{"pageNumber":"4890","pageRowStart":"122225","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184617,"records":[{"id":1003187,"text":"1003187 - 1986 - Does pH affect fish species richness when lake area is considered?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-08T16:30:35.446407","indexId":"1003187","displayToPublicDate":"1986-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Does pH affect fish species richness when lake area is considered?","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>Numerous surveys have shown that fish species richness (number of species) is positively correlated with lake pH. However, species richness of fish communities is also correlated with lake size, and low‐pH lakes are often small. Thus, conclusions drawn from examination of fish community structure relative to spatial (among‐lake) variation in pH have been limited by uncertainties regarding the confounded effects of lake area. We used two statistical methods, analysis of covariance and a nonparametric blocked comparison test, to remove effects of lake area and compare fish species richness in low‐pH and high‐pH lakes. Data from six previous surveys of water chemistry and fish communities in lakes of Ontario and northern Wisconsin were examined. Lakes with low pH (≤6.0) contained significantly fewer fish species than lakes with high pH (&gt;6.0) when the effect of lake area was considered. A simple probabilistic model showed that the ability to detect differences in species richness is low when lake areas and the pool of potential colonizing species are small. We recommend the blocked comparison test for separating the effects of lake area and pH on species richness and urge critical examination of inferences based on analyses of fish communities in small lakes.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1986)115<438:DPAFSR>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rago, P., and Wiener, J., 1986, Does pH affect fish species richness when lake area is considered?: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 115, no. 3, p. 438-447, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1986)115<438:DPAFSR>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"438","endPage":"447","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199402,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Ontario, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.3428963904647,\n              53.05423207378681\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.06663345838915,\n              49.84198591717103\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.831369545566,\n              44.28539048218653\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.26927281398797,\n              43.44516557063929\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.8334214078222,\n              42.54490074252436\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.01410605822231,\n              42.440864659121644\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.01750679878438,\n              45.470368842993665\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.75120634729265,\n              46.52265612463563\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.53681665403423,\n              53.53264029553128\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.55944497110296,\n              57.09165271877964\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.3428963904647,\n              53.05423207378681\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"115","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633ddf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rago, P.J.","contributorId":50099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rago","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiener, J.G.","contributorId":44107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiener","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015080,"text":"70015080 - 1986 - An instrument system for monitoring and sampling suspended sediment in the benthic boundary layer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-18T16:21:28.918837","indexId":"70015080","displayToPublicDate":"1986-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An instrument system for monitoring and sampling suspended sediment in the benthic boundary layer","docAbstract":"<p><span>An instrument system has been constructed that can monitor and sample suspended sediment distributions in the benthic boundary layer. It consists of miniature nephelometers and suspended sediment samplers placed within one meter of the seabed. The system is capable of continuously monitoring suspended sediment profiles at eight levels between 14 and 100 cm above the seabed and collecting suspended sediment samples at four levels (20, 50, 70 and 100 cm) at three times during a deployment period.</span></p><p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>The suspended sediment system is designed to fit onto the instrumented tripod GEOPROBE which contains four electromagnetic current meters, pressure sensor, bottom stereo camera, two temperature sensors, transmissometer, and a Savonius rotor current meter. Sensor operation, data recording, and sediment sampling events are synchronized. Thus detailed measurements of the near-bottom flow conditions are made concurrently with suspended sediment measurements. The combined system has been used in sediment transporting environments within San Francisco Bay, California, and Puget Sound, Washington.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(86)90069-1","usgsCitation":"Sternberg, R., Johnson, R., Cacchione, D., and Drake, D., 1986, An instrument system for monitoring and sampling suspended sediment in the benthic boundary layer: Marine Geology, v. 71, no. 3-4, p. 187-199, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(86)90069-1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"199","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223635,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea7ee4b0c8380cd488cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sternberg, R.W.","contributorId":90872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sternberg","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, R.V. II","contributorId":103417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.V.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":370011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1014466,"text":"1014466 - 1986 - Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus: Protocol for a standard challenge to brook trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-10T13:36:11.070224","indexId":"1014466","displayToPublicDate":"1986-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus: Protocol for a standard challenge to brook trout","docAbstract":"<p><span>A protocol for experimental challenge with infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus was defined with brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis as the model species. Fish were exposed by immersion for 5 h in water containing IPN virus at a concentration of 10</span><sup>5</sup><span>&nbsp;plaque‐forming units per milliliter. We propose the protocol as a standard challenge based on our studies of exposure methods and host response to virulent virus. Immersion challenge induced higher and more consistent mortality than did challenge by hyperosmotic infiltration. Challenge virus should be sequentially transferred no more than five times in cell culture because further transfers reduced the virulence of the virus. At 12°C, mortalities due to primary infection occurred 6–12 d after immersion challenge and were highest (≥70%) in fish 27–56 d old. Susceptibility to lethal infection was enhanced by nutritional stress.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1986)115<466:IPNV>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"McAllister, P.E., and Owens, W.J., 1986, Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus: Protocol for a standard challenge to brook trout: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 115, no. 3, p. 466-470, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1986)115<466:IPNV>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"466","endPage":"470","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131039,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5c8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McAllister, P. E.","contributorId":71913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAllister","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Owens, W. J.","contributorId":15968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70199580,"text":"70199580 - 1986 - Determination of the components of stormflow using water chemistry and environmental isotopes, Mattole River basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T21:17:32","indexId":"70199580","displayToPublicDate":"1986-04-15T21:16:44","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of the components of stormflow using water chemistry and environmental isotopes, Mattole River basin, California","docAbstract":"<p>The chemical and isotopic composition of rainfall and stream water was monitored during a storm in the Mattole River basin of northwestern California. About 250 mm of rain fell during 6 days (∼80% within a 42 h period) in late January, 1972, following 24 days of little or no precipitation. River discharge near Petrolia increased from 22 m<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>s<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>to a maximum of 1300 m<sup>3</sup>s<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>while chloride and silica concentrations decreased only from 3.2 to 2.1 and 11.5 to 8.6 mgl<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Meanwhile, the isotopic composition of the river changed from<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#x3B4;D = &amp;#x2212; 42&amp;#x2030;</mtext></math>\">‰<span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">δD = − 42‰</span></span></span>,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#x3B4;</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>18</mn></msup><mtext>0 = &amp;#x2212; 6.8&amp;#x2030;</mtext></math>\">‰<span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">δ180 = − 6.8‰</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>and 40 tritium units (T.U.) to extreme values at highest flow of<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#x3B4;D = &amp;#x2212; 35&amp;#x2030;</mtext></math>\">‰<span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">δD = − 35‰</span></span></span>,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-4-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#x3B4;</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>18</mn></msup><mtext>0 = &amp;#x2212; 5.9&amp;#x2030;</mtext></math>\">‰<span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">δ180 = − 5.9‰</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>and 25 T.U. in response to volume-weighted rainfall averaging<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-5-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#x3B4;D = &amp;#x2212; 19.5&amp;#x2030;</mtext></math>\">‰<span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">δD = − 19.5‰</span></span></span>,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-6-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#x3B4;</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>18</mn></msup><mtext>0 = &amp;#x2212; 3.1&amp;#x2030;</mtext></math>\">‰<span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">δ180 = − 3.1‰</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>and 18 T.U.</p><p>Despite much rainfall of a composition quite different from that of the prestorm river water, “buffering” processes in the watershed greatly restricted changes in the chemical and isotopic content of the river during storm runoff. Because of the physical and hydrologic characteristics of the watershed, major contributions of groundwater to stormflow are very unlikely. The large increase in dissolved chemical load observed at maximum river discharge required that extensive interaction with, and presumably penetration of, soils occurred within a few hours time. Such a large increase in chemical load also required subsurface stormflow throughout a high proportion of the watershed. Chemical and isotopic stabilization of stormflow is believed to be due mainly to displacement of prestorm soil water, with some effects on river chemistry due to rapid rain-soil interactions.</p><p>The isotopic and chemical composition of prestorm soil moisture cannot readily be predicted a priori because of possible variability in rainfall composition, evaporation, and exchange with atmospheric moisture, nor can it be assumed that baseflow has a predictable relation to the chemical or isotopic composition of water displaced from soils during storms. Therefore, it seems inappropriate to draw conclusions as to the relative proportions of groundwater and rainfall in runoff from a particular storm based only on the average compositions of rainfall, stormflow, and prestorm river water, as has been done in most previous isotope hydrograph studies.</p><p>Given the great variation in hydrology, topography, soil characteristics, rainfall intensity and quantity, etc. from place to place, the relative amount of overland flow, subsurface flow from the unsaturated zone and of groundwater in stormflow can vary greatly in time and space.