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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i1310F","usgsCitation":"Richter, D., Sharp, W.N., Watts, K.C., Raines, G.L., Houser, B.B., and Klein, D.P., 1986, Maps showing mineral resource assessment of the Silver City 1° x 2° quadrangle, New Mexico and Arizona— Descriptions, recognition criteria, and resource evaluations: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1310, Report: 24 p.; 1 Plate: 40.58 × 27.24 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i1310F.","productDescription":"Report: 24 p.; 1 Plate: 40.58 × 27.24 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":91390,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1310f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":106688,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9135.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"9135"},{"id":100784,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1310f/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":186700,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1310f/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"50000","country":"United States","state":"Arizona, New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Silver City 1° x 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110,32 ], [ -110,33 ], [ -108,33 ], [ -108,32 ], [ -110,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605c85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richter, D.H.","contributorId":43325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":271374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sharp, W. N.","contributorId":21958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watts, K. C.","contributorId":49344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"K.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Raines, G. L.","contributorId":90720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"G.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Houser, B. B.","contributorId":46092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houser","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Klein, D. P.","contributorId":36555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":271373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":14150,"text":"ofr86560C - 1986 - Dive report: Alvin dive No. 1456, Sept. 17, 1984 (JD 261) Vent 3 area, southern Juan de Fuca Rift","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:43","indexId":"ofr86560C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-560","chapter":"C","title":"Dive report: Alvin dive No. 1456, Sept. 17, 1984 (JD 261) Vent 3 area, southern Juan de Fuca Rift","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr86560C","usgsCitation":"Holcomb, R.T., and Morton, J.L., 1986, Dive report: Alvin dive No. 1456, Sept. 17, 1984 (JD 261) Vent 3 area, southern Juan de Fuca Rift: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-560, 65 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86560C.","productDescription":"65 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145117,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0560c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42798,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0560c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63d89f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holcomb, R. T.","contributorId":99146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holcomb","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morton, J. L.","contributorId":56196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":12173,"text":"ofr86632 - 1986 - Mines and prospects of the Butte 1° x 2° Quadrangle, Montana","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12173,"text":"ofr86632 - 1986 - Mines and prospects of the Butte 1° x 2° Quadrangle, Montana","indexId":"ofr86632","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Mines and prospects of the Butte 1° x 2° Quadrangle, Montana"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":64549,"text":"i2050C - 1992 - Maps showing locations of mines and prospects in the Butte 1° x 2° quadrangle, western Montana","indexId":"i2050C","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Maps showing locations of mines and prospects in the Butte 1° x 2° quadrangle, western Montana"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":64549,"text":"i2050C - 1992 - Maps showing locations of mines and prospects in the Butte 1° x 2° quadrangle, western Montana","indexId":"i2050C","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Maps showing locations of mines and prospects in the Butte 1° x 2° quadrangle, western Montana"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-01T22:13:05.92206","indexId":"ofr86632","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-632","title":"Mines and prospects of the Butte 1° x 2° Quadrangle, Montana","docAbstract":"The Butte quadrangle, in the Northern Rocky Mountains of southwestern Montana, has had a long, productive, and colorful mining history. Butte, the city from which the quadrangle takes its name, is located in the most famous mining district of the quadrangle. This district, the Butte or Summit Valley district, has been described as the \"richest hill on earth\" and is one of the richest and most productive mining districts of the world. The quantity of metals produced from this district alone are far greater than the combined total of all commodities from all other mining districts of the quadrangle. However, many districts other than Butte have had significant production as compared to other mining districts of the Northern Rocky Mountains. The dollar value of production from the Butte district is more than $6 billion (Miller, 1973) and that of the combined total of production from the other districts in the quadrangle is more than $400 million. These values are based on actual metal prices at the time of production. The totals would be many times larger if converted to present day commodity prices.
Mineral occurrence data for a total of 1111 mines, prospects, and mineral occurrences have been compiled for the Butte quadrangle. These mineralized sites are found throughout the quadrangle but most are concentrated in the major mining districts; 78 percent are clustered in 46 established mining districts and the remaining 22 percent are more widely scattered in 24 geographic areas (fig. 1). Only small areas of the quadrangle lack significant mines, prospects, or mineral occurrences. The locations of mines and prospects are shown on maps (pl. 1 and 2) and a brief description of each site is given in a table arranged by mining district or geographic area (table 1) (all tables are at end of report). This table gives a brief description of each district or area and details of each site within the district or area including site number, name and alternate name(s), location by latitude and longitude, commodities present, description of the site, and sources of data. Data for this report come from the U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resource Data System (MRDS; this was formerly known as the Computerized Resource Information Bank (CRIB)), from many published and unpublished sources, and from geologic field work.
