Nitrate-concentration data are used in conjunction with land-use and land-cover data to estimate median nitrate concentrations in groundwater underlying the New Jersey (NJ) Highlands Region. Sources of data on nitrate in 19,670 groundwater samples are from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water Information System (NWIS) and the NJ Private Well Testing Act (PWTA).
\nIn a study conducted by the USGS, in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, logistic regression was used to relate measured nitrate concentrations to five explanatory variables (percent urban and agricultural land use, septic-system density, total length of streams, and number of known contaminated sites) quantified in 610-meter-square grid cells. A method for calculating the median concentrations of nitrate from a series of logistic regression models was developed. Two calibration and two validation procedures showed that the logistic-regression-based method can estimate groundwater-nitrate concentrations in the Highlands Region accurately to within 0.1 milligram per liter as nitrogen (mg/L as N). Limitations of the logistic-regression-based method include the inability to select a logistic model with exactly 0.5 probability of exceeding the threshold value and lack of an algorithm to directly calculate the median value. Quantile regression was evaluated as a suitable alternative and was slightly less accurate than the logistic-regression method in estimating median groundwater nitrate concentrations in the Highlands Region.
\nMultiple-linear regression with log-transformed nitrate-concentration data and the same five explanatory values was less accurate than either logistic or quantile regression in estimating median nitrate concentrations. On the basis of 4,516 2000 x 2000 foot grid cells that contain wells with data stored in NWIS and the PWTA database, the estimated median nitrate concentration for the entire Highlands Region is about 1.25 mg/L as N, and estimated median concentrations range from about 1.05 to 1.78 mg/L as N among 11 smaller administratively defined areas within the Highlands Region that vary in percentages of urban land use, agricultural land use, and septic-system density.
\nThe Kaplan-Meier method of estimating summary statistics from left-censored data was applied in order to include nondetects (left-censored data) in median nitrate-concentration calculations. Median concentrations also were determined using three alternative methods of handling nondetects. Treatment of the 23 percent of samples that were nondetects had little effect on estimated median nitrate concentrations because method detection limits were mostly less than median values.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155075","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Baker, R.J., Chepiga, M., and Cauller, S.J., 2015, Median nitrate concentrations in groundwater in the New Jersey Highlands Region estimated using regression models and land-surface characteristics: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5075, Report: vii, 26 p.; 2 Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155075.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 26 p.; 2 Appendices","numberOfPages":"39","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-060925","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305639,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5075/support/sir20155075_appendix01.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"17.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2015-5075 Appendix 1","linkHelpText":"Example spreadsheet for calculating median nitrate concentrations with logistic-regression models"},{"id":305637,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5075/"},{"id":305638,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5075/support/sir20155075.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5075 Report"},{"id":305640,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5075/support/sir20155075_appendix02.pdf","text":"Appendix 2","size":"180 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5075 Appendix 2","linkHelpText":"Geographic and environmental characteristics evaluated as possible explanatory variables in models of median nitrate concentrations in groundwater in the NJ Highlands Region"},{"id":305641,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155075.jpg"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"New Jersey Highlands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.0531005859375,\n 40.86783384138491\n ],\n [\n -74.9212646484375,\n 41.03793062246529\n ],\n [\n -74.805908203125,\n 41.03793062246529\n ],\n [\n -74.5697021484375,\n 41.290189955885644\n ],\n [\n -74.2236328125,\n 41.13315883477399\n ],\n [\n -74.3115234375,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -74.4049072265625,\n 40.77638178482896\n ],\n [\n -74.5806884765625,\n 40.643135583312805\n ],\n [\n -74.72351074218749,\n 40.51379915504413\n ],\n [\n -74.9212646484375,\n 40.47202439692057\n ],\n [\n -75.08056640625,\n 40.44694705960048\n ],\n [\n -75.069580078125,\n 40.53050177574321\n ],\n [\n -75.146484375,\n 40.56389453066509\n ],\n [\n -75.1904296875,\n 40.538851525354666\n ],\n [\n -75.2288818359375,\n 40.62646106367355\n ],\n [\n -75.234375,\n 40.693134153308094\n ],\n [\n -75.223388671875,\n 40.751418432997454\n ],\n [\n -75.16845703124999,\n 40.78885994449482\n ],\n [\n -75.135498046875,\n 40.772221877329024\n ],\n [\n -75.091552734375,\n 40.82212357516945\n ],\n [\n -75.1190185546875,\n 40.863679665481676\n ],\n [\n -75.0531005859375,\n 40.86783384138491\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560bb6cbe4b058f706e53d66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, Ronald J. rbaker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Ronald","email":"rbaker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chepiga, Mary M. mchepiga@usgs.gov","contributorId":888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chepiga","given":"Mary M.","email":"mchepiga@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":547540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cauller, Stephen J. 0000-0002-1823-8813 sjcaulle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1823-8813","contributorId":3641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cauller","given":"Stephen","email":"sjcaulle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":564557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70155211,"text":"fs20153050 - 2015 - Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources in sandstone reservoirs of the Cotton Valley Group, U.S. Gulf Coast, 2015","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-12T08:51:28","indexId":"fs20153050","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-11T16:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-3050","title":"Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources in sandstone reservoirs of the Cotton Valley Group, U.S. Gulf Coast, 2015","docAbstract":"Using a geology-based assessment methodology, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated undiscovered mean volumes of 14 million barrels of conventional oil, 430 billion cubic feet of conventional gas, 34,028 billion cubic feet of continuous gas, and a mean total of 391 million barrels of natural gas liquids in sandstone reservoirs of the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Cotton Valley Group in onshore lands and State waters of the U.S. Gulf Coast region.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153050","collaboration":"National and Global Petroleum Assessment","usgsCitation":"Eoff, J.D., Biewick, L.R.H., Brownfield, M.E., Burke, Lauri, Charpentier, R.R., Dubiel, R.F., Gaswirth, S.B., Gianoutsos, N.J., Kinney, S.A., Klett, T.R., Leathers, H.M., Mercier, T.J., Paxton, S.T., Pearson, O.N., Pitman, J.K., Schenk, C.J., Tennyson, M.E., and Whidden, K.J., 2015, Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources in sandstone reservoirs of the Cotton Valley Group, U.S. Gulf Coast, 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3050, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20153050.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066205","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306556,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3050/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":306558,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3050/fs20153050.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2015-3050"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Cotton Valley Group, Gulf Coast","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.08935546875,\n 30.164126343161097\n ],\n [\n -84.24316406249999,\n 30.845647420182598\n ],\n [\n -84.72656249999999,\n 31.203404950917395\n ],\n [\n -85.20996093749999,\n 31.034108344903512\n ],\n [\n -86.06689453125,\n 30.996445897426373\n ],\n [\n -87.25341796875,\n 31.989441837922904\n ],\n [\n -88.681640625,\n 32.43561304116276\n ],\n [\n -89.84619140625,\n 33.26624989076275\n ],\n [\n -90.63720703125,\n 33.96158628979907\n ],\n [\n -91.1865234375,\n 33.97980872872457\n ],\n [\n -91.99951171875,\n 33.706062655101206\n ],\n [\n -93.14208984375,\n 33.578014746143985\n ],\n [\n -94.54833984375,\n 33.797408767572485\n ],\n [\n -95.25146484374999,\n 33.97980872872457\n ],\n [\n -96.17431640625,\n 33.815666308702774\n ],\n [\n -96.7236328125,\n 33.687781758439364\n ],\n [\n -97.58056640625,\n 32.99023555965106\n ],\n [\n -97.93212890625,\n 32.008075959291055\n ],\n [\n -98.02001953125,\n 31.27855085894653\n ],\n [\n -98.0859375,\n 30.543338954230222\n ],\n [\n -98.28369140625,\n 29.954934549656144\n ],\n [\n -99.052734375,\n 29.38217507514529\n ],\n [\n -100.17333984375,\n 29.0945770775118\n ],\n [\n -100.83251953125,\n 29.248063243796576\n ],\n [\n -100.37109375,\n 28.57487404744697\n ],\n [\n -100.08544921874999,\n 27.97499795326776\n ],\n [\n -99.4482421875,\n 27.586197857692664\n ],\n [\n -98.7451171875,\n 27.994401411046173\n ],\n [\n -97.646484375,\n 28.57487404744697\n ],\n [\n -96.9873046875,\n 29.439597566602902\n ],\n [\n -96.30615234375,\n 30.107117887092382\n ],\n [\n -96.08642578125,\n 30.65681556429287\n ],\n [\n -95.5810546875,\n 31.18460913574325\n ],\n [\n -94.6142578125,\n 31.541089879585808\n ],\n [\n -93.3837890625,\n 31.541089879585808\n ],\n [\n -92.548828125,\n 31.93351676190369\n ],\n [\n -91.38427734374999,\n 31.653381399664\n ],\n [\n -90.1318359375,\n 31.57853542647338\n ],\n [\n -89.736328125,\n 31.015278981711266\n ],\n [\n -89.80224609374999,\n 30.619004797647808\n ],\n [\n -89.62646484375,\n 30.240086360983426\n ],\n [\n -88.76953125,\n 30.4297295750316\n ],\n [\n -88.08837890625,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -87.29736328125,\n 30.391830328088137\n ],\n [\n -85.95703125,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -85.5615234375,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -85.31982421875,\n 29.611670115197377\n ],\n [\n -84.8583984375,\n 29.66896252599253\n ],\n [\n -84.375,\n 29.954934549656144\n ],\n [\n -84.08935546875,\n 30.164126343161097\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-939
Denver Federal Center
Denver, CO 80225-0046
http://energy.usgs.gov/
Gas emissions at the Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field (YPVF) reflect open-system mixing of gas species originating from diverse rock types, magmas, and crustal fluids, all combined in varying proportions at different thermal areas. Gases are not necessarily in chemical equilibrium with the waters through which they vent, especially in acid sulfate terrain where bubbles stream through stagnant acid water. Gases in adjacent thermal areas often can be differentiated by isotopic and gas ratios, and cannot be tied to one another solely by shallow processes such as boiling-induced fractionation of a parent liquid. Instead, they inherit unique gas ratios (e.g., CH4/He) from the dominant rock reservoirs where they originate, some of which underlie the Quaternary volcanic rocks. Steam/gas ratios (essentially H2O/CO2) of Yellowstone fumaroles correlate with Ar/He and N2/CO2, strongly suggesting that H2O/CO2 is controlled by addition of steam boiled from water rich in atmospheric gases. Moreover, H2O/CO2 varies systematically with geographic location, such that boiling is more enhanced in some areas than others. The δ13C and 3He/CO2 of gases reflect a dominant mantle origin for CO2 in Yellowstone gas. The mantle signature is most evident at Mud Volcano, which hosts gases with the lowest H2O/CO2, lowest CH4 concentrations and highest He isotope ratios (~16Ra), consistent with either a young subsurface intrusion or less input of crustal and meteoric gas than any other location at Yellowstone. Across the YPVF, He isotope ratios (3He/4He) inversely vary with He concentrations, and reflect varied amounts of long- stored, radiogenic He added to the magmatic endmember within the crust. Similarly, addition of CH4 from organic-rich sediments is common in the eastern thermal areas at Yellowstone. Overall, Yellowstone gases reflect addition of deep, high-temperature magmatic gas (CO2-rich), lower-temperatures crustal gases (4He- and CH4-bearing), and those gases (N2, Ne, Ar) added principally through boiling of the meteoric-water-derived geothermal liquid found in the upper few kilometers. We also briefly explore the pathways by which Cl, F, and S, move through the crust.