</p>","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(86)90047-8","usgsCitation":"Kennedy, V.C., Adams, C.R., Zellweger, G.W., Wyerman, T.A., and Avanzino, R., 1986, Determination of the components of stormflow using water chemistry and environmental isotopes, Mattole River basin, California: Journal of Hydrology, v. 84, no. 1-2, p. 107-140, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90047-8.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"107","endPage":"140","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357595,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mattole River basin","volume":"84","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kennedy, V. C.","contributorId":46080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adams, Cynthia R. 0000-0003-4383-530X cradams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4383-530X","contributorId":176965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Cynthia","email":"cradams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zellweger, Gary W.","contributorId":71171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellweger","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wyerman, Theodore A.","contributorId":23222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyerman","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Avanzino, R.J.","contributorId":37336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70014509,"text":"70014509 - 1986 - Decrease in deformation rate observed by two-color laser ranging in Long Valley caldera","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-26T16:10:47.312861","indexId":"70014509","displayToPublicDate":"1986-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decrease in deformation rate observed by two-color laser ranging in Long Valley caldera","docAbstract":"After the January 1983 earthquake swarm, the last period of notable seismicity, the rapid rate of deformation of the south moat and resurgent dome of the Long Valley caldera diminished. Frequently repeated two-color laser ranging measurements made within a geodetic network in the caldera during the interval June 1983 to November 1984 reveal that, although the deformation accumulated smoothly in time, the rate of extension of many of the baselines decreased by factors of 2 to 3 from mid-1983 to mid-1984. Areal dilatation was the dominant signal during this period, with rates of extension of several baselines reaching as high as 5 parts per million per annum during the summer of 1983. Within the south moat, shear deformation also was apparent. The cumulative deformation can be modeled as the result of injection of material into two points located beneath the resurgent dome in addition to shallow right lateral slip on a vertical fault in the south moat.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.232.4747.213","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Linker, M.F., Langbein, J.O., and McGarr, A., 1986, Decrease in deformation rate observed by two-color laser ranging in Long Valley caldera: Science, v. 232, no. 4747, p. 213-216, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.232.4747.213.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"216","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225581,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"232","issue":"4747","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe17e4b0c8380cd4eafc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Linker, Mark F.","contributorId":36283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linker","given":"Mark","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langbein, J. O.","contributorId":39404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGarr, Art 0000-0001-9769-4093","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9769-4093","contributorId":43491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGarr","given":"Art","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1000514,"text":"1000514 - 1986 - Evaluation of coded wire tags for marking lake trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-31T16:37:28.818667","indexId":"1000514","displayToPublicDate":"1986-04-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of coded wire tags for marking lake trout","docAbstract":"<p>Among hatchery-reared lake trout (<i>Salvelinus namaycush</i>) of the 1979-1982 year classes stocked in New York waters of Lake Ontario, more than 3 million fish were marked with a coded wire tag (CWT) plus an adipose fin clip, and 1.5 million with only conventional fin clips. Altogether, 7,640 tags were recovered from fish collected with bottom trawls and gill nets or caught by anglers during 1980-1983. One person was able to extract and decipher 200 or more CWTs per day with about a 1% error rate in reading and recording codes. Presence of the CWT did not affect growth. The adipose fin clip did not regenerate. The occurrence of fish with an adipose fin clip but no CWT resulted primarily from the regeneration of paired fins among fish marked with a combination of the adipose fin and a paired fin. Loss of CWTs between marking and stocking (generally 4-5 months for fish stocked in spring and 1-8 d for fish stocked in fall) declined from nearly 11% for the 1979 year class stocked as fall fingerlings to less than 3% for the 1981 and 1982 year classes - a difference that primarily reflected improvements in instrumentation and tagging technique. The rate of CWT loss after the marked fish were stocked was probably less than 1% per year. The CWT is a reliable method for marking hatchery-reared lake trout. A large number of experimental groups can be uniquely marked, and fish from each group can be accurately identified throughout their life. Use of this technique should greatly facilitate evaluations of genetic strain, hatchery experience, condition at time of stocking, season of stocking, size at stocking, method of stocking and other factors that affect poststocking survival and performance of lake trout stocked in the Great Lakes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1986)6<264:EOCWTF>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Elrod, J.H., and Schneider, C.P., 1986, Evaluation of coded wire tags for marking lake trout: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 6, no. 2, p. 264-271, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1986)6<264:EOCWTF>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"264","endPage":"271","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133142,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fae27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elrod, Joseph H.","contributorId":72737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elrod","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schneider, Clifford P.","contributorId":45251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70014545,"text":"70014545 - 1986 - The geochemical behavior of aluminum in acidified surface waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-26T16:15:26.071593","indexId":"70014545","displayToPublicDate":"1986-04-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The geochemical behavior of aluminum in acidified surface waters","docAbstract":"<p>Speciation calculations for aluminum, in water samples taken from a drainage basin containing acid mine waters, demonstrate a distinct transition from conservative behavior for <i>p</i>H. below 4.6 to nonconservative behavior for <i>p</i>H. above 4.9. This transition corresponds to the <i>pK</i> for the first hydrolysis constant of the aqueous aluminum ion and appears to be a consistent phenomenon independent of field location, ionic strength, and sulfate concentration. Nonconservative behavior is closely correlated with the equilibrium solubility of a microcrystalline gibbsite or amorphous aluminum hydroxide.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.232.4746.54","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Nordstrom, D.K., and Ball, J., 1986, The geochemical behavior of aluminum in acidified surface waters: Science, v. 232, no. 4746, p. 54-56, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.232.4746.54.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"54","endPage":"56","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226091,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"232","issue":"4746","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac45e4b08c986b3233a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":368645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ball, J.W.","contributorId":67507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70121279,"text":"70121279 - 1986 - Vigilance patterns of Bald Eagles feeding in groups","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-12T17:59:36","indexId":"70121279","displayToPublicDate":"1986-04-01T14:18:26","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vigilance patterns of Bald Eagles feeding in groups","docAbstract":"<p>Patterns of vigilant behavior of wintering Bald Eagles (<i>Haliaeetus leucocephalus</i>) feeding on spawned salmon were examined in 1983-1984 on the Nooksack River in north-western Washington.  Vigilance in feeding birds has, in general, been attributed to predator detection; however, we proposed an additional function of vigilance in socially feeding birds that are vulnerable to food robbery and possible injury by conspecifics.  We tested predictions of two nonexclusive hypotheses: (1) eagles look up while feeding to detect danger from humans, and (2) eagles look up while feeding to detect pirating attempts or avoid injury by conspecifics.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Results suggest that the function of vigilance varies, depending on the size of the feeding group.  Vigilance patterns of eagles feeding in small groups (1-4 eagles) and medium groups (5-7) eagles are consistent with hypothesis 1, whereas those of eagles feeding in large groups (8-14 eagles) are consistent with hypothesis 2.  Eagles in small groups were more vigilant (measured as scanning time and rate of head raising) when feeding near potential danger (riverbank cover) than when far from danger.  Adult eagles feeding in areas of intense human activity were more vigilant than immatures feeding at the same site and were more vigilant than both adults and immatures feeding at secluded sites.  Vigilance declined as group size increased from 1 to 4 eagles, and increased as group size ranged from 8 to 14 eagles.  Feedings eagles that were looking up at the time of a pirating attempt were more successful in keeping their food than eagles with their heads down.  In feeding areas where human activity was minimal, eagles formed larger groups than at a more disturbed site.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Knight, S.K., and Knight, R., 1986, Vigilance patterns of Bald Eagles feeding in groups: The Auk, v. 103, no. 2, p. 263-272.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"272","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292688,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341250,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4087078 "}],"volume":"103","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b65ae4b09d12e0e8e715","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knight, Susan K.","contributorId":22699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knight, Richard L.","contributorId":46014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Richard L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70121261,"text":"70121261 - 1986 - Cavity-nesting birds and the cavity-tree resource in plains cottonwood bottomlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T13:49:43","indexId":"70121261","displayToPublicDate":"1986-04-01T13:44:13","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cavity-nesting birds and the cavity-tree resource in plains cottonwood bottomlands","docAbstract":"Densities of, and potential nesting substrates for, cavity-nesting birds were examined in a mature plains cottonwood (<i>Populus sargentii</i>) community in northeastern Colorado.  Although snag (dead tree) densities were low (0.66/ha), the cavity-nesting guild included 7 species with densities ≤ 463 birds/100 ha.  This finding suggests that cavity nesters are not limited by snag densities.  Most (94.2%) of the nest substrate for cavity-nesting birds was provided by live trees with large, dead limbs (≥ 10 cm in diam).  Both total dead limb length and the number of trees with dead limbs were highly correlated (<i>P</i> < 0.001) with the number of cavities excavated.  Large trees (>55 cm in diam at breast ht [dbh]) and dead limbs 15-30 cm in diameter were preferred for cavity excavation.  Because snags were a minor component of potential nest substrate, snag management may not be a useful concept for cavity-nesting birds in cottonwood bottomlands, and snag retention aspects of habitat models would be relatively unimportant for this forest type.  Live-tree management is recommended.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.2307/3801906","usgsCitation":"Sedgwick, J., and Knopf, F., 1986, Cavity-nesting birds and the cavity-tree resource in plains cottonwood bottomlands: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 50, no. 2, p. 247-252, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801906.