects of development in the area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr89409","usgsCitation":"1989, U.S. Geological Survey second national symposium on Water quality; abstracts of the technical sessions, Orlando, Florida, November 12-17, 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-409, 150 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89409.","productDescription":"150 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":47037,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0409/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149108,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0409/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6998c5","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Pederson, Gary L.","contributorId":81084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pederson","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":743024,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Martha M.","contributorId":121281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Martha","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":743025,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17743,"text":"ofr89588 - 1989 - Summary of water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Colorado– Fiscal year 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-03T19:39:07.16162","indexId":"ofr89588","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-588","title":"Summary of water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Colorado– Fiscal year 1989","docAbstract":"The biennial summary of water resources activities in Colorado is presented for fiscal year 1989. The report includes an introduction of these activities and names of the management personnel to whom information requests may be addressed, a summary of the U.S. Geological Survey mission and of the Water Resources Division mission, and a discussion of the water resources in Colorado in fiscal year 1989, including data collection on surface water and groundwater. All current Colorado hydrologic investigations are listed--their problems, objectives, approaches, progress, and plans for fiscal year 1989. A list of current cooperators, for fiscal year 1989 and a list of reports published or released during fiscal years 1987, 1988, and 1989 also are given. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr89588","usgsCitation":"Griffith, P.A., 1989, Summary of water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Colorado– Fiscal year 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-588, Report: iv, 58 p.; 1 Plate: 26.97 × 22.06 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89588.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 58 p.; 1 Plate: 26.97 × 22.06 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392455,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17729.htm"},{"id":46966,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0588/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46965,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0588/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0588/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.09423828125,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -101.97509765625,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -101.97509765625,\n 40.9964840143779\n ],\n [\n -109.09423828125,\n 40.9964840143779\n ],\n [\n -109.09423828125,\n 36.98500309285596\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698778","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffith, P. A.","contributorId":20345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffith","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17633,"text":"ofr88318 - 1989 - Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":17633,"text":"ofr88318 - 1989 - Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois","indexId":"ofr88318","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2635,"text":"wsp2367 - 1991 - Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois","indexId":"wsp2367","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2635,"text":"wsp2367 - 1991 - Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois","indexId":"wsp2367","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-05T19:30:36.120435","indexId":"ofr88318","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-318","title":"Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois","docAbstract":"Ten years of hydrologic research have been conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey at a commercial low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois. Research included studies of microclimate, evapotranspiration, and tritium release by plants; runoff and land modification; water movement through a trench cover; water and tritium movement in the unsaturated zone; gases in the unsaturated zone; water and tritium movement in the saturated zone; and water chemistry. Implications specific to each research topic and those based on overlapping research topics are summarized as to their potential effect on the selection, characterization, design, operation, and decommissioning processes of future low-level radioactive-waste disposal sites.
Unconsolidated deposits at the site are diverse in lithologic character and are spatially and stratigraphically complex. Thickness of these Quaternary deposits ranges from 3 to 27 meters and averages 17 meters. The unconsolidated deposits overlay 140 meters of Pennsylvanian shale, mudstone, siltstone, and coal.
Approximately 90,500 cubic meters of waste were buried from August 1967 through August 1978, in 21 trenches that were constructed in glacial materials by using a cut-and-fill process. Trenches generally were constructed below grade and ranged from 11 to 180 meters long, 2.4 to 21 meters wide, and 2.4 to about 7.9 meters deep.
Research on microclimate and evapotranspiration at the site was conducted from July 1982 through June 1984. Continuous measurements were made of precipitation, incoming and reflected solar (shortwave) radiation, incoming and emitted terrestrial (longwave) radiation, horizontal windspeed and direction, wet- and dry-bulb air temperature, barometric pressure, soil-heat fluxes, and soil temperature. Soil-moisture content, for this research phase, was measured approximately biweekly. Evapotranspiration rates were estimated by using three techniques--energy budget, aerodynamic profile, and water budget. Although monthly totals for each method differed, estimated annual evapotranspiration averages ranged from 630 to 693 millimeters or about 70 percent of precipitation.
