{"pageNumber":"49","pageRowStart":"1200","pageSize":"25","recordCount":1766,"records":[{"id":4952,"text":"fs01998 - 1998 - Simulating transport of volatile organic compounds in the unsaturated zone using the computer model R-UNSAT","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-26T13:18:20.49439","indexId":"fs01998","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"019-98","title":"Simulating transport of volatile organic compounds in the unsaturated zone using the computer model R-UNSAT","docAbstract":"<p>Subsurface spills of gasoline and other petroleum products are a common environmental problem throughout the industrialized world. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has estimated that 40 percent of the more than 200,000 retail service stations in the United States have had accidental releases of petroleum hydrocarbons to the subsurface (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991). Restoration of a contaminated aquifer to regulatory standards is a technically difficult problem even when best engineering strategies are applied.</p><p>Natural attenuation, a remediation strategy that relies on intrinsic physical, chemical, and biological processes to decrease contaminant concentrations, is gaining widespread acceptance in aquifer restoration efforts (Tremblay and others, 1995). The potential for successful remediation by natural attenuation depends on the fate of the organic constituents of the spilled product, which may include additives such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). These compounds can dissolve in ground water, adsorb to subsurface sediments, volatilize and diffuse through the unsaturated zone, or undergo chemical and biological reactions (fig. 1). Volatilization and biodegradation near the water table are two processes that can contribute significantly to the natural attenuation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in shallow ground water (McAllister and Chiang, 1994). To date, quantitative information on the rates at which these processes occur has been limited.</p><p>R-UNSAT, a computer model designed for quantifying rates of volatilization and biodegradation of organic compounds near the water table, was developed and documented by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and is now available to the public. R-UNSAT also can be applied, however, to other unsaturated-zone transport problems that involve gas diffusion, such as radon migration, and the deposition of compounds from the atmosphere to shallow ground water. This fact sheet describes the transport model and demonstrates its capabilities through applications to point- and nonpoint-source contamination.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs01998","usgsCitation":"Lahvis, M.A., and Baehr, A.L., 1998, Simulating transport of volatile organic compounds in the unsaturated zone using the computer model R-UNSAT: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 019-98, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs01998.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":431464,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-019-98/fs-019-98.pdf","text":"Report","size":"81.2 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 019-98 PDF"},{"id":120,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-019-98","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"FS 019-98 HTML"},{"id":121399,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-019-98/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"<p><a href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f309e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lahvis, Matthew A.","contributorId":104522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahvis","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":23757,"text":"ofr98409 - 1998 - A Review of Semivolatile and Volatile Organic Compounds in Highway Runoff and Urban Stormwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:14","indexId":"ofr98409","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-409","title":"A Review of Semivolatile and Volatile Organic Compounds in Highway Runoff and Urban Stormwater","docAbstract":"Many studies have been conducted since 1970 to characterize concentrations of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in highway runoff and urban stormwater. To a lesser extent, studies also have characterized concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), estimated loads of SVOCs, and assessed potential impacts of these contaminants on receiving streams. This review evaluates the quality of existing data on SVOCs and VOCs in highway runoff and urban storm- water and summarizes significant findings. Studies related to highways are emphasized when possible. The review included 44 articles and reports that focused primarily on SVOCs and VOCs. Only 17 of these publications are related to highways, and 5 of these 17 are themselves review papers. SVOCs in urban stormwater and sediments during the late 1970's to mid-1980's were the subject of most studies.\r\n\r\nCriteria used to evaluate data quality included documentation of sampling protocols, analytical methods, minimum reporting limit (MRL) or method detection limit (MDL), qualityassurance protocols, and quality-control samples. The largest deficiency in documenting data quality was that only 10 percent of the studies described where water samples were collected in the stream cross section. About 80 percent of SVOCs in runoff are in the suspended solids. Because suspended solids can vary significantly even in narrow channels, concentrations from discrete point samples and contaminant loads estimated from those samples are questionable without information on sample location or how well streamflow was mixed. Thirty percent or fewer of the studies documented the MRL, MDL, cleaning of samplers, or use of field quality-control samples. Comparing results of different studies and evaluating the quality of environmental data, especially for samples with low concentrations, is difficult without this information.\r\n\r\nThe most significant factor affecting SVOC concentrations in water is suspended solids concentration. In sediment, the most significant factors affecting SVOC concentrations are organic carbon content and distance from sources such as highways and power plants. Petroleum hydrocarbons, oil and grease, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in crankcase oil and vehicle emissions are the major SVOCs detected in highway runoff and urban stormwater.\r\n\r\nThe few loading factors and regression equations that were developed in the 1970's and 1980's have limited use in estimating current (1998) loads of SVOCs on a national scale. These factors and equations are based on few data and use inconsistent units, and some are independent of rainfall. Also, more cars on the road today have catalytic converters, and fuels that were used in 1998 are cleaner than when loading factors and regression equations were developed.