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These changes in precipitation patterns may have profound ecosystem effects, depending on the sensitivities of the dominant plant functional types (PFTs). Here we present the responses of four Colorado Plateau PFTs to an experimentally imposed, 4-year, press-drought during which a natural pulse-drought occurred. Our objectives were to (1) identify the drought sensitivities of the PFTs, (2) assess the additive effects of the press- and pulse-drought, and (3) examine the interactive effects of soils and drought. Our results revealed that the C3 grasses were the most sensitive PFT to drought, the C3shrubs were the most resistant, and the C4 grasses and shrubs had intermediate drought sensitivities. Although we expected the C3 grasses would have the greatest response to drought, the higher resistance of C3 shrubs relative to the C4 shrubs was contrary to our predictions based on the higher water use efficiency of C4 photosynthesis. Also, the additive effects of press- and pulse-droughts caused high morality in C3 grasses, which has large ecological and economic ramifications for this region. Furthermore, despite predictions based on the inverse texture hypothesis, we observed no interactive effects of soils with the drought treatment on cover or mortality. These results suggest that plant responses to droughts in drylands may differ from expectations and have large ecological effects if press- and pulse-droughts push species beyond physiological and mortality thresholds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"Berlin","doi":"10.1007/s00442-015-3414-3","usgsCitation":"Hoover, D.L., Duniway, M.C., and Belnap, J., 2015, Pulse-drought atop press-drought: unexpected plant responses and implications for dryland ecosystems: Oecologia, v. 179, no. 4, p. 1211-1221, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-015-3414-3.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1211","endPage":"1221","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059648","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306798,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"179","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-08-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d305b9e4b0518e35468d1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoover, David L. dlhoover@usgs.gov","contributorId":5843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoover","given":"David","email":"dlhoover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":567890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duniway, Michael C. 0000-0002-9643-2785 mduniway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9643-2785","contributorId":4212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duniway","given":"Michael","email":"mduniway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":567891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":567892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70189705,"text":"70189705 - 2015 - Eruptive and environmental processes recorded by diatoms in volcanically-dispersed lake sediments from the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-21T10:45:52","indexId":"70189705","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2411,"text":"Journal of Paleolimnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eruptive and environmental processes recorded by diatoms in volcanically-dispersed lake sediments from the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand","docAbstract":"Late Pleistocene diatomaceous sediment was widely dispersed along with volcanic ash (tephra) across and beyond New Zealand by the 25.4 ka Oruanui supereruption from Taupo volcano. We present a detailed analysis of the diatom populations in the Oruanui tephra and the newly discovered floras in two other eruptions from the same volcano: the 28.6 ka Okaia and 1.8 ka Taupo eruptions. For comparison, the diatoms were also examined in Late Pleistocene and Holocene lake sediments from the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ). Our study demonstrates how these microfossils provide insights into the lake history of the TVZ since the Last Glacial Maximum. Morphometric analysis of Aulacoseira valve dimensions provides a useful quantitative tool to distinguish environmental and eruptive processes within and between individual tephras. The Oruanui and Okaia diatom species and valve dimensions are highly consistent with a shared volcanic source, paleolake and eruption style (involving large-scale magma-water interaction). They are distinct from lacustrine sediments sourced elsewhere in the TVZ. Correspondence analysis shows that small, intact samples of erupted lake sediment (i.e., lithic clasts in ignimbrite) contain heterogeneous diatom populations, reflecting local variability in species composition of the paleolake and its shallowly-buried sediments. Our analysis also shows a dramatic post-Oruanui supereruption decline in Cyclostephanos novaezelandiae, which likely reflects a combination of (1) reorganisation of the watershed in the aftermath of the eruption, and (2) overall climate warming following the Last Glacial Maximum. This decline is reflected in substantially lower proportions of C. novaezelandiae in the 1.8 ka Taupo eruption deposits, and even fewer in post-1.8 ka sediments from modern (Holocene) Lake Taupo. Our analysis highlights how the excellent preservation of siliceous microfossils in volcanic tephra may fingerprint the volcanic source region and retain a valuable record of volcanically-influenced environmental change.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10933-015-9851-5","usgsCitation":"Harper, M.A., Pledger, S.A., Smith, E.G., Van Eaton, A.R., and Wilson, C., 2015, Eruptive and environmental processes recorded by diatoms in volcanically-dispersed lake sediments from the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 54, no. 4, p. 263-277, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-015-9851-5.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"263","endPage":"277","ipdsId":"IP-066862","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344152,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"New Zealand","otherGeospatial":"Taupo Volcanic Zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 173.1884765625,\n -40.27952566881291\n ],\n [\n 178.87939453125,\n -40.27952566881291\n ],\n [\n 178.87939453125,\n -37.63163475580644\n ],\n [\n 173.1884765625,\n -37.63163475580644\n ],\n [\n 173.1884765625,\n -40.27952566881291\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"54","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-08-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5971c1c3e4b0ec1a4885dada","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harper, Margaret A.","contributorId":194941,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harper","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pledger, Shirley A.","contributorId":194942,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pledger","given":"Shirley","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Euan G. C.","contributorId":194943,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Euan","email":"","middleInitial":"G. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Van Eaton, Alexa R. 0000-0001-6646-4594 avaneaton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6646-4594","contributorId":184079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Eaton","given":"Alexa","email":"avaneaton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wilson, Colin J. N.","contributorId":194944,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"Colin J. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70155242,"text":"70155242 - 2015 - Muskellunge growth potential in northern Wisconsin: implications for trophy management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T11:56:54","indexId":"70155242","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-07T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Muskellunge growth potential in northern Wisconsin: implications for trophy management","docAbstract":"The growth potential of Muskellunge Esox masquinongy was evaluated by back-calculating growth histories from cleithra removed from 305 fish collected during 1995–2011 to determine whether it was consistent with trophy management goals in northern Wisconsin. Female Muskellunge had a larger mean asymptotic length (49.8 in) than did males (43.4 in). Minimum ultimate size of female Muskellunge (45.0 in) equaled the 45.0-in minimum length limit, but was less than the 50.0-in minimum length limit used on Wisconsin's trophy waters, while the minimum ultimate size of male Muskellunge (34.0 in) was less than the statewide minimum length limit. Minimum reproductive sizes for both sexes were less than Wisconsin's trophy minimum length limits. Mean growth potential of female Muskellunge in northern Wisconsin appears to be sufficient for meeting trophy management objectives and angler expectations. Muskellunge in northern Wisconsin had similar growth potential to those in Ontario populations, but lower growth potential than Minnesota's populations, perhaps because of genetic and environmental differences.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1080/02755947.2015.1044627","usgsCitation":"Faust, M.D., Isermann, D.A., Luehring, M.A., and Hansen, M.J., 2015, Muskellunge growth potential in northern Wisconsin: implications for trophy management: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 35, no. 4, p. 766-774, https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2015.1044627.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"766","endPage":"774","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062107","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306498,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 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A.","contributorId":145777,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Luehring","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":16233,"text":"Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hansen, Michael J. 0000-0001-8522-3876 michaelhansen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8522-3876","contributorId":5006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Michael","email":"michaelhansen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70155983,"text":"70155983 - 2015 - The role of precipitation type, intensity, and spatial distribution in source water quality after wildfire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T17:08:56","indexId":"70155983","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-07T06:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1562,"text":"Environmental Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of precipitation type, intensity, and spatial distribution in source water quality after wildfire","docAbstract":"Storms following wildfires are known to impair drinking water supplies in the southwestern United States, yet our understanding of the role of precipitation in post-wildfire water quality is far from complete. We quantitatively assessed water-quality impacts of different hydrologic events in the Colorado Front Range and found that for a three-year period, substantial hydrologic and geochemical responses downstream of a burned area were primarily driven by convective storms with a 30 min rainfall intensity >10 mm h−1. These storms, which typically occur several times each year in July–September, are often small in area, short-lived, and highly variable in intensity and geographic distribution. Thus, a rain gage network with high temporal resolution and spatial density, together with high-resolution stream sampling, are required to adequately characterize post-wildfire responses. We measured total suspended sediment, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrate, and manganese concentrations that were 10–156 times higher downstream of a burned area compared to upstream during relatively common (50% annual exceedance probability) rainstorms, and water quality was sufficiently impaired to pose water-treatment concerns. Short-term water-quality impairment was driven primarily by increased surface runoff during higher intensity convective storms that caused erosion in the burned area and transport of sediment and chemical constituents to streams. Annual sediment yields downstream of the burned area were controlled by storm events and subsequent remobilization, whereas DOC yields were closely linked to annual runoff and thus were more dependent on interannual variation in spring runoff. Nitrate yields were highest in the third year post-wildfire. Results from this study quantitatively demonstrate that water quality can be altered for several years after wildfire. Because the southwestern US is prone to wildfires and high-intensity rain storms, the role of storms in post-wildfire water-quality impacts must be considered when assessing water-quality vulnerability.
