Albino (amelanic) adult chorus frogs (Pseudacris triseriata) occurred with frequencies of 7 percent in 1981 and 12 percent in 1982 in breeding aggregations at a pond in the foothills of the Colorado Front Range. Laboratory matings and examination of albino egg masses suggest that the absence of melanin is due to a recessive allele. The albino phenotype displayed no deficiencies in survival of embryos, rates of embryo or larval development, or rates of growth of Juvenile frogs. The absence of abnormalities in development or growth suggests that the a allele in P. triseriata has an action different from albino alleles studied previously in anurans.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Genetic Association","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110208","usgsCitation":"Corn, P., 1986, Genetic and developmental studies of albino chorus frogs: Journal of Heredity, v. 77, no. 3, p. 164-172, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110208.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"164","endPage":"172","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292657,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b651e4b09d12e0e8e6bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Corn, Paul Stephen 0000-0002-4106-6335","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4106-6335","contributorId":107379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corn","given":"Paul Stephen","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121258,"text":"70121258 - 1986 - 1986 wetland plant list: Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T13:38:36","indexId":"70121258","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T13:37:41","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"1986 wetland plant list: Vermont","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Reed, P., 1986, 1986 wetland plant list: Vermont.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292656,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.4305,42.7268 ], [ -73.4305,45.0167 ], [ -71.465,45.0167 ], [ -71.465,42.7268 ], [ -73.4305,42.7268 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b649e4b09d12e0e8e62f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, P.B. Jr.","contributorId":87892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"P.B.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121256,"text":"70121256 - 1986 - 1986 wetland plant list: Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T13:33:27","indexId":"70121256","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T13:32:40","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"1986 wetland plant list: Utah","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Reed, P., 1986, 1986 wetland plant list: Utah.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292653,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.053,36.9979 ], [ -114.053,42.0016 ], [ -109.0411,42.0016 ], [ -109.0411,36.9979 ], [ -114.053,36.9979 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b649e4b09d12e0e8e62a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, P.B. Jr.","contributorId":87892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"P.B.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121088,"text":"70121088 - 1986 - 1986 wetland plant list: North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-19T13:23:32","indexId":"70121088","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T13:22:39","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"1986 wetland plant list: North Dakota","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Reed, P., 1986, 1986 wetland plant list: North Dakota.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292574,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.05,45.9351 ], [ -104.05,49.0007 ], [ -96.5545,49.0007 ], [ -96.5545,45.9351 ], [ -104.05,45.9351 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f464c2e4b073ff773a7c93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, P.B. Jr.","contributorId":87892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"P.B.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121087,"text":"70121087 - 1986 - 1986 wetland plant list: New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-19T13:22:06","indexId":"70121087","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T13:21:17","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"1986 wetland plant list: New Jersey","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Reed, P., 1986, 1986 wetland plant list: New Jersey.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292573,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.5598,38.9286 ], [ -75.5598,41.3574 ], [ -73.9024,41.3574 ], [ -73.9024,38.9286 ], [ -75.5598,38.9286 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f464c1e4b073ff773a7c7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, P.B. Jr.","contributorId":87892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"P.B.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121255,"text":"70121255 - 1986 - Using climate data to predict grizzly bear litter size","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T13:30:27","indexId":"70121255","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T13:21:02","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":978,"text":"Bears: Their Biology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using climate data to predict grizzly bear litter size","docAbstract":"A 5-year double-bind test was conducted to test the predictive capability of a previously published (Picton 1978) regression (Y= 2.01 + 0.042x), which described the relationship between the littler size of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) and an index of climate plus carrion availability (climate-carrion index). This regression showed an efficient in excess of 99% in predicting the observed grizzly bear littler size. The predictions made using the climate-carrion index had a mean absolute error of less than 25% of forecasts using other methods. The updated climate-carrion index regression, which includes all of the 16 years for which data are available, is Y= 2.009 + 0.042x (r = 0.078; P < 0.01; N = 16). We concluded that the climate-carrion index can be a helpful tool in predicting grizzly bear littler size. The relation of this information to the effects of the closure of Yellowstone Park garbage dumps is discussed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bears: Their Biology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research and Management","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.2307/3872804","usgsCitation":"Picton, H.D., and Knight, R.R., 1986, Using climate data to predict grizzly bear litter size: Bears: Their Biology and Management, v. 6, p. 41-44, https://doi.org/10.2307/3872804.