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"252","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292663,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292661,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3801906"}],"volume":"50","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b64be4b09d12e0e8e663","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sedgwick, James A.","contributorId":55350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sedgwick","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knopf, Fritz L.","contributorId":30549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopf","given":"Fritz L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70199729,"text":"70199729 - 1986 - Comparison of four artificial substrates and the Ponar grab for benthic invertebrate collection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-26T12:56:14","indexId":"70199729","displayToPublicDate":"1986-04-01T12:55:44","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of four artificial substrates and the Ponar grab for benthic invertebrate collection","docAbstract":"<p><span>Four different bottom‐placed artificial substrates were compared with the Ponar grab for collecting benthic invertebrates. Artificial substrate samples of organisms were larger and more diverse than those of the grab. Barbeque Basket samplers caught the most taxa and individuals and Beak Trays caught the least. Chironomids and crustaceans were dominant in artificial substrate samples. Exposure habitat (left or right bank) determined taxa availability, whereas sampler design determined suitability for colonization by the taxa. Diversity for Beak Tray samples was lower than that for other artificial substrates but higher than for Ponar samples. The Barbeque Basket, Bull Basket, and Multiple Plate samples were taxonomically similar. Ponar samples were different, and Beak Trays were of intermediate similarity. As qualitative samplers, Barbeque Baskets were 63 percent efficient, followed by Bull Baskets (55 percent), Multiple Plates (48 percent), Beak Trays (38 percent), and Ponar Grabs (6–10 percent). Bull Baskets required the least and Beak Trays the most replicates to be within a preselected percentage error of the mean at the 95 percent probability level for numbers of taxa and individuals, and for diversity. Under conditions of the study, Bull Baskets ranked highest, followed by Barbeque Baskets and Multiple Plates, in selected performance criteria. Differences between grab and artificial substrate samples are explainable in terms of major riverine habitats and characteristics of the collection methods.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb01880.x","usgsCitation":"Slack, K.V., Ferreira, R.F., and Averett, R.C., 1986, Comparison of four artificial substrates and the Ponar grab for benthic invertebrate collection: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 22, no. 2, p. 237-248, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb01880.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"248","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357782,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-11","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, Keith V.","contributorId":47781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferreira, Rodger F.","contributorId":13976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferreira","given":"Rodger","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Averett, Robert C.","contributorId":27500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Averett","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5222157,"text":"5222157 - 1986 - Parasitization of meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus (ORD), by American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), and adult tick movement during high host density","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T14:45:31.572422","indexId":"5222157","displayToPublicDate":"1986-04-01T12:18:59","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2253,"text":"Journal of Entomological Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Parasitization of meadow voles, <i>Microtus pennsylvanicus</i> (ORD), by American dog ticks, <i>Dermacentor variabilis</i> (Say), and adult tick movement during high host density","title":"Parasitization of meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus (ORD), by American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), and adult tick movement during high host density","docAbstract":"<p><span>The numbers of host-seeking adult American dog ticks,&nbsp;</span><i>Dermacentor variabilis</i><span>&nbsp;(Say), in a sweet gum field in Maryland reflected changes in the population density of a host species, the meadow vole,&nbsp;</span><i>Microtus pennsylvanicus</i><span>&nbsp;(Ord), which within 1.5 yr fell from an estimated 157 to 8 voles on a 0.8 ha grid. During high vole density, there was no significant difference (</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;&gt; 0.05) in tick burdens between sexes on an annual basis. Juvenile and subadult voles (&lt; 33 g) harbored significantly fewer&nbsp;</span><i>D. variabilis</i><span>&nbsp;larvae and nymphs than did mature voles (&gt; 33 g) on an annual basis. However, during periods of both peak host-seeking activity by&nbsp;</span><i>D. variabilis</i><span>&nbsp;larvae and nymphs and high host density nearly all the voles examined were infested. There was no evidence of a relationship between weight of adult voles and likelihood of parasitization by&nbsp;</span><i>D. variabilis</i><span>&nbsp;during months of moderate tick host-seeking activity. Of 163 adult&nbsp;</span><i>D. variabilis</i><span>&nbsp;recaptured ≥ one week after marking, 86 (52.7%) had moved &gt; 3.8 m, 59 (36.2%) &gt; 5.3 m.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.18474/0749-8004-21.2.102","usgsCitation":"Carroll, J.F., and Nichols, J., 1986, Parasitization of meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus (ORD), by American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), and adult tick movement during high host density: Journal of Entomological Science, v. 21, no. 2, p. 102-113, https://doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-21.2.102.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"102","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199571,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a88ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carroll, J. F.","contributorId":90404,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carroll","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70210228,"text":"70210228 - 1986 - Crustal structure of Oaxaca, Mexico, from seismic refraction measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-28T15:39:48.410431","indexId":"70210228","displayToPublicDate":"1986-04-01T10:26:17","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure of Oaxaca, Mexico, from seismic refraction measurements","docAbstract":"<p>Seismic refraction and gravity data have been analyzed to obtain a model of the compressional-wave velocity structure of the ocean-to-continent transition in the State of Oaxaca in southwestern Mexico. Crustal thickness on the continent at the latitude 18°N is 45 ± 4 km, based on reflected phases from the Moho discontinuity. The crust has been modeled with three layers, with velocities of 4.3 to 4.6, 5.0 to 5.7, and 6.85 to 7.0 km/sec, each with positive velocity gradient. The crust thins to 10 km at the coast near Pinotepa Nacional, where Precambrian metamorphic rocks are exposed 45 km from the mid-America trench. Offshore, the oceanic structure consists of an 8-km-thick crust with a normal crustal velocity structure (Spudich and Orcutt, 1980). The apparent dip of the subducting plate beneath western Mexico is 10°. On the oceanic side, strong reflections suggest a minimum depth of 35 km for the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. The asthenosphere has a seismic velocity of 7.6 km/sec, and a thin lid in which the velocity is 8.6 km/sec.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0760020547","usgsCitation":"Valdes, C., Mooney, W.D., Singh, S., Lomnitz, C., Luetgert, J.H., Helsley, C., Lewis, B., and Mena, M., 1986, Crustal structure of Oaxaca, Mexico, from seismic refraction measurements: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 76, no. 2, p. 547-563, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0760020547.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"547","endPage":"563","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374996,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/76/2/547/118837/Crustal-structure-of-Oaxaca-Mexico-from-seismic"},{"id":374997,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","state":"Oaxaca","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -99.041748046875,\n              15.114552871944115\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.361572265625,\n              15.114552871944115\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.361572265625,\n              19.093266636089712\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.041748046875,\n              19.093266636089712\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.041748046875,\n              15.114552871944115\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"76","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valdes, C.M.","contributorId":10664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valdes","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":789669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Singh, S.K.","contributorId":104234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singh","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lomnitz, C.","contributorId":167753,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lomnitz","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Luetgert, James H. luetgert@usgs.gov","contributorId":4203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luetgert","given":"James","email":"luetgert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":789672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Helsley, C.E.","contributorId":106514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helsley","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lewis, B.T.R.","contributorId":224830,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lewis","given":"B.T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mena, M.","contributorId":224831,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mena","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70185552,"text":"70185552 - 1986 - Groundwater transport of strontium 90 in a glacial outwash environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T11:54:57","indexId":"70185552","displayToPublicDate":"1986-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater transport of strontium 90 in a glacial outwash environment","docAbstract":"<p><span>As part of the investigation of groundwater contamination at a uranium-scrap recovery plant at Wood River Junction, Rhode Island, laboratory experiments led to the development of a model for predicting the transport of strontium 90 in glacial outwash sediments based on an approximate mechanism for ion exchange. The multicomponent system was simplified to two components by regarding all exchangeable cations other than strontium 90 as a single component. The binary ion-exchange parameter was a function of the variable, total ion concentration. A one-dimensional solute transport model was formulated to evaluate the time necessary for natural groundwater flow to remove the strontium 90 contamination plume from the groundwater system to the Pawcatuck River. The finite difference transport equations were solved sequentially for total ion concentrations, then strontium 90 concentrations. Clay-free quartz and feldspar sands at the study site have little potential for strontium 90 sorption, and high calcium, magnesium, and sodium concentrations compete for the few ion exchange sites. As the total ion concentration plume moves out of the system, ion exchange of strontium 90 increases, reducing the strontium 90 concentration in the groundwater. Cleanout times predicted using the binary ion exchange mechanism were about two thirds of those predicted using a constant distribution coefficient. It is suggested that this type of model can simulate solute transport more realistically in many groundwater systems where the total ion concentration is not constant.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i004p00519","usgsCitation":"Kipp, K.L., Stollenwerk, K.G., and Grove, D.B., 1986, Groundwater transport of strontium 90 in a glacial outwash environment: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 4, p. 519-530, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i004p00519.