","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Physics","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/084007","usgsCitation":"Murphy, S.F., Writer, J.H., McCleskey, R.B., and Martin, D.A., 2015, The role of precipitation type, intensity, and spatial distribution in source water quality after wildfire: Environmental Research Letters, v. 10, no. 8, e084007: 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/084007.","productDescription":"e084007: 13 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061064","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/084007","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":306711,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, 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Blaine 0000-0002-2521-8052 rbmccles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8052","contributorId":147399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleskey","given":"R.","email":"rbmccles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":567543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Martin, Deborah A. 0000-0001-8237-0838 damartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8237-0838","contributorId":1900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Deborah","email":"damartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":567544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70155179,"text":"ofr20151132 - 2015 - Results of mineral, chemical, and sulfate isotopic analyses of water, soil, rocks, and soil extracts from the Pariette Draw Watershed, Uinta Basin, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-07T09:57:52","indexId":"ofr20151132","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-06T15:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1132","title":"Results of mineral, chemical, and sulfate isotopic analyses of water, soil, rocks, and soil extracts from the Pariette Draw Watershed, Uinta Basin, Utah","docAbstract":"In 2010, Utah Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) Division of Water Quality (UDWQ, 2010) determined that water quality in Pariette Draw was in violation of Federal and State water quality criteria for total dissolved solids (TDS), selenium (Se), and boron (B). The measure of total dissolved solids is the sum of all the major ion concentrations in solution and in this case, the dominant ions are sodium (Na) and sulfate (SO4), which can form salts like thenardite (Na2SO4) and mirabilite (Na2SO4⋅H2O). The Utah Department of Environmental Quality (2010) classified the contamination as natural background and from nonpoint sources related to regional lithology and irrigation practices. Although the daily loads of the constituents of concern and water chemistry have been characterized for parts of the watershed, little is known about the controls that bedrock and soil mineralogy have on salt, Se, and B storage and the water-rock interactions that influence the mobility of these components in ground and surface waters. Studies in the Uncompahgre River watershed in Colorado by Tuttle and others (2014a, 2014b) show that salt derived from weathering of shale in a semiarid climate is stored in a variety of minerals that contribute solutes to runoff and surface waters based on a complex set of conditions such as water availability, geomorphic position (for example, topography controls the depth of salt accumulation in soils), water-table fluctuations, redox conditions, mineral dissolution kinetics, ion-exchange reactions, and secondary mineral formation. Elements like Se and B commonly reside in soluble salt phases, so knowledge of the behavior of salt minerals also sheds light on the behavior of associated contaminants.
\nThe goal of this study was to establish a process-based understanding of salt, Se, and B behavior to address whether these contaminants can be better managed, or if uncontrollable natural processes will overwhelm any attempts to bring Pariette Draw into compliance with respect to recently established total maximum daily limits (TMDLs). We collected data to refine our knowledge about the role of rock weathering and soil formation in the transport and storage of salt in the watershed and to show how salt is cycled under irrigated and natural conditions. Our approach was to sample rock, soils, and sediment on irrigated and natural terrain for mineralogical analysis to determine the residence of salt and associated Se and B, classify minerals as primary (related to rock formation) or secondary weathering products, and characterize mineral dissolution kinetics. Mineral and chemical analyses and selective extractions of rocks and soils provide useful information in understanding solute movement and mineral dissolution/ formation. The resulting data are critical in determining residence of salt, Se, and B in weathered rock and soil and understanding the mobility during water-rock-soil interactions. This report summarizes our methods for sample and data collection and tabulates the mineral, chemical, and isotopic data collected.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151132","collaboration":"U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program, prepared in cooperation with Bureau of Reclamation, Bureau of Land Management, and Utah Department of Environmental Quality Division of Water Quality","usgsCitation":"Morrison, J.M., Tuttle, M.L.W., and Fahy, J.W., 2015, Results of mineral, chemical, and sulfate isotopic analyses\nof water, soil, rocks, and soil extracts from the Pariette Draw Watershed, Uinta Basin, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey\nOpen-File Report 2015–1132, 10 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151132.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 9 p.; 1 Appendix","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-060327","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306414,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1132/downloads","text":"Appendix Tables","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2015-1132 Appendix Tables"},{"id":306413,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1132/ofr20151132.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1132"},{"id":306412,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1132/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Uinta Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.18188476562499,\n 39.825413103424786\n ],\n [\n -110.18188476562499,\n 40.12429084831405\n ],\n [\n -109.434814453125,\n 40.12429084831405\n ],\n [\n -109.434814453125,\n 39.825413103424786\n ],\n [\n -110.18188476562499,\n 39.825413103424786\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center
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In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within the 3-nautical-mile limit of California’s State Waters. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data, acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow subsurface geology.
\nThe Offshore of Bodega Head map area is located in northern California, about 70 km north of San Francisco and about 80 km south of Point Arena. The onshore part of the map area is largely undeveloped, used primarily for recreation, farms and ranches, and a few wineries. The small town of Bodega Bay, located on the east side of Bodega Harbor, is the largest cultural center. Bodega Harbor is an important commercial fishing base and, in season, an active sport fishing and recreation harbor. Much of the coastline from Bodega Head north to about 6 km north of the Russian River is part of Sonoma Coast State Park. The Offshore of Bodega Head map area includes two California Marine Protected Areas, the Bodega Head State Marine Reserve and the northern part of the Bodega Head State Marine Conservation Area. Additionally, the inland parts of two large estuaries in the map area, Estero Americano and Estero de San Antonio, have been designated as State Marine Recreational Management Areas.
\nThe map area is cut by the northwest-striking San Andreas Fault, the right-lateral transform boundary between the North American and Pacific plates. This fault juxtaposes rocks of the Jurassic and Cretaceous Franciscan Complex on the northeast with Cretaceous granitic rocks on the southwest, and it has an estimated slip rate of about 17 to 25 mm/yr in this area. The devastating great 1906 California earthquake (M7.8) is thought to have nucleated on the San Andreas Fault offshore of San Francisco, about 80 km south of Bodega Head, with the rupture extending northward through the Offshore of Bodega Head map area and an additional 220 km to the south flank of Cape Mendocino.
\nNorth of the mouth of Salmon Creek, the coast and shoreline are rugged and scenic, characterized by flights of uplifted marine terraces, rocky promontories, nearshore sea stacks, kelp-rich coves, and both pocket beaches and longer beach strands, the latter of which include Wrights Beach and Portuguese Beach. The coast has lower relief between the mouth of Salmon Creek and Mussel Point, where South Salmon Creek Beach is backed by a large (about 4 km2) complex of coastal sand dunes. The enormous volume of sand on the beach and in the dune field is derived by southward littoral drift from the Russian River, Salmon Creek, and smaller coastal watersheds. The sediment is trapped by protruding bedrock at Mussel Point, which represents the south end of the Russian River littoral cell.
\nBodega Head is underlain by Cretaceous granitic rocks, and its shoreline is variously characterized by relatively low-lying terraces, steep and high bluffs, and a few pocket beaches. East of Bodega Head, Doran Beach (part of Doran Regional Park) is a 1.7-km-long sand spit that forms the north boundary of Bodega Bay and the south boundary of Bodega Harbor. The coast south of Doran Beach on the east flank of Bodega Bay is composed of rocky bluffs, hummocky marine terraces, and a few small pocket beaches. The bluffs are underlain by sheared rocks of the Franciscan Complex and are highly susceptible to landslides. This section of coast includes two prominent watersheds, Estero Americano and Estero de San Antonio, which drain westward into Bodega Bay.
