Water samples were collected from four lakes in Byram Township, Sussex County, N.J., in the summer of 1998 as part of an investigation of the occurrence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in domestic wells of lakeside communities. Cranberry Lake and Lake Lackawanna are surrounded by densely populated communities where the use of gasoline-powered watercraft is prevalent, and water is supplied by lakeside wells. Forest Lake is surrounded by a densely populated community where the use of gasoline-powered watercraft is prohibited. Stag Pond is privately owned, is situated in a sparsely populated area, and is not navigated by gasoline-powered watercraft. Samples were collected from Cranberry Lake in early summer and again in late summer 1998. Concentrations of the gasoline oxygenate methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) ranged from 1.6 to 15.0 µg/L (micrograms per liter) on June 24 and decreased with depth. The depth-related concentration gradient is attributed to density stratification caused by the temperature gradient that is present in the lake during the early summer. MTBE concentrations ranged from 7.4 to 29.0 µg/L on September 8 and were uniform with depth, as was water temperature, indicating that the lake was vertically mixed. On the basis of these concentration profiles, the mass of MTBE in Cranberry Lake was estimated to be 15 kilograms on June 24 and 27 kilograms on September 8. These mass estimates are equal to the amount of MTBE in 52 and 95 gallons, respectively, of gasoline that contains 10 percent MTBE by volume. Concentrations of another gasoline oxygenate, tert-amyl-methyl ether (TAME), ranged from 0.07 to 0.43 µg/L on June 24 and from 0.2 to 0.69 µg/L on September 8. The highest concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) were 0.18, 1.2, 0.18, and 0.97 µg/L, respectively, on June 24. All BTEX concentrations in Cranberry Lake on September 8 were less than 0.2 µg/L.
Samples were collected from Lake Lackawanna on September 9. Concentrations of MTBE and TAME ranged from 3.7 to 14.0 µg/L and from 0.17 to 0.38 µg/L, respectively. Like those in Cranberry Lake the previous day, BTEX concentrations were less than 0.2 µg/L, and VOC concentrations and water temperatures were nearly uniform with depth. The mass of MTBE in Lake Lackawanna on September 9 was estimated to be 6 kilograms, which is equal to the amount of MTBE in 21 gallons of gasoline that contains10 percent MTBE by volume. All VOC concentrations were less than 0.2 µg/L in samples collected from Forest Lake on September 8, 1998, and from Stag Pond on the following day.
Oxygenated gasoline is used in watercraft on lakes across northern New Jersey. Many of these lakes are surrounded by communities similar to those at Cranberry Lake and at Lake Lackawanna, which depend largely on wells for water supply. Therefore, a regional assessment of the occurrence of these compounds in lakes and ground water is needed to determine the effect of the use of oxygenated gasoline on water quality in lakeside environments throughout northern New Jersey.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984264","usgsCitation":"Baehr, A.L., and Zapecza, O.S., 1998, Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and other volatile organic compounds in lakes in Byram Township, Sussex County, New Jersey, summer 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4264, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984264.","productDescription":"8 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157606,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri984264.PNG"},{"id":411568,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13209.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2019,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4264/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","county":"Sussex County","otherGeospatial":"Byram Township","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.754,\n 40.996\n ],\n [\n -74.754,\n 40.936\n ],\n [\n -74.686,\n 40.936\n ],\n [\n -74.686,\n 40.996\n ],\n [\n -74.754,\n 40.996\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a56e4b07f02db62d69a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zapecza, Otto S. ozapecza@usgs.gov","contributorId":3687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zapecza","given":"Otto","email":"ozapecza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23934,"text":"ofr97242 - 1998 - Geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data from selected boreholes and wells in and near Belvidere, Illinois, 1989-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-27T20:14:52.498186","indexId":"ofr97242","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-242","title":"Geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data from selected boreholes and wells in and near Belvidere, Illinois, 1989-96","docAbstract":"This report presents selected geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data collected in and near Belvidere, Ill., during 1989-96. The data were collected primarily by the U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in support of an ongoing ground-water study of the glacial drift aquifer and bedrock aquifers of Ordovician and Cambrian age underlying the area. These data were collected from 8 boreholes and 52 wells within a 4 square-mile urbanized part of the 80 square-mile study area.\r\nData include stratigraphic, lithologic, and physical descriptions of rock cores from 5 boreholes; geophysical logs of 23 boreholes; surface-geophysical surveys at 3 sites; ground-water levels at 46 wells; horizontal hydraulic conductivity estimated from slug tests at 32 boreholes and wells; and ground-water-quality information at 26 boreholes and wells. Ground-water-quality information include field characteristics and laboratory analyses of inorganic constituents, tritium, volatile organic compounds, and semivolatile organic compounds. Also included are construction logs for 11 monitoring wells and descriptions of the methods used for data collection.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97242","usgsCitation":"Mills, P., Yeskis, D., and Straub, T.D., 1998, Geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data from selected boreholes and wells in and near Belvidere, Illinois, 1989-96: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-242, vi, 151 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97242.","productDescription":"vi, 151 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411080,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_39603.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":53142,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0242/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156576,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0242/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Belvidere","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.855,\n 42.272\n ],\n [\n -88.855,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -88.8333,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -88.8333,\n 42.272\n ],\n [\n -88.855,\n 42.272\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688007","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, P. C.","contributorId":69117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"P. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yeskis, D.J.","contributorId":105334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeskis","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Straub, T. D.","contributorId":88775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Straub","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":4952,"text":"fs01998 - 1998 - Simulating transport of volatile organic compounds in the unsaturated zone using the computer model R-UNSAT","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-26T13:18:20.49439","indexId":"fs01998","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"019-98","title":"Simulating transport of volatile organic compounds in the unsaturated zone using the computer model R-UNSAT","docAbstract":"Subsurface spills of gasoline and other petroleum products are a common environmental problem throughout the industrialized world. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has estimated that 40 percent of the more than 200,000 retail service stations in the United States have had accidental releases of petroleum hydrocarbons to the subsurface (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991). Restoration of a contaminated aquifer to regulatory standards is a technically difficult problem even when best engineering strategies are applied.
Natural attenuation, a remediation strategy that relies on intrinsic physical, chemical, and biological processes to decrease contaminant concentrations, is gaining widespread acceptance in aquifer restoration efforts (Tremblay and others, 1995). The potential for successful remediation by natural attenuation depends on the fate of the organic constituents of the spilled product, which may include additives such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). These compounds can dissolve in ground water, adsorb to subsurface sediments, volatilize and diffuse through the unsaturated zone, or undergo chemical and biological reactions (fig. 1). Volatilization and biodegradation near the water table are two processes that can contribute significantly to the natural attenuation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in shallow ground water (McAllister and Chiang, 1994). To date, quantitative information on the rates at which these processes occur has been limited.