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"519","endPage":"530","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338204,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","city":"Wood River Junction","volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d4df18e4b05ec79911d201","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kipp, Kenneth L. Jr.","contributorId":189754,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kipp","given":"Kenneth","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stollenwerk, Kenneth G. kgstolle@usgs.gov","contributorId":578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"Kenneth","email":"kgstolle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grove, David B.","contributorId":74750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grove","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1001389,"text":"1001389 - 1986 - Northern pintail body condition during wet and dry winters in the Sacramento Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-07T15:33:23.056956","indexId":"1001389","displayToPublicDate":"1986-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Northern pintail body condition during wet and dry winters in the Sacramento Valley, California","docAbstract":"<p>Body weights and carcass composition of male and female adult northern pintails (<i>Anas acuta</i>) were investigated in the Sacramento Valley, California, from August to March 1979-82. Pintails were lightweight, lean, and had reduced breast, leg, and heart muscles during August-September. Ducks steadily gained weight after arrival; and body, carcass (body wt minus feathers and gastrointestinal content), fat protein, and muscle weights peaked in October-November. Fat-free dry weight remained high but variable the rest of the winter, whereas body and carcass weight and fat content declined to lows in December or January, then increased again in February or March. Gizzard weights declined from early fall to March. Males were always heavier than females, but females were fatter (percentage) than males during mid-winter. Mid-winter body weight, carcass fat, and protein content were significantly (P &lt; 0.01) lower in the dry winter of 1980-81 than in 2 wet winters (1979-80 and 1981-82). Changes in pintail body weight and composition during winter are probably adaptations to mild climate, predictable food supplies, and requirements for pair formation and molt.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801895","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.R., 1986, Northern pintail body condition during wet and dry winters in the Sacramento Valley, California: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 50, no. 2, p. 189-198, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801895.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"198","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128921,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Sacramento","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.9196340147235,\n              38.816933501046236\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.9196340147235,\n              38.360732419713315\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.78925476315183,\n              38.360732419713315\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.78925476315183,\n              38.816933501046236\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.9196340147235,\n              38.816933501046236\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8553","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Michael R.","contributorId":45796,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12709,"text":"Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":310962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70135876,"text":"70135876 - 1986 - Stratigraphic potential of Bolboforma significantly increased by new finds in the North Atlantic and South Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-12T16:22:01.103978","indexId":"70135876","displayToPublicDate":"1986-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3000,"text":"Palaios","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphic potential of Bolboforma significantly increased by new finds in the North Atlantic and South Pacific","docAbstract":"<p><span>Until now, the genus Bolboforma, a problematic group of calcareous microfossils, has been recorded only in Oligocene to Pliocene marine sedimentary rocks, chiefly in the eastern North Atlantic region. We add to this eastern North Atlantic record six new sites and eleven undescribed species from the continental slopes of Ireland and Morocco. More significantly, we record, for the first time, abundant assemblages of Bolboforma on the western side of the North Atlantic and in the western South Pacific. Seven boreholes on the continental shelf and slope of New Jersey and Virginia contain ten species, three of which are new. Two species are present in two outcrops in eastern Mississippi and four are present in a borehole in the coastal plain of Virginia. On the Lord Howe Rise, west of New Zealand, a DSDP corehole has yielded a rich assemblage including four undescribed species. In addition to expanding the geographic distribution of Bolboforma, our work extends the known stratigraphic range downward into the upper Eocene on both sides of the North Atlantic and in the western South Pacific. Our findings firmly support the inference of a planktonic life style for Bolboforma, which implies a significant potential for biostratigraphic, paleobiogeographic, and paleoenvironmental studies, on both a local and global scale. We recommend a concerted effort to further document the nature and distribution of Bolboforma.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2307/3514510","usgsCitation":"Poag, C.W., and Karowe, A.L., 1986, Stratigraphic potential of Bolboforma significantly increased by new finds in the North Atlantic and South Pacific: Palaios, v. 1, no. 2, p. 162-171, https://doi.org/10.2307/3514510.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"162","endPage":"171","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296796,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c63e4b08de9379b3774","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poag, C. Wylie 0000-0002-6240-4065 wpoag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6240-4065","contributorId":2565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"wpoag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wylie","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":536966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karowe, A. L.","contributorId":131026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karowe","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":536967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5221502,"text":"5221502 - 1986 - Physiological condition of autumn-banded mallards and its relationship to hunting vulnerability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-15T15:18:39.457128","indexId":"5221502","displayToPublicDate":"1986-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physiological condition of autumn-banded mallards and its relationship to hunting vulnerability","docAbstract":"<p>An important topic of waterfowl ecology concerns the relationship between the physiological condition of ducks during the nonbreeding season and fitness, i.e., survival and future reproductive success. We investigated this subject using direct band recovery records of mallards (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>) banded in autumn (1 Oct-15 Dec) 1981-83 in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV) [USA]. A condition index, weight (g)/wing length (mm), was calculated for each duck, and we tested whether condition of mallards at time of banding was related to their probability of recovery during the hunting season. In 3 years, 5,610 mallards were banded and there were 234 direct recoveries. Three binary regression model was used to test the relationship between recovery probability and condition. Likelihood-ratio tests were conducted to determine the most suitable model. For mallards banded in autumn there was a negative relationship between physical condition and the probability of recovery. Mallards in poor condition at the time of banding had a greater probability of being recovered during the hunting season. In general, this was true for all ages and sex classes; however, the strongest relationship occurred for adult males.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801893","usgsCitation":"Hepp, G.R., Blohm, R.J., Reynolds, R., Hines, J., and Nichols, J.D., 1986, Physiological condition of autumn-banded mallards and its relationship to hunting vulnerability: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 50, no. 2, p. 177-183, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801893.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"183","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196741,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi Alluvial Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.27279718129824,\n              37.560644970364905\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.27279718129824,\n              30.15144184586643\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.93002851659321,\n              30.15144184586643\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.93002851659321,\n              37.560644970364905\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.27279718129824,\n              37.560644970364905\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685974","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hepp, Gary R.","contributorId":8191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hepp","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blohm, Robert J.","contributorId":202242,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blohm","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36385,"text":"Division of Migratory Bird Management, U.S. Fish And Wildlife Service, Retired, Bowie, MD 20715, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":334005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reynolds, Robert E.","contributorId":113220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Robert E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, James E. jhines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James E.","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":334004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":140652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":334002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70209252,"text":"70209252 - 1986 - Internal-wave currents as a mechanism to account for large sand waves in Navarinsky Canyon head, Bering Sea ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-25T13:08:39","indexId":"70209252","displayToPublicDate":"1986-03-25T13:04:49","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Internal-wave currents as a mechanism to account for large sand waves in Navarinsky Canyon head, Bering Sea ","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sand waves are found in the heads of four of five large submarine canyons that incise the northern continental margin of the Bering Sea. The sand waves occur in a restricted depth zone of about 175-490 m. Those in Navarinsky Canyon, the area surveyed in most detail, are best developed in water depths of 300-375 m; they average 5 m in height and about 650 m in wavelength, with crests oriented subparallel to isobaths and almost perpendicular to the axes of the two main branches of the canyon. We speculate that internal-wave currents are responsible for the sand waves. Currents generated by internal waves are a particularly attractive mechanism for at least three reasons: 1) the energy of the internal waves could be amplified in the head of Navarinsky Canyon, especially in the area of the sand wave field; 2) upslope boundary-layer intensification of internal-wave currents might be sufficient to move the sediment composing the sand waves; and 3) the wavelengths of higher-frequency internal waves closely match the spacing of the sand waves. Although we based our assumptions on present-day conditions, we do not know if the sand waves are active. Consequently, we do not discount the possibility that the sand waves could have originated in the Pleistocene when Navarinsky Canyon headed in a shallow embayment that was receiving large quantities of sediment discharged by glacial meltwater streams. These conditions probably caused strong vertical density gradients in the coastal waters, which would have been more favorable than those today for the propagation of high-frequency internal waves.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"SPEM","doi":"10.1306/212F8A21-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Karl, H.A., Cacchione, D., and Carlson, P., 1986, Internal-wave currents as a mechanism to account for large sand waves in Navarinsky Canyon head, Bering Sea : Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 56, no. 5, p. 706-714, https://doi.org/10.1306/212F8A21-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"706","endPage":"714","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373520,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Navarinksy Canyon Head, Bering Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -180,\n              57.657157596582984\n            ],\n            [\n              -173.583984375,\n              57.657157596582984\n            ],\n            [\n              -173.583984375,\n              61.438767493682825\n            ],\n            [\n              -180,\n              61.438767493682825\n            ],\n            [\n              -180,\n              57.657157596582984\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"56","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karl, H. A.","contributorId":115791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":785579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70121355,"text":"70121355 - 1986 - Sediment transport simulation in an armoured stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-21T09:10:08","indexId":"70121355","displayToPublicDate":"1986-03-24T09:04:56","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Sediment transport simulation in an armoured stream","docAbstract":"Improved methods of calculating bed material stability and transport must be developed for a gravel bed stream having an armoured surface in order to use the HEC-6 model to examine channel change.  