\r\n\r\nComparisons to water-quality and sedimentquality criteria and guidelines indicate that PAHs, phenolic compounds, and phthalates in runoff and sediment exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water and aquatic-life standards and guidelines. PAHs in stream sediments adjacent to highways have the highest potential for adverse effects on receiving streams. \r\n\r\nFew data exist on VOCs in highway runoff. VOCs were detected in precipitation adjacent to a highway in England, and chloromethane, toluene, xylenes, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and 1,2,3-trichloropropane were detected in runoff from a highway in Texas. In urban stormwater, gasoline-related compounds were detected in as many as 23 percent of the samples. Land use could be the most significant factor affecting the occurrence of VOCs, with highest concentrations of VOCs found in industrial areas. Temperature is another factor affecting the occurrence and concentrations of VOCs. Urban land surfaces are the primary nonpoint source of VOCs in stormwater. However, the atmosphere is a potential source of hydrophilic VOCs in stormwater, especially during cold seasons when partitioning of VOCs from air into water i","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr98409","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration (A Contribution to the National Highway Runoff Data and Methodology Synthesis)","usgsCitation":"Lopes, T.J., and Dionne, S.G., 1998, A Review of Semivolatile and Volatile Organic Compounds in Highway Runoff and Urban Stormwater: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-409, vi, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98409.","productDescription":"vi, 67 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":377,"text":"Massachusetts-Rhode Island Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156351,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9563,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr98-409/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4967e4b0b290850ef221","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lopes, Thomas J. tjlopes@usgs.gov","contributorId":2302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopes","given":"Thomas","email":"tjlopes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":190662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dionne, Shannon G.","contributorId":19964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dionne","given":"Shannon","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":4492,"text":"cir1120L - 1998 - Physical and chemical data on sediments deposited in the Missouri and the Mississippi River flood plains during the July through August 1993 flood","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:50","indexId":"cir1120L","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1120","chapter":"L","title":"Physical and chemical data on sediments deposited in the Missouri and the Mississippi River flood plains during the July through August 1993 flood","docAbstract":"Because sediments deposited by the 1993 floods on the Missouri and Mississippi rivers were thought to contain elevated concentrations of nutrients and trace elements, sediment deposits were sampled at 25 floodplain locations. The samples were analyzed for particle size, water content, volatile solids, nutrients, carbon, selected trace elements, pesticides, and semivolatile organic compounds. Preflood soil samples were analyzed for particle size only. Procedures for selecting sites, techniques developed for sampling, laboratory and analytical methods, and quality assurance methods also are described.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir1120L","isbn":"0607882794","usgsCitation":"Schalk, G.K., Holmes, R.R., and Johnson, G.P., 1998, Physical and chemical data on sediments deposited in the Missouri and the Mississippi River flood plains during the July through August 1993 flood: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1120, vi, 62 p. :ill., map ;29 cm.29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1120L.","productDescription":"vi, 62 p. :ill., map ;29 cm.29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":537,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/circ1120-l","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":117415,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1120_L.bmp"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schalk, Gregg K.","contributorId":66250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schalk","given":"Gregg","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holmes, Robert R. Jr. 0000-0002-5060-3999 bholmes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":1624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"bholmes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":149329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Gary P. 0000-0003-0363-9873 gjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0363-9873","contributorId":2959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gary","email":"gjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":149330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":25557,"text":"wri974234 - 1998 - Ground-water quality in three urban areas in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-08T14:21:21.243088","indexId":"wri974234","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4234","title":"Ground-water quality in three urban areas in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States, 1995","docAbstract":"<p><span>Ground-water quality is generally good in three urban areas studied in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States涌cala and Tampa, Florida, and Virginia Beach, Virginia. The hydrology of these areas differs in that Ocala has many karst depressions but virtually no surface-water features, and Tampa and Virginia Beach have numerous surface-water features, including small lakes, streams, and swamps. Samples were collected in early 1995 from 15 wells in Ocala (8 in the surficial aquifer and 7 in the Upper Floridan aquifer), 17 wells in Tampa (8 in the surficial aquifer and 9 in the Upper Floridan aquifer), and in the summer of 1995 from 15 wells in Virginia Beach (all in the surficial aquifer).</span></p><p>In the surficial aquifer in Ocala, the major ion water type was calcium bicarbonate in five samples and mixed (no dominant ions) in three samples, with dissolved-solids concentrations ranging from 78 to 463 milligrams per liter. In Tampa, the water type was calcium bicarbonate in one sample and mixed in seven samples, with dissolved-solids concentrations ranging from 38 to 397 milligrams per liter. In Virginia Beach, water types were primarily calcium and sodium bicarbonate water, with dissolved-solids concentrations ranging from 89 to 740 milligrams per liter. The water types and dissolved-solids concentrations reflect the presence of carbonates in the surficial aquifer materials in the Ocala and Virginia Beach areas. The major ion water type was calcium bicarbonate for all 16 samples from the upper Floridan aquifer in both Florida cities. Dissolved-solids concentrations ranged from 210 to 551 milligrams per liter in Ocala, with a median of 287 milligrams per liter, and from 187 to 362 milligrams per liter in Tampa, with a median of 244 milligrams per liter.</p><p>Concentrations of nitrate nitrogen were highest in the surficial aquifer in Ocala, and one sample ex-ceeded 10 milligrams per liter, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level for drinking water. Median nitrate concentrations were 1.2 milligrams per liter in Ocala and only 0.06 and 0.05 milligram per liter in Tampa and Virginia Beach, respectively. In Florida, some background water-quality data were available for comparison. The median nitrate concentration in Ocala was much higher than the median nitrate concentration of 0.05 milligram per liter in the background data. Median nitrate concentrations were 0.33 and 0.05 milligram per liter in samples from the Upper Floridan aquifer in Ocala and Tampa, respectively, and 0.05 milligram per liter in background samples.</p><p>Of the 47 pesticides and 60 volatile organic compounds analyzed, only five pesticides and five volatile organic compounds were detected. The most commonly detected pesticide was prometon, a broad-scale herbicide, detected in samples from eight wells in Ocala (at concentrations ranging from 0.009 to 1.8 micrograms per liter), three wells in Virginia Beach (at concentrations ranging from 0.19 to 10 micrograms per liter), and from one well in Tampa (0.01 microgram per liter). The most commonly detected volatile organic compound was chloroform, which was d etected four times at concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 2.2 micrograms per liter in Ocala and Tampa. Seven volatile organic compounds were detected in one sample in Virginia Beach; most were compounds associated with petroleum and coal tar.