Tritium concentrations in leaf water from on-site plants were determined for 125 vegetation samples collected during the summers of 1982 through 1986. Concentrations varied significantly among some locations and plant types. Tritium concentrations ranged from the detection limit of 0 .2 to 1,330 nanocuries per liter, with alfalfa (Medicago sativa) having the highest concentrations, followed by brome grass (Bromus inermis), and then red clover (Trifoleum pratense); these variations in concentration are most likely a result of root depth.
Runoff and sediment transport were measured from July 1982 through December 1985 in four basins--three comprising almost two-thirds of the 8.1-hectare site and one comprising a 1.4-hectare undisturbed area. Volumes and equivalent weights of collapses were estimated from records of site surficial conditions from October 1978 through December 1985. Runoff showed a direct relation to degree of land modification; lowest mean yields were measured at the undisturbed area, and highest mean yields were measured from the basin composed wholly of trench and intertrench areas. Sediment yield measured onsite averaged 3.4 megagrams per hectare. A total of 315 collapse cavities, corresponding to a cumulative volume of about 500 cubic meters, were documented. Most collapses were recorded after periods of rainfall or snowmelt when soil moisture was near maximum. Almost two-thirds of the collapses, corresponding to 63 percent of the cumulative cavity volume, occurred during February through April.
Data for the study of water movement through a trench cover were collected from July 1982 through June 1934. Pressure-head data were collected at four different clusters at depths ranging from 50 to 1,850 millimeters within a selected trench cover. Soil-moisture content for this research phase was measured weekly with a gamma-attenuation moisture probe. The amount of water stored within the trench cover fluctuated in an annual cycle. Moisture contents were greatest in late March or early April, decreased steadily from late spring through the summer, reached a minimum in late August or early September, and then increased gradually from midfall through the winter. Depths of wetting-front movements were a function of initial soil-moisture content and total storm precipitation. Seepage to the trench was estimated by use of four different methods: the Darcy method, the zero-flux phase method, the surface-based water-budget method, and the ground-water based water-budget method. Estimates by the different methods differed considerably.
Investigation of the unsaturated zone at the site began in 1981 and is ongoing (1987). Water movement was measured along a generalized vertical section through four trenches. A 120-meter-long, 2-meter-diameter horizontal tunnel provided access below the trenches. The timing of water movement varied temporally and spatially. Vertical flow was inhibited at interfaces between lithologic units of contrasting hydraulic conductivities. Data also indicate that water movement through the sand of the Toulon Member of the Glasford Formation occurs along localized partially saturated to saturated flow paths. Average velocities of water movement through the extent of the unsaturated zone, as estimated by a saturation-tracking method, ranged from 0.04 to 0.34 meter per day.
Tritium concentrations in the unsaturated zone varied spatially reflecting the heterogeneity of wastes in the overlying trenches and local hydrogeologic conditions. Tritium concentrations at all lysimeter locations increased with time; however, the increases usually were of small magnitude. Tritium concentrations increased abruptly, from five to nine times previous concentrations, at only 3 of 14 locations.
Gas samples were collected from a network of soil-gas piezometers located in the undisturbed unsaturated zone near a waste trench at approximately 70-day intervals during 1984-86. Relative proportions of nitrogen, oxygen plus argon, carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, propane, butane, tritiated water vapor, carbon dioxide, and 222radon were converted to partial pressures, based on a mean atmospheric pressure of 98.6 kilopascals. Methane and 14 carbon dioxide were identified as originating in the waste and having mean partial pressures that generally decreased with horizontal distance from the trench and with vertical distance to the land surface. Partial-pressure gradients for other radioactive gases were not detected in the gas sampling network; definable gradients may occur much nearer to the waste source.