The Butte quadrangle is in southwestern Montana and is bounded by latitudes 46° and 47° N. and longitudes 112° and 114° W. The city of Butte is near the southern edge and in the southeastern corner of the quadrangle. Helena, the state capital of Montana, is located on the eastern edge and Missoula is located near the northwestern corner of the quadrangle. Most of the area of the quadrangle is in Granite, Powell, Lewis and Clark, and Jefferson Counties and the remaining area includes parts of Missoula, Ravalli, Deer Lodge, and Silver Bow Counties. The quadrangle includes a number of major and minor mountain ranges separated by intermontane valleys. The continental divide trends nearly north-south through the eastern part of the quadrangle to a point near Butte, then trends generally east-west near the southern boundary of the quadrangle, west of Butte. East of the divide the drainages are tributary to the Missouri River and west of the divide the drainages are tributary to the Clark Fork, which heads in the vicinity of Butte.
The geology of the Butte quadrangle is very complex. Sedimentary and igneous rocks range in age from Proterozoic to Tertiary. Most of the pre-Tertiary sedimentary rocks are structurally complex due to widespread faulting and folding. Due to thrust faulting, complete sequences of these sedimentary units are not generally present in the quadrangle and the thicknesses and lithologies are variable from one thrust plate to another. The oldest rocks in the quadrangle are sedimentary rocks of the Belt Supergroup of Middle Proterozoic age. They form very thick sequences, are exposed over a large percentage of the area of the quadrangle, and include formations of the lower, middle, and upper parts of the Belt. Individual formations are as much as 13,000 ft thick (C. A. Wallace, unpub. data) and the maximum thickness of the Belt Supergroup in the quadrangle may be similar to that of the entire sequence near Alberton, Montana, to the northwest of the Butte quadrangle where it exceeds 67,000 ft (Harrison, 1972). In many areas of the quadrangle these Precambrian rocks are overlain by thin to moderately thick sequences of Cambrian to Permian sedimentary rocks. The maximum thickness of the Paleozoic section is about 8,000 ft (C. A. Wallace, unpub. data). A relatively thick sequence of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, predominantly Cretaceous in age, which is found mostly in the central part of the quadrangle, overlies the Paleozoic rocks. If complete, the Mesozoic sequence would total about 28,000 ft (C. A. Wallace, unpub. data).
The Butte quadrangle is located in a structurally complex region. Most of the Butte quadrangle is in the southern part of the Montana Disturbed Belt, a tectonic belt in the Northern Rocky Mountains characterized by northwest-trending faults and intense deformation. An element of the Disturbed Belt, called the Sapphire Thrust System occupies most of the western two-thirds of the quadrangle. Sedimentary rocks of Cretaceous and older ages in the Sapphire Thrust System have been complexly folded and faulted.
Plutonic rocks, which intrude the sedimentary units, and volcanic rocks of Cretaceous and Tertiary ages are widespread in the quadrangle. Most of these are post-thrusting but some may be pre- or syn-tectonic and involved in the thrusting and folding. Most of the mineral wealth in the quadrangle, in the form of hydrothermal ore deposits, is genetically related to Cretaceous granitic plutonism. Igneous activity decreased but continued into Tertiary time, at least until the Oligocene.
In the Butte quadrangle the Cenozoic Era was important for normal faulting, volcanism, sedimentation, glaciation, and the formation of many important mineral deposits. Many normal faults were especially active during the Miocene and Pliocene and some were active into the Quaternary. Volcanic rocks of Eocene and Oligocene age cover large areas and are genetically related to several important mining districts. During Cenozoic time, thick accumulations of Tertiary basin-fill sediments, Pleistocene glacial till and outwash, and Holocene alluvium and colluvium were deposited. The Cenozoic was important for the formation of placer deposits valuable mainly for gold but some have produced important quantities of sapphires and tungsten.