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974234","usgsCitation":"Berndt, M.P., Galeone, D., Spruill, T., and Crandall, C.A., 1998, Ground-water quality in three urban areas in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4234, iii, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974234.","productDescription":"iii, 25 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125075,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_97_4234.jpg"},{"id":1906,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974234","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465855,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48839.htm","text":"Ocala, Florida","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465856,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48840.htm","text":"Tampa, Florida","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465857,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48841.htm","text":"Virginia Beach, Virginia","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8ee4b07f02db6548fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berndt, M. P.","contributorId":74761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berndt","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Galeone, D.R.","contributorId":47410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galeone","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spruill, T.B.","contributorId":76747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spruill","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crandall, C. A.","contributorId":93943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crandall","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70207567,"text":"70207567 - 1998 - Radionuclides in fly ash and bottom ash: Improved characterization based on radiography and low energy gamma-ray spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-24T12:25:56","indexId":"70207567","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-24T12:15:10","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radionuclides in fly ash and bottom ash: Improved characterization based on radiography and low energy gamma-ray spectrometry","docAbstract":"<p><span>Two radiation-based techniques for determining the distribution and relative abundance of radionuclides are described, and applied to a suite of fly ash and bottom ash samples from a Kentucky power plant. The technique of fission-track radiography provides new observations of the variety of uranium hosts and of uranium distribution in individual particles of fly ash, and thus aids prediction of the leachability of uranium during long-term disposal or utilization of fly ash. Uranium is largely dispersed within glassy components of fly ash particles and shows little evidence for obvious surface enrichment that could be attributed to secondary adsorption. The technique of low energy gamma-ray spectrometry provides simultaneous, non-destructive determination of the relative abundance of&nbsp;</span><sup>238</sup><span>U,&nbsp;</span><sup>226</sup><span>Ra,&nbsp;</span><sup>228</sup><span>Ra and&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup><span>Pb in representative 150–250 g samples. The measurements provide a means for screening samples to determine if the combustion process causes significant preferential redistribution of radionuclides that could affect their subsequent mobility. Results indicate that radium isotopes are not significantly (within 10–15%) fractionated from parent&nbsp;</span><sup>238</sup><span>U and&nbsp;</span><sup>232</sup><span>Th during coal combustion. In contrast,&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup><span>Pb appears to be preferentially enriched in some samples of fly ash, and depleted in bottom ash relative to&nbsp;</span><sup>238</sup><span>U and&nbsp;</span><sup>226</sup><span>Ra. In this application&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup><span>Pb acts as a tracer for elemental lead, and confirms the expected greater volatility of Pb compared to more refractory elements during coal combustion.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-2361(97)00194-4","usgsCitation":"Zielinski, R.A., and Budahn, J.R., 1998, Radionuclides in fly ash and bottom ash: Improved characterization based on radiography and low energy gamma-ray spectrometry: Fuel, v. 77, no. 4, p. 259-267, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(97)00194-4.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"267","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370675,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zielinski, Robert A. 0000-0002-4047-5129 rzielinski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":1593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"Robert","email":"rzielinski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budahn, James R. 0000-0001-9794-8882 jbudahn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":1175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"James","email":"jbudahn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30320,"text":"wri974285 - 1998 - Pesticides and volatile organic compounds in surface and ground water of the Palouse subunit, central Columbia Plateau, Washington and Idaho, 1993-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:02","indexId":"wri974285","displayToPublicDate":"1998-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4285","title":"Pesticides and volatile organic compounds in surface and ground water of the Palouse subunit, central Columbia Plateau, Washington and Idaho, 1993-95","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974285","usgsCitation":"Wagner, R.J., and Roberts, L., 1998, Pesticides and volatile organic compounds in surface and ground water of the Palouse subunit, central Columbia Plateau, Washington and Idaho, 1993-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4285, vi, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974285.","productDescription":"vi, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4285/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59114,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4285/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6882f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wagner, R. J.","contributorId":37318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roberts, L.M.","contributorId":84355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25823,"text":"wri974248 - 1998 - Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin— Ground-water quality in an urban part of the Twin Cities Metropolitan area, Minnesota, 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-08T22:54:03.562167","indexId":"wri974248","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4248","title":"Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin— Ground-water quality in an urban part of the Twin Cities Metropolitan area, Minnesota, 1996","docAbstract":"<p>In the spring of 1996, the Upper Mississippi River Basin Study Unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program drilled 30 shallow monitoring wells in a study area characterized by urban residential and commercial land uses. The monitoring wells were installed in sandy river-terrace deposits adjacent to the Mississippi River in Anoka and Hennepin Counties, Minnesota, in areas where urban development primarily occurred during the past 30 years.</p>\n<p>Analyses of sediments collected during well drilling indicated that at most well sites the aquifer materials had relatively high hydraulic conductivities (ranging from 0.01 to 238 feet per day), and relatively low organic carbon contents (0.10 to 41 grams per kilogram), indicating a high susceptibility to leaching of fertilizers and organic substances used on the land surface. Sediment pH values, which can affect leaching of pesticides, were generally alkaline, ranging from 5.1 to 9.6.</p>\n<p>Ground-water levels ranged from 2.39 to 23.14 feet below land surface, and indicated that shallow ground water flows primarily toward the Mississippi River. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations in water samples from the wells were generally less than 3 milligrams per liter (mg/L) and specific conductances were generally greater than 600 microsiemens per centimeter. Calcium, magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate were the primary dissolved constituents in the water samples. Sodium and chloride concentrations were generally greater than commonly reported in the region, probably due to leaching of sodium chloride applied to roads during the winter. Most tracemetal concentrations in ground-water samples were less than 10 micrograms per liter (&mu;g/L), but concentrations of iron and manganese commonly exceeded Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency of 300 and 50 &mu;g/L, respectively. Mineral saturation indices indicated that calcite, dolomite, and gypsum were slightly undersaturated in most water samples, and that quartz, and many oxides and hydroxides of iron and manganese were oversaturated in all of the water samples.