\nThe offshore part of the Offshore of Bodega Head map area is characterized by an extensive, rugged and rocky shelf underlain by Cretaceous granitic rocks. This rocky terrain, centered offshore of Bodega Head, extends northwestward for about 15 km, from the south edge of the map area (where it forms the west boundary of Bodega Bay) to the northern-central part of the map area offshore of the mouth of Salmon Creek. This rocky seafloor reaches water depths of 40 to 80 m and is overlain by young sediment.
\nCirculation over the shelf and seafloor in the map area (and in the broader central California region) is dominated by the southward-flowing California Current, the eastern boundary current of the North Pacific Gyre. Associated upwelling brings cool, nutrient-rich waters to the surface, resulting in high biological productivity. Persistent northwest winds are sometimes weak or absent during the fall and winter, causing the California Current to move farther offshore so that the shelf is affected by the Davidson Current, a weaker northward-flowing countercurrent. As a result, net flow over the continental shelf is commonly southeastward during the spring and summer and northwestward during the fall and winter.
\nThroughout the year, this part of the northern California coast is exposed to four wave climate regimes: the north Pacific swell, the southern swell, northwest wind waves, and local wind waves. The north Pacific swell dominates in winter months (typically November through March). During summer months, the largest waves come from the southern swell, generated by storms in the south Pacific and offshore of Central America. Northwest wind waves affect the coast throughout the year, whereas local wind waves are most common from October to April.
\nPotential marine benthic habitats in the Offshore of Bodega Head map area include unconsolidated continental-shelf sediments, mixed continental-shelf substrate, and hard continental-shelf substrate. Rocky-shelf outcrops and rubble are considered to be promising potential habitats for rockfish and lingcod, both of which are recreationally and commercially important species.
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Cochran, eds.), 2015, California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Bodega Head, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1140, pamphlet 39 p., 10 sheets, scale 1:24,000, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151140.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 39 p.; 10 Plates: 46.0 x 36.0 inches or smaller; Metadata; Data Catalog","numberOfPages":"43","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-055943","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399007,"rank":20,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_102290.htm"},{"id":306403,"rank":19,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1140/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":306402,"rank":18,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1114/","text":"Open-File Report 2015–1114","description":"Open-File Report 2015–1114","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Point Reyes and Vicinity, California, by Janet T. 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Pacific Coastal & Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pacific Science Center
2885 Mission St.
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and partners in other Federal and State agencies are working collaboratively toward Statewide coverage of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (ifsar) elevation data in Alaska. These data will provide many benefits to a wide range of stakeholders and users. Some applications include development of more accurate and highly detailed topographic maps; improvement of surface water information included in the National Hydrography (NHD) and Watershed Boundary Datasets (WBDs); and use in scientific modeling applications such as calculating glacier surface elevation differences over time and estimating tsunami inundation areas.
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\":{\"name\":\"Alaska\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","contact":"Director, National Geospatial Technical Operations Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1400 Independence Road
Rolla, MO 65401-2602
http://ngtoc.usgs.gov/
Annual peak-flow frequency data from 231 U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations in North Dakota and parts of Montana, South Dakota, and Minnesota, with 10 or more years of unregulated peak-flow record, were used to develop regional regression equations for exceedance probabilities of 0.5, 0.20, 0.10, 0.04, 0.02, 0.01, and 0.002 using generalized least-squares techniques. Updated peak-flow frequency estimates for 262 streamflow-gaging stations were developed using data through 2009 and log-Pearson Type III procedures outlined by the Hydrology Subcommittee of the Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data. An average generalized skew coefficient was determined for three hydrologic zones in North Dakota. A StreamStats web application was developed to estimate basin characteristics for the regional regression equation analysis. Methods for estimating a weighted peak-flow frequency for gaged sites and ungaged sites are presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155096","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Dakota State Water Commision, the North Dakota Department of Transportation, the North Dakota Department of Health, the Red River Joint Water Resources Board, and the Devils Lake Basin Joint Water Resource Board","usgsCitation":"Williams-Sether, Tara, 2015, Regional regression equations to estimate peak-flow frequency at sites in North Dakota using data through 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5096, 12 p.,\nhttps://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155096.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 12 p.; 4 Tables","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-057778","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306455,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5096/sir20155096.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.63 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5096"},{"id":306456,"rank":3,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5096/downloads","text":"Tables 1 and 4","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2015-5096 Tables 1 and 4"},{"id":306454,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5096/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.56982421875,\n 45.920587344733654\n ],\n [\n -96.591796875,\n 46.37725420510028\n ],\n [\n -96.78955078125,\n 46.6795944656402\n ],\n [\n -96.8115234375,\n 46.965259400349275\n ],\n [\n -96.85546875,\n 47.69497434186282\n ],\n [\n -97.0751953125,\n 48.06339653776211\n ],\n [\n -97.1630859375,\n 48.516604348867475\n ],\n [\n -97.09716796875,\n 48.748945343432936\n ],\n [\n -97.2509765625,\n 49.023461463214126\n ],\n [\n -104.08447265624999,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -104.04052734375,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -96.56982421875,\n 45.920587344733654\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, North Dakota Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
821 East Interstate Avenue
Bismarck, North Dakota 58503
http://nd.water.usgs.gov/
Recent advances in fluorometry have led to increased use of rhodamine WT as a tracer in streams and rivers. In light of this increased use, a review of the dye's behavior in freshwater systems is presented. Studies in the groundwater literature indicate that rhodamine WT is transported nonconservatively, with sorption removing substantial amounts of tracer mass. Column studies document a two-step breakthrough curve in which two structural isomers are chromatographically separated. Although the potential for nonconservative transport is acknowledged in the surface water literature, many studies assume that sorptive losses will not affect the characterization of physical transport processes. A literature review and modeling analysis indicates that this assumption is valid for quantification of physical properties that are based on the bulk of the tracer mass (traveltime), and invalid for the characterization of processes represented by the tracer tail (transient storage attributable to hyporheic exchange). Rhodamine WT should be considered nonconservative in the hyporheic zone due to nonconservative behavior demonstrated for similar conditions in groundwater. As such, rhodamine WT should not be used as a quantitative tracer in hyporheic zone investigations, including the study of long flow paths and the development of models describing hyporheic zone processes. Rhodamine WT may be used to qualitatively characterize storage in large systems, where there are few practical alternatives. Qualitative investigations should rely on early portions of the tracer profile, making use of the temporal resolution afforded by in situ fluorometry, while discarding later parts of the tracer profile that are adversely affected by sorption.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1002/2015WR017201","usgsCitation":"Runkel, R.L., 2015, On the use of rhodamine WT for the characterization of stream hydrodynamics and transient storage: Water Resources Research, v. 51, no. 8, p. 6125-6142, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017201.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"6125","endPage":"6142","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064798","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471890,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015wr017201","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":309527,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-08-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560faacce4b0ba4884c5eec7","chorus":{"doi":"10.1002/2015wr017201","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015wr017201","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Runkel Robert L.","journalName":"Water Resources Research","publicationDate":"8/2015","auditedOn":"7/24/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":576220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70155939,"text":"ofr20151135 - 2015 - California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Bolinas, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T21:21:57.757128","indexId":"ofr20151135","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-05T16:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1135","title":"California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Bolinas, California","docAbstract":"In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within the 3-nautical-mile limit of California’s State Waters. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data, acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow subsurface geology.
\nThe Offshore of Bolinas map area is located in northern California, on the Pacific Coast of Marin County about 10 kilometers north of the Golden Gate. The town of Bolinas, named after a local indigenous tribe, is the largest population center along this section of coast, with a population of approximately 1,600 people. Bolinas is situated at the end of a southeast-trending terrain on the west side of the San Andreas Fault that also protects a natural harbor. The harbor lies in Bolinas Lagoon, which is separated from Bolinas Bay by a spit. The coastal lands within the Offshore of Bolinas map area lie entirely within the Point Reyes National Seashore, which limits development and allows existing ranching and farming to continue.
\nThe Offshore of Bolinas map area lies offshore of the northwest-trending Coast Ranges, which lie east of, and are roughly parallel to, the San Andreas Fault Zone. The western margin of North America is the only continental margin in the world delineated largely by transform faults such as the San Andreas Fault. The coastal geomorphology is controlled by late Pleistocene to Holocene slip along the fault. Bolinas Bay and Lagoon have formed where a regional depression along the fault zone intersects the coast. A northward bend in the San Andreas Fault to the north, combined with right-lateral movement, has caused regional extension and the formation of a sediment basin on the continental shelf in, and southeast of, Bolinas Bay.
\nWith the exception of the area adjacent to Bolinas Bay, the coast in the map area consists of high coastal bluffs and vertical sea cliffs. The uplifted headland upon which the town of Bolinas is situated is part of a larger uplifted area that includes exposed bedrock offshore. Uplift in this map area has resulted in relatively shallow depths within California’s State Waters (0 to 40 m) and, thus, little accommodation space for sediment accumulation. Sediment is found in the extensional basin southeast of Bolinas, as well as on the shelf offshore of uplifted coastal areas, where, within California’s State Waters, depths can exceed 40 m. Wave energy keeps the uplifted bedrock areas clear of sediment, and rippled sediment in the outer shelf indicates some mobility.