R-UNSAT, a computer model designed for quantifying rates of volatilization and biodegradation of organic compounds near the water table, was developed and documented by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and is now available to the public. R-UNSAT also can be applied, however, to other unsaturated-zone transport problems that involve gas diffusion, such as radon migration, and the deposition of compounds from the atmosphere to shallow ground water. This fact sheet describes the transport model and demonstrates its capabilities through applications to point- and nonpoint-source contamination.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs01998","usgsCitation":"Lahvis, M.A., and Baehr, A.L., 1998, Simulating transport of volatile organic compounds in the unsaturated zone using the computer model R-UNSAT: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 019-98, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs01998.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":431464,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-019-98/fs-019-98.pdf","text":"Report","size":"81.2 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 019-98 PDF"},{"id":120,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-019-98","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"FS 019-98 HTML"},{"id":121399,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-019-98/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f309e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lahvis, Matthew A.","contributorId":104522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahvis","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23757,"text":"ofr98409 - 1998 - A Review of Semivolatile and Volatile Organic Compounds in Highway Runoff and Urban Stormwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:14","indexId":"ofr98409","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-409","title":"A Review of Semivolatile and Volatile Organic Compounds in Highway Runoff and Urban Stormwater","docAbstract":"Many studies have been conducted since 1970 to characterize concentrations of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in highway runoff and urban stormwater. To a lesser extent, studies also have characterized concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), estimated loads of SVOCs, and assessed potential impacts of these contaminants on receiving streams. This review evaluates the quality of existing data on SVOCs and VOCs in highway runoff and urban storm- water and summarizes significant findings. Studies related to highways are emphasized when possible. The review included 44 articles and reports that focused primarily on SVOCs and VOCs. Only 17 of these publications are related to highways, and 5 of these 17 are themselves review papers. SVOCs in urban stormwater and sediments during the late 1970's to mid-1980's were the subject of most studies.\r\n\r\nCriteria used to evaluate data quality included documentation of sampling protocols, analytical methods, minimum reporting limit (MRL) or method detection limit (MDL), qualityassurance protocols, and quality-control samples. The largest deficiency in documenting data quality was that only 10 percent of the studies described where water samples were collected in the stream cross section. About 80 percent of SVOCs in runoff are in the suspended solids. Because suspended solids can vary significantly even in narrow channels, concentrations from discrete point samples and contaminant loads estimated from those samples are questionable without information on sample location or how well streamflow was mixed. Thirty percent or fewer of the studies documented the MRL, MDL, cleaning of samplers, or use of field quality-control samples. Comparing results of different studies and evaluating the quality of environmental data, especially for samples with low concentrations, is difficult without this information.\r\n\r\nThe most significant factor affecting SVOC concentrations in water is suspended solids concentration. In sediment, the most significant factors affecting SVOC concentrations are organic carbon content and distance from sources such as highways and power plants. Petroleum hydrocarbons, oil and grease, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in crankcase oil and vehicle emissions are the major SVOCs detected in highway runoff and urban stormwater.\r\n\r\nThe few loading factors and regression equations that were developed in the 1970's and 1980's have limited use in estimating current (1998) loads of SVOCs on a national scale. These factors and equations are based on few data and use inconsistent units, and some are independent of rainfall. Also, more cars on the road today have catalytic converters, and fuels that were used in 1998 are cleaner than when loading factors and regression equations were developed.\r\n\r\nComparisons to water-quality and sedimentquality criteria and guidelines indicate that PAHs, phenolic compounds, and phthalates in runoff and sediment exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water and aquatic-life standards and guidelines. PAHs in stream sediments adjacent to highways have the highest potential for adverse effects on receiving streams. \r\n\r\nFew data exist on VOCs in highway runoff. VOCs were detected in precipitation adjacent to a highway in England, and chloromethane, toluene, xylenes, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and 1,2,3-trichloropropane were detected in runoff from a highway in Texas. In urban stormwater, gasoline-related compounds were detected in as many as 23 percent of the samples. Land use could be the most significant factor affecting the occurrence of VOCs, with highest concentrations of VOCs found in industrial areas. Temperature is another factor affecting the occurrence and concentrations of VOCs. Urban land surfaces are the primary nonpoint source of VOCs in stormwater. However, the atmosphere is a potential source of hydrophilic VOCs in stormwater, especially during cold seasons when partitioning of VOCs from air into water i","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr98409","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration (A Contribution to the National Highway Runoff Data and Methodology Synthesis)","usgsCitation":"Lopes, T.J., and Dionne, S.G., 1998, A Review of Semivolatile and Volatile Organic Compounds in Highway Runoff and Urban Stormwater: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-409, vi, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98409.","productDescription":"vi, 67 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":377,"text":"Massachusetts-Rhode Island Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156351,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9563,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr98-409/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4967e4b0b290850ef221","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lopes, Thomas J. tjlopes@usgs.gov","contributorId":2302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopes","given":"Thomas","email":"tjlopes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":190662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dionne, Shannon G.","contributorId":19964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dionne","given":"Shannon","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4492,"text":"cir1120L - 1998 - Physical and chemical data on sediments deposited in the Missouri and the Mississippi River flood plains during the July through August 1993 flood","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:50","indexId":"cir1120L","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1120","chapter":"L","title":"Physical and chemical data on sediments deposited in the Missouri and the Mississippi River flood plains during the July through August 1993 flood","docAbstract":"Because sediments deposited by the 1993 floods on the Missouri and Mississippi rivers were thought to contain elevated concentrations of nutrients and trace elements, sediment deposits were sampled at 25 floodplain locations. The samples were analyzed for particle size, water content, volatile solids, nutrients, carbon, selected trace elements, pesticides, and semivolatile organic compounds. Preflood soil samples were analyzed for particle size only. Procedures for selecting sites, techniques developed for sampling, laboratory and analytical methods, and quality assurance methods also are described.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir1120L","isbn":"0607882794","usgsCitation":"Schalk, G.K., Holmes, R.R., and Johnson, G.P., 1998, Physical and chemical data on sediments deposited in the Missouri and the Mississippi River flood plains during the July through August 1993 flood: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1120, vi, 62 p. :ill., map ;29 cm.29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1120L.","productDescription":"vi, 62 p. :ill., map ;29 cm.29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":537,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/circ1120-l","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":117415,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1120_L.bmp"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schalk, Gregg K.","contributorId":66250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schalk","given":"Gregg","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holmes, Robert R. Jr. 0000-0002-5060-3999 bholmes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":1624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"bholmes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":149329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Gary P. 0000-0003-0363-9873 gjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0363-9873","contributorId":2959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gary","email":"gjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":149330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25557,"text":"wri974234 - 1998 - Ground-water quality in three urban areas in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-08T14:21:21.243088","indexId":"wri974234","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4234","title":"Ground-water quality in three urban areas in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States, 1995","docAbstract":"Ground-water quality is generally good in three urban areas studied in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States涌cala and Tampa, Florida, and Virginia Beach, Virginia. The hydrology of these areas differs in that Ocala has many karst depressions but virtually no surface-water features, and Tampa and Virginia Beach have numerous surface-water features, including small lakes, streams, and swamps. Samples were collected in early 1995 from 15 wells in Ocala (8 in the surficial aquifer and 7 in the Upper Floridan aquifer), 17 wells in Tampa (8 in the surficial aquifer and 9 in the Upper Floridan aquifer), and in the summer of 1995 from 15 wells in Virginia Beach (all in the surficial aquifer).
In the surficial aquifer in Ocala, the major ion water type was calcium bicarbonate in five samples and mixed (no dominant ions) in three samples, with dissolved-solids concentrations ranging from 78 to 463 milligrams per liter. In Tampa, the water type was calcium bicarbonate in one sample and mixed in seven samples, with dissolved-solids concentrations ranging from 38 to 397 milligrams per liter. In Virginia Beach, water types were primarily calcium and sodium bicarbonate water, with dissolved-solids concentrations ranging from 89 to 740 milligrams per liter. The water types and dissolved-solids concentrations reflect the presence of carbonates in the surficial aquifer materials in the Ocala and Virginia Beach areas. The major ion water type was calcium bicarbonate for all 16 samples from the upper Floridan aquifer in both Florida cities. Dissolved-solids concentrations ranged from 210 to 551 milligrams per liter in Ocala, with a median of 287 milligrams per liter, and from 187 to 362 milligrams per liter in Tampa, with a median of 244 milligrams per liter.
Concentrations of nitrate nitrogen were highest in the surficial aquifer in Ocala, and one sample ex-ceeded 10 milligrams per liter, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level for drinking water. Median nitrate concentrations were 1.2 milligrams per liter in Ocala and only 0.06 and 0.05 milligram per liter in Tampa and Virginia Beach, respectively. In Florida, some background water-quality data were available for comparison. The median nitrate concentration in Ocala was much higher than the median nitrate concentration of 0.05 milligram per liter in the background data. Median nitrate concentrations were 0.33 and 0.05 milligram per liter in samples from the Upper Floridan aquifer in Ocala and Tampa, respectively, and 0.05 milligram per liter in background samples.