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292652,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292651,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3872804"}],"volume":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b65ae4b09d12e0e8e713","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Picton, Harold D.","contributorId":57378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Picton","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knight, Richard R.","contributorId":68660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70121254,"text":"70121254 - 1986 - Climate, carrying capacity, and the Yellowstone grizzly bear","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T13:19:38","indexId":"70121254","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T13:18:05","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Climate, carrying capacity, and the Yellowstone grizzly bear","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Grizzly Bear Habitat Symposium","conferenceTitle":"Grizzly Bear Habitat Symposium","conferenceDate":"1985-04-30T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Missoula, MT","language":"English","publisher":"Intermountain Research Station","publisherLocation":"Ogden, UT","usgsCitation":"Picton, H., Mattson, D., Blanchard, B., and Knight, R., 1986, Climate, carrying capacity, and the Yellowstone grizzly bear, 1 p.","productDescription":"1 p.","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292650,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Montana;Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.156,44.1324 ], [ -111.156,45.109 ], [ -109.8242,45.109 ], [ -109.8242,44.1324 ], [ -111.156,44.1324 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b64be4b09d12e0e8e666","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Picton, H.D.","contributorId":12641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Picton","given":"H.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mattson, D.M.","contributorId":55352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattson","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blanchard, B.M.","contributorId":40907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanchard","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knight, R.R.","contributorId":59063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70121252,"text":"70121252 - 1986 - 1986 wetland plant list: Hawaii region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T13:15:30","indexId":"70121252","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T13:14:40","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"1986 wetland plant list: Hawaii region","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Reed, P., 1986, 1986 wetland plant list: Hawaii region.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292649,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -178.31,18.91 ], [ -178.31,28.4 ], [ -154.81,28.4 ], [ -154.81,18.91 ], [ -178.31,18.91 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b646e4b09d12e0e8e5ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, P.B. Jr.","contributorId":87892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"P.B.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121251,"text":"70121251 - 1986 - 1986 national plant list: regional indicator compilation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T13:05:45","indexId":"70121251","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T13:05:20","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"1986 national plant list: regional indicator compilation","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"Wetland Ecology Group for National Wetlands Inventory, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Reed, P., 1986, 1986 national plant list: regional indicator compilation.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292648,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b640e4b09d12e0e8e5bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, P.B. Jr.","contributorId":87892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"P.B.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121250,"text":"70121250 - 1986 - Mitigation evaluation: results of a user needs survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T13:04:13","indexId":"70121250","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T13:03:23","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"NEC-87/01","title":"Mitigation evaluation: results of a user needs survey","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Ecology Center","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Roelle, J.E., 1986, Mitigation evaluation: results of a user needs survey, 30 p.","productDescription":"30 p.","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292647,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b657e4b09d12e0e8e6fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roelle, J. E.","contributorId":91066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70120433,"text":"70120433 - 1986 - User's handbook for the wetland values data base","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-14T13:03:00","indexId":"70120433","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T13:02:28","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"NEC-86/19","title":"User's handbook for the wetland values data base","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Stuber, P., 1986, User's handbook for the wetland values data base.