Good possibilities exist for use of a two layer model based on the Schoklitsch and the Einstein-Brown transport equations.  In Einstein-Brown the D35 of the armour is used for stabilities and the D50 of the bed (sub-surface) is used for transport.  Data on the armour and sub-surface size distribution needs to be obtained as part of a bed material study in a gravel bed river; a \"shovel\" sample is not adequate.  The Meyer-Peter, Muller equation should not be applied to a gravel bed stream with an armoured surface to estimate the initiation of transport or for calculation of transport at low effective bed shear stress.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Fourth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference","conferenceTitle":"Fourth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference","conferenceDate":"1986-03-24T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV","language":"English","publisher":"Subcommittee on Sedimentation of the Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Milhous, R.T., Bradley, J.B., and Loeffler, C.L., 1986, Sediment transport simulation in an armoured stream, 11 p.","productDescription":"11 p.","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292734,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f707e4e4b05ec1f2431c17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milhous, Robert T.","contributorId":28646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhous","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradley, Jeffrey B.","contributorId":29272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loeffler, Cindy L.","contributorId":20262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loeffler","given":"Cindy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70176746,"text":"70176746 - 1986 - Volcano monitoring at the U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-05T16:55:51.068078","indexId":"70176746","displayToPublicDate":"1986-03-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcano monitoring at the U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","docAbstract":"<p>The island of Hawaii has one of the youngest landscapes on Earth, formed by frequent addition of new lava to its surface. &nbsp;Because Hawaiian are generally nonexplosive and easily accessible, the island has long attracted geologists interested in studying the extraordinary power of volcanic eruptions. &nbsp;The&nbsp;U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO), now nearing its 75th anniversary. has been in the forefront of volcanology since the 1900's. &nbsp;This issue of Earthquakes and volcanoes is devoted to the work of the Observatory and its role in studying the most recent eruptions of Hawaii's two currently active volcanoes, Kilauea and Mauna Loa.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Heliker, C.C., Griggs, J.D., Takahashi, T., and Wright, T., 1986, Volcano monitoring at the U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 18, no. 1, p. 4-69.","productDescription":"66 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"69","numberOfPages":"71","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329308,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-155.778234,20.245743],[-155.772734,20.245409],[-155.746893,20.232325],[-155.737004,20.222773],[-155.735822,20.212417],[-155.732704,20.205392],[-155.653966,20.16736],[-155.630382,20.146916],[-155.624565,20.145911],[-155.607797,20.137987],[-155.600909,20.126573],[-155.598033,20.124539],[-155.590923,20.122497],[-155.58168,20.123617],[-155.568368,20.130545],[-155.558933,20.13157],[-155.523661,20.120028],[-155.516795,20.11523],[-155.502561,20.114155],[-155.468211,20.104296],[-155.443957,20.095318],[-155.405459,20.078772],[-155.4024,20.075541],[-155.387578,20.067119],[-155.33021,20.038517],[-155.29548,20.024438],[-155.282629,20.021969],[-155.270316,20.014525],[-155.240933,19.990173],[-155.204486,19.969438],[-155.194593,19.958368],[-155.179939,19.949372],[-155.149215,19.922872],[-155.144394,19.920523],[-155.131235,19.906801],[-155.124618,19.897288],[-155.12175,19.886099],[-155.107541,19.872467],[-155.098716,19.867811],[-155.095032,19.867882],[-155.086341,19.855399],[-155.084357,19.849736],[-155.085674,19.838584],[-155.088979,19.826656],[-155.094414,19.81491],[-155.09207,19.799409],[-155.091216,19.776368],[-155.093517,19.771832],[-155.093387,19.737751],[-155.087118,19.728013],[-155.079426,19.726193],[-155.063972,19.728917],[-155.045382,19.739824],[-155.006423,19.739286],[-154.997278,19.72858],[-154.987168,19.708524],[-154.981102,19.690687],[-154.984718,19.672161],[-154.983778,19.641647],[-154.974342,19.633201],[-154.963933,19.627605],[-154.950359,19.626461],[-154.947874,19.62425],[-154.947718,19.621947],[-154.951014,19.613614],[-154.947106,19.604856],[-154.93394,19.597505],[-154.928205,19.592702],[-154.924422,19.586553],[-154.903542,19.570622],[-154.875,19.556797],[-154.852618,19.549172],[-154.837384,19.538354],[-154.826732,19.537626],[-154.814417,19.53009],[-154.809561,19.522377],[-154.809379,19.519086],[-154.822968,19.48129],[-154.838545,19.463642],[-154.86854,19.438126],[-154.887817,19.426425],[-154.928772,19.397646],[-154.944185,19.381852],[-154.964619,19.365646],[-154.980861,19.349291],[-155.020537,19.331317],[-155.061729,19.316636],[-155.113272,19.290613],[-155.1337,19.276099],[-155.159635,19.268375],[-155.172413,19.26906],[-155.187427,19.266156],[-155.19626,19.261295],[-155.205892,19.260907],[-155.243961,19.271313],[-155.264619,19.274213],[-155.296761,19.266289],[-155.303808,19.261835],[-155.31337,19.250698],[-155.341268,19.234039],[-155.349148,19.217756],[-155.360631,19.20893],[-155.378638,19.202435],[-155.390701,19.201171],[-155.417369,19.187858],[-155.427093,19.179546],[-155.432519,19.170623],[-155.453516,19.151952],[-155.465663,19.146964],[-155.505281,19.137908],[-155.51474,19.132501],[-155.51214,19.128174],[-155.512137,19.124296],[-155.519652,19.117025],[-155.526136,19.115889],[-155.528902,19.11371],[-155.544806,19.091059],[-155.551129,19.08878],[-155.557817,19.08213],[-155.555326,19.069377],[-155.555177,19.053932],[-155.557371,19.046565],[-155.566446,19.032531],[-155.576599,19.027412],[-155.581903,19.02224],[-155.596032,18.998833],[-155.596521,18.980654],[-155.601866,18.971572],[-155.613966,18.970399],[-155.625256,18.961951],[-155.625,18.959934],[-155.638054,18.941723],[-155.658486,18.924835],[-155.672005,18.917466],[-155.681825,18.918694],[-155.687716,18.923358],[-155.690171,18.932195],[-155.693117,18.940542],[-155.726043,18.969437],[-155.763598,18.981837],[-155.806109,19.013967],[-155.853943,19.023762],[-155.88155,19.036644],[-155.884077,19.039266],[-155.886278,19.05576],[-155.903693,19.080777],[-155.908355,19.081138],[-155.921389,19.121183],[-155.917292,19.155963],[-155.903339,19.217792],[-155.90491,19.230147],[-155.902565,19.258427],[-155.895435,19.274639],[-155.890842,19.298905],[-155.887356,19.337101],[-155.888701,19.348031],[-155.898792,19.377984],[-155.913849,19.401107],[-155.909087,19.415455],[-155.921707,19.43055],[-155.924269,19.438794],[-155.925166,19.468081],[-155.922609,19.478611],[-155.924124,19.481406],[-155.930523,19.484921],[-155.935641,19.485628],[-155.936403,19.481905],[-155.939145,19.481577],[-155.95149,19.486649],[-155.952897,19.488805],[-155.953663,19.510003],[-155.960457,19.546612],[-155.962264,19.551779],[-155.965211,19.554745],[-155.96935,19.555963],[-155.970969,19.586328],[-155.978206,19.608159],[-155.997728,19.642816],[-156.028982,19.650098],[-156.032928,19.653905],[-156.034994,19.65936],[-156.033326,19.66923],[-156.027427,19.672154],[-156.029281,19.678908],[-156.036079,19.690252],[-156.04796,19.698938],[-156.051652,19.703649],[-156.052485,19.718667],[-156.064364,19.730766],[-156.05722,19.742536],[-156.052315,19.756836],[-156.049651,19.780452],[-156.021732,19.8022],[-156.006267,19.81758],[-155.982821,19.845651],[-155.976651,19.85053],[-155.964817,19.855183],[-155.949251,19.857034],[-155.945297,19.853443],[-155.940311,19.852305],[-155.925843,19.858928],[-155.926938,19.870221],[-155.92549,19.875],[-155.915662,19.887126],[-155.901987,19.912081],[-155.894099,19.923135],[-155.894474,19.926927],[-155.892533,19.932162],[-155.866919,19.954172],[-155.856588,19.968885],[-155.840708,19.976952],[-155.838692,19.975527],[-155.835312,19.976078],[-155.831948,19.982775],[-155.828965,19.995542],[-155.825473,20.025944],[-155.828182,20.035424],[-155.850385,20.062506],[-155.866931,20.078652],[-155.88419,20.10675],[-155.899149,20.145728],[-155.906035,20.205157],[-155.901452,20.235787],[-155.890663,20.25524],[-155.882631,20.263026],[-155.873921,20.267744],[-155.853293,20.271548],[-155.811459,20.26032],[-155.783242,20.246395],[-155.778234,20.245743]]],[[[-157.789581,21.438396],[-157.789734,21.437679],[-157.789276,21.435833],[-157.790543,21.434313],[-157.791718,21.434881],[-157.793045,21.43391],[-157.793167,21.43574],[-157.791565,21.43651],[-157.791779,21.437752],[-157.793289,21.437658],[-157.791779,21.438435],[-157.791092,21.438442],[-157.790741,21.43874],[-157.789581,21.438396]]],[[[-160.125,21.95909],[-160.122262,21.962881],[-160.112746,21.995245],[-160.09645,22.001489],[-160.072123,22.003334],[-160.058543,21.99638],[-160.051992,21.983681],[-160.052729,21.980321],[-160.056336,21.977939],[-160.060549,21.976729],[-160.063349,21.978354],[-160.065811,21.976562],[-160.078393,21.955153],[-160.085787,21.927295],[-160.080012,21.910808],[-160.079065,21.89608],[-160.098897,21.884711],[-160.124283,21.876789],[-160.147609,21.872814],[-160.16162,21.864746],[-160.174796,21.846923],[-160.189782,21.82245],[-160.205211,21.789053],[-160.200427,21.786479],[-160.205851,21.779518],[-160.218044,21.783755],[-160.23478,21.795418],[-160.24961,21.815145],[-160.244943,21.848943],[-160.231028,21.886263],[-160.228965,21.889117],[-160.21383,21.899193],[-160.205528,21.907507],[-160.202716,21.912422],[-160.190158,21.923592],[-160.167471,21.932863],[-160.13705,21.948632],[-160.127302,21.955508],[-160.125,21.95909]]],[[[-159.431707,22.220015],[-159.40732,22.230555],[-159.388119,22.223252],[-159.385977,22.220009],[-159.367563,22.214906],[-159.359842,22.214831],[-159.357227,22.217744],[-159.353795,22.217669],[-159.339964,22.208519],[-159.315613,22.186817],[-159.308855,22.155555],[-159.297808,22.149748],[-159.295875,22.144547],[-159.295271,22.13039],[-159.297143,22.113815],[-159.317451,22.080944],[-159.321667,22.063411],[-159.324775,22.05867],[-159.333267,22.054639],[-159.337996,22.046575],[-159.341401,22.028978],[-159.333224,21.973005],[-159.333109,21.964176],[-159.334714,21.961099],[-159.350828,21.950817],[-159.356613,21.939546],[-159.382349,21.924479],[-159.408284,21.897781],[-159.425862,21.884527],[-159.446599,21.871647],[-159.471962,21.88292],[-159.490914,21.888898],[-159.517973,21.890996],[-159.555415,21.891355],[-159.574991,21.896585],[-159.577784,21.900486],[-159.584272,21.899038],[-159.610241,21.898356],[-159.637849,21.917166],[-159.648132,21.93297],[-159.671872,21.957038],[-159.681493,21.960054],[-159.705255,21.963427],[-159.72014,21.970789],[-159.758218,21.980694],[-159.765735,21.986593],[-159.788139,22.018411],[-159.790932,22.031177],[-159.786543,22.06369],[-159.780096,22.072567],[-159.748159,22.100388],[-159.741223,22.115666],[-159.733457,22.142756],[-159.726043,22.152171],[-159.699978,22.165252],[-159.66984,22.170782],[-159.608794,22.207878],[-159.591596,22.219456],[-159.583965,22.22668],[-159.559643,22.229185],[-159.554166,22.228212],[-159.548594,22.226263],[-159.54115,22.216764],[-159.534594,22.219403],[-159.523769,22.217602],[-159.51941,22.215646],[-159.518348,22.211182],[-159.515574,22.208008],[-159.507811,22.205987],[-159.501055,22.211064],[-159.500821,22.225538],[-159.488558,22.23317],[-159.480158,22.232715],[-159.467007,22.226529],[-159.45619,22.228811],[-159.441809,22.226321],[-159.431707,22.220015]]],[[[-157.014553,21.185503],[-156.999108,21.182221],[-156.991318,21.18551],[-156.987768,21.18935],[-156.982343,21.207798],[-156.984464,21.210063],[-156.984032,21.212198],[-156.974002,21.218503],[-156.969064,21.217018],[-156.962847,21.212131],[-156.951654,21.191662],[-156.950808,21.182636],[-156.946159,21.175963],[-156.918248,21.168279],[-156.903466,21.16421],[-156.898174,21.16594],[-156.89613,21.169561],[-156.896537,21.172208],[-156.867944,21.16452],[-156.841592,21.167926],[-156.821944,21.174693],[-156.771495,21.180053],[-156.742231,21.176214],[-156.738341,21.17202],[-156.736648,21.16188],[-156.719386,21.163911],[-156.712696,21.161547],[-156.714158,21.152238],[-156.726033,21.13236],[-156.748932,21.1086],[-156.775995,21.089751],[-156.790815,21.081686],[-156.794136,21.075796],[-156.835351,21.06336],[-156.865795,21.057801],[-156.877137,21.0493],[-156.891