Of the 47 pesticides and 60 volatile organic compounds analyzed, only five pesticides and five volatile organic compounds were detected. The most commonly detected pesticide was prometon, a broad-scale herbicide, detected in samples from eight wells in Ocala (at concentrations ranging from 0.009 to 1.8 micrograms per liter), three wells in Virginia Beach (at concentrations ranging from 0.19 to 10 micrograms per liter), and from one well in Tampa (0.01 microgram per liter). The most commonly detected volatile organic compound was chloroform, which was d etected four times at concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 2.2 micrograms per liter in Ocala and Tampa. Seven volatile organic compounds were detected in one sample in Virginia Beach; most were compounds associated with petroleum and coal tar.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974234","usgsCitation":"Berndt, M.P., Galeone, D., Spruill, T., and Crandall, C.A., 1998, Ground-water quality in three urban areas in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4234, iii, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974234.","productDescription":"iii, 25 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125075,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_97_4234.jpg"},{"id":1906,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974234","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465855,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48839.htm","text":"Ocala, Florida","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465856,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48840.htm","text":"Tampa, Florida","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465857,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48841.htm","text":"Virginia Beach, Virginia","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8ee4b07f02db6548fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berndt, M. P.","contributorId":74761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berndt","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Galeone, D.R.","contributorId":47410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galeone","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spruill, T.B.","contributorId":76747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spruill","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crandall, C. A.","contributorId":93943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crandall","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207567,"text":"70207567 - 1998 - Radionuclides in fly ash and bottom ash: Improved characterization based on radiography and low energy gamma-ray spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-24T12:25:56","indexId":"70207567","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-24T12:15:10","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radionuclides in fly ash and bottom ash: Improved characterization based on radiography and low energy gamma-ray spectrometry","docAbstract":"Two radiation-based techniques for determining the distribution and relative abundance of radionuclides are described, and applied to a suite of fly ash and bottom ash samples from a Kentucky power plant. The technique of fission-track radiography provides new observations of the variety of uranium hosts and of uranium distribution in individual particles of fly ash, and thus aids prediction of the leachability of uranium during long-term disposal or utilization of fly ash. Uranium is largely dispersed within glassy components of fly ash particles and shows little evidence for obvious surface enrichment that could be attributed to secondary adsorption. The technique of low energy gamma-ray spectrometry provides simultaneous, non-destructive determination of the relative abundance of 238U, 226Ra, 228Ra and 210Pb in representative 150–250 g samples. The measurements provide a means for screening samples to determine if the combustion process causes significant preferential redistribution of radionuclides that could affect their subsequent mobility. Results indicate that radium isotopes are not significantly (within 10–15%) fractionated from parent 238U and 232Th during coal combustion. In contrast, 210Pb appears to be preferentially enriched in some samples of fly ash, and depleted in bottom ash relative to 238U and 226Ra. In this application 210Pb acts as a tracer for elemental lead, and confirms the expected greater volatility of Pb compared to more refractory elements during coal combustion.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-2361(97)00194-4","usgsCitation":"Zielinski, R.A., and Budahn, J.R., 1998, Radionuclides in fly ash and bottom ash: Improved characterization based on radiography and low energy gamma-ray spectrometry: Fuel, v. 77, no. 4, p. 259-267, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(97)00194-4.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"267","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370675,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zielinski, Robert A. 0000-0002-4047-5129 rzielinski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":1593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"Robert","email":"rzielinski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budahn, James R. 0000-0001-9794-8882 jbudahn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":1175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"James","email":"jbudahn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30320,"text":"wri974285 - 1998 - Pesticides and volatile organic compounds in surface and ground water of the Palouse subunit, central Columbia Plateau, Washington and Idaho, 1993-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:02","indexId":"wri974285","displayToPublicDate":"1998-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4285","title":"Pesticides and volatile organic compounds in surface and ground water of the Palouse subunit, central Columbia Plateau, Washington and Idaho, 1993-95","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974285","usgsCitation":"Wagner, R.J., and Roberts, L., 1998, Pesticides and volatile organic compounds in surface and ground water of the Palouse subunit, central Columbia Plateau, Washington and Idaho, 1993-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4285, vi, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974285.","productDescription":"vi, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4285/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59114,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4285/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6882f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wagner, R. J.","contributorId":37318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roberts, L.M.","contributorId":84355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25823,"text":"wri974248 - 1998 - Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin— Ground-water quality in an urban part of the Twin Cities Metropolitan area, Minnesota, 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-08T22:54:03.562167","indexId":"wri974248","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4248","title":"Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin— Ground-water quality in an urban part of the Twin Cities Metropolitan area, Minnesota, 1996","docAbstract":"In the spring of 1996, the Upper Mississippi River Basin Study Unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program drilled 30 shallow monitoring wells in a study area characterized by urban residential and commercial land uses. The monitoring wells were installed in sandy river-terrace deposits adjacent to the Mississippi River in Anoka and Hennepin Counties, Minnesota, in areas where urban development primarily occurred during the past 30 years.
\nAnalyses of sediments collected during well drilling indicated that at most well sites the aquifer materials had relatively high hydraulic conductivities (ranging from 0.01 to 238 feet per day), and relatively low organic carbon contents (0.10 to 41 grams per kilogram), indicating a high susceptibility to leaching of fertilizers and organic substances used on the land surface. Sediment pH values, which can affect leaching of pesticides, were generally alkaline, ranging from 5.1 to 9.6.
\nGround-water levels ranged from 2.39 to 23.14 feet below land surface, and indicated that shallow ground water flows primarily toward the Mississippi River. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations in water samples from the wells were generally less than 3 milligrams per liter (mg/L) and specific conductances were generally greater than 600 microsiemens per centimeter. Calcium, magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate were the primary dissolved constituents in the water samples. Sodium and chloride concentrations were generally greater than commonly reported in the region, probably due to leaching of sodium chloride applied to roads during the winter. Most tracemetal concentrations in ground-water samples were less than 10 micrograms per liter (μg/L), but concentrations of iron and manganese commonly exceeded Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency of 300 and 50 μg/L, respectively. Mineral saturation indices indicated that calcite, dolomite, and gypsum were slightly undersaturated in most water samples, and that quartz, and many oxides and hydroxides of iron and manganese were oversaturated in all of the water samples.
\nConcentrations of nitrate nitrogen, the primary nutrient of concern in ground water, ranged from less than 0.05 to 16 mg/L, with a median concentration of 1.4 mg/L. Dissolved phosphorus concentrations ranged from less than 0.01 to 1.5 mg/L in the water samples, with a median concentration of 0.02 mg/L. Water from one well was oversaturated with respect to hydroxyapatite, a phosphatic mineral used as a fertilizer.
\nPesticide compounds were detected in water samples from 16 wells, but concentrations of those compounds were less than 1.0 μg/L. Prometon, an herbicide commonly used for right-of-way weed control, was detected in water samples from 10 of the wells. Atrazine, and its metabolite deethylatrazine, were detectable in water samples from 6 and 8 wells, respectively. Atrazine is commonly applied to land planted with corn and is detectable in rainfall and air samples in concentrations of less than 1 ng/L in the urban land use study area. Other detected pesticide compounds, which are used in agriculture, right-of-way weed control, or lawn care included: tebuthiuron, EPTC, p,p'-DDE, metolachlor, simazine, bentazon, and bromacil.
\nVolatile organic compounds were detected in water samples from 26 wells, but the concentrations of most of those compounds were less than 1 μg/L. Carbon disulfide, which may be produced by bacteria in soils, was the most commonly detected volatile organic compound in water samples from the wells. Other detected volatile organic compounds included: methyl chloride, acetone, dichlorofluoromethane, tetrahydrofuran, trichlorofluoromethane, methyl iodide, 1,1-dichloroethane, chloroform, toluene, trichloroethane, trichloroethene, cis-1,2-dichloroethene, methylene chloride, bromodichloromethane, benzene, methylisobutylketone, ethyl ether, and tetrachloroethene.
\nTritium concentrations, analyzed in water samples from 15 of the 30 wells, indicated that shallow ground water has been recharged since the mid-1950's, and that shallow ground water should be affected by urban development that has taken place over the past 40 years.