\nCoastal sediment transport in the Offshore of Bolinas map area is characterized by north-to-south littoral transport of sediment that is derived mainly from ephemeral streams and local coastal erosion. Beyond California’s State Waters, canyons that incise the slope have been disconnected from coastal streams by rising sea level, which has risen about 125 m since the lowstand associated with the Last Glacial Maximum about 18,000 to 20,000 years ago. In the map area, no major submarine canyons extend up past the shelf break and into the nearshore to receive littoral drift. The coastline in the map area is characterized as high risk because of its steep cliffs and large-scale landsliding. The sand spit that separates Bolinas Lagoon from Bolinas Bay is highly developed, and its homes are at risk during storms, especially those from the south.
\nThe benthic species observed in the Offshore of Bolinas map area are natives of the cold-temperate biogeographic zone named either the “Oregonian province” or the “northern California ecoregion.” This biogeographic province is maintained by the long-term stability of the southward-flowing California Current, an eastern limb of the North Pacific subtropical gyre that flows from Oregon to Baja California. At its midpoint off central California, the California Current transports subarctic surface (0–500 m deep) waters southward, about 150 to 1,300 km from shore. Seasonal northwesterly winds that are, in part, responsible for the California Current, generate coastal upwelling. The south end of the Oregonian province is at Point Conception (about 425 km south of the map area), although its associated phylogeographic group of marine fauna may extend beyond to the area offshore of Los Angeles in southern California. The ocean off central California has seen a warming over the last 50 years that is driving an ecosystem shift from the productive subarctic regime towards a depopulated subtropical environment.
\nSeafloor habitats in the Offshore of Bolinas map area, which lies within the Shelf (continental shelf) megahabitat, range from, in the nearshore, sandy seafloor in the southeast and significant rocky outcrops that support kelp-forest communities in the northwest to, in deeper water, rocky-reef communities. Biological productivity resulting from coastal upwelling supports populations of Sooty Shearwater Western Gull, Common Murre, Cassin’s Auklet, and many other less populous bird species. In addition, an observable recovery of Humpback and Blue Whales has occurred in the area; both species are dependent on coastal upwelling to provide nutrients. The large extent of exposed inner shelf bedrock in the northeast supports large forests of “bull kelp,” which is well adapted for high wave-energy environments. Common fish species found in the kelp beds and rocky reefs include lingcod and various species of greenling and rockfish.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151135","usgsCitation":"Cochrane, G.R., Dartnell, P., Johnson, S.Y., Greene, H.G., Erdey, M.D., Golden, N.E., Hartwell, S.R., Manson, M.W., Sliter, R.W., Endris, C.A., Watt, J.T., Ross, S.L., Kvitek, R.G., Phillips, E.L., Bruns, T.R., and Chin, J.L. (G.R. Cochrane and S.A. Cochran, eds.), 2015, California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Bolinas, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1135, pamphlet 36 p., 10 sheets, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151135.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 36 p.; 10 Sheets: 46 inches x 36 inches or smaller; Data Catalog; Metadata","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-052392","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399008,"rank":21,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_102261.htm"},{"id":306377,"rank":19,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1041/","text":"Open-File Report 2015–1041","description":"Open-File Report 2015–1041","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Drakes Bay and Vicinity, California, by Janet T. 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Edwards and others."},{"id":306371,"rank":12,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshoreBolinas/data_catalog_OffshoreBolinas.html","text":"Data Catalog","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"Data Catalog","linkHelpText":"The GIS data layers for this map are accessible from “Data Catalog—Offshore of Bolinas, California,” which is part of California State Waters Map Series Data Catalog. Each GIS data file is listed with a brief description, a small image, and links to the metadata files and the downloadable data files."},{"id":306366,"rank":7,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet6.pdf","text":"Sheet 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 6","linkHelpText":"Ground-Truth Studies, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California By Nadine E. Golden, Guy R. Cochrane, and Mercedes D. Erdey"},{"id":306364,"rank":5,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet4.pdf","text":"Sheet 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 4","linkHelpText":"Data Integration and Visualization, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell"},{"id":306363,"rank":4,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet3.pdf","text":"Sheet 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 3","linkHelpText":"Acoustic Backscatter, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell, Rikk G. Kvitek, Mercedes D. Erdey, and Carrie K. Bretz"},{"id":306362,"rank":3,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 2","linkHelpText":"Shaded-Relief Bathymetry, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell, Rikk G. Kvitek, and Carrie K. Bretz"},{"id":306361,"rank":2,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 1","linkHelpText":"Colored Shaded-Relief Bathymetry, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell, Rikk G. Kvitek, and Carrie K. Bretz"},{"id":306369,"rank":10,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet9.pdf","text":"Sheet 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 9","linkHelpText":"Local (Offshore of Bolinas Map Area) and Regional (Offshore from Bolinas to Pescadero) Shallow-Subsurface Geology and Structure, California By Samuel Y. Johnson, Stephen R. Hartwell, Ray W. Sliter, Janet T. Watt, Eleyne L. Phillips, Stephanie L. Ross, and John L. Chin"},{"id":306367,"rank":8,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet7.pdf","text":"Sheet 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 7","linkHelpText":"Potential Marine Benthic Habitats, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California By Bryan E. Dieter, H. Gary Greene, Charles A. Endris, and Mercedes D. Erdey"},{"id":306368,"rank":9,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet8.pdf","text":"Sheet 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 8","linkHelpText":"Seismic-Reflection Profiles, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California by Samuel Y. Johnson, Ray W. Sliter, Terry R. Bruns, and John L. Chin"},{"id":306365,"rank":6,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet5.pdf","text":"Sheet 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 5","linkHelpText":"Seafloor Character, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California By Mercedes D. Erdey and Guy R. Cochrane"},{"id":306378,"rank":20,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":306372,"rank":13,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_metadata.html","text":"Metadata","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"Metadata"},{"id":306370,"rank":11,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_sheet10.pdf","text":"Sheet 10","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 10","linkHelpText":"Offshore and Onshore Geology and Geomorphology, Offshore of Bolinas Map Area, California By Samuel Y. Johnson, H. Gary Greene, Michael W. Manson, Stephen R. Hartwell, Charles A. Endris, and Janet T. Watt"},{"id":306374,"rank":16,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1214/","text":"Open-File Report 2014–1214","description":"Open-File Report 2014–1214","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Half Moon Bay, California, by Guy R. Cochrane and others."},{"id":306373,"rank":15,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3306/","text":"Scientific Investigations Map 3306","description":"Scientific Investigations Map 3306","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of San Gregorio, California, by Guy R. Cochrane and others."},{"id":306360,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1135/ofr20151135_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1135 Pamphlet"},{"id":306415,"rank":14,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/","text":"Data Series 781","description":"Data Series 781","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series Data Catalog"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Bolinas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.7842,\n 37.8111\n ],\n [\n -122.7842,\n 37.9692\n ],\n [\n -122.6,\n 37.9692\n ],\n [\n -122.6,\n 37.8111\n ],\n [\n -122.7842,\n 37.8111\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Contact Information
Pacific Coastal & Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pacific Science Center
2885 Mission St.
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/
Contamination of drinking water by nitrate is a growing problem in many agricultural areas of the country. Ingested nitrate can lead to the endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds, potent carcinogens. We developed a predictive model for nitrate concentrations in private wells in Iowa. Using 34,084 measurements of nitrate in private wells, we trained and tested random forest models to predict log nitrate levels by systematically assessing the predictive performance of 179 variables in 36 thematic groups (well depth, distance to sinkholes, location, land use, soil characteristics, nitrogen inputs, meteorology, and other factors). The final model contained 66 variables in 17 groups. Some of the most important variables were well depth, slope length within 1 km of the well, year of sample, and distance to nearest animal feeding operation. The correlation between observed and estimated nitrate concentrations was excellent in the training set (r-square = 0.77) and was acceptable in the testing set (r-square = 0.38). The random forest model had substantially better predictive performance than a traditional linear regression model or a regression tree. Our model will be used to investigate the association between nitrate levels in drinking water and cancer risk in the Iowa participants of the Agricultural Health Study cohort.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.080","usgsCitation":"Wheeler, D.C., Nolan, B.T., Flory, A.R., DellaValle, C.T., and Ward, M.H., 2015, Modeling groundwater nitrate concentrations in private wells in Iowa: Science of the Total Environment, v. 536, p. 481-488, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.080.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"481","endPage":"488","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061382","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471893,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6397646","text":"External Repository"},{"id":306425,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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R.","contributorId":80151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flory","given":"Abigail","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DellaValle, Curt T.","contributorId":146298,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DellaValle","given":"Curt","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ward, Mary H.","contributorId":92550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70147550,"text":"sir20155060 - 2015 - A water-budget approach to estimating potential groundwater recharge from two domestic sewage disposal fields in eastern Bernalillo County, New Mexico, 2011-12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-05T09:01:40","indexId":"sir20155060","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-04T14:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5060","title":"A water-budget approach to estimating potential groundwater recharge from two domestic sewage disposal fields in eastern Bernalillo County, New Mexico, 2011-12","docAbstract":"Eastern Bernalillo County, New Mexico, is a historically rural area that in recent years has experienced an increase in population and in the construction of new housing units, most of which are not connected to a centralized wastewater treatment system. Increasing water use has raised concerns about the effect of development on the available groundwater resources in the area. During 2011–12, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Bernalillo County Public Works Natural Resource Services, used a water-budget approach to quantify the amount of potential groundwater recharge occurring from the domestic sewage (effluent) dosed to the sewage disposal field at two locations—sites A and B—in eastern Bernalillo County, N. Mex. The amount of effluent that is potentially available for groundwater recharge was determined as the mean daily volume of effluent dosed to the disposal field in excess of the mean daily volume of effluent loss from evapotranspiration from the disposal field.