</p>\n<p>Concentrations of nitrate nitrogen, the primary nutrient of concern in ground water, ranged from less than 0.05 to 16 mg/L, with a median concentration of 1.4 mg/L. Dissolved phosphorus concentrations ranged from less than 0.01 to 1.5 mg/L in the water samples, with a median concentration of 0.02 mg/L. Water from one well was oversaturated with respect to hydroxyapatite, a phosphatic mineral used as a fertilizer.</p>\n<p>Pesticide compounds were detected in water samples from 16 wells, but concentrations of those compounds were less than 1.0 &mu;g/L. Prometon, an herbicide commonly used for right-of-way weed control, was detected in water samples from 10 of the wells. Atrazine, and its metabolite deethylatrazine, were detectable in water samples from 6 and 8 wells, respectively. Atrazine is commonly applied to land planted with corn and is detectable in rainfall and air samples in concentrations of less than 1 ng/L in the urban land use study area. Other detected pesticide compounds, which are used in agriculture, right-of-way weed control, or lawn care included: tebuthiuron, EPTC, <i>p</i>,<i>p</i>'-DDE, metolachlor, simazine, bentazon, and bromacil.</p>\n<p>Volatile organic compounds were detected in water samples from 26 wells, but the concentrations of most of those compounds were less than 1 &mu;g/L. Carbon disulfide, which may be produced by bacteria in soils, was the most commonly detected volatile organic compound in water samples from the wells. Other detected volatile organic compounds included: methyl chloride, acetone, dichlorofluoromethane, tetrahydrofuran, trichlorofluoromethane, methyl iodide, 1,1-dichloroethane, chloroform, toluene, trichloroethane, trichloroethene, <i>cis</i>-1,2-dichloroethene, methylene chloride, bromodichloromethane, benzene, methylisobutylketone, ethyl ether, and tetrachloroethene.</p>\n<p>Tritium concentrations, analyzed in water samples from 15 of the 30 wells, indicated that shallow ground water has been recharged since the mid-1950's, and that shallow ground water should be affected by urban development that has taken place over the past 40 years.</p>\n<p>Land uses in the urban land use study area affected the concentrations of some water-quality constituents. Concentrations of nitrate and chloride, and frequencies of detection of pesticides and of volatile organic compounds, were greater in water samples from the surficial sand and gravel aquifer underlying the urban land use study area than in water samples from similar aquifers from part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin National Water-Quality Assessment study unit. Land uses within 500-meter radii of each well were quantified by digitizing overlays of aerial photographs that were verified and updated in the field. Concentrations of magnesium and sulfate were greater in ground water beneath areas of denser residential development, which may be a natural artifact of better drainage and a deeper water table in those areas. Frequencies of detection of some pesticides and volatile organic compounds were greater in water from wells with greater proportions of industrial and transportation land uses. Ground water in areas with less dense residential development, mostly the more recently-developed areas, tended to have greater concentrations of agricultural herbicides and some nutrients probably a relict of previous agricultural land use.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri974248","usgsCitation":"Andrews, W., Fong, A.L., Harrod, L., and Dittes, M.E., 1998, Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin— Ground-water quality in an urban part of the Twin Cities Metropolitan area, Minnesota, 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4248, viii, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974248.","productDescription":"viii, 54 p.","numberOfPages":"62","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391497,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48855.htm"},{"id":54573,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4248/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158065,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4248/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.4,\n              45.233333\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.25,\n              45.233333\n            ],\n          \n            [\n              -93.25,\n              45.0833\n            ],\n              [\n              -93.4,\n              45.0833\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.4,\n              45.233333\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e71be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, W. J. 0000-0003-4780-8835","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":56261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fong, A. L.","contributorId":58309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fong","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harrod, Leigh","contributorId":63053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrod","given":"Leigh","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dittes, M. E.","contributorId":94343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dittes","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":25839,"text":"wri974254 - 1998 - Water quality assessment of the Sacramento River Basin, California: Environmental setting and study design","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T20:01:22.737476","indexId":"wri974254","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4254","title":"Water quality assessment of the Sacramento River Basin, California: Environmental setting and study design","docAbstract":"This report describes the environmental setting and investigative activities of the Sacramento River Basin study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The Sacramento River Basin is one of 60 study units located throughout the United States that has been scheduled for study as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The Sacramento River Basin is the most important source of freshwater in California. Water quality studies in the Sacramento River Basin study unit focus on the Sacramento Valley because it is here that the principal uses of water and potential impacts on water quality occur. Investigative activities include a network of surface water sites, where water chemistry and aquatic biological sampling are done, and a variety of ground water studies. In addition, investigations of the cycling and distribution of volatile organic compounds in the urban environment and the distribution of total and methyl mercury in the Sacramento River and tributaries will be completed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974254","usgsCitation":"Domagalski, J.L., Knifong, D.L., MacCoy, D.E., Dileanis, P.D., Dawson, B.J., and Majewski, M.S., 1998, Water quality assessment of the Sacramento River Basin, California: Environmental setting and study design: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4254, vi, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974254.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410727,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48860.