946,21.051831],[-156.89517,21.055771],[-156.953719,21.067761],[-157.00295,21.083282],[-157.02617,21.089015],[-157.032045,21.091094],[-157.037667,21.097864],[-157.079696,21.105835],[-157.095373,21.10636],[-157.125,21.1026],[-157.143483,21.096632],[-157.254061,21.090601],[-157.298054,21.096917],[-157.313343,21.105755],[-157.299187,21.132488],[-157.299471,21.135972],[-157.293774,21.146127],[-157.284346,21.157755],[-157.276474,21.163175],[-157.274504,21.162762],[-157.259911,21.174875],[-157.254709,21.181376],[-157.251007,21.190952],[-157.25026,21.207739],[-157.256935,21.215665],[-157.261457,21.217661],[-157.263163,21.220873],[-157.26069,21.225684],[-157.257085,21.227268],[-157.241534,21.220969],[-157.226445,21.220185],[-157.212082,21.221848],[-157.202125,21.219298],[-157.192439,21.207644],[-157.185553,21.205602],[-157.157103,21.200706],[-157.148125,21.200745],[-157.144627,21.202555],[-157.128207,21.201488],[-157.113438,21.197375],[-157.097971,21.198012],[-157.064264,21.189076],[-157.053053,21.188754],[-157.047757,21.190739],[-157.039987,21.190909],[-157.014553,21.185503]]],[[[-156.544169,20.522802],[-156.550016,20.520273],[-156.559994,20.521892],[-156.586238,20.511711],[-156.603844,20.524372],[-156.631143,20.514943],[-156.642347,20.508285],[-156.647464,20.512017],[-156.668809,20.504738],[-156.682939,20.506775],[-156.703673,20.527237],[-156.702265,20.532451],[-156.696662,20.541646],[-156.6801,20.557021],[-156.651567,20.565574],[-156.614598,20.587109],[-156.610734,20.59377],[-156.576871,20.60657],[-156.56714,20.604895],[-156.553604,20.594729],[-156.543034,20.580115],[-156.542808,20.573674],[-156.548909,20.56859],[-156.556021,20.542657],[-156.553018,20.539382],[-156.540189,20.534741],[-156.539643,20.527644],[-156.544169,20.522802]]],[[[-156.612012,21.02477],[-156.612065,21.027273],[-156.606238,21.034371],[-156.592256,21.03288],[-156.580448,21.020172],[-156.562773,21.016167],[-156.549813,21.004939],[-156.546291,21.005082],[-156.528246,20.967757],[-156.518707,20.954662],[-156.512226,20.95128],[-156.510391,20.940358],[-156.507913,20.937886],[-156.49948,20.934577],[-156.495883,20.928005],[-156.493263,20.916011],[-156.481055,20.898199],[-156.474796,20.894546],[-156.422668,20.911631],[-156.386045,20.919563],[-156.374297,20.927616],[-156.370729,20.932669],[-156.352649,20.941414],[-156.345655,20.941596],[-156.342365,20.938737],[-156.332817,20.94645],[-156.324578,20.950184],[-156.307198,20.942739],[-156.286332,20.947701],[-156.275116,20.937361],[-156.263107,20.940888],[-156.242555,20.937838],[-156.230159,20.931936],[-156.230089,20.917864],[-156.226757,20.916677],[-156.222062,20.918309],[-156.217953,20.916573],[-156.216341,20.907035],[-156.173103,20.876926],[-156.170458,20.874605],[-156.166746,20.865646],[-156.132669,20.861369],[-156.129381,20.847513],[-156.115735,20.827301],[-156.100123,20.828502],[-156.090291,20.831872],[-156.059788,20.81054],[-156.033287,20.808246],[-156.003532,20.795545],[-156.002947,20.789418],[-155.987944,20.776552],[-155.984587,20.767496],[-155.986851,20.758577],[-155.985413,20.744245],[-155.987216,20.722717],[-155.991534,20.713654],[-156.00187,20.698064],[-156.01415,20.685681],[-156.020044,20.686857],[-156.030702,20.682452],[-156.040341,20.672719],[-156.043786,20.664902],[-156.053385,20.65432],[-156.059753,20.652044],[-156.081472,20.654387],[-156.089365,20.648519],[-156.120985,20.633685],[-156.129898,20.627523],[-156.142665,20.623605],[-156.144588,20.624032],[-156.148085,20.629067],[-156.156772,20.629639],[-156.169732,20.627358],[-156.173393,20.6241],[-156.184556,20.629719],[-156.192938,20.631769],[-156.210258,20.628518],[-156.225338,20.62294],[-156.236145,20.61595],[-156.265921,20.601629],[-156.284391,20.596488],[-156.288037,20.59203],[-156.293454,20.588783],[-156.302692,20.586199],[-156.322944,20.588273],[-156.351716,20.58697],[-156.359634,20.581977],[-156.370725,20.57876],[-156.377633,20.578427],[-156.415313,20.586099],[-156.417523,20.589728],[-156.415746,20.594044],[-156.417799,20.598682],[-156.423141,20.602079],[-156.427708,20.598873],[-156.431872,20.598143],[-156.438385,20.601337],[-156.444242,20.607941],[-156.442884,20.613842],[-156.450651,20.642212],[-156.445894,20.64927],[-156.443673,20.656018],[-156.448656,20.704739],[-156.451038,20.725469],[-156.452895,20.731287],[-156.458438,20.736676],[-156.462242,20.753952],[-156.462058,20.772571],[-156.464043,20.781667],[-156.473562,20.790756],[-156.489496,20.798339],[-156.501688,20.799933],[-156.506026,20.799463],[-156.515994,20.794234],[-156.525215,20.780821],[-156.537752,20.778408],[-156.631794,20.82124],[-156.678634,20.870541],[-156.688969,20.888673],[-156.687804,20.89072],[-156.688132,20.906325],[-156.691334,20.91244],[-156.697418,20.916368],[-156.69989,20.920629],[-156.69411,20.952708],[-156.680905,20.980262],[-156.665514,21.007054],[-156.652419,21.008994],[-156.645966,21.014416],[-156.642592,21.019936],[-156.644167,21.022312],[-156.642809,21.027583],[-156.619581,21.027793],[-156.612012,21.02477]]],[[[-157.010001,20.929757],[-156.989813,20.932127],[-156.971604,20.926254],[-156.937529,20.925274],[-156.91845,20.922546],[-156.897169,20.915395],[-156.837047,20.863575],[-156.825237,20.850731],[-156.809576,20.826036],[-156.808469,20.820396],[-156.809463,20.809169],[-156.817427,20.794606],[-156.838321,20.764575],[-156.846413,20.760201],[-156.851481,20.760069],[-156.869753,20.754701],[-156.890295,20.744855],[-156.909081,20.739533],[-156.949009,20.738997],[-156.96789,20.73508],[-156.984747,20.756677],[-156.994001,20.786671],[-156.988933,20.815496],[-156.991834,20.826603],[-157.006243,20.849603],[-157.010911,20.854476],[-157.054552,20.877219],[-157.059663,20.884634],[-157.061128,20.890635],[-157.062511,20.904385],[-157.05913,20.913407],[-157.035789,20.927078],[-157.025626,20.929528],[-157.010001,20.929757]]],[[[-158.044485,21.306011],[-158.0883,21.2988],[-158.1033,21.2979],[-158.1127,21.3019],[-158.1211,21.3169],[-158.1225,21.3224],[-158.111949,21.326622],[-158.114196,21.331123],[-158.119427,21.334594],[-158.125459,21.330264],[-158.13324,21.359207],[-158.1403,21.3738],[-158.149719,21.385208],[-158.161743,21.396282],[-158.1792,21.4043],[-158.181274,21.409626],[-158.181,21.420868],[-158.182648,21.430073],[-158.192352,21.44804],[-158.205383,21.459793],[-158.219446,21.46978],[-158.233,21.4876],[-158.231171,21.523857],[-158.23175,21.533035],[-158.234314,21.540058],[-158.250671,21.557373],[-158.27951,21.575794],[-158.277679,21.578789],[-158.254425,21.582684],[-158.190704,21.585892],[-158.17,21.5823],[-158.12561,21.586739],[-158.10672,21.596577],[-158.106689,21.603024],[-158.1095,21.6057],[-158.108185,21.607487],[-158.079895,21.628101],[-158.0668,21.6437],[-158.066711,21.65234],[-158.0639,21.6584],[-158.0372,21.6843],[-158.018127,21.699955],[-157.9923,21.708],[-157.98703,21.712494],[-157.968628,21.712704],[-157.947174,21.689568],[-157.939,21.669],[-157.9301,21.6552],[-157.924591,21.651183],[-157.9228,21.6361],[-157.9238,21.6293],[-157.910797,21.611183],[-157.900574,21.605885],[-157.87735,21.575277],[-157.878601,21.560181],[-157.872528,21.557568],[-157.8669,21.5637],[-157.85614,21.560661],[-157.85257,21.557514],[-157.836945,21.529945],[-157.837372,21.512085],[-157.849579,21.509598],[-157.852625,21.499971],[-157.84549,21.466747],[-157.84099,21.459483],[-157.82489,21.455379],[-157.8163,21.4502],[-157.8139,21.4403],[-157.8059,21.4301],[-157.786513,21.415633],[-157.779846,21.417309],[-157.774455,21.421352],[-157.772209,21.431236],[-157.774905,21.453698],[-157.772209,21.457741],[-157.764572,21.461335],[-157.754239,21.461335],[-157.737617,21.459089],[-157.731777,21.455944],[-157.731328,21.444713],[-157.73582,21.438424],[-157.740762,21.424048],[-157.741211,21.414614],[-157.7386,21.4043],[-157.730191,21.401871],[-157.728221,21.402104],[-157.726421,21.402845],[-157.724324,21.403311],[-157.723794,21.40329],[-157.723286,21.403227],[-157.722735,21.403121],[-157.722544,21.403036],[-157.721845,21.401596],[-157.721083,21.399541],[-157.7189,21.3961],[-157.7089,21.3833],[-157.7087,21.3793],[-157.7126,21.3689],[-157.7106,21.3585],[-157.7088,21.3534],[-157.6971,21.3364],[-157.6938,21.3329],[-157.6619,21.3131],[-157.6518,21.3139],[-157.652629,21.308709],[-157.6537,21.302],[-157.6946,21.2739],[-157.6944,21.2665],[-157.7001,21.264],[-157.7097,21.2621],[-157.7139,21.2638],[-157.7142,21.2665],[-157.7114,21.272],[-157.7122,21.2814],[-157.7143,21.2845],[-157.7213,21.2869],[-157.7572,21.278],[-157.765,21.2789],[-157.7782,21.2735],[-157.7931,21.2604],[-157.8096,21.2577],[-157.8211,21.2606],[-157.8241,21.2646],[-157.8253,21.2714],[-157.8319,21.2795],[-157.8457,21.29],[-157.89,21.3065],[-157.894518,21.319632],[-157.898969,21.327391],[-157.90482,21.329172],[-157.918939,21.318615],[-157.917921,21.313781],[-157.913469,21.310983],[-157.910925,21.305768],[-157.952263,21.306531],[-157.950736,21.312509],[-157.951881,21.318742],[-157.967971,21.327986],[-157.973334,21.327426],[-157.989424,21.317984],[-158.0245,21.3093],[-158.044485,21.306011]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Hawaii\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","volume":"18","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fec522e4b0824b2d158d9b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Spall, Henry","contributorId":77933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spall","given":"Henry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650172,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Heliker, Christina C.","contributorId":68695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heliker","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griggs, J. D.","contributorId":174565,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Griggs","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Takahashi, T. Jane jtakahashi@usgs.gov","contributorId":4298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takahashi","given":"T. Jane","email":"jtakahashi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":650170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":650171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70208972,"text":"70208972 - 1986 - Comment and Reply on “Ouachita trough: Part of a Cambrian failed rift system”: COMMENT","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-09T14:29:20","indexId":"70208972","displayToPublicDate":"1986-03-09T14:23:20","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comment and Reply on “Ouachita trough: Part of a Cambrian failed rift system”: COMMENT","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<627b:CAROOT>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ketner, K.B., Ethington, R.L., Repetski, J.E., \r\nRoss, R., and Stone, C.G., 1986, Comment and Reply on “Ouachita trough: Part of a Cambrian failed rift system”: COMMENT: Geology, v. 14, no. 7, p. 627-627, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<627b:CAROOT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"627","endPage":"627","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373024,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ketner, Keith B.","contributorId":957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ketner","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":784234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ethington, R. L.","contributorId":147216,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ethington","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6754,"text":"University of Missouri","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":784235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Repetski, John E. 0000-0002-2298-7120 jrepetski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-7120","contributorId":2596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetski","given":"John","email":"jrepetski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":784236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"\r\nRoss, Reuben James","contributorId":121304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"\r\nRoss","given":"Reuben James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stone, C. G.","contributorId":91094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":32538,"text":"32538 - 1986 - National atlas: Territorial growth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-06T13:39:03.97745","indexId":"32538","displayToPublicDate":"1986-03-01T16:51:21","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"National atlas: Territorial growth","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/32538","usgsCitation":"Stoll, H.G., 1986, National atlas: Territorial growth, 1 Plate: 27.88 x 19.14 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/32538.