\nLand uses in the urban land use study area affected the concentrations of some water-quality constituents. Concentrations of nitrate and chloride, and frequencies of detection of pesticides and of volatile organic compounds, were greater in water samples from the surficial sand and gravel aquifer underlying the urban land use study area than in water samples from similar aquifers from part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin National Water-Quality Assessment study unit. Land uses within 500-meter radii of each well were quantified by digitizing overlays of aerial photographs that were verified and updated in the field. Concentrations of magnesium and sulfate were greater in ground water beneath areas of denser residential development, which may be a natural artifact of better drainage and a deeper water table in those areas. Frequencies of detection of some pesticides and volatile organic compounds were greater in water from wells with greater proportions of industrial and transportation land uses. Ground water in areas with less dense residential development, mostly the more recently-developed areas, tended to have greater concentrations of agricultural herbicides and some nutrients probably a relict of previous agricultural land use.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri974248","usgsCitation":"Andrews, W., Fong, A.L., Harrod, L., and Dittes, M.E., 1998, Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin— Ground-water quality in an urban part of the Twin Cities Metropolitan area, Minnesota, 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4248, viii, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974248.","productDescription":"viii, 54 p.","numberOfPages":"62","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391497,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48855.htm"},{"id":54573,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4248/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158065,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4248/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.4,\n 45.233333\n ],\n [\n -93.25,\n 45.233333\n ],\n \n [\n -93.25,\n 45.0833\n ],\n [\n -93.4,\n 45.0833\n ],\n [\n -93.4,\n 45.233333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e71be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, W. J. 0000-0003-4780-8835","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":56261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fong, A. L.","contributorId":58309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fong","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harrod, Leigh","contributorId":63053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrod","given":"Leigh","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dittes, M. E.","contributorId":94343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dittes","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25839,"text":"wri974254 - 1998 - Water quality assessment of the Sacramento River Basin, California: Environmental setting and study design","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T20:01:22.737476","indexId":"wri974254","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4254","title":"Water quality assessment of the Sacramento River Basin, California: Environmental setting and study design","docAbstract":"This report describes the environmental setting and investigative activities of the Sacramento River Basin study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The Sacramento River Basin is one of 60 study units located throughout the United States that has been scheduled for study as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The Sacramento River Basin is the most important source of freshwater in California. Water quality studies in the Sacramento River Basin study unit focus on the Sacramento Valley because it is here that the principal uses of water and potential impacts on water quality occur. Investigative activities include a network of surface water sites, where water chemistry and aquatic biological sampling are done, and a variety of ground water studies. In addition, investigations of the cycling and distribution of volatile organic compounds in the urban environment and the distribution of total and methyl mercury in the Sacramento River and tributaries will be completed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974254","usgsCitation":"Domagalski, J.L., Knifong, D.L., MacCoy, D.E., Dileanis, P.D., Dawson, B.J., and Majewski, M.S., 1998, Water quality assessment of the Sacramento River Basin, California: Environmental setting and study design: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4254, vi, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974254.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410727,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48860.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54584,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4254/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158499,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4254/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120,\n 41.7625\n ],\n [\n -123,\n 41.7625\n ],\n [\n -123,\n 38.0667\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 38.0667\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 41.7625\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9b0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knifong, Donna L. dknifong@usgs.gov","contributorId":1517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knifong","given":"Donna","email":"dknifong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacCoy, Dorene E. 0000-0001-6810-4728 demaccoy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6810-4728","contributorId":948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacCoy","given":"Dorene","email":"demaccoy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dileanis, Peter D. dileanis@usgs.gov","contributorId":71541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dileanis","given":"Peter","email":"dileanis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dawson, Barbara J. 0000-0002-0209-8158 bjdawson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0209-8158","contributorId":1102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Barbara","email":"bjdawson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Majewski, Michael S. majewski@usgs.gov","contributorId":440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Majewski","given":"Michael","email":"majewski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":23196,"text":"ofr97589 - 1998 - Methods for comparing water-quality conditions among National Water-Quality Assessment Study Units, 1992-1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:57","indexId":"ofr97589","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-589","title":"Methods for comparing water-quality conditions among National Water-Quality Assessment Study Units, 1992-1995","docAbstract":"The National Water-Quality Assessment is based on intensive investigations of stream and ground-water quality in selected major hydrologic basins (study units) of the United States. One objective of the national assessment is to comparatively evaluate water-quality conditions within and among the different study units. Methods were developed to compare the water-quality conditions of 20 study units that were studied during 1992-1995. Two approaches were taken: (1) water-quality conditions for each study unit were ranked in relation to the findings for all study units, and (2) water-quality conditions for each study unit were compared to established criteria for the protection of human health and aquatic life.\r\n\r\nSeparate rankings were developed for several major characteristics of water quality by using selected combinations of measured values for individual constituents or properties. The water-quality characteristics that were evaluated for streams were nutrients and pesticides in water, organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in bed sediment and tissue, semivolatile organic compounds and trace elements in bed sediment, fish community degradation, and stream habitat degradation. The water-quality characteristics that were evaluated for ground water were nitrate, pesticides, volatile organic compounds, dissolved solids, and radon. The water-quality rankings are relative strictly to the distribution of conditions measured at sampling sites included in developing the method. Sites in the first 20 National Water-Quality Assessment study units include a broad range of environmental settings, but are not a statistically representative sample of the Nation. > To supplement the relative rankings, established water-quality criteria were used to indicate where particular constituents may have adverse effects, and thus merit further investigation. Established water-quality criteria, which provide consistent benchmarks for national comparisons of individual constituents, were selected from a variety of sources and applied to specific constituents in the specific medium (water or sediment) appropriate for each criterion.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97589","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Gilliom, R.J., Mueller, D.K., and Nowell, L.H., 1998, Methods for comparing water-quality conditions among National Water-Quality Assessment Study Units, 1992-1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-589, vii, 54 p. :col, ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97589.","productDescription":"vii, 54 p. :col, ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1329,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/pnsp/rep/ofr97589/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155277,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0589/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52516,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0589/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a194","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilliom, Robert J. rgilliom@usgs.gov","contributorId":488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliom","given":"Robert","email":"rgilliom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, David K. mueller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"David","email":"mueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nowell, Lisa H. 0000-0001-5417-7264 lhnowell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5417-7264","contributorId":490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowell","given":"Lisa","email":"lhnowell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":21943,"text":"ofr97829 - 1998 - Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of 86 volatile organic compounds in water by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, including detections less than reporting limits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T17:02:54.870153","indexId":"ofr97829","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-829","title":"Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of 86 volatile organic compounds in water by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, including detections less than reporting limits","docAbstract":"This report presents precision and accuracy data for volatile organic compounds\r\n(VOCs) in the nanogram-per-liter range, including aromatic hydrocarbons, reformulated\r\nfuel components, and halogenated hydrocarbons using purge and trap capillary-column\r\ngas chromatography/mass spectrometry. One-hundred-four VOCs were initially tested.\r\nOf these, 86 are suitable for determination by this method. Selected data are provided for\r\nthe 18 VOCs that were not included. This method also allows for the reporting of\r\nsemiquantitative results for tentatively identified VOCs not included in the list of method\r\ncompounds. Method detection limits, method performance data, preservation study\r\nresults, and blank results are presented.\r\nThe authors describe a procedure for reporting low-concentration detections at\r\nless than the reporting limit. The nondetection value (NDV) is introduced as a statistically\r\ndefined reporting limit designed to limit false positives and false negatives to less than 1\r\npercent. Nondetections of method compounds are reported as ?less than NDV.? Positive\r\ndetections measured at less than NDV are reported as estimated concentrations to alert the\r\ndata user to decreased confidence in accurate quantitation. Instructions are provided for\r\nanalysts to report data at less than the reporting limits. This method can support the use of\r\neither method reporting limits that censor detections at lower concentrations or the use of\r\nNDVs as reporting limits. The data-reporting strategy for providing analytical results at\r\nless than the reporting limit is a result of the increased need to identify the presence or\r\nabsence of environmental contaminants in water samples at increasingly lower\r\nconcentrations.\r\nLong-term method detection limits (LTMDLs) for 86 selected compounds range\r\nfrom 0.013 to 2.452 micrograms per liter (?g/L) and differ from standard method\r\ndetection limits (MDLs) in that the LTMDLs include the long-term variance of multiple\r\ninstruments, multiple operators, and multiple calibrations over a longer time. For these\r\nreasons, LTMDLs are expected to be slightly higher than standard MDLs. Recoveries for\r\nall of the VOCs tested ranged from 36 (tert-butyl formate) to 155 percent\r\n(pentachlorobenzene). The majority of the compounds ranged from 85 to 115 percent\r\nrecovery and had less than 5 percent relative standard deviation for concentrations spiked\r\nbetween 1 to 500 ?g/L in volatile blank-, surface-, and ground-water samples. Recoveries of 60 set spikes at low concentrations ranged from 70 to 114 percent (1,2,3-\r\ntrimethylbenzene and acetone). Recovery data were collected over 6 months with\r\nmultiple instruments, operators, and calibrations.\r\nIn this method, volatile organic compounds are extracted from a water sample by\r\nactively purging with helium. The VOCs are collected onto a sorbent trap, thermally\r\ndesorbed, separated by a Megabore gas chromatographic capillary column, and finally\r\ndetermined by a full-scan quadrupole mass spectrometer. Compound identification is\r\nconfirmed by the gas chromatographic retention time and by the resultant mass spectrum,\r\ntypically identified by three unique ions. An unknown compound detected in a sample\r\ncan be tentatively identified by comparing the unknown mass spectrum to reference\r\nspectra in the mass-spectra computer-data system library compiled by the National\r\nInstitute of Standards and Technology.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr97829","usgsCitation":"Connor, B.F., Rose, D.L., Noriega, M.C., Murtaugh, L.K., and Abney, S.R., 1998, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of 86 volatile organic compounds in water by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, including detections less than reporting limits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-829, viii, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97829.","productDescription":"viii, 78 p.","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0829/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51418,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0829/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1283,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://nwql.usgs.gov/Public/pubs/OFR97-829/OFR97-829.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bb95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Connor, Brooke F. bfconnor@usgs.gov","contributorId":3172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connor","given":"Brooke","email":"bfconnor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":186356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rose, Donna L. 0000-0003-1216-9914 dlrose@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1216-9914","contributorId":4546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"Donna","email":"dlrose@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noriega, Mary C. mnoriega@usgs.gov","contributorId":2553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noriega","given":"Mary","email":"mnoriega@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murtaugh, Lucinda K.","contributorId":14247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murtaugh","given":"Lucinda","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Abney, Sonja R.","contributorId":62992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abney","given":"Sonja","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":24398,"text":"ofr98164 - 1998 - Ground water and streamflow in the Nett Lake Indian Reservation, northern Minnesota, 1995-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T11:24:18","indexId":"ofr98164","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-164","title":"Ground water and streamflow in the Nett Lake Indian Reservation, northern Minnesota, 1995-97","docAbstract":"The Nett Lake Indian Reservation, about 164 square miles in area, is in northern Minnesota. About 300 people live in Nett Lake Community, about 100 people live in Palmquist Community, and a few people live in other parts of the Reservation. Water resources in the Reservation include: (1) ground water in sand and gravel aquifers and bedrock aquifers; (2) Nett Lake; (3) streams in the Nett Lake River watershed; and (4) wetlands that comprise about one-half of the area of the Reservation.