Ground-water flow has been studied at the site since 1976. The spatial, stratigraphic, and lithologic complexity of the unconsolidated deposits that compose the shallow aquifer result in the free water surface intersecting nine different lithologic units at the site. Saturated hydraulic conductivities of these units range from about 4x10-12 to 8x10-6 centimeters per second. Three ground-water basins were defined within the shallow aquifer, with flow generally from west to east. Ground-water velocities are highly variable. A tracer test conducted in a pebbly-sand unit resulted in velocities in the range of 640 to 770 meters per year. Estimated velocities for the other units ranged from 2 to 490 meters per year.
Tritium was detected in observation wells on-site in 1976 and off-site in 1982. Concentrations ranged from the analytical detection limit of 0.2 to over 300 nanocuries per liter. Seasonal variations in tritium concentrations were observed in most wells, and dilution caused by infiltrating rainfall was observed.
Water-chemistry research included the collection and analysis of precipitation, geologic materials, and unsaturated- and saturated-zone water, both on-site and off-site, and in all geologic units, during 1978 to 1984. Precipitation was a calcium-zinc-sulfate type water. Calcium and bicarbonate were the most abundant cation and anion, respectively, in the geologic materials. Mean dissolved organic carbon and tritium concentrations (45 milligrams per liter and 290 nanocuries per liter, respectively) were greater in samples from six lysimeters located directly below waste trenches and one located within a trench, than in samples from all other lysimeters (8.4 milligrams per liter and 17 nanocuries per liter, respectively). Water in the saturated zone was generally a magnesium-bicarbonate type. Tritium was the only radionuclide detected in the saturated zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr88318","usgsCitation":"1989, Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-318, x, 114 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88318.","productDescription":"x, 114 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0318/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":384153,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0318/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Sheffield","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.76242065429688,\n 41.33660710626423\n ],\n [\n -89.67727661132811,\n 41.33660710626423\n ],\n [\n -89.67727661132811,\n 41.3675335097313\n ],\n [\n -89.76242065429688,\n 41.3675335097313\n ],\n [\n -89.76242065429688,\n 41.33660710626423\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db673fe8","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ryan, Barbara J.","contributorId":53397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"Barbara J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749494,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2753,"text":"wsp2343 - 1989 - Evaluation of nonpotable ground water in the desert area of southeastern California for powerplant cooling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:20","indexId":"wsp2343","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2343","title":"Evaluation of nonpotable ground water in the desert area of southeastern California for powerplant cooling","docAbstract":"Powerplant siting is dependent upon many factors; in southern California the prevailing physical constraint is water availability. Increasing land-use and other environmental concerns preclude further sites along the coast. A review of available hydrologic data was made of 142 ground-water basins in the southeast California desert area to ascertain if any could be feasible sources of nonpotable powerplant cooling water. Feasibility implies the capacity to sustain a typical 1,000-megawatt electrical-power generating plant for 30 years with an ample supply of ground water for cooling. \r\n\r\nOf the 142 basins reviewed, 5 met or exceeded established hydrologic criteria for supplying the water demands of a typical powerplant. These basins are: (1) middle Amargosa valley, (2) Soda Lake valley, (3) Caves Canyon valley, (4) Chuckwalla Valley, and (5) Calzona-Vidal Valley. Geohydrologic evaluations of these five basins assessed the occurrence and suitability of ground water and effects of long-term pumping. An additional six basins met or exceeded hydrologic criteria, with qualifications, for providing powerplant cooling water. The remaining 131 basins either did not meet the criteria, or available data were insufficient to determine if the basins would meet the criteria.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2343","usgsCitation":"Steinemann, A.C., 1989, Evaluation of nonpotable ground water in the desert area of southeastern California for powerplant cooling: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2343, iv, 44 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2343.","productDescription":"iv, 44 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137814,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2343/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29179,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2343/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fac8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steinemann, Anne C.","contributorId":76718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinemann","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17421,"text":"ofr9167 - 1989 - National Research Program of the Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey, Fiscal Year 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-06T12:39:41","indexId":"ofr9167","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-67","title":"National Research Program of the Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey, Fiscal Year 1989","docAbstract":"The National Research Program (NRP) of the U.S. Geological Survey's Water Resources Division (WRD) had its beginnings in the late 1950's when \"core research\" was added as a line item to the Congressional budget. Since that time, the NRP has grown to encompass a broad spectrum of scientific investigations. The sciences of hydrology, mathematics, chemistry, physics, ecology, biology, geology, and engineering are used to gain a fundamental understanding of the processes that affect the availability, movement, and quality of the Nation's water resources. The knowledge gained and methods developed have great value to WRD's operational program. Results of the investigations conducted by the NRP are applicable not only to the solution of current water problems but also to future issues, anticipated or unanticipated, that may affect the Nation's water resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9167","usgsCitation":"1989, National Research Program of the Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey, Fiscal Year 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-67, iii, 303 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9167.","productDescription":"iii, 303 p.","numberOfPages":"311","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":349766,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0067/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0067/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698753","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Eggers, JoAnn","contributorId":19425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggers","given":"JoAnn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722164,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, Linda C.","contributorId":98702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Linda C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722165,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2894,"text":"wsp2304 - 1989 - Potential hydrologic effects of ground-water withdrawals from the Dakota Aquifer, southwestern Kansas","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":16454,"text":"ofr85567 - 1985 - Potential hydrologic effects of ground-water withdrawals from the Dakota Aquifer, southwestern Kansas","indexId":"ofr85567","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Potential hydrologic effects of ground-water withdrawals from the Dakota Aquifer, southwestern Kansas"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2894,"text":"wsp2304 - 1989 - Potential hydrologic effects of ground-water withdrawals from the Dakota Aquifer, southwestern Kansas","indexId":"wsp2304","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Potential hydrologic effects of ground-water withdrawals from the Dakota Aquifer, southwestern Kansas"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:20","indexId":"wsp2304","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2304","title":"Potential hydrologic effects of ground-water withdrawals from the Dakota Aquifer, southwestern Kansas","docAbstract":"A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of potential development of the Dakota aquifer on the layered-aquifer system above Permian rocks in a 5,000-square-mile area of southwestern Kansas. This aquifer system, which consists of five layers, includes the Cheyenne aquifer, the Kiowa confining unit, the Dakota aquifer, the Niobrara-Graneros confining unit, and the High Plains aquifer. Water supplies from the sandstone aquifers thus far have been developed mainly in parts of Hodgeman and Ford Counties. Management restrictions placed on further development of the High Plains aquifer could lead to additional development of the sandstone aquifers in the study area. \r\n\r\nThe upper sandstone aquifer, the Dakota aquifer, consists of sandstone and shale of the Lower Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone and is as much as 400 feet thick. Transmissivity of the Dakota aquifer, determined from analyses of pumping tests, ranges from 100-7,100 feet squared per day. The Dakota aquifer is confined where it is overlain by the shales and limestones of the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara-Graneros confining unit, but locally it is unconfined. \r\n\r\nThe lower sandstone aquifer, the Cheyenne aquifer, consists of the sandstone and shales of the Lower Cretaceous Cheyenne Sandstone in the eastern half of the study area plus undifferentiated Middle and Upper Jurassic rocks (sandstone, siltstone, shale, and limestone) in the western half of the study area. Maximum thickness of the Cheyenne aquifer is more than 300 feet, and maximum transmissivity is estimated at 3,000 feet squared per day. \r\n\r\nEstimated water use in the study area was about 8,800,000 acre-feet from the High Plains aquifer and about 160,000 acre-feet from the Dakota aquifer during 1975-82. The Cheyenne aquifer is not developed in the study area, and no water use from it is reported. \r\n\r\nThe chemical characteristics of water in the sandstone aquifers are highly variable in the study area. Water in the Dakota aquifer is a calcium bicarbonate type water, similar to water in the High Plains aquifer, in the subcrop area. However, in areas distant from the subcrop, water in the Dakota aquifer is a sodium bicarbonate type water with dissolved-solids concentrations in excess of 500 milligrams per liter. In some parts of the study area, water from the Dakota presents high to very high salinity and sodium hazards to crops and soil when it is used for irrigation. The Cheyenne aquifer locally contains mineralized water, as indicated by the response of resistivity curves on geophysical logs. \r\n\r\nHydrographs of wells completed in the Dakota aquifer indicate that