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54584,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4254/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158499,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4254/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120,\n             41.7625\n            ],\n            [\n              -123,\n              41.7625\n            ],\n            [\n              -123,\n              38.0667\n            ],\n            [\n              -120,\n              38.0667\n            ],\n            [\n              -120,\n              41.7625\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9b0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knifong, Donna L. dknifong@usgs.gov","contributorId":1517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knifong","given":"Donna","email":"dknifong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacCoy, Dorene E. 0000-0001-6810-4728 demaccoy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6810-4728","contributorId":948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacCoy","given":"Dorene","email":"demaccoy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dileanis, Peter D. dileanis@usgs.gov","contributorId":71541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dileanis","given":"Peter","email":"dileanis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dawson, Barbara J. 0000-0002-0209-8158 bjdawson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0209-8158","contributorId":1102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Barbara","email":"bjdawson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Majewski, Michael S. majewski@usgs.gov","contributorId":440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Majewski","given":"Michael","email":"majewski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":21943,"text":"ofr97829 - 1998 - Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of 86 volatile organic compounds in water by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, including detections less than reporting limits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T17:02:54.870153","indexId":"ofr97829","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-829","title":"Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of 86 volatile organic compounds in water by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, including detections less than reporting limits","docAbstract":"This report presents precision and accuracy data for volatile organic compounds\r\n(VOCs) in the nanogram-per-liter range, including aromatic hydrocarbons, reformulated\r\nfuel components, and halogenated hydrocarbons using purge and trap capillary-column\r\ngas chromatography/mass spectrometry. One-hundred-four VOCs were initially tested.\r\nOf these, 86 are suitable for determination by this method. Selected data are provided for\r\nthe 18 VOCs that were not included. This method also allows for the reporting of\r\nsemiquantitative results for tentatively identified VOCs not included in the list of method\r\ncompounds. Method detection limits, method performance data, preservation study\r\nresults, and blank results are presented.\r\nThe authors describe a procedure for reporting low-concentration detections at\r\nless than the reporting limit. The nondetection value (NDV) is introduced as a statistically\r\ndefined reporting limit designed to limit false positives and false negatives to less than 1\r\npercent. Nondetections of method compounds are reported as ?less than NDV.? Positive\r\ndetections measured at less than NDV are reported as estimated concentrations to alert the\r\ndata user to decreased confidence in accurate quantitation. Instructions are provided for\r\nanalysts to report data at less than the reporting limits. This method can support the use of\r\neither method reporting limits that censor detections at lower concentrations or the use of\r\nNDVs as reporting limits. The data-reporting strategy for providing analytical results at\r\nless than the reporting limit is a result of the increased need to identify the presence or\r\nabsence of environmental contaminants in water samples at increasingly lower\r\nconcentrations.\r\nLong-term method detection limits (LTMDLs) for 86 selected compounds range\r\nfrom 0.013 to 2.452 micrograms per liter (?g/L) and differ from standard method\r\ndetection limits (MDLs) in that the LTMDLs include the long-term variance of multiple\r\ninstruments, multiple operators, and multiple calibrations over a longer time. For these\r\nreasons, LTMDLs are expected to be slightly higher than standard MDLs. Recoveries for\r\nall of the VOCs tested ranged from 36 (tert-butyl formate) to 155 percent\r\n(pentachlorobenzene). The majority of the compounds ranged from 85 to 115 percent\r\nrecovery and had less than 5 percent relative standard deviation for concentrations spiked\r\nbetween 1 to 500 ?g/L in volatile blank-, surface-, and ground-water samples. Recoveries of 60 set spikes at low concentrations ranged from 70 to 114 percent (1,2,3-\r\ntrimethylbenzene and acetone). Recovery data were collected over 6 months with\r\nmultiple instruments, operators, and calibrations.\r\nIn this method, volatile organic compounds are extracted from a water sample by\r\nactively purging with helium. The VOCs are collected onto a sorbent trap, thermally\r\ndesorbed, separated by a Megabore gas chromatographic capillary column, and finally\r\ndetermined by a full-scan quadrupole mass spectrometer. Compound identification is\r\nconfirmed by the gas chromatographic retention time and by the resultant mass spectrum,\r\ntypically identified by three unique ions. An unknown compound detected in a sample\r\ncan be tentatively identified by comparing the unknown mass spectrum to reference\r\nspectra in the mass-spectra computer-data system library compiled by the National\r\nInstitute of Standards and Technology.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr97829","usgsCitation":"Connor, B.F., Rose, D.L., Noriega, M.C., Murtaugh, L.K., and Abney, S.R., 1998, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of 86 volatile organic compounds in water by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, including detections less than reporting limits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-829, viii, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97829.","productDescription":"viii, 78 p.","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0829/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51418,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0829/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1283,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://nwql.usgs.gov/Public/pubs/OFR97-829/OFR97-829.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bb95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Connor, Brooke F. bfconnor@usgs.gov","contributorId":3172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connor","given":"Brooke","email":"bfconnor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":186356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rose, Donna L. 0000-0003-1216-9914 dlrose@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1216-9914","contributorId":4546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"Donna","email":"dlrose@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noriega, Mary C. mnoriega@usgs.gov","contributorId":2553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noriega","given":"Mary","email":"mnoriega@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murtaugh, Lucinda K.","contributorId":14247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murtaugh","given":"Lucinda","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Abney, Sonja R.","contributorId":62992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abney","given":"Sonja","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":23196,"text":"ofr97589 - 1998 - Methods for comparing water-quality conditions among National Water-Quality Assessment Study Units, 1992-1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:57","indexId":"ofr97589","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-589","title":"Methods for comparing water-quality conditions among National Water-Quality Assessment Study Units, 1992-1995","docAbstract":"The National Water-Quality Assessment is based on intensive investigations of stream and ground-water quality in selected major hydrologic basins (study units) of the United States. One objective of the national assessment is to comparatively evaluate water-quality conditions within and among the different study units. Methods were developed to compare the water-quality conditions of 20 study units that were studied during 1992-1995. Two approaches were taken: (1) water-quality conditions for each study unit were ranked in relation to the findings for all study units, and (2) water-quality conditions for each study unit were compared to established criteria for the protection of human health and aquatic life.