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292203,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53edcd56e4b0f61b386d24c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuber, P.J.","contributorId":41751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuber","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32387,"text":"32387 - 1986 - Engineering aspects of karst","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-10T13:02:21","indexId":"32387","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T13:00:02","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Engineering aspects of karst","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/32387","usgsCitation":"Davies, W., 1986, Engineering aspects of karst, 3 maps, https://doi.org/10.3133/32387.","productDescription":"3 maps","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289727,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"7500000","projection":"Albers equal area projection","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53bfb5f8e4b06d97a6487d12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davies, W.E.","contributorId":12440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121249,"text":"70121249 - 1986 - Comparison of capture-recapture and visual count indices of prairie dog densities in black-footed ferret habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T12:59:21","indexId":"70121249","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T12:57:48","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1854,"text":"Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of capture-recapture and visual count indices of prairie dog densities in black-footed ferret habitat","docAbstract":"Black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) are dependent on prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) for food and on their burrows for shelter and rearing young. A stable prairie dog population may therefore be the most important factor determining the survival of ferrets. A rapid method of determining prairie dog density would be useful for assessing prairie dog density in colonies currently occupied by ferrets and for selecting prairie dog colonies in other areas for ferret translocation. This study showed that visual counts can provide a rapid density estimate. Visual counts of white-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys leucurus) were significantly correlated (r = 0.95) with mark-recapture population density estimates on two study areas near Meeteetse, Wyoming. Suggestions are given for use of visual counts.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Brigham Young University","publisherLocation":"Provo, UT","usgsCitation":"Fagerstone, K.A., and Biggins, D.E., 1986, Comparison of capture-recapture and visual count indices of prairie dog densities in black-footed ferret habitat: Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, v. 8, p. 94-98.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"94","endPage":"98","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292646,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b64ce4b09d12e0e8e66f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fagerstone, Kathleen A.","contributorId":86619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagerstone","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Biggins, Dean E. 0000-0003-2078-671X bigginsd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2078-671X","contributorId":2522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggins","given":"Dean","email":"bigginsd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006754,"text":"70006754 - 1986 - Long-term on-site and off-site effects of logging and erosion in the Redwood Creek basin, northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T14:50:43","indexId":"70006754","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T12:57:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"seriesTitle":{"id":447,"text":"Technical Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":12}},"title":"Long-term on-site and off-site effects of logging and erosion in the Redwood Creek basin, northern California","docAbstract":"For nearly 15 years, the Redwood Creek Watershed in north coastal California has been the focus of both U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and National Park Service (NPS) studies designed to document and quantify the nature of erosion, sedimentation and sediment transport processes active in the basin. While none of these studies were specifically designed to assess possible cumulative effects resulting from land use, we can demonstrate, by synthesizing a number of study findings throughout the watershed, that some land use practices do result in long-term and persistent changes to hillslopes and stream channels.
\nFor this discussion, \"Cumulative Effects\" are viewed as multiple, persistent impacts which are separated in either space or time from the original land use disturbance. Although each incremental disturbance may have an insignificant effect when viewed alone, the impacts may become cumulatively significant when seen in aggregate or when multiple erosion sources are triggered simultaneously by a large storm. For example, an undersized culvert which becomes plugged of whose capacity is exceeded by storm runoff can cause erosion at the site where it is installed as all or part of the fill crossing is washed out. In addition, streamflow can be diverted from the channel and cause considerable erosion in downslope areas where gullies will form, and in far removed fish-bearing streams where the sediment is finally deposited.
\nIn addition to being spatially displaced from its source, the effect may also be delayed in time. The undersized culvert may not plug or its capacity be exceeded for many years, and the resultant erosion and sedimentation may not occur for decades after the original disturbance. An entire road network, which is not being permanently maintained or whose culverts have been underdesigned, may not reveal significant erosional impacts from road construction until a major storm cause widespread culvert failure, stream crossing erosion and stream diversions. The effects of land use are then additive, occur essentially instantaneously over large areas, and are displaced both spatially and temporally from their source and time of initiation.
\nThe objective of this brief report is to describe how specific land use practices can cause multiple on-site and off-site geomorphic impacts which may become obvious only years following the land use disturbance. Additionally, we will briefly outline how a large percentage of these persistent effects can be avoided entirely by minor changes in road construction techniques.
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