the Dakota and High Plains aquifers are hydraulically connected in and near subcrop areas. Locally, the Dakota aquifer has converted from confined to unconfined conditions as a result of declining water levels due to pumpage from the Dakota aquifer and as the result of depletion of the High Plains aquifer in subcrop areas. Gradual declines in the potentiometric surface of the Dakota aquifer have occurred since the onset of pumpage in the 1960's; however, water levels in some wells have risen during the late 1970's. \r\n\r\nA digital computer model of three-dimensional groundwater flow was developed to simulate hydrologic conditions of a five-layer hydrologic system for 1975-82 conditions. The major components of the simulated 1975-82 water budget were well discharge from the High Plains aquifer and loss of ground water from storage in the High Plains aquifer. Although downward leakage from the High Plains aquifer in the study area represented only 18,000 acre-feet of the 1,365,000 acre-feet discharged from the High Plains aquifer during 1982, it was a major source of inflow to the Dakota aquifer. Changes in storage in the Dakota aquifer in the study area during 1982 were about 5,000 acre-feet. \r\n\r\nA baseline projection was made using 1982 simulated hydraulic heads from the calibrated model and 1982 rates of pumpage from both the High Plains and the Dakota aquifer","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2304","usgsCitation":"Watts, K.R., 1989, Potential hydrologic effects of ground-water withdrawals from the Dakota Aquifer, southwestern Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2304, vii, 47 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2304.","productDescription":"vii, 47 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138363,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2304/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29546,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2304/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db68313d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watts, Kenneth R. krwatts@usgs.gov","contributorId":1647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"Kenneth","email":"krwatts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":145969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":16139,"text":"ofr89269 - 1989 - Alaska index; streamflow, lake levels, and water-quality records to September 30, 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:17","indexId":"ofr89269","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-269","title":"Alaska index; streamflow, lake levels, and water-quality records to September 30, 1988","docAbstract":"Streamflow, lake levels, and water quality data are compiled for stations in the southeast, south-central, southwest, Yukon basin , northwest, and Arctic Slope subregions of Alaska. The report includes a map of each hydrologic subregion and tables listing types of data collected and periods of records. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nCopies available from Books and Open-File Reports,","doi":"10.3133/ofr89269","usgsCitation":"Still, P.J., and Cosby, J.M., 1989, Alaska index; streamflow, lake levels, and water-quality records to September 30, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-269, iv, 189 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89269.","productDescription":"iv, 189 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150494,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0269/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":45058,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0269/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48c1e4b07f02db53c54c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Still, Patsy J.","contributorId":27077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Still","given":"Patsy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cosby, Jennie M.","contributorId":64674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cosby","given":"Jennie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":15638,"text":"ofr8932 - 1989 - Geologic and hydrologic data for the Rustler Formation near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, southeastern New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:02","indexId":"ofr8932","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-32","title":"Geologic and hydrologic data for the Rustler Formation near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, southeastern New Mexico","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey is investigating the geohydrology in the vicinity of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in southeastern New Mexico. Data presented were compiled in support of a regional groundwater flow model. The data include water level measurements obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey 's Groundwater Site-Inventory and OMNIANA data bases and stratigraphic information interpreted from commercial geophysical logs. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/ofr8932","usgsCitation":"Richey, S.F., 1989, Geologic and hydrologic data for the Rustler Formation near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, southeastern New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-32, iii, 72 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8932.","productDescription":"iii, 72 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0032/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44602,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0032/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a53f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richey, Steven F.","contributorId":50511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richey","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15548,"text":"ofr89379 - 1989 - Water-resources investigations in Tennessee; programs and activities of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1988-1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:07","indexId":"ofr89379","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-379","title":"Water-resources investigations in Tennessee; programs and activities of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1988-1989","docAbstract":"This report contains a summation of water resources projects which were active in the Tennessee District during 1988 or 1989. Given in each summary is the name of the project chief, the objective of the project, the progress of results of the study to date, and the name of the cooperator. The basic data programs conducted by the Tennessee District provide streamflow, quality of water, and groundwater levels information essential to the assessment and management of the State 's water resources. Long-term streamflow, quality of water, and groundwater levels networks are operated as part of the Hydrologic Data Section. Field operations are about equally divided among field offices in Memphis, Nashville, and Knoxville. The data collected as part of the networks are published in the series of annual data reports entitled ' Water Resources Data for Tennessee'. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr89379","usgsCitation":"Quinones, F., Balthrop, B., and Baker, E., 1989, Water-resources investigations in Tennessee; programs and activities of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1988-1989: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-379, v, 59 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89379.","productDescription":"v, 59 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1006,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr_89-379","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":148392,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0379/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44503,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0379/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db6995ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quinones, Ferdinand","contributorId":44138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones","given":"Ferdinand","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Balthrop, B.H.","contributorId":42980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balthrop","given":"B.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, E.G.","contributorId":84382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":15239,"text":"ofr89262 - 1989 - Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Wyoming, fiscal years 1988 and 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:52","indexId":"ofr89262","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-262","title":"Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Wyoming, fiscal years 1988 and 1989","docAbstract":"There are two types of water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Wyoming: collection of hydrologic data, and water-resources-appraisal projects. During Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989, the work was done in cooperation with 10 State agencies, 5 counties, 3 cities, 2 towns, 1 irrigation district, 2 Indian Tribes, and 8 Federal agencies. Lists and location maps are included for 180 streamflow stations, 16 reservoir stations, 120 surface-water-quality stations, 15 sediment stations, 88 groundwater-level observation wells, and 73 groundwater quality sites, which were in operation during Fiscal Year 1988 and (or) Fiscal Year 1989. During Fiscal Years 1987 and 1988, 17 streamflow stations, 13 surface-water-quality stations, 14 sediment stations, and 7 groundwater level observation wells were discontinued. During Fiscal year 1988 and through the first quarter of Fiscal Year 1989, 21 streamflow stations, 15 surface-water-quality stations, and 3 sediment stations were established or reactivated. Descriptions, location maps, and progress statements are given for 4 data collection projects and 27 water resources-appraisal projects that were active during Fiscal Year 1988 and (or) Fiscal Year 1989. Eleven projects were completed during Fiscal Year 1988 or 1989 and 10 projects that were completed except for the project reports. Also included is a bibliography of reports by U.S. Geological Survey authors about the water resources of Wyoming. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr89262","usgsCitation":"Oden, D.M., 1989, Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Wyoming, fiscal years 1988 and 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-262, v, 124 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89262.","productDescription":"v, 124 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147122,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0262/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44186,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0262/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4f68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oden, D. M. (compiler)","contributorId":57083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oden","given":"D.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15055,"text":"ofr8954 - 1989 - Annual yield and selected hydrologic data for the Arkansas River Basin Compact, Arkansas-Oklahoma, 1988 water year","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:03","indexId":"ofr8954","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-54","title":"Annual yield and selected hydrologic data for the Arkansas River Basin Compact, Arkansas-Oklahoma, 1988 water year","docAbstract":"The computed annual yield and deficiency of the subbasins as defined in the Arkansas River Compact, Arkansas-Oklahoma, are given in tables. Actual runoff from the subbasins and depletion caused by major reservoirs in the compact area are also given in tabular form. Monthly, maximum, minimum, and mean discharge are shown for the 14 streamflow stations used in computing annual yield. Water quality data are shown for two sites in the compact area. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr8954","usgsCitation":"Moore, M.A., Lamb, T., and Hauth, L.D., 1989, Annual yield and selected hydrologic data for the Arkansas River Basin Compact, Arkansas-Oklahoma, 1988 water year: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-54, iv, 36 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8954.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0054/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43970,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0054/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b7dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Martha A.","contributorId":10802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Martha","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamb, T.E.","contributorId":58272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hauth, Leland D.","contributorId":17219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauth","given":"Leland","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":14548,"text":"ofr88705 - 1989 - Selected hydrologic data for Fountain Creek and Monument Creek basins, east-central Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:47","indexId":"ofr88705","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-705","title":"Selected hydrologic data for Fountain Creek and Monument Creek basins, east-central Colorado","docAbstract":"Selected hydrologic data were collected during 1986, 1987, and 1988 by the U.S. Geological Survey for the Fountain Creek and Monument Creek basins, east-central Colorado. The data were obtained as part of a study to determine the present and projected effects of wastewater discharges on the two creeks. The data, which are available for 129 surface-water sites, include: (1) About 1,100 water quality analyses; (2) about 420 measurements of discharge, (3) characteristics of about 50 dye clouds associated with measurements of traveltime and reaeration , and (4) about 360 measurements of channel geometry. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nCopies can be purchased from U.S. Geological Survey Books and Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88705","usgsCitation":"Kuhn, G., and Ortiz, R.F., 1989, Selected hydrologic data for Fountain Creek and Monument Creek basins, east-central Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-705, iv, 106 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88705.","productDescription":"iv, 106 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0705/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43225,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0705/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8ad4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuhn, Gerhard","contributorId":102080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuhn","given":"Gerhard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ortiz, Roderick F. rfortiz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz","given":"Roderick","email":"rfortiz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":169627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":14399,"text":"ofr89230 - 1989 - Hydrologic data for the Big Spring basin, Clayton County, Iowa, water year 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-11T13:10:16","indexId":"ofr89230","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-230","title":"Hydrologic data for the Big Spring basin, Clayton County, Iowa, water year 1988","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data was collected during the 1988 water year in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Natural Resources Geological Survey Bureau in the Big Spring ground-water basin located in Clayton County, Iowa. Information on precipitation, streams, and ground water was collected in the basin.
\nTotal rainfall at Big Spring was 24.08 inches. The greatest monthly rainfall was in September. Calcium and sulfate were the predominant ions in the rain and the median ammonia and nitrate concentrations as nitrogen were 0.40 and 0.37 mg/L (milligrams per liter), respectively.
\nStream discharge, water temperature, specific conductance, and pH were monitored continuously and monthly water-quality samples were collected at three sites in the basin. In the streams, water temperature and pH vary diurnally and are greatest during the day. Specific conductance varies inversely with water temperature and pH. The predominant ions in the streams were calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate. Nitrate plus nitrite as nitrogen concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 15 mg/L. Pesticide concentrations ranged from less than 0.10 µg/L (micrograms per liter) to 0.72 µg/L. Atrazine was detected in 12 of 13 stream samples and cyanazine was detected in 4 of 13 samples.
\nThe daily mean temperature of the water in Big Spring ranged from 9.7 to 10.6 degrees Celsius, the daily mean specific conductance ranged from 698 to 735 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius, and the daily median pH ranged from 6.7 to 7.1. Calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate were the predominant ions in solution. Nitrate plus nitrite as nitrogen concentrations ranged from 7.5 to 11 mg/L. Atrazine was the only pesticide detected in the monthly samples from Big Spring. Atrazine concentrations were greater than the detection limit in six of seven samples and ranged from less than 0.10 to 0.26 µg/L.