\nGround-water sources in the Reservation consist of sand and gravel aquifers and bedrock aquifers. Buried sand and gravel aquifers are important sources of water. Reported yields for wells completed in these aquifers are as much as 60 gallons per minute. Reported yields for wells completed in bedrock aquifers are as much as 34 gallons per minute.
\nThe Reservation is located within the Little Fork River Basin. Streams that flow into and out of Nett Lake are in the Nett Lake River watershed, a subbasin of the Little Fork River Basin. Most of the discharge into Nett Lake is from Lost River and Woodduck Creek; a small amount of discharge into Nett Lake is from several other small streams. Discharge from Nett Lake is to the Nett Lake River.
\nGround water in buried sand and gravel aquifers in the vicinity of three community wells and a closed landfill east of Nett Lake Community may have moved from the landfill toward the community wells. Ground water near Nett Lake locally discharged into the lake through underlying peat that ranges in thickness from 3 to 12 feet. Two Palmquist Community wells probably are not hydraulically connected to shallow ground water in the vicinity of a nearby closed landfill. The wells are located more than 2,000 feet away and are completed in a bedrock aquifer overlain by 124-154 feet of clay.
\nThe concentrations of the trace metals iron and manganese exceeded their respective U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level limits in water from three and six wells sampled, respectively. All but 3 of 63 VOCs (volatile organic compounds) analyzed for in water from seven wells sampled had concentrations less than the MDL (method detection limit) of 0.2000 (μg/L except for di-bromo-chloro-propane, which had a concentration less than the MDL of 1.000 (μg/L. The detected VOCs were phenols, benzene, and 1,1- dichloroethane. The sources of these VOCs may have been leachate from nearby closed landfills. Benzene, the only one of the three detected VOCs with an established MCL (Maximum Contaminant Level), had a concentration that was one order of magnitude less than its MCL of 5 (μg/L.
\nThe stage-discharge relations for Nett Lake River and Woodduck Creek were usable for estimation of daily mean discharge for each stream. Six discharge measurements made in the Lost River indicate that discharge in this stream could be substantially greater or smaller than concurrent discharge in Woodduck Creek.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr98164","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Boise Forte Reservation Tribal Council","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, J.F., and Payne, G.A., 1998, Ground water and streamflow in the Nett Lake Indian Reservation, northern Minnesota, 1995-97: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-164, viii, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98164.","productDescription":"viii, 37 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157183,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0164/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53492,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0164/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Nett Lake Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.375,\n 48\n ],\n [\n -93.375,\n 48.2\n ],\n [\n -92.96,\n 48.2\n ],\n [\n -92.96,\n 48\n ],\n [\n -93.375,\n 48\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dc77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, J. F.","contributorId":81866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Payne, G. A.","contributorId":62190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25793,"text":"wri964135 - 1998 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Pesticides and other synthetic organic compounds in water, sediment, and biota, 1975-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-13T22:54:31.331835","indexId":"wri964135","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4135","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Pesticides and other synthetic organic compounds in water, sediment, and biota, 1975-90","docAbstract":"The distribution of pesticides and other synthetic organic compounds in water, sediment, and biota in the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin was examined from 1987 through 1990 as part of the pilot National Water-Quality Assesssment Program conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey. Historical data for water and sediment collected from 1975 through 1986 were similar to data collected from 1987 through 1990. Some compounds were detected in concentrations that exceed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency water-quality criteria.\r\nResults from pesticide sampling at four stations in 1988 and 1989 identified several agricultural pesticides that were detected more frequently and at higher concentrations in urban areas than in agricultural areas. Results from herbicide sampling at 17 stations in the Kankakee and Iroquois River Basins in 1990 indicated that atrazine concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's maximum contaminant level for drinking water during runoff periods.\r\n\r\nResults from sampling for volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in water indicate that, with one exception, all stations at which more than one compound was detected were within 2 miles downstream from the nearest point source. Detections at two stations in the Chicago urban area accounted for 37 percent of the total number of detections. Concentrations of tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and 1,2-dichlorethane from stations in the Des Plaines River Basin exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's maximum contaminant level for drinking water in one and two samples from the two stations in the Chicago area.\r\n\r\nPhenols and pentachlorophenols were detected most frequently in the Des Plaines River Basin where point-source discharges were common. Phenol concentrations were significantly different among the Des Plaines, Kankakee, and Fox River Basins. Phenols and pentachlorophenols never exceeded the general use and secondary contact standards.\r\n\r\nResults from a 1989 synoptic survey of semivolatile organic compounds in sediment indicate that these compounds were detected most frequently at sites in the Chicago urban area. Of the 17 stations at which 10 or more compounds were detected, 14 were located in the Des Plaines River subbasin, and 1 was on the Illinois River mainstem. As was the case with organic compounds in water, each of these sites was located within 2 miles downstream from point sources.\r\n\r\nBiota samples were collected and analyzed for organochlorines and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in 1989 and 1990. The most commonly detected compound in both years was p,p'-DDE. National Academy of Science recommendations for chlordane and dieldrin for protection of predators were exceeded in 19 and 10 samples, respectively, when the 1989 and 1990 data were combined. In the nine fish-fillet samples collected in 1989, concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency fish-tissue criteria in nine fillets for p,p'-DDE and five fillets for dieldrin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964135","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, D.J., Stinson, T.W., Crawford, J.K., Schmidt, A.R., and Colman, J.A., 1998, Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Pesticides and other synthetic organic compounds in water, sediment, and biota, 1975-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4135, ix, 131 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964135.","productDescription":"ix, 131 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410424,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48484.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54540,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4135/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158365,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4135/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"upper Illinois River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.50100801193956,\n 41.651204269025726\n ],\n [\n -87.86903427371796,\n 42.67736509991755\n ],\n [\n -87.85468280424294,\n 43.21643185455525\n ],\n [\n -88.5468191414437,\n 42.97806865325791\n ],\n [\n -88.7940388908309,\n 41.76665358974668\n ],\n [\n -88.64362768300037,\n 40.67935213936329\n ],\n [\n -87.9724865679459,\n 40.104537895285915\n ],\n [\n -86.93471258293368,\n 40.035497013445195\n ],\n [\n -86.43413199631502,\n 41.14711718277687\n ],\n [\n -86.43401024073836,\n 41.648745486108396\n ],\n [\n -86.70965405093068,\n 41.72392178190145\n ],\n [\n -87.50100801193956,\n 41.651204269025726\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689b0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, Daniel J. 0000-0003-2705-3738 djsulliv@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2705-3738","contributorId":1703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Daniel","email":"djsulliv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stinson, Troy W.","contributorId":33739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stinson","given":"Troy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crawford, J. Kent","contributorId":54176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kent","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schmidt, Arthur R.","contributorId":105709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Colman, John A. 0000-0001-9327-0779 jacolman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9327-0779","contributorId":2098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"John","email":"jacolman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":6316,"text":"pp1589 - 1998 - Transport, behavior, and fate of volatile organic compounds in streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:45","indexId":"pp1589","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1589","title":"Transport, behavior, and fate of volatile organic compounds in streams","docAbstract":"Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are compounds with chemical and physical properties that allow the compounds to move freely between the water and air phases of the environment. VOCs are widespread in the environment because of this mobility. Many VOCs have properties making them suspected or known hazards to the health of humans and aquatic organisms. Consequently, understanding the processes affecting the concentration and distribution VOCs in the environment is necessary. The U.S. Geological Survey selected 55 VOCs for study. This report reviews the characteristics of the various process that could affect the transport, behavior, and fate of these VOCs in streams.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/pp1589","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., 1998, Transport, behavior, and fate of volatile organic compounds in streams: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1589, 151 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1589.","productDescription":"151 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122493,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1589/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33605,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1589/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db626b58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185200,"text":"70185200 - 1998 - Could Mars be dark and altered?