\r\n\r\nSeparate rankings were developed for several major characteristics of water quality by using selected combinations of measured values for individual constituents or properties. The water-quality characteristics that were evaluated for streams were nutrients and pesticides in water, organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in bed sediment and tissue, semivolatile organic compounds and trace elements in bed sediment, fish community degradation, and stream habitat degradation. The water-quality characteristics that were evaluated for ground water were nitrate, pesticides, volatile organic compounds, dissolved solids, and radon. The water-quality rankings are relative strictly to the distribution of conditions measured at sampling sites included in developing the method. Sites in the first 20 National Water-Quality Assessment study units include a broad range of environmental settings, but are not a statistically representative sample of the Nation. > To supplement the relative rankings, established water-quality criteria were used to indicate where particular constituents may have adverse effects, and thus merit further investigation. Established water-quality criteria, which provide consistent benchmarks for national comparisons of individual constituents, were selected from a variety of sources and applied to specific constituents in the specific medium (water or sediment) appropriate for each criterion.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97589","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Gilliom, R.J., Mueller, D.K., and Nowell, L.H., 1998, Methods for comparing water-quality conditions among National Water-Quality Assessment Study Units, 1992-1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-589, vii, 54 p. :col, ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97589.","productDescription":"vii, 54 p. :col, ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1329,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/pnsp/rep/ofr97589/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155277,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0589/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52516,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0589/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a194","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilliom, Robert J. rgilliom@usgs.gov","contributorId":488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliom","given":"Robert","email":"rgilliom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, David K. mueller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"David","email":"mueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nowell, Lisa H. 0000-0001-5417-7264 lhnowell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5417-7264","contributorId":490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowell","given":"Lisa","email":"lhnowell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":25793,"text":"wri964135 - 1998 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Pesticides and other synthetic organic compounds in water, sediment, and biota, 1975-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-13T22:54:31.331835","indexId":"wri964135","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4135","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Pesticides and other synthetic organic compounds in water, sediment, and biota, 1975-90","docAbstract":"The distribution of pesticides and other synthetic organic compounds in water, sediment, and biota in the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin was examined from 1987 through 1990 as part of the pilot National Water-Quality Assesssment Program conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey. Historical data for water and sediment collected from 1975 through 1986 were similar to data collected from 1987 through 1990. Some compounds were detected in concentrations that exceed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency water-quality criteria.\r\nResults from pesticide sampling at four stations in 1988 and 1989 identified several agricultural pesticides that were detected more frequently and at higher concentrations in urban areas than in agricultural areas. Results from herbicide sampling at 17 stations in the Kankakee and Iroquois River Basins in 1990 indicated that atrazine concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's maximum contaminant level for drinking water during runoff periods.\r\n\r\nResults from sampling for volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in water indicate that, with one exception, all stations at which more than one compound was detected were within 2 miles downstream from the nearest point source. Detections at two stations in the Chicago urban area accounted for 37 percent of the total number of detections. Concentrations of tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and 1,2-dichlorethane from stations in the Des Plaines River Basin exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's maximum contaminant level for drinking water in one and two samples from the two stations in the Chicago area.\r\n\r\nPhenols and pentachlorophenols were detected most frequently in the Des Plaines River Basin where point-source discharges were common. Phenol concentrations were significantly different among the Des Plaines, Kankakee, and Fox River Basins. Phenols and pentachlorophenols never exceeded the general use and secondary contact standards.\r\n\r\nResults from a 1989 synoptic survey of semivolatile organic compounds in sediment indicate that these compounds were detected most frequently at sites in the Chicago urban area. Of the 17 stations at which 10 or more compounds were detected, 14 were located in the Des Plaines River subbasin, and 1 was on the Illinois River mainstem. As was the case with organic compounds in water, each of these sites was located within 2 miles downstream from point sources.\r\n\r\nBiota samples were collected and analyzed for organochlorines and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in 1989 and 1990. The most commonly detected compound in both years was p,p'-DDE. National Academy of Science recommendations for chlordane and dieldrin for protection of predators were exceeded in 19 and 10 samples, respectively, when the 1989 and 1990 data were combined. In the nine fish-fillet samples collected in 1989, concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency fish-tissue criteria in nine fillets for p,p'-DDE and five fillets for dieldrin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964135","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, D.J., Stinson, T.W., Crawford, J.K., Schmidt, A.R., and Colman, J.A., 1998, Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Pesticides and other synthetic organic compounds in water, sediment, and biota, 1975-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4135, ix, 131 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964135.","productDescription":"ix, 131 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410424,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48484.