This map is part of a folio of maps of the Butte 1° x 2°quadrangle, Montana, prepared under the Conterminous United States Mineral Assessment Program (CUSMAP). Other maps to be published as part of this folio are a geologic map, geochemical maps, geophysical maps, maps of linear features and limonitic alteration interpreted from satellite and airborne radar data, and mineral resource assessment maps.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr86632","usgsCitation":"Elliott, J., Loen, J.S., Wise, K.K., and Blaskowski, M.J., 1986, Mines and prospects of the Butte 1° x 2° Quadrangle, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-632, Report: i, 153 p.; 2 Plates: 41.68 x 30.14 inches and 42.00 x 30.29 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86632.","productDescription":"Report: i, 153 p.; 2 Plates: 41.68 x 30.14 inches and 42.00 x 30.29 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412564,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0632/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":412563,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0632/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":412562,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0632/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146169,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0632/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Butte Quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114,46 ], [ -114,47 ], [ -112,47 ], [ -112,46 ], [ -114,46 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f3b36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, James E.","contributorId":15595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"James E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loen, Jeffrey S.","contributorId":44966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loen","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wise, K. K.","contributorId":40227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wise","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blaskowski, Michael J.","contributorId":44967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blaskowski","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70114862,"text":"70114862 - 1986 - Volcanic rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-17T15:08:52","indexId":"70114862","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T10:10:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Volcanic rocks","docAbstract":"Volcanoes have contributed significantly to the formation of the surface of our planet. Volcanism produced the crust we live on and most of the air we breathe. Often the remnants of an eruption are as revealing as the eruption itself, for they tell us many things about the eruption. Included here are examples of several volcanic products and other magmatic features, with descriptions of how they were formed and what they tell us about volcanism.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical Data Center","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","usgsCitation":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical Data Center, 1986, Volcanic rocks, 26 p.","productDescription":"26 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":321357,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290240,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70114862/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.17 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b7b280e4b0388651d91996"} ,{"id":70114861,"text":"70114861 - 1986 - Landslides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-24T11:51:21","indexId":"70114861","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T10:03:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Landslides","docAbstract":"The slopes above streams and rivers are subjected to a variety of processes that cause them\nto recede and retreat from the river or stream channel. These processes, collectively called\nmass wasting, can be classified according to rapidity of movement and according to the type\nof materials that are transported. Gravity is the force behind all such downslope movement.\nFactors that enable the force of gravity to overcome the resistance of inertia and friction\nto move more material downslope include: saturation by water which acts as a lubricant,\nsteepening of slopes by streams, waves, or road construction, alternate freezing and\nthawing, and earthquake vibrations. Mass wasting of surface material is widespread process\nthat can be found in high mountains, desert hillsides, deep ocean shelves, steep ocean shores\nand even on the moon and other rocky planets.","language":"English","publisher":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical Data Center","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","usgsCitation":"National Geophysical Data Center, 1986, Landslides, 26 p.","productDescription":"26 p.","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290176,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290175,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70114861/report.pdf"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-90.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b7b195e4b0388651d917e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"National Geophysical Data Center","contributorId":128205,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"National Geophysical Data Center","id":535663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70114860,"text":"70114860 - 1986 - Earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-24T11:49:58","indexId":"70114860","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T09:51:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Earthquakes","docAbstract":"An earthquake is the motion or trembling of the ground produced by sudden displacement of rock in the\nEarth's crust. Earthquakes result from crustal strain, volcanism, landslides, and collapse of caverns.\nStress accumulates in response to tectonic forces until it exceeds the strength of the rock. The rock\nthen breaks along a preexisting or new fracture called a fault. The rupture extends outward in all\ndirections along the fault plane from its point of origin (focus). The rupture travels in an irregular\nmanner until the stress is relatively equalized. If the rupture disturbs the surface, it produces a visible\nfault.
\nEarthquakes can affect hundreds of thousands of square kilometers; cause damage to property measured\nin the tens of billions of dollars; result in loss of life and injury to hundreds of thousands of persons;\nand disrupt the social and economic functioning of the affected area. Although earthquakes in the\nUnited States occur most frequently in states west of the Rocky Mountains, devastating earthquakes\nhave also occurred in the Midwest and East. All 50 states have some degree of risk from earthquakes.