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-06T14:57:17.073061","indexId":"70185200","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Could Mars be dark and altered?","docAbstract":"There is a long known dichotomy in the martian albedo, with an associated, but mostly assumed, mineralogical split as well. The bright red regions are inferred to be weathered, oxidized dust and the dark grey regions unaltered volcanic material. A number of recent analyses suggest this division is unnaturally simplistic and the association of many dark regions with the former presence of water requires a re‐examination of the spectra in light of potential alteration minerals. I present an alternate interpretation of the reflectance spectral characteristics of some dark regions on Mars that includes dark layer silicates. If their presence is confirmed on Mars this will have implications for sequestration of current and past volatile inventories, clues to the extent and type of geochemical weathering, and potential zones where bacterial life forms may have emerged.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/98GL01255","usgsCitation":"Calvin, W.M., 1998, Could Mars be dark and altered?: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 25, no. 10, p. 1597-1600, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL01255.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1597","endPage":"1600","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":337718,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"25","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba425e4b0849ce97dc7bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calvin, Wendy M. 0000-0002-6097-9586","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6097-9586","contributorId":189159,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calvin","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020674,"text":"70020674 - 1998 - Nonpoint sources of volatile organic compounds in urban areas - Relative importance of land surfaces and air","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70020674","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nonpoint sources of volatile organic compounds in urban areas - Relative importance of land surfaces and air","docAbstract":"Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) commonly detected in urban waters across the United States include gasoline-related compounds (e.g. toluene, xylene) and chlorinated compounds (e.g. chloroform, tetrachloroethane [PCE], trichloroethene [TCE]). Statistical analysis of observational data and results of modeling the partitioning of VOCs between air and water suggest that urban land surfaces are the primary nonpoint source of most VOCs. Urban air is a secondary nonpoint source, but could be an important source of the gasoline oxygenate methyl-tert butyl ether (MTBE). Surface waters in urban areas would most effectively be protected by controlling land-surface sources.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00048-7","issn":"02697491","usgsCitation":"Lopes, T.J., and Bender, D., 1998, Nonpoint sources of volatile organic compounds in urban areas - Relative importance of land surfaces and air: Environmental Pollution, v. 101, no. 2, p. 221-230, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00048-7.","startPage":"221","endPage":"230","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206841,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00048-7"},{"id":230915,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a67a7e4b0c8380cd73427","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lopes, T. J.","contributorId":9631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopes","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bender, D.A.","contributorId":49537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021057,"text":"70021057 - 1998 - Nitrogen transport and transformations in a shallow aquifer receiving wastewater discharge: A mass balance approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T11:34:22","indexId":"70021057","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen transport and transformations in a shallow aquifer receiving wastewater discharge: A mass balance approach","docAbstract":"Nitrogen transport and transformations were followed over the initial 3 years of development of a plume of wastewater-contaminated groundwater in Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Ammonification and nitrification in the unsaturated zone and ammonium sorption in the saturated zone were predominant, while loss of fixed nitrogen through denitrification was minor. The major effect of transport was the oxidation of discharged organic and inorganic forms to nitrate, which was the dominant nitrogen form in transit to receiving systems. Ammonification and nitrification in the unsaturated zone transformed 16–19% and 50–70%, respectively, of the total nitrogen mass discharged to the land surface during the study but did not attenuate the nitrogen loading. Nitrification in the unsaturated zone also contributed to pH decrease of 2 standard units and to an N2O increase (46–660 µg N/L in the plume). Other processes in the unsaturated zone had little net effect: Ammonium sorption removed <1% of the total discharged nitrogen mass; filtering of particulate organic nitrogen was less than 3%; ammonium and nitrate assimilation was less than 6%; and ammonia volatilization was less than 0.25%. In the saturated zone a central zone of anoxic groundwater (DO ≤ 0.05 mg/L) was first detected 17 months after effluent discharge to the aquifer began, which expanded at about the groundwater-flow velocity. Although nitrate was dominant at the water table, the low, carbon-limited rates of denitrification in the anoxic zone (3.0–9.6 (ng N/cm3)/d) reduced only about 2% of the recharged nitrogen mass to N2. In contrast, ammonium sorption in the saturated zone removed about 16% of the recharged nitrogen mass from the groundwater. Ammonium sorption was primarily limited to anoxic zone, where nitrification was prevented, and was best described by a Langmuir isotherm in which effluent ionic concentrations were simulated. The initial nitrogen load discharged from the groundwater system may depend largely on the growth and stability of the sorbed ammonium pool, which in turn depends on effluent-loading practices, subsurface microbial processes, and saturation of available exchange sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97WR03040","usgsCitation":"DeSimone, L.A., and Howes, B., 1998, Nitrogen transport and transformations in a shallow aquifer receiving wastewater discharge: A mass balance approach: Water Resources Research, v. 34, no. 2, p. 271-285, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR03040.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"285","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487386,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97wr03040","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229972,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66f5e4b0c8380cd730d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeSimone, Leslie A. 0000-0003-0774-9607 ldesimon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0774-9607","contributorId":195635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeSimone","given":"Leslie","email":"ldesimon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":388474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howes, Brian L.","contributorId":37311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howes","given":"Brian L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021060,"text":"70021060 - 1998 - Early views of the Martian surface from the Mars Orbiter Camera of Mars Global Surveyor","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:48","indexId":"70021060","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Early views of the Martian surface from the Mars Orbiter Camera of Mars Global Surveyor","docAbstract":"High-resolution images of the martian surface at scales of a few meters show ubiquitous erosional and depositional eolian landforms. Dunes, sandsheets, and drifts are prevalent and exhibit a range of morphology, composition (inferred from albedo), and age (as seen in occurrences of different dune orientations at the same location). Steep walls of topographic depressions such as canyons, valleys, and impact craters show the martian crust to be stratified at scales of a few tens of meters. The south polar layered terrain and superposed permanent ice cap display diverse surface textures that may reflect the complex interplay of volatile and non-volatile components. Low resolution regional views of the planet provide synoptic observations of polar cap retreat, condensate clouds, and the lifecycle of local and regional dust storms.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.279.5357.1681","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Malin, M.C., Carr, M.H., Danielson, G., Davies, M.E., Hartmann, W., Ingersoll, A., James, P., Masursky, H., McEwen, A.S., Soderblom, L., Thomas, P., Veverka, J., Caplinger, M., Ravine, M., Soulanille, T., and Warren, J., 1998, Early views of the Martian surface from the Mars Orbiter Camera of Mars Global Surveyor: Science, v. 279, no. 5357, p. 1681-1685, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5357.1681.","startPage":"1681","endPage":"1685","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230010,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206496,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5357.1681"}],"volume":"279","issue":"5357","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0493e4b0c8380cd50a7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Malin, M. C.","contributorId":68830,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Malin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":388491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Danielson, G. E.","contributorId":51890,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Danielson","given":"G. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davies, M. E.","contributorId":26050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hartmann, W.K.","contributorId":96002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartmann","given":"W.