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54540,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4135/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158365,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4135/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"upper Illinois River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.50100801193956,\n              41.651204269025726\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.86903427371796,\n              42.67736509991755\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.85468280424294,\n              43.21643185455525\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.5468191414437,\n              42.97806865325791\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.7940388908309,\n              41.76665358974668\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.64362768300037,\n              40.67935213936329\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.9724865679459,\n              40.104537895285915\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.93471258293368,\n              40.035497013445195\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.43413199631502,\n              41.14711718277687\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.43401024073836,\n              41.648745486108396\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.70965405093068,\n              41.72392178190145\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.50100801193956,\n              41.651204269025726\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689b0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, Daniel J. 0000-0003-2705-3738 djsulliv@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2705-3738","contributorId":1703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Daniel","email":"djsulliv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stinson, Troy W.","contributorId":33739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stinson","given":"Troy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crawford, J. Kent","contributorId":54176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kent","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schmidt, Arthur R.","contributorId":105709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Colman, John A. 0000-0001-9327-0779 jacolman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9327-0779","contributorId":2098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"John","email":"jacolman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":24398,"text":"ofr98164 - 1998 - Ground water and streamflow in the Nett Lake Indian Reservation, northern Minnesota, 1995-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T11:24:18","indexId":"ofr98164","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-164","title":"Ground water and streamflow in the Nett Lake Indian Reservation, northern Minnesota, 1995-97","docAbstract":"<p>The Nett Lake Indian Reservation, about 164 square miles in area, is in northern Minnesota. About 300 people live in Nett Lake Community, about 100 people live in Palmquist Community, and a few people live in other parts of the Reservation. Water resources in the Reservation include: (1) ground water in sand and gravel aquifers and bedrock aquifers; (2) Nett Lake; (3) streams in the Nett Lake River watershed; and (4) wetlands that comprise about one-half of the area of the Reservation.</p>\n<p>Ground-water sources in the Reservation consist of sand and gravel aquifers and bedrock aquifers. Buried sand and gravel aquifers are important sources of water. Reported yields for wells completed in these aquifers are as much as 60 gallons per minute. Reported yields for wells completed in bedrock aquifers are as much as 34 gallons per minute.</p>\n<p>The Reservation is located within the Little Fork River Basin. Streams that flow into and out of Nett Lake are in the Nett Lake River watershed, a subbasin of the Little Fork River Basin. Most of the discharge into Nett Lake is from Lost River and Woodduck Creek; a small amount of discharge into Nett Lake is from several other small streams. Discharge from Nett Lake is to the Nett Lake River.</p>\n<p>Ground water in buried sand and gravel aquifers in the vicinity of three community wells and a closed landfill east of Nett Lake Community may have moved from the landfill toward the community wells. Ground water near Nett Lake locally discharged into the lake through underlying peat that ranges in thickness from 3 to 12 feet. Two Palmquist Community wells probably are not hydraulically connected to shallow ground water in the vicinity of a nearby closed landfill. The wells are located more than 2,000 feet away and are completed in a bedrock aquifer overlain by 124-154 feet of clay.</p>\n<p>The concentrations of the trace metals iron and manganese exceeded their respective U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level limits in water from three and six wells sampled, respectively. All but 3 of 63 VOCs (volatile organic compounds) analyzed for in water from seven wells sampled had concentrations less than the MDL (method detection limit) of 0.2000 (<span>&mu;</span>g/L except for di-bromo-chloro-propane, which had a concentration less than the MDL of 1.000 (<span>&mu;</span>g/L. The detected VOCs were phenols, benzene, and 1,1- dichloroethane. The sources of these VOCs may have been leachate from nearby closed landfills. Benzene, the only one of the three detected VOCs with an established MCL (Maximum Contaminant Level), had a concentration that was one order of magnitude less than its MCL of 5 (<span>&mu;</span>g/L.</p>\n<p>The stage-discharge relations for Nett Lake River and Woodduck Creek were usable for estimation of daily mean discharge for each stream. Six discharge measurements made in the Lost River indicate that discharge in this stream could be substantially greater or smaller than concurrent discharge in Woodduck Creek.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr98164","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Boise Forte Reservation Tribal Council","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, J.F., and Payne, G.A., 1998, Ground water and streamflow in the Nett Lake Indian Reservation, northern Minnesota, 1995-97: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-164, viii, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98164.","productDescription":"viii, 37 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157183,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0164/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53492,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0164/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Nett Lake Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.375,\n              48\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.375,\n              48.2\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.96,\n              48.2\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.96,\n              48\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.375,\n              48\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dc77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, J. F.","contributorId":81866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Payne, G. A.","contributorId":62190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":6316,"text":"pp1589 - 1998 - Transport, behavior, and fate of volatile organic compounds in streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:45","indexId":"pp1589","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1589","title":"Transport, behavior, and fate of volatile organic compounds in streams","docAbstract":"Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are compounds with chemical and physical properties that allow the compounds to move freely between the water and air phases of the environment. VOCs are widespread in the environment because of this mobility. Many VOCs have properties making them suspected or known hazards to the health of humans and aquatic organisms. Consequently, understanding the processes affecting the concentration and distribution VOCs in the environment is necessary. The U.S. Geological Survey selected 55 VOCs for study. This report reviews the characteristics of the various process that could affect the transport, behavior, and fate of these VOCs in streams.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/pp1589","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., 1998, Transport, behavior, and fate of volatile organic compounds in streams: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1589, 151 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1589.","productDescription":"151 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122493,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1589/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33605,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1589/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db626b58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70185200,"text":"70185200 - 1998 - Could Mars be dark and altered?