\nDuring this study, the disposal fields at sites A and B received a measured volume of effluent from two-person domestic residences equipped with an onsite low-pressure dosing system. A combined evapotranspiration measurement and modeling technique was used to estimate the amount of evapotranspirative loss from the disposal field and from the surrounding terrain. A portable hemispherical flux chamber was used to measure evapotranspiration at fixed locations on the disposal fields and on the surrounding terrain at sites A and B. Data from hemispherical flux chamber measurements were used to calibrate a Penman-Monteith modeled evapotranspiration rate on the disposal field and on the surrounding terrain at site A from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2011, and from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2012, and at site B from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2011. Micrometeorological and soil data from instrumentation on the disposal fields and on the surrounding terrain at sites A and B were used as input data into the Penman-Monteith equation. The mean potential recharge from disposal field effluent during 2011–12 at sites A and B was 63 percent of the volume of effluent dosed to the disposal field.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155060","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Bernalillo County Public Works Natural Resource Services","usgsCitation":"Crilley, D.M., and Collison, J.W., 2015, A water-budget approach to estimating potential groundwater recharge from two domestic sewage disposal fields in eastern Bernalillo County, New Mexico, 2011–12: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5060, 32 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155060.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 32 p.; Appendices","numberOfPages":"45","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2011-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-035366","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306379,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5060/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":306381,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5060/sir20155060_appendixes.xlsx","text":"Appendixes","size":"18.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2015-5060 Appendixes"},{"id":306380,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5060/sir20155060.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.61 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5060"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Bernalillo County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.1661376953125,\n 34.854382885097905\n ],\n [\n -107.1661376953125,\n 35.22094130403182\n ],\n [\n -106.13616943359375,\n 35.22094130403182\n ],\n [\n -106.13616943359375,\n 34.854382885097905\n ],\n [\n -107.1661376953125,\n 34.854382885097905\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Mexico Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5338 Montgomery Blvd NE, Suite 400
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http://nm.water.usgs.gov/
Flow paths and residence times in the hyporheic zone are known to influence biogeochemical processes such as nitrification and denitrification. The exchange across the sediment-water interface may involve mixing of surface water and groundwater through complex hyporheic flow paths that contribute to highly variable biogeochemically active zones. Despite the recognition of these patterns in the literature, conceptualization and analysis of flow paths and nitrogen transformations beneath riffle-pool sequences often neglect to consider bed form driven exchange along the entire reach. In this study, the spatial and temporal distribution of dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) were monitored in the hyporheic zone beneath a riffle-pool sequence on a losing section of the Truckee River, NV. Spatially-varying hyporheic exchange and the occurrence of multi-scale hyporheic mixing cells are shown to influence concentrations of DO and NO3- and the mean residence time (MRT) of riffle and pool areas. Distinct patterns observed in piezometers are shown to be influenced by the first large flow event following a steady 8 month period of low flow conditions. Increases in surface water discharge resulted in reversed hydraulic gradients and production of nitrate through nitrification at small vertical spatial scales (0.10 to 0.25 m) beneath the sediment-water interface. In areas with high downward flow rates and low MRT, denitrification may be limited. The use of a longitudinal two-dimensional flow model helped identify important mechanisms such as multi-scale hyporheic mixing cells and spatially varying MRT, an important driver for nitrogen transformation in the riverbed. Our observations of DO and NO3- concentrations and model simulations highlight the role of multi-scale hyporheic mixing cells on MRT and nitrogen transformations in the hyporheic zone of riffle-pool sequences. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2014WR016593","usgsCitation":"Naranjo, R.C., Niswonger, R., and Clinton Davis, 2015, Mixing effects on nitrogen and oxygen concentrations and the relationship to mean residence time in a hyporheic zone of a riffle-pool sequence: Water Resources Research, v. 51, no. 9, p. 7202-7217, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016593.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"7202","endPage":"7217","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060513","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471897,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2014wr016593","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":306761,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55cf112be4b01487cbfc77bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naranjo, Ramon C. 0000-0003-4469-6831 rnaranjo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4469-6831","contributorId":3391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naranjo","given":"Ramon","email":"rnaranjo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":567763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Niswonger, Richard G. rniswon@usgs.gov","contributorId":140377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niswonger","given":"Richard G.","email":"rniswon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":567764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clinton Davis","contributorId":146410,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clinton Davis","affiliations":[{"id":16686,"text":"University of Nevada, Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":567765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70178791,"text":"70178791 - 2015 - Vulnerabilities and opportunities at the nexus of electricity, water and climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-07T17:51:11","indexId":"70178791","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1562,"text":"Environmental Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vulnerabilities and opportunities at the nexus of electricity, water and climate","docAbstract":"The articles in this special issue examine the critical nexus of electricity, water, and climate, emphasizing connections among resources; the prospect of increasing vulnerabilities of water resources and electricity generation in a changing climate; and the opportunities for research to inform integrated energy and water policy and management measures aimed at reducing vulnerability and increasing resilience. Here, we characterize several major themes emerging from this research and highlight some of the uptake of this work in both scientific and public spheres. Underpinning much of this research is the recognition that water resources are expected to undergo substantial changes based on the global warming that results primarily from fossil energy-based carbon emissions. At the same time, the production of electricity from fossil fuels, nuclear power, and some renewable technologies (biomass, geothermal and concentrating solar power) can be highly water-intensive. Energy choices now and in the near future will have a major impact not just on the global climate, but also on water supplies and the resilience of energy systems that currently depend heavily on them.
","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Physics and IOP Pub","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/080201","usgsCitation":"Frumhoff, P., Burkett, V., Jackson, R.B., Newmark, R., Overpeck, J., and Webber, M., 2015, Vulnerabilities and opportunities at the nexus of electricity, water and climate: Environmental Research Letters, v. 10, no. 8, 080201; 5 p., https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/080201.","productDescription":"080201; 5 p.","ipdsId":"IP-066174","costCenters":[{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471898,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/080201","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":331664,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58492df4e4b06d80b7b093b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frumhoff, Peter","contributorId":177258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frumhoff","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burkett, Virginia 0000-0003-4746-2862 virginia_burkett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4746-2862","contributorId":2867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkett","given":"Virginia","email":"virginia_burkett@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":655140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jackson, Robert B.","contributorId":177259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jackson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":655142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Newmark, Robin","contributorId":177284,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Newmark","given":"Robin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Overpeck, Jonathan","contributorId":148970,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Overpeck","given":"Jonathan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Webber, Michael","contributorId":177285,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webber","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12430,"text":"University of Texas at Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":655197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70155926,"text":"ofr20151150 - 2015 - Literature review of giant gartersnake (Thamnophis gigas) biology and conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-04T08:42:36","indexId":"ofr20151150","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-03T17:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1150","title":"Literature review of giant gartersnake (Thamnophis gigas) biology and conservation","docAbstract":"This report reviews the available literature on giant gartersnakes (Thamnophis gigas) to compile existing information on this species and identify knowledge gaps that, if addressed, would help to inform conservation efforts for giant gartersnakes. Giant gartersnakes comprise a species of semi-aquatic snake precinctive to wetlands in the Central Valley of California. The diversion of surface water and conversion of wetlands to agricultural and other land uses resulted in the loss of more than 90 percent of natural giant gartersnake habitats. Because of this habitat loss, giant gartersnakes are now listed by the United States and California Endangered Species Acts as Threatened. Most extant populations occur in the rice-growing regions of the Sacramento Valley, which comprises the northern portion of the giant gartersnake’s former range. The huge demand for water in California for agriculture, industry, recreation, and other human consumption, combined with periodic severe drought, places remaining giant gartersnake habitats at increased risk of degradation and loss. This literature review summarizes the available information on giant gartersnake distribution, habitat relations, behavior, demography, and other aspects of its biology relevant to conservation. This information is then compiled into a graphical conceptual model that indicates the importance of different aspects of giant gartersnake biology for maintaining positive population growth, and identifies those areas for which important information relevant for conservation is lacking. Directing research efforts toward these aspects of giant gartersnake ecology will likely result in improvements to conserving this unique species while meeting the high demands for water in California.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151150","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Halstead, B.J., Wylie, G.D., and Casazza, M.L., 2015, Literature review of giant gartersnake (Thamnophis gigas) biology and conservation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1150, 38 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151150.","productDescription":"vi, 38 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066657","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306301,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1150/ofr20151150.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1150"},{"id":306300,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1150/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
http://www.werc.usgs.gov/
Seagrasses are a widespread type of marine flowering plants that grow in nearshore intertidal and subtidal zones. Seagrass beds are ecologically important because they affect physical, biological, and chemical characteristics of nearshore habitat, and they are sensitive to changes in coastal water quality (Stevenson and others, 1993; Koch, 2001; Martinez-Crego and others, 2008). Zostera marina, commonly known as eelgrass, is protected by a no-net-loss policy in Washington State where it may be used as spawning habitat by herring, a key prey species for salmon, seabirds, and marine mammals (Bargmann, 1998). Eelgrass forms broad meadows in shallow embayments or narrow fringes on open shorelines (Berry and others, 2003). Anthropogenic activities that increase turbidity, nutrient loading, and physical disturbance at the coast can result in dramatic seagrass decline (Ralph and others, 2006).