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ingersoll, A.P.","contributorId":54735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"James, P.B.","contributorId":88913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Masursky, H.","contributorId":33823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masursky","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McEwen, A. S.","contributorId":11317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEwen","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Thomas, P.","contributorId":59185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Veverka, J.","contributorId":71689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veverka","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Caplinger, M.A.","contributorId":7878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caplinger","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Ravine, M.A.","contributorId":91312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ravine","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Soulanille, T.A.","contributorId":58520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soulanille","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Warren, J.L.","contributorId":71372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":70020343,"text":"70020343 - 1998 - Influence of an igneous intrusion on the inorganic geochemistry of a bituminous coal from Pitkin County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70020343","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of an igneous intrusion on the inorganic geochemistry of a bituminous coal from Pitkin County, Colorado","docAbstract":"Although the effects of igneous dikes on the organic matter in coal have been observed at many localities there is virtually no information on the effects of the intrusions of the inorganic constituents in the coal. Such a study may help to elucidate the behavior of trace elements during in situ gasification of coal and may provide insights into the resources potential for coal and coke affected by the intrusion. To determine the effects of an igneous intrusion on the inorganic chemistry of a coal we used a series of 11 samples of coal and natural coke that had been collected at intervals from 3 to 106 cm from a dike that intruded the bituminous Dutch Creek coal in Pitkin, CO. The samples were chemically analyzed for 66 elements. SEM-EDX and X-ray diffraction analysis were performed on selected samples. Volatile elements such as F, Cl, Hg, and Se are not depleted in the samples (coke and coal) nearest the dike that were exposed to the highest temperatures. Their presence in these samples is likely due to secondary enrichment following volatilization of the elements inherent in the coal. Equilibration with ground water may account for the uniform distribution of Na, B, and Cl. High concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Sr, and CO2 in the coke region are attributed to the reaction of CO and CO2 generated during the coking of the coal with fluids from the intrusion, resulting in the precipitation of carbonates. Similarly, precipitation of sulfide minerals in the coke zone may account for the relatively high concentrations of Ag, Hg, Cu, Zn, and Fe. Most elements are concentrated at the juncture of the fluidized coke and the thermally metamorphosed coal. Many of the elements enriched in this region (for example, Ga, Ge, Mo, Rb, U, La, Ce, Al, K, and Si) may have been adsorbed on either the clays or the organic matter or on both.Although the effects of igneous dikes on the organic matter in coal have been observed at many localities there is virtually no information on the effects of the intrusions on the inorganic constituents in the coal. Such a study may help to elucidate the behavior of trace elements during in situ gasification of coal and may provide insights into the resource potential of coal and coke affected by the intrusion. To determine the effects of an igneous intrusion on the inorganic chemistry of a coal we used a series of 11 samples of coal and natural coke that had been collected at intervals from 3 to 106 cm from a dike that intruded the bituminous Dutch Creek coal in Pitkin, CO. The samples were chemically analyzed for 66 elements. SEM-EDX and X-ray diffraction analysis were performed on selected samples. Volatile elements such as F, Cl, Hg, and Se are not depleted in the samples (coke and coal) nearest the dike that were exposed to the highest temperatures. Their presence in these samples is likely due to secondary enrichment following volatilization of the elements inherent in the coal. Equilibration with ground water may account for the uniform distribution of Na, B, and Cl. High concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Sr, and CO2 in the coke region are attributed to the reaction of CO and CO2 generated during the coking of the coal with fluids from the intrusion, resulting in the precipitation of carbonates. Similarly, precipitation of sulfide minerals in the coke zone may account for the relatively high concentrations of Ag, Hg, Cu, Zn, and Fe. Most elements are concentrated at the juncture of the fluidized coke and the thermally metamorphosed coal. Many of the elements enriched in this region (for example, Ga, Ge, Mo, Rb, U, La, Ce, Al, K, and Si) may have been adsorbed on either the clays or the organic matter or on both.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00005-6","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Finkelman, R.B., Bostick, N.H., Dulong, F., Senftle, F.E., and Thorpe, A.N., 1998, Influence of an igneous intrusion on the inorganic geochemistry of a bituminous coal from Pitkin County, Colorado: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 36, no. 3-4, p. 223-241, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00005-6.","startPage":"223","endPage":"241","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206883,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00005-6"},{"id":231090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b0fe4b0c8380cd621c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bostick, N. H.","contributorId":67099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bostick","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dulong, F.T.","contributorId":81490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dulong","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Senftle, F. E.","contributorId":47788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senftle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thorpe, A. N.","contributorId":53504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorpe","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70020254,"text":"70020254 - 1998 - Micas from the Pikes Peak batholith and its cogenetic granitic pegmatites, Colorado: Optical properties, composition, and correlation with pegmatite evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:44","indexId":"70020254","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Micas from the Pikes Peak batholith and its cogenetic granitic pegmatites, Colorado: Optical properties, composition, and correlation with pegmatite evolution","docAbstract":"Optical properties are presented for 66 samples of mica covering the range from annite ??? biotite ??? zinnwaldite ??? ferroan lepidolite and ferroan muscovite from occurrences of granitic pegmatite (NYF type) throughout the Pikes Peak batholith (PPB) in Colorado. Chemical composition was determined for 34 of these samples. The optical data are correlated with composition, mode of occurrence, and relation to pegmatite paragenesis. Optical properties of the trioctahedral micas show a consistent trend of decreasing ?? index of refraction, from an average of 1.693 in annite of the host granite to 1.577 in zinnwaldite and ferroan lepidolite of the miarolitic cavities, which correlates with a progressively decreasing content of Fe. A comparison of optical and compositional data for micas from localities throughout the PPB indicates a variation in geochemical evolution among pegmatites of different districts, and between the Pikes Peak Granite and its late satellite plutons. Analyses of mica samples taken from cross-sections through individual pegmatites reveal a decrease in index of refraction and total iron that unambiguously document a progressive geochemical evolution within a given pegmatite. Such data, in addition to field evidence, indicate that micas enclosed within massive quartz are paragenetically older than those within miarolitic cavities; minerals within miarolitic cavities represent the final stages of primary crystallization. A general model of pegmatite paragenesis is proposed that hypothesizes formation of miarolitic cavities as a consequence of pegmatite configuration and inclination, as well as early crystallization of massive quartz that confines the silicate melt and volatile phase, resulting in closed-system crystallization with a concomitant increase in pressure, consequent episodic cavity-rupture events, and corresponding changes in mica composition.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"Kile, D.E., and Foord, E., 1998, Micas from the Pikes Peak batholith and its cogenetic granitic pegmatites, Colorado: Optical properties, composition, and correlation with pegmatite evolution: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 36, no. 2, p. 463-482.","startPage":"463","endPage":"482","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231011,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5634e4b0c8380cd6d405","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kile, D. E.","contributorId":22758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kile","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29774,"text":"wri984010 - 1998 - Geohydrology and distribution of volatile organic compounds in ground water in the Casey Village area, Bucks County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-06T20:48:16.439455","indexId":"wri984010","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4010","title":"Geohydrology and distribution of volatile organic compounds in ground water in the Casey Village area, Bucks County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Casey Village and the adjoining part of the U.S. Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC) are underlain by the Late Triassic-age Stockton Formation, which consists of a dipping series of siltstones and sandstones.
The direction of vertical ground-water gradients in the Stockton Formation varies among well locations and sometimes with time. Vertical gradients can be substantial; the difference in water levels at one well pair (two wells screened at different depths) was 7.1 ft (feet) over a 32-ft vertical section of the aquifer.
Potentiometric-surface maps show a groundwater divide that bisects the Casey Village area. For wells screened between 18 and 64 ft below land surface (bls), the general ground-water gradient is to the east and northeast on the east side of the divide and to the south and southwest on the west side of the divide. For wells screened between 48 and 106 ft bls, the general ground-water gradient is to the northeast on the east side of the divide and to the southwest and northwest on the west side of the divide. An aquifer test at one well in Casey Village caused drawdown in wells on the opposite side of the ground-water divide on the NAWC and shifted the ground-water divide in the deeper potentiometric surface to the west. Drawdowns formed an elliptical pattern, which indicates anisotropy; however, anisotropy is not aligned with strike or dip. Hydraulic stress caused by pumping crosses stratigraphic boundaries.
Between 1993 and 1996, the trichloroethylene (TCE) concentration in water samples collected from wells in Casey Village decreased. The highest concentration of TCE measured in water from one well decreased from 1,200 mg/L (micrograms per liter) in 1993 when domestic wells were pumped in Casey Village to 140 mg/L in 1996, 3 years after the installation of public water and the cessation of domestic pumping. This suggests that pumping of domestic wells may have contributed to TCE migration. Between 1993 and 1996, the tetrachloroethylene (PCE) concentration in water samples collected from wells in Casey Village decreased only slightly. The highest concentration of PCE measured in water from one well decreased from 720 mg/L in 1993 to 630 mg/L in 1996.