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 27.88 x 19.14 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291553,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/32538/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":433514,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/32538/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"34000000","country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -130.67138671875,\n              54.686534234529695\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.9462890625,\n              55.36662484928637\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.1220703125,\n              56.145549500679074\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.9677734375,\n              56.9449741808516\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.3076171875,\n              59.833775202184206\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.38427734375,\n              59.65664225341022\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.6259765625,\n              59.23217626921806\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.52685546875,\n              58.938673187948304\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.65869140625,\n              59.33318942659219\n            ],\n            [\n              -138.8232421875,\n              60.009970961180386\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.21874999999997,\n              60.108670463036\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.04296875,\n              60.403001945865476\n            ],\n            [\n              -139.85595703125,\n              60.337823495982015\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.99853515625,\n              60.337823495982015\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.15234374999997,\n              69.71810669906763\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.4375,\n              70.17020068549206\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.1953125,\n              70.08056215839737\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.765625,\n              70.58341752317065\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.40234375,\n              70.61261423801925\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.314453125,\n              70.95969716686398\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.1484375,\n              71.35706654962706\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.9609375,\n              70.8734913192635\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.0703125,\n              70.31873847853124\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.916015625,\n              69.06856318696033\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.376953125,\n              68.942606818121\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.376953125,\n              68.26938680456564\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.30078125,\n              66.86108230224609\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.982421875,\n              66.47820814385636\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.564453125,\n              66.08936427047088\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.564453125,\n              66.6181218846659\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.76171875,\n              66.40795547978848\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.0908203125,\n              65.69447579373418\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.55273437499997,\n              65.14611484756372\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.904296875,\n              65.05360170595502\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.3330078125,\n              64.41592147626879\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.861328125,\n              64.39693778132846\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.927734375,\n              64.90491004905083\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.0595703125,\n              64.47279382008166\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.4990234375,\n              64.49172504435471\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.8837890625,\n              63.87939001720202\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.1474609375,\n              63.470144746565424\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.6416015625,\n              63.64625919492172\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.212890625,\n              63.05495931065107\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.2236328125,\n              63.37183226679281\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.1572265625,\n              61.75233128411639\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.3662109375,\n              60.54377524118842\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.431640625,\n              60.326947742998414\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.255859375,\n              59.866883195210214\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.8935546875,\n              59.7563950493563\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.68554687499997,\n              59.734253447591364\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.3779296875,\n              60.174306261926034\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.806640625,\n              59.46740794183739\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.0263671875,\n              59.108308258604964\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.806640625,\n              58.768200159239576\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.20214843749997,\n              58.65408464530598\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.83984375,\n              58.44773280389084\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.9609375,\n              58.6769376725869\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.08203125,\n              58.309488840677645\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.88476562499997,\n              58.92733441827545\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.5,\n              58.516651799363785\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.8076171875,\n              57.61010702068388\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.54296875,\n              56.022948079627454\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.6181640625,\n              53.4357192066942\n            ],\n            [\n              -174.9462890625,\n              52.26815737376817\n            ],\n            [\n              -178.2421875,\n              51.83577752045248\n            ],\n            [\n              -173.1884765625,\n              51.590722643120145\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.5537109375,\n              54.23955053156177\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.302734375,\n              55.52863052257191\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.4794921875,\n              57.51582286553883\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.9970703125,\n              60.08676274626006\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.546875,\n              60.21799073323445\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.228515625,\n              59.689926220143356\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.3828125,\n              59.93300042374631\n            ],\n            [\n              -138.3837890625,\n              58.83649009392136\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.6591796875,\n              56.31653672211301\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.2421875,\n              54.521081495443596\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.67138671875,\n              54.686534234529695\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -66.796875,\n              44.902577996288876\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.67578124999999,\n              45.583289756006316\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.939453125,\n              47.57652571374621\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.2578125,\n              47.338822694822\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.19140625,\n              45.27488643704891\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.146484375,\n              44.96479793033101\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.046875,\n              43.644025847699496\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.1015625,\n              43.51668853502906\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.1015625,\n              42.87596410238256\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.68310546875,\n              41.65649719441145\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.14453125,\n              42.049292638686836\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.07861328125,\n              42.374778361114195\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.529296875,\n              42.601619944327965\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.24365234375,\n              43.6599240747891\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.41943359375,\n              45.058001435398275\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.60595703125,\n              45.85941212790755\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.49609375,\n              46.027481852486645\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7158203125,\n              46.164614496897094\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.95751953125,\n              46.07323062540835\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.24316406249999,\n              46.558860303117164\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.72656249999999,\n              46.558860303117164\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.90234375,\n              46.92025531537451\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.41796875,\n              48.3416461723746\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.3408203125,\n              47.96050238891509\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.76904296874999,\n              48.122101028190805\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.87890625,\n              48.22467264956519\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.51611328125,\n              48.10743118848039\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.2412109375,\n              48.37084770238366\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.39501953125,\n              48.23930899024907\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.94433593749999,\n              48.61838518688487\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.44970703125,\n              48.63290858589535\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.7021484375,\n              48.748945343432936\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.833984375,\n              49.23912083246698\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.1416015625,\n              49.396675075193976\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20751953125,\n              49.009050809382046\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.22265625000001,\n              48.99463598353405\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.0908203125,\n              48.80686346108517\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.24462890625,\n              48.66194284607006\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.1787109375,\n              48.32703913063476\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.78271484375,\n              48.472921272487824\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.93652343749999,\n              48.16608541901253\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.365234375,\n              46.58906908309182\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.541015625,\n              44.15068115978094\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.93652343749999,\n              42.69858589169842\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.541015625,\n              41.22824901518529\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.73876953125,\n              40.43022363450862\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.03564453125,\n              39.35129035526705\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.01367187499999,\n              38.8225909761771\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.05810546875,\n              36.12012758978146\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.95947265624999,\n              34.88593094075317\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.80566406250001,\n              34.08906131584994\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.21289062499999,\n              32.2313896627376\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.22412109375,\n              32.54681317351514\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.78515624999999,\n              32.713355353177555\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.78515624999999,\n              32.491230287947594\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.98388671874999,\n              31.3348710339506\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.21533203125,\n              31.297327991404266\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.2373046875,\n              31.765537409484374\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.435546875,\n              31.765537409484374\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.9853515625,\n              30.600093873550072\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.47998046875,\n              29.592565403314087\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.20556640625,\n              28.94086176940557\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.65625,\n              29.76437737516313\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.3486328125,\n              29.84064389983441\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.49169921875,\n              