\nMany of these earthquake effects are depicted in the slides included in this set.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical Data Center","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","usgsCitation":"National Geophysical Data Center, 1986, Earthquakes, 27 p.","productDescription":"27 p.","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290173,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290172,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70114860/report.pdf"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-90.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b7b106e4b0388651d916de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"National Geophysical Data Center","contributorId":128205,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"National Geophysical Data Center","id":535662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70164425,"text":"70164425 - 1986 - On tide-induced Lagrangian residual current and residual transport: 1. Lagrangian residual current","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T08:22:42","indexId":"70164425","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T04:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On tide-induced Lagrangian residual current and residual transport: 1. Lagrangian residual current","docAbstract":"Residual currents in tidal estuaries and coastal embayments have been recognized as fundamental factors which affect the long-term transport processes. It has been pointed out by previous studies that it is more relevant to use a Lagrangian mean velocity than an Eulerian mean velocity to determine the movements of water masses. Under weakly nonlinear approximation, the parameter k, which is the ratio of the net displacement of a labeled water mass in one tidal cycle to the tidal excursion, is assumed to be small. Solutions for tides, tidal current, and residual current have been considered for two-dimensional, barotropic estuaries and coastal seas. Particular attention has been paid to the distinction between the Lagrangian and Eulerian residual currents. When k is small, the first-order Lagrangian residual is shown to be the sum of the Eulerian residual current and the Stokes drift. The Lagrangian residual drift velocity or the second-order Lagrangian residual current has been shown to be dependent on the phase of tidal current. The Lagrangian drift velocity is induced by nonlinear interactions between tides, tidal currents, and the first-order residual currents, and it takes the form of an ellipse on a hodograph plane. Several examples are given to further demonstrate the unique properties of the Lagrangian residual current.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i012p01623","usgsCitation":"Feng, S., Cheng, R.T., and Pangen, X., 1986, On tide-induced Lagrangian residual current and residual transport: 1. Lagrangian residual current: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 12, p. 1623-1634, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i012p01623.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1623","endPage":"1634","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316556,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b332fbe4b0cc79997f33dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feng, Shizuo","contributorId":156286,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Feng","given":"Shizuo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pangen, Xi","contributorId":156287,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pangen","given":"Xi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159084,"text":"70159084 - 1986 - Arctic National Wildlife Refuge land cover mapping project user's guide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-13T14:31:24.885627","indexId":"70159084","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T04:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Arctic National Wildlife Refuge land cover mapping project user's guide","docAbstract":"Section 1002 of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980 (ANILCA, 1980) requires the Secretary of Interior to conduct a continuing study of fish, wildlife, and habitats on the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Included in this study is a determination of the extent, location, and carrying capacity of fish and wildlife habitats.
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However, substantial information on the values of wetlands is available from studies on individual species or that were conducted for other purposes. Most investigators have found it most effective to classify habitat use on the basis of observed distribution patterns of waterfowl in relation to local physiographic features and vegetation types. Major variations in habitat among regions result from differences in precipitation, summer temperature, length of frost free period, and presence of permafrost. Large areas of intertidal habitat, usually associated with river deltas, are of key importance wherever they occur. Lakes subject to extensive periods of draw-down or that fluctuate with river systems are more productive than those with more stable water levels.
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Residual transport with application in south San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T08:21:56","indexId":"70164424","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On tide-induced Lagrangian residual current and residual transport: 2. Residual transport with application in south San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"The transports of solutes and other tracers are fundamental to estuarine processes. The apparent transport mechanisms are convection by tidal current and current-induced shear effect dispersion for processes which take place in a time period of the order of a tidal cycle. However, as emphasis is shifted toward the effects of intertidal processes, the net transport is mainly determined by tide-induced residual circulation and by residual circulation due to other processes. The commonly used intertidal conservation equation takes the form of a convection-dispersion equation in which the convective velocity is the Eulerian residual current, and the dispersion terms are often referred to as the phase effect dispersion or, sometimes, as the “tidal dispersion.” The presence of these dispersion terms is merely the result of a Fickian type hypothesis. Since the actual processes are not Fickian, thus a Fickian hypothesis obscures the physical significance of this equation. Recent research results on residual circulation have suggested that long-term transport phenomena are closely related to the Lagrangian residual current or the Lagrangian residual transport. In this paper a new formulation of an intertidal conservation equation is presented and examined in detail. In a weakly nonlinear tidal estuary the resultant intertidal transport equation also takes the form of a convection-dispersion equation without the ad hoc introduction of phase effect dispersion in a form of dispersion tensor. The convective velocity in the resultant equation is the first-order Lagrangian residual current (the sum of the Eulerian residual current and the Stokes drift). The remaining dispersion terms are important only in higher-order solutions; they are due to shear effect dispersion and turbulent mixing. There exists a dispersion boundary layer adjacent to shoreline boundaries. An order of magnitude estimate of the properties in the dispersion boundary layer is given. The present treatment of intertidal transport processes is illustrated by an analytical solution for an amphidromic system and by a numerical application in South San Francisco Bay, California. The present formulation reveals that the mechanism for long-term transport of solutes is mainly convection due to the Lagrangian residual current in the interior of a tidal estuary. This result also points out the weakness in the tidal dispersion formulation, and explains the large variability of the observed values for tidal dispersion coefficients. Further research on properties of the dispersion boundary layer is needed.
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