The distribution of TCE and PCE in ground water indicates the presence of separate PCE and TCE plumes, each with a different source area. The TCE plume appears to be moving in two directions away from the ground-water divide area. The pumping of a domestic well may have caused TCE migration into the ground-water divide area. From the divide area, the TCE plume appears to be moving both to the east and the west under the natural hydraulic gradient.
Aquifer-isolation tests conducted in the well with the highest TCE concentrations showed that concentrations of TCE in water samples from the isolated intervals were similar but slightly lower in the deeper isolated zones than in the shallower isolated zones. Upward flow was measured in this well during geophysical logging. If the source of TCE to the well was from shallow fractures, upward flow of less contaminated water could be flushing TCE from the immediate vicinity of this well. This may help explain why the concentration of TCE in water from this well decreased an order of magnitude between 1993 and 1996.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984010","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., Conger, R.W., and Grazul, K.E., 1998, Geohydrology and distribution of volatile organic compounds in ground water in the Casey Village area, Bucks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4010, vii, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984010.","productDescription":"vii, 81 p.","onlineOnly":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125174,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4010/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":2486,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4010/wri19984010.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.11 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1998-4010"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
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Uranium deposits containing molybdenum and fluorite occur in the Central Mining Area, near Marysvale, Utah, and formed in an epithermal vein system that is part of a volcanic/hypabyssal complex. They represent a known, but uncommon, type of deposit; relative to other commonly described volcanic-related uranium deposits, they are young, well-exposed and well-documented. Hydrothermal uranium-bearing quartz and fluorite veins are exposed over a 300 m vertical range in the mines. Molybdenum, as jordisite (amorphous MoS2), together with fluorite and pyrite, increase with depth, and uranium decreases with depth. The veins cut 23-Ma quartz monzonite, 20-Ma granite, and 19-Ma rhyolite ash-flow tuff. The veins formed at 19-18 Ma in a 1 km2 area, above a cupola of a composite, recurrent, magma chamber at least 24 × 5 km across that fed a sequence of 21- to 14-Ma hypabyssal granitic stocks, rhyolite lava flows, ash-flow tuffs, and volcanic domes. Formation of the Central Mining Area began when the intrusion of a rhyolite stock, and related molybdenite-bearing, uranium-rich, glassy rhyolite dikes, lifted the fractured roof above the stock. A breccia pipe formed and relieved magmatic pressures, and as blocks of the fractured roof began to settle back in place, flat-lying, concave-downward, “pull-apart” fractures were formed. Uranium-bearing, quartz and fluorite veins were deposited by a shallow hydrothermal system in the disarticulated carapace. The veins, which filled open spaces along the high-angle fault zones and flat-lying fractures, were deposited within 115 m of the ground surface above the concealed rhyolite stock. Hydrothermal fluids with temperatures near 200 °C, 18OH2O∼−1.5, DH2O∼−130, log f O2 about −47 to −50, and pH about 6 to 7, permeated the fractured rocks; these fluids were rich in fluorine, molybdenum, potassium, and hydrogen sulfide, and contained uranium as fluoride complexes. The hydrothermal fluids reacted with the wallrock resulting in precipitation of uranium minerals. At the deepest exposed levels, wallrocks were altered to sericite; and uraninite, coffinite, jordisite, fluorite, molybdenite, quartz, and pyrite were deposited in the veins. The fluids were progressively oxidized and cooled at higher levels in the system by boiling and degassing; iron-bearing minerals in wall rocks were oxidized to hematite, and quartz, fluorite, minor siderite, and uraninite were deposited in the veins. Near the ground surface, the fluids were acidified by condensation of volatiles and oxidation of hydrogen sulfide in near-surface, steam-heated, ground waters; wall rocks were altered to kaolinite, and quartz, fluorite, and uraninite were deposited in veins. Secondary uranium minerals, hematite, and gypsum formed during supergene alteration later in the Cenozoic when the upper part of the mineralized system was exposed by erosion.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s001260050164","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, C.G., Rasmussen, J., Steven, T.A., Rye, R.O., Rowley, P.D., Romberger, S., and Selverstone, J., 1998, Hydrothermal uranium deposits containing molybdenum and fluorite in the Marysvale volcanic field, west-central Utah: Mineralium Deposita, v. 33, no. 5, p. 477-494, https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260050164.","productDescription":"18 p. 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\"}}]}","volume":"33","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37abe4b0c8380cd6106c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, C. 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D.","contributorId":87551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowley","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Romberger, S.B.","contributorId":24114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romberger","given":"S.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Selverstone, J.","contributorId":24512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selverstone","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70020636,"text":"70020636 - 1998 - Developmental geology of coalbed methane from shallow to deep in Rocky Mountain basins and in Cook Inlet-Matanuska Basin, Alaska, USA and Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70020636","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Developmental geology of coalbed methane from shallow to deep in Rocky Mountain basins and in Cook Inlet-Matanuska Basin, Alaska, USA and Canada","docAbstract":"The Rocky Mountain basins of western North America contain vast deposits of coal of Cretaceous through early Tertiary age. Coalbed methane is produced in Rocky Mountain basins at depths ranging from 45 m (150 ft) to 1981 m (6500 ft) from coal of lignite to low-volatile bituminous rank. Although some production has been established in almost all Rocky Mountain basins, commercial production occurs in only a few. despite more than two decades of exploration for coalbed methane in the Rocky Mountain region, it is still difficult to predict production characteristics of coalbed methane wells prior to drilling. Commonly cited problems include low permeabilities, high water production, and coals that are significantly undersaturated with respect to methane. Sources of coalbed gases can be early biogenic, formed during the early stages of coalification, thermogenic, formed during the main stages of coalification, or late stage biogenic, formed as a result of the reintroduction of methane-gnerating bacteria by groundwater after uplift and erosion. Examples of all three types of coalbed gases, and combinations of more than one type, can be found in the Rocky Mountain region. Coals in the Rocky Mountain region achieved their present ranks largely as a result of burial beneath sediments that accumulated during the Laramide orogeny (Late Cretaceous through the end of the eocene) or shortly after. Thermal events since the end of the orogeny have also locally elevated coal ranks. Coal beds in the upper part of high-volatile A bituminous rank or greater commonly occur within much more extensive basin-centered gas deposits which cover large areas of the deeper parts of most Rocky Mountain basins. Within these basin-centered deposits all lithologies, including coals, sandstones, and shales, are gas saturated, and very little water is produced. The interbedded coals and carbonaceous shales are probably the source of much of this gas. Basin-centered gas deposits become overpressured from hydrocarbon generation as they form, and this overpressuring is probably responsible for driving out most of the water. Sandstone permeabilities are low, in part because of diagenesis caused by highly reactive water given off during the early stages of coalification. Coals within these basin-centered deposits commonly have high gas contents and produce little water, but they generally occur at depths greater than 5000 ft and have low permeabilities. Significant uplift and removal of overburden has occurred throughout the Rocky Mountain region since the end of the Eocene, and much of this erosion occurred after regional uplift began about 10 Ma. The removal of overburden generally causes methane saturation levels in coals to decrease, and thus a significant drop in pressure is required to initiate methane production. The most successful coalbed methane production in the Rocky Mountain region occurs in areas where gas contents were increased by post-Eocene thermal events and/or the generation of late-stage biogenic gas. Methane-generating bacteria were apparently reintroduced into the coals in some areas after uplift and erosion, and subsequent changes in pressure and temperature, allowed surface waters to rewater the coals. Groundwater may also help open up cleat systems making coals more permeable to methane. If water production is excessive, however, the economics of producing methane are impacted by the cost of water disposal.The Rocky Mountain basins of western North America contain vast deposits of coal of Cretaceous through early Tertiary age. Coalbed methane is produced in Rocky Mountain basins at depths ranging from 45 to 1981 m from coal of lignite to low volatile bituminous rank. Despite more than two decades of exploration for coalbed methane in Rocky Mountain region, it is still difficult to predict production characteristics of coalbed methane wells prior to drilling. Sources of coalbed gases can be early biogenic, formed during the main stages of coa","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(97)00016-5","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R.C., and Flores, R.M., 1998, Developmental geology of coalbed methane from shallow to deep in Rocky Mountain basins and in Cook Inlet-Matanuska Basin, Alaska, USA and Canada: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 35, no. 1-4, p. 241-282, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(97)00016-5.","startPage":"241","endPage":"282","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206971,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(97)00016-5"},{"id":231420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0083e4b0c8380cd4f794","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, R. C. 0000-0002-6197-5165","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6197-5165","contributorId":101621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":386962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flores, R. M.","contributorId":106899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flores","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}