29.7453016622136\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.83251953125,\n              29.267232865200878\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.30517578125,\n              28.246327971048842\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.60205078124999,\n              27.586197857692664\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.47021484375,\n              27.31321389856826\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.228515625,\n              26.52956523826758\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.2177734375,\n              26.05678288577881\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.75634765625,\n              26.03704188651584\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.44873046875,\n              25.839449402063185\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.20703125,\n              25.93828707492375\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.8994140625,\n              26.194876675795218\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.78955078125,\n              27.858503954841247\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.75732421875,\n              29.420460341013133\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.2197265625,\n              28.998531814051795\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.22021484375,\n              29.05616970274342\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.91259765625,\n              30.14512718337613\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.5283203125,\n              30.183121842195515\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.2978515625,\n              29.49698759653577\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.13330078125,\n              29.80251790576445\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.81494140625,\n              28.555576049185973\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.21044921875,\n              27.800209937418252\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.77099609375,\n              26.941659545381516\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.08984375,\n              25.878994400196202\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.5625,\n              25.264568475331583\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.28759765625,\n              24.467150664739002\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.0458984375,\n              24.046463999666567\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.6396484375,\n              24.56710835257599\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.78271484375,\n              25.34402602913433\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.60693359375,\n              27.27416111737468\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.68359375,\n              30.713503990354965\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.66162109375,\n              31.50362930577303\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.81640625,\n              34.07086232376631\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.16845703124999,\n              35.263561862152095\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.498046875,\n              37.055177106660814\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.58642578125,\n              39.90973623453719\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.3671875,\n              40.84706035607122\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.63134765625,\n              40.9964840143779\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.0048828125,\n              42.342305278572816\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.3564453125,\n              42.89206418807337\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.2802734375,\n              44.37098696297173\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.0166015625,\n              44.69989765840318\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.796875,\n              44.902577996288876\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.56640625,\n              18.771115062337024\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.68749999999997,\n              19.642587534013032\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.9287109375,\n              21.453068633086783\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.521484375,\n              22.43134015636061\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.5322265625,\n              21.983801417384697\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.9609375,\n              21.207458730482642\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.291015625,\n              20.92039691397189\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.97265625,\n              19.932041306115536\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.9619140625,\n              18.8543103618898\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.56640625,\n              18.771115062337024\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53dca9c8e4b0761578637742","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoll, H. George","contributorId":82625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoll","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70121065,"text":"70121065 - 1986 - Preparing a FWS cumulative impacts program: January 1985 workshop proceedings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-19T12:35:47","indexId":"70121065","displayToPublicDate":"1986-03-01T12:34:39","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Preparing a FWS cumulative impacts program: January 1985 workshop proceedings","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Report","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Williamson, S.C., Armour, C.L., and Johnson, R.L., 1986, Preparing a FWS cumulative impacts program: January 1985 workshop proceedings, v. 85, no. 11.2, vi, 37 p.","productDescription":"vi, 37 p.","numberOfPages":"43","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292554,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"85","issue":"11.2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f464cee4b073ff773a7d42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williamson, Samuel C.","contributorId":23080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Armour, Carl L.","contributorId":16499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armour","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Richard L.","contributorId":32626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70208741,"text":"70208741 - 1986 - Miocene diatoms from Richmond, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-02T11:47:58","indexId":"70208741","displayToPublicDate":"1986-03-01T11:07:56","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Miocene diatoms from Richmond, Virginia","docAbstract":"<p><span>In downtown Richmond, Va., a highly diatomaceous deposit contains a diatom assemblage in which 87 taxa have been identified. The diatoms indicate that this sedimentary unit is correlative with Lithologic Unit 19 of the Choptank Formation of middle Miocene age. Also in Richmond, a sedimentary unit correlated with the Eastover Formation overlies the Choptank Formation and contains a sparse diatom assemblage in which 24 taxa have been identified. The diatoms in this upper deposit form an assemblage that is distinctive from that of the Choptank Formation and is of late Miocene age. Both diatom assemblages are dominated by taxa indicating deposition in a littoral or shallow neritic marine environment. Although reasons for differences in diatom diversity and abundance between the two formations are obscure, these differences appear to reflect the greater primary productivity of diatoms in middle Miocene than in later Tertiary time.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Paleontological Society","doi":"10.1017/S0022336000022010","usgsCitation":"Andrews, G.W., 1986, Miocene diatoms from Richmond, Virginia: Journal of Paleontology, v. 60, no. 2, p. 497-538, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022336000022010.","productDescription":"42 p.","startPage":"497","endPage":"538","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":372694,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","city":"Richmond","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.70492553710938,\n              37.38325280195101\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.27371215820312,\n              37.38325280195101\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.27371215820312,\n              37.65338320128765\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.70492553710938,\n              37.65338320128765\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.70492553710938,\n              37.38325280195101\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, George William","contributorId":62995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70121362,"text":"70121362 - 1986 - The application of habitat modeling to the desert tortoise (<i>Gopherus agassizii</i>)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-21T10:17:42","indexId":"70121362","displayToPublicDate":"1986-03-01T10:15:07","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1892,"text":"Herpetologica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The application of habitat modeling to the desert tortoise (<i>Gopherus agassizii</i>)","docAbstract":"Habitat modeling offers an approach to understanding some management problems of desert tortoises (<i>Gopherus agassizii</i>) and to focusing new research efforts.  Modeling can provide (1) a method to organize existing information, (2) a means to identify whether physical habitat or some factor outside the scope of the habitat model is limiting populations, (3) a method to integrate habitat into resource development planning, and (4) a mechanism for focusing research on missing species-habitat information.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Herpetologica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Herpetologists' League","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","usgsCitation":"Schamberger, M.L., and Turner, F.B., 1986, The application of habitat modeling to the desert tortoise (<i>Gopherus agassizii</i>): Herpetologica, v. 42, no. 1, p. 134-138.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"134","endPage":"138","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292747,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f707e5e4b05ec1f2431c2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schamberger, Melvin L.","contributorId":10474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schamberger","given":"Melvin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turner, Frederick B.","contributorId":44086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1014242,"text":"1014242 - 1986 - Effects of five metals on susceptibility of striped bass to Flexibacter columnaris","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-08T16:47:00.201335","indexId":"1014242","displayToPublicDate":"1986-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of five metals on susceptibility of striped bass to Flexibacter columnaris","docAbstract":"<p><span>Exposure of young striped bass Morone saxatilis (weight, 8.5–34 g) to a mixture of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, and selenium at 4 and 10 times the average environmental concentrations of 1–3 μg/L protected the fish from experimental infection with Flexibacter columnaris, the causal organism of columnaris disease. In four trials, all striped bass died within 7 d after a 2‐min exposure to 5 × 10</span><sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;F. columnaris cells in untreated water. In contrast, no fish died after a single dayˈs exposure to the metal mixture followed by infection with F. columnaris and a second exposure to the metals for seven more days. When striped bass were exposed 5 d to individual metals, copper protected against infection and cadmium offered marginal protection but was slightly toxic after 2 d exposure. Arsenic increased susceptibility to infection, and lead and selenium were without an apparent effect.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1986)115<227:EOFMOS>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"MacFarlane, R., Bullock, G.L., and McLaughlin, J., 1986, Effects of five metals on susceptibility of striped bass to Flexibacter columnaris: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 115, no. 2, p. 227-231, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1986)115<227:EOFMOS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"227","endPage":"231","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132180,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db61562c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacFarlane, R.D.","contributorId":54559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacFarlane","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bullock, G. L.","contributorId":69498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullock","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McLaughlin, J.J.A.","contributorId":100332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"J.J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}