\nDuring a baseflow seepage study, June 28 and 29, the discharge lost by streams in the basin was 5.57 cubic feet per second and the dissolved nitrogen load lost was 0.19 tons per day. The discharge and total dissolved nitrogen leaving the basin in streams was 2.93 cubic feet per second and 0.02 tons per day, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City","doi":"10.3133/ofr89230","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Natural Resource (Geological Survey Bureau)","usgsCitation":"Kalkhoff, S.J., 1989, Hydrologic data for the Big Spring basin, Clayton County, Iowa, water year 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-230, vi, 44 p. ill.; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89230.","productDescription":"vi, 44 p. ill.; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":43081,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0230/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0230/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","county":"Clayton County","otherGeospatial":"Big Spring basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.59782409667969,\n 42.903885012632266\n ],\n [\n -91.59782409667969,\n 43.08694333811321\n ],\n [\n -91.28952026367188,\n 43.08694333811321\n ],\n [\n -91.28952026367188,\n 42.903885012632266\n ],\n [\n -91.59782409667969,\n 42.903885012632266\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f781","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kalkhoff, Stephen J. 0000-0003-4110-1716 sjkalkho@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-1716","contributorId":1731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"Stephen","email":"sjkalkho@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":169389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14028,"text":"ofr8933 - 1989 - Bibliography of Oklahoma hydrology; reports prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey and principal cooperating agencies, 1901-88","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:53","indexId":"ofr8933","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-33","title":"Bibliography of Oklahoma hydrology; reports prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey and principal cooperating agencies, 1901-88","docAbstract":"Reports on the hydrology of Oklahoma have been issued by the U.S. Geological Survey since 1901. This bibliography lists reports on hydrology in Oklahoma prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey and the principal State cooperating agencies, the Oklahoma Geological Survey and the Oklahoma Water Resources Board. Of the nearly 350 reports issued from 1901 through 1988, about 200 have been concerned primarily with groundwater; the remainder have dealt with some aspect of surface water, water quality, or geology. The reports are listed by agency and report type, and are indexed both by author and subject. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr8933","usgsCitation":"Havens, J.S., 1989, Bibliography of Oklahoma hydrology; reports prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey and principal cooperating agencies, 1901-88: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-33, iv, 59 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8933.","productDescription":"iv, 59 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147232,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0033/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42682,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0033/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62988d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Havens, John S. (compiler)","contributorId":99996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Havens","given":"John","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13798,"text":"ofr89389 - 1989 - The U.S. Geological Survey Federal-State Cooperative Water- Resources Program: Fiscal Year 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:49","indexId":"ofr89389","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-389","title":"The U.S. Geological Survey Federal-State Cooperative Water- Resources Program: Fiscal Year 1988","docAbstract":"The Federal-State Cooperative Program is a partnership between the U.S. Geological Survey and State and local agencies. It provides a balanced approach to the study and resolution of water-related problems and to acquiring hydrologic data. The principal program objectives are to: (1) collect, on a systematic basis, data needed for the continuing determination and evaluation of the quantity, quality, and use of the Nation's water resources, and (2) appraise the availability and the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of surface and ground water through analytical and interpretive investigations. During fiscal year 1988, hydrologic data collection, interpretive investigations, and research were conducted by Geological Survey personnel in offices in every State, Puerto Rico, and several territories in cooperation with more than 1,000 local, State, and regional agencies. In fiscal year 1988, Federal funding of almost $60 million was matched by cooperating agencies, who also provided approximately $6 million unmatched for a total program of about $126 million. This amounted to more than 40 percent of the total funds for Geological Survey water-resources activities.\r\n\r\nThis report presents examples of current (1988) investigations. It also lists about 250 water-resources investigations related to agricultural activities that the Geological Survey conducted from 1970 to 1988.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr89389","usgsCitation":"Gilbert, B.K., and Mann, W.B., 1989, The U.S. Geological Survey Federal-State Cooperative Water- Resources Program: Fiscal Year 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-389, iii, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89389.","productDescription":"iii, 66 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":146033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0389/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42368,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0389/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db673472","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilbert, Bruce K.","contributorId":60198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilbert","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mann, William B. 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