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrography of and Biochemical Inputs to Liberty Bay, a Small Urban Embayment in Puget Sound, Washington","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155125","usgsCitation":"Dinicola, R., 2015, Eelgrass habitat near Liberty Bay: Chapter 5: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5125, viii, 110 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155125.","productDescription":"viii, 110 p.","numberOfPages":"110","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-016862","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311082,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307890,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5152/"},{"id":311081,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5152/pdf/sir20115152.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Kitsap County","otherGeospatial":"Liberty Bay, Puget Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.74543762207031,\n 47.595977104737685\n ],\n [\n -122.74543762207031,\n 47.779020638534774\n ],\n [\n -122.52914428710938,\n 47.779020638534774\n ],\n [\n -122.52914428710938,\n 47.595977104737685\n ],\n [\n -122.74543762207031,\n 47.595977104737685\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"A pilot study by the Effects of Urbanization Task of the U.S. Geological Survey Multi-Disciplinary Coastal Habitats in Puget Sound Project","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"563ddd40e4b0831b7d6271ea","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Takesue, Renee K. 0000-0003-1205-0825 rtakesue@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1205-0825","contributorId":2159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takesue","given":"Renee","email":"rtakesue@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579480,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Dinicola, Richard S. 0000-0003-4222-294X dinicola@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4222-294X","contributorId":352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinicola","given":"Richard S.","email":"dinicola@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":571299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70155977,"text":"70155977 - 2015 - Multimodel analysis of anisotropic diffusive tracer-gas transport in a deep arid unsaturated zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-09T12:46:02","indexId":"70155977","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-03T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multimodel analysis of anisotropic diffusive tracer-gas transport in a deep arid unsaturated zone","docAbstract":"Gas transport in the unsaturated zone affects contaminant flux and remediation, interpretation of groundwater travel times from atmospheric tracers, and mass budgets of environmentally important gases. Although unsaturated zone transport of gases is commonly treated as dominated by diffusion, the characteristics of transport in deep layered sediments remain uncertain. In this study, we use a multimodel approach to analyze results of a gas-tracer (SF6) test to clarify characteristics of gas transport in deep unsaturated alluvium. Thirty-five separate models with distinct diffusivity structures were calibrated to the tracer-test data and were compared on the basis of Akaike Information Criteria estimates of posterior model probability. Models included analytical and numerical solutions. Analytical models provided estimates of bulk-scale apparent diffusivities at the scale of tens of meters. Numerical models provided information on local-scale diffusivities and feasible lithological features producing the observed tracer breakthrough curves. The combined approaches indicate significant anisotropy of bulk-scale diffusivity, likely associated with high-diffusivity layers. Both approaches indicated that diffusivities in some intervals were greater than expected from standard models relating porosity to diffusivity. High apparent diffusivities and anisotropic diffusivity structures were consistent with previous observations at the study site of rapid lateral transport and limited vertical spreading of gas-phase contaminants. Additional processes such as advective oscillations may be involved. These results indicate that gases in deep, layered unsaturated zone sediments can spread laterally more quickly, and produce higher peak concentrations, than predicted by homogeneous, isotropic diffusion models.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2014WR016055","usgsCitation":"Green, C., Walvoord, M.A., Andraski, B.J., Striegl, R.G., and Stonestrom, D.A., 2015, Multimodel analysis of anisotropic diffusive tracer-gas transport in a deep arid unsaturated zone: Water Resources Research, v. 51, no. 8, p. 6052-6073, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016055.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"6052","endPage":"6073","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057829","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471899,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2014wr016055","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":306760,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Armagosa Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.79977416992188,\n 37.17344871200958\n ],\n [\n -117.20489501953125,\n 36.84336173438382\n ],\n [\n -116.96319580078125,\n 36.62875385775956\n ],\n [\n -116.9110107421875,\n 36.47651531482943\n ],\n [\n -116.66244506835938,\n 36.25756282630298\n ],\n [\n -116.58554077148438,\n 36.25424062786422\n ],\n [\n -116.4111328125,\n 36.274171699242515\n ],\n [\n -116.3067626953125,\n 36.322870678512544\n ],\n [\n -116.25595092773438,\n 36.36269267819595\n ],\n [\n -116.21063232421875,\n 36.61662990355667\n ],\n [\n -116.32049560546875,\n 36.634264115641535\n ],\n [\n -116.46194458007812,\n 36.6320600597707\n ],\n [\n -116.48391723632811,\n 36.6739263393281\n ],\n [\n -116.50039672851561,\n 36.75098882435506\n ],\n [\n -116.5869140625,\n 36.94111143010772\n ],\n [\n -116.66107177734375,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -116.79977416992188,\n 37.17344871200958\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-08-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55cf112be4b01487cbfc77bf","chorus":{"doi":"10.1002/2014wr016055","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014wr016055","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Green Christopher T., Walvoord Michelle A., Andraski Brian J., Striegl Robert G., Stonestrom David A.","journalName":"Water Resources Research","publicationDate":"8/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, Christopher T. ctgreen@usgs.gov","contributorId":146339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"Christopher T.","email":"ctgreen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - 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This aggregation process remains a major source of uncertainty both in ash dispersal forecasting and interpretation of eruptions from the geological record. Here we illuminate the mechanisms and timescales of particle aggregation from a well-characterized ‘wet’ eruption. The 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano in Alaska incorporated water from the surface (in this case, a glacier), which is a common occurrence during explosive volcanism worldwide. Observations from C-band weather radar, fall deposits, and numerical modeling demonstrate that volcanic hail formed rapidly in the eruption plume, leading to mixed-phase aggregation of ~95% of the fine ash and stripping much of the cloud out of the atmosphere within 30 minutes. Based on these findings, we propose a mechanism of hail-like aggregation that contributes to the anomalously rapid fallout of fine ash and the occurrence of concentrically-layered aggregates in volcanic deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","doi":"10.1038/ncomms8860","usgsCitation":"Van Eaton, A., Mastin, L.G., Herzog, M., Schwaiger, H.F., Schneider, D.J., Wallace, K.L., and Clarke, A.B., 2015, Hail formation triggers rapid ash aggregation in volcanic plumes: Nature Communications, v. 6, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8860.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065437","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471900,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8860","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":324284,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":324280,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150803/ncomms8860/full/ncomms8860.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Redoubt Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.8912353515625,\n 60.411818175211664\n ],\n [\n -152.8912353515625,\n 60.53972302275651\n ],\n [\n -152.56645202636716,\n 60.53972302275651\n ],\n [\n -152.56645202636716,\n 60.411818175211664\n ],\n [\n -152.8912353515625,\n 60.411818175211664\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-08-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"576d0831e4b07657d1a37565","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Eaton, Alexa R. 0000-0001-6646-4594 avaneaton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6646-4594","contributorId":140076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Eaton","given":"Alexa R.","email":"avaneaton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":640527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mastin, Larry G. 0000-0002-4795-1992 lgmastin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-1992","contributorId":555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Larry","email":"lgmastin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":640528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herzog, M.","contributorId":92122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzog","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schwaiger, Hans F. 0000-0001-7397-8833 hschwaiger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7397-8833","contributorId":4108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwaiger","given":"Hans","email":"hschwaiger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":640530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schneider, David J. 0000-0001-9092-1054 djschneider@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9092-1054","contributorId":633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"David","email":"djschneider@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":640531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wallace, Kristi L. 0000-0002-0962-048X kwallace@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0962-048X","contributorId":3454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"Kristi","email":"kwallace@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":640532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Clarke, Amanda B","contributorId":172399,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clarke","given":"Amanda","email":"","middleInitial":"B","affiliations":[{"id":12629,"text":"Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ (DETAIL TO BE ADDED)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":640533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70155807,"text":"70155807 - 2015 - Optimizing fish sampling for fish - mercury bioaccumulation factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-09T12:36:18","indexId":"70155807","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-01T13:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1226,"text":"Chemosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimizing fish sampling for fish - mercury bioaccumulation factors","docAbstract":"Fish Bioaccumulation Factors (BAFs; ratios of mercury (Hg) in fish (Hgfish) and water (Hgwater)) are used to develop Total Maximum Daily Load and water quality criteria for Hg-impaired waters. Both applications require representative Hgfish estimates and, thus, are sensitive to sampling and data-treatment methods. Data collected by fixed protocol from 11 streams in 5 states distributed across the US were used to assess the effects of Hgfish normalization/standardization methods and fish sample numbers on BAF estimates. Fish length, followed by weight, was most correlated to adult top-predator Hgfish. Site-specific BAFs based on length-normalized and standardized Hgfish estimates demonstrated up to 50% less variability than those based on non-normalized Hgfish. Permutation analysis indicated that length-normalized and standardized Hgfish estimates based on at least 8 trout or 5 bass resulted in mean Hgfish coefficients of variation less than 20%. These results are intended to support regulatory mercury monitoring and load-reduction program improvements.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.068","usgsCitation":"Scudder Eikenberry, B.C., Riva-Murray, K., Knightes, C.D., Journey, C.A., Chasar, L., Brigham, M.E., and Bradley, P.M., 2015, Optimizing fish sampling for fish - mercury bioaccumulation factors: Chemosphere, v. 135, p. 467-473, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.068.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"467","endPage":"473","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044433","costCenters":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471902,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.068","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":306540,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"135","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55c9cb37e4b08400b1fdb71e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scudder Eikenberry, Barbara C.","contributorId":63771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scudder Eikenberry","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Riva-Murray, Karen 0000-0001-6683-2238 krmurray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6683-2238","contributorId":2984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riva-Murray","given":"Karen","email":"krmurray@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knightes, Christopher D.","contributorId":32666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knightes","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":566403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Journey, Celeste A. 0000-0002-2284-5851 cjourney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2284-5851","contributorId":2617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Journey","given":"Celeste","email":"cjourney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":566404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chasar, Lia C.","contributorId":52905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chasar","given":"Lia C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":566399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brigham, Mark E. 0000-0001-7412-6800 mbrigham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7412-6800","contributorId":1840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brigham","given":"Mark","email":"mbrigham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bradley, Paul M. 0000-0001-7522-8606 pbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Paul","email":"pbradley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70156786,"text":"70156786 - 2015 - On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-26T15:06:35","indexId":"70156786","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-01T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1475,"text":"Ecosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene","docAbstract":"Patterns, mechanisms, projections, and consequences of tree mortality and associated broad-scale forest die-off due to drought accompanied by warmer temperatures—“hotter drought”, an emerging characteristic of the Anthropocene—are the focus of rapidly expanding literature. Despite recent observational, experimental, and modeling studies suggesting increased vulnerability of trees to hotter drought and associated pests and pathogens, substantial debate remains among research, management and policy-making communities regarding future tree mortality risks. We summarize key mortality-relevant findings, differentiating between those implying lesser versus greater levels of vulnerability. Evidence suggesting lesser vulnerability includes forest benefits of elevated [CO2] and increased water-use efficiency; observed and modeled increases in forest growth and canopy greening; widespread increases in woody-plant biomass, density, and extent; compensatory physiological, morphological, and genetic mechanisms; dampening ecological feedbacks; and potential mitigation by forest management. In contrast, recent studies document more rapid mortality under hotter drought due to negative tree physiological responses and accelerated biotic attacks. Additional evidence suggesting greater vulnerability includes rising background mortality rates; projected increases in drought frequency, intensity, and duration; limitations of vegetation models such as inadequately represented mortality processes; warming feedbacks from die-off; and wildfire synergies. Grouping these findings we identify ten contrasting perspectives that shape the vulnerability debate but have not been discussed collectively. We also present a set of global vulnerability drivers that are known with high confidence: (1) droughts eventually occur everywhere; (2) warming produces hotter droughts; (3) atmospheric moisture demand increases nonlinearly with temperature during drought; (4) mortality can occur faster in hotter drought, consistent with fundamental physiology; (5) shorter droughts occur more frequently than longer droughts and can become lethal under warming, increasing the frequency of lethal drought nonlinearly; and (6) mortality happens rapidly relative to growth intervals needed for forest recovery. These high-confidence drivers, in concert with research supporting greater vulnerability perspectives, support an overall viewpoint of greater forest vulnerability globally. We surmise that mortality vulnerability is being discounted in part due to difficulties in predicting threshold responses to extreme climate events. Given the profound ecological and societal implications of underestimating global vulnerability to hotter drought, we highlight urgent challenges for research, management, and policy-making communities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/ES15-00203.1","usgsCitation":"Allen, C.D., Breshears, D.D., and McDowell, N., 2015, On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene: Ecosphere, v. 6, no. 8, p. 1-55, https://doi.org/10.1890/ES15-00203.1.","productDescription":"55 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"55","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065454","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488366,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/es15-00203.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":307824,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-08-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e81dbde4b0dacf699e668a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breshears, David D.","contributorId":51620,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Breshears","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDowell, Nathan G.","contributorId":9176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDowell","given":"Nathan G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70155503,"text":"70155503 - 2015 - Sediment and nutrient trapping as a result of a temporary Mississippi River floodplain restoration: The Morganza Spillway during the 2011 Mississippi River Flood","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-10T10:11:31","indexId":"70155503","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-01T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1454,"text":"Ecological Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment and nutrient trapping as a result of a temporary Mississippi River floodplain restoration: The Morganza Spillway during the 2011 Mississippi River Flood","docAbstract":"The 2011 Mississippi River Flood resulted in the opening of the Morganza Spillway for the second time since its construction in 1954 releasing 7.6 km3 of water through agricultural and forested lands in the Morganza Floodway and into the Atchafalaya River Basin. This volume, released over 54 days, represented 5.5% of the Mississippi River (M.R.) discharge and 14% of the total discharge through the Atchafalaya River Basin (A.R.B.) during the Spillway operation and 1.1% of the M.R. and 3.3% of the A.R.B. 2011 water year discharge. During the release, 1.03 teragrams (Tg) of sediment was deposited on the Morganza Forebay and Floodway and 0.26 Tg was eroded from behind the Spillway structure. The majority of deposition (86 %) occurred in the Forebay (upstream of the structure) and within 4 km downstream of the Spillway structure with minor deposition on the rest of the Floodway. There was a net deposition of 26 × 10−4 Tg of N and 5.36 × 10−4 Tg of P, during the diversion, that was equivalent to 0.17% N and 0.33% P of the 2011 annual M.R. load. Median deposited sediment particle size at the start of the Forebay was 13 μm and decreased to 2 μm 15 km downstream of the Spillway structure. Minimal accretion was found greater than 4 km downstream of the structure suggesting the potential for greater sediment and nutrient trapping in the Floodway. However, because of the large areas involved, substantial sediment mass was deposited even at distances greater than 30 km. Sediment and nutrient deposition on the Morganza Floodway was limited because suspended sediment was quickly deposited along the flowpath and not refreshed by incremental water exchanges between the Atchafalaya River (A.R.) and the Floodway. Sediment and nutrient trapping could have been greater and more evenly distributed if additional locations of hydraulic input from and outputs to the A.R. (connectivity) were added.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.04.056","usgsCitation":"Kroes, D., Schenk, E.R., Noe, G.E., and Benthem, A.J., 2015, Sediment and nutrient trapping as a result of a temporary Mississippi River floodplain restoration: The Morganza Spillway during the 2011 Mississippi River Flood: Ecological Engineering, v. 82, p. 91-102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.04.056.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"102","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-058083","costCenters":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306528,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Morganza Spillway","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.37191772460938,\n 30.43801807352744\n ],\n [\n -91.38771057128906,\n 30.461695615612108\n ],\n [\n -91.38702392578125,\n 30.476491157902103\n ],\n [\n -91.38771057128906,\n 30.49838443460377\n ],\n [\n -91.40556335449219,\n 30.504892296693658\n ],\n [\n -91.42959594726562,\n 30.537425073997134\n ],\n [\n -91.42478942871094,\n 30.58354378627138\n ],\n [\n -91.395263671875,\n 30.617232055390453\n ],\n [\n -91.40419006347656,\n 30.641456722807753\n ],\n [\n -91.42684936523438,\n 30.644410535632897\n ],\n [\n -91.44744873046874,\n 30.636139632397274\n ],\n [\n -91.45843505859375,\n 30.626095442050495\n ],\n [\n -91.47628784179688,\n 30.588863765400625\n ],\n [\n -91.49276733398438,\n 30.537425073997134\n ],\n [\n -91.49002075195312,\n 30.50193423154247\n ],\n [\n -91.47697448730469,\n 30.4912844521002\n ],\n [\n -91.49414062499999,\n 30.472348632640834\n ],\n [\n -91.48384094238281,\n 30.44808173174511\n ],\n [\n -91.46942138671875,\n 30.411966135142258\n ],\n [\n -91.42822265625,\n 30.420256142845158\n ],\n [\n -91.395263671875,\n 30.431505741151742\n ],\n [\n -91.37191772460938,\n 30.435650002980296\n ],\n [\n -91.37191772460938,\n 30.43801807352744\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"82","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55c9cb38e4b08400b1fdb726","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kroes, Daniel 0000-0001-9104-9077 dkroes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9104-9077","contributorId":3830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroes","given":"Daniel","email":"dkroes@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schenk, Edward R. 0000-0001-6886-5754 eschenk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6886-5754","contributorId":2183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schenk","given":"Edward","email":"eschenk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noe, Gregory E. 0000-0002-6661-2646 gnoe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6661-2646","contributorId":139100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noe","given":"Gregory","email":"gnoe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Benthem, Adam J. 0000-0003-2372-0281 abenthem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2372-0281","contributorId":2740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benthem","given":"Adam","email":"abenthem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - 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The AFBWS is a plot-based survey that covers most of the northern and central portions of the Flyway; when analyzed with adjustments for survey time of day effects, these data can be used to estimate population size. The BBS provides an index of wood duck abundance along roadside routes. Although factors influencing change in BBS counts over time can be controlled in BBS analysis, BBS indices alone cannot be used to derive population size estimates. We used AFBWS data to scale BBS indices for Bird Conservation Regions (BCR), basing the scaling factors on the ratio of estimated AFBWS population sizes to regional BBS indices for portions of BCRs that were common to both surveys. We summed scaled BBS results for portions of the Flyway not covered by the AFBWS with AFBWS population estimates to estimate a mean yearly total of 1,295,875 (mean 95% CI: 1,013,940–1,727,922) wood ducks. Scaling factors varied among BCRs from 16.7 to 148.0; the mean scaling factor was 68.9 (mean 95% CI: 53.5–90.9). Flyway-wide, population estimates from the combined analysis were consistent with alternative estimates derived from harvest data, and also provide population estimates within states and BCRs. We recommend their use in harvest and habitat management within the Atlantic Flyway.
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