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-06T14:57:17.073061","indexId":"70185200","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Could Mars be dark and altered?","docAbstract":"<p><span class=\"EXLDetailsDisplayVal\">There is a long known dichotomy in the martian albedo, with an associated, but mostly assumed, mineralogical split as well. The bright red regions are inferred to be weathered, oxidized dust and the <span class=\"searchword\">dark</span> grey regions unaltered volcanic material. A number of recent analyses suggest this division is unnaturally simplistic and the association of many <span class=\"searchword\">dark</span> regions with the former presence of water requires a re‐examination of the spectra in light of potential alteration minerals. I present an alternate interpretation of the reflectance spectral characteristics of some <span class=\"searchword\">dark</span> regions on <span class=\"searchword\">Mars</span> that includes <span class=\"searchword\">dark</span> layer silicates. If their presence is confirmed on <span class=\"searchword\">Mars</span> this will have implications for sequestration of current and past volatile inventories, clues to the extent and type of geochemical weathering, and potential zones where bacterial life forms <span class=\"searchword\">may</span> have emerged.</span> </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/98GL01255","usgsCitation":"Calvin, W.M., 1998, Could Mars be dark and altered?: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 25, no. 10, p. 1597-1600, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL01255.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1597","endPage":"1600","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":337718,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"25","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba425e4b0849ce97dc7bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calvin, Wendy M. 0000-0002-6097-9586","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6097-9586","contributorId":189159,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calvin","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70020097,"text":"70020097 - 1998 - Determination of a wide range of volatile organic compounds in ambient air using multisorbent adsorption/thermal desorption and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-01T06:47:09","indexId":"70020097","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of a wide range of volatile organic compounds in ambient air using multisorbent adsorption/thermal desorption and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"Adsorption/thermal desorption with multisorbent air-sampling cartridges was developed for the determination of 87 method analytes including halogenated alkanes, halogenated alkenes, ethers, alcohols, nitriles, esters, ketones, aromatics, a disulfide, and a furan. The volatilities of the compounds ranged from that of dichlorofluoromethane (CFC12) to that of 1,2,3- trichlorobenzene. The eight most volatile compounds were determined using a 1.5-L air sample and a sample cartridge containing 50 mg of Carbotrap B and 280 mg of Carboxen 1000; the remaining 79 compounds were determined using a 5-L air sample and a cartridge containing 180 mg of Carbotrap B and 70 mg of Carboxen 1000. Analysis and detection were by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The minimum detectable level (MDL) concentration values ranged from 0.01 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) for chlorobenzene to 0.4 ppbv for bromomethane; most of the MDL values were in the range 0.02-0.06 ppbv. No breakthrough was detected with the prescribed sample volumes. Analyte stability on the cartridges was very good. Excellent recoveries were obtained with independent check standards. Travel spike recoveries ranged from 90 to 110% for 72 of the 87 compounds. The recoveries were less than 70% for bromomethane and chloroethene and for a few compounds such as methyl acetate that are subject to losses by hydrolysis; the lowest travel spike recovery was obtained for bromomethane (62%). Blank values for all compounds were either below detection or very low. Ambient atmospheric sampling was conducted in New Jersey from April to December, 1997. Three sites characterized by low, moderate, and high densities of urbanization/traffic were sampled. The median detected concentrations of the compounds were either similar at all three sites (as with the chlorofluorocarbon compounds) or increased with the density of urbanization/traffic (as with dichloromethane, MTBE, benzene, and toluene). For toluene, the median detected concentrations were 0.23, 0.42, and 0.70 ppbv at the three sites. Analytical precision was measured using duplicate sampling. As expected, the precision deteriorated with decreasing concentration. At concentrations greater than 0.2 ppbv, most duplicates differed by less than 20%; below the MDL values, the differences between the duplicates were larger, but they were still typically less than 40%.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/ac980481t","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Pankow, J.F., Luo, W., Isabelle, L., Bender, D., and Baker, R., 1998, Determination of a wide range of volatile organic compounds in ambient air using multisorbent adsorption/thermal desorption and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: Analytical Chemistry, v. 70, no. 24, p. 5213-5221, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac980481t.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"5213","endPage":"5221","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206034,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac980481t"}],"volume":"70","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-11-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff8ee4b0c8380cd4f25d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pankow, J. F.","contributorId":20917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pankow","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luo, W.","contributorId":71331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luo","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Isabelle, L.M.","contributorId":54746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isabelle","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bender, D.A.","contributorId":49537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baker, R.J.","contributorId":85915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70020427,"text":"70020427 - 1998 - Predicting the toxicity of sediment-associated trace metals with simultaneously extracted trace metal: Acid-volatile sulfide concentrations and dry weight-normalized concentrations: A critical comparison","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T15:27:49","indexId":"70020427","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting the toxicity of sediment-associated trace metals with simultaneously extracted trace metal: Acid-volatile sulfide concentrations and dry weight-normalized concentrations: A critical comparison","docAbstract":"<p><span>The relative abilities of sediment concentrations of simultaneously extracted trace metal: acid-volatile sulfide (SEM: AVS) and dry weight-normalized trace metals to correctly predict both toxicity and nontoxicity were compared by analysis of 77 field-collected samples. Relative to the SEM:AVS concentrations, sediment guidelines based upon dry weight-normalized concentrations were equally or slightly more accurate in predicting both nontoxic and toxic results in laboratory tests.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620170529","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Long, E., MacDonald, D., Cubbage, J., and Ingersoll, C., 1998, Predicting the toxicity of sediment-associated trace metals with simultaneously extracted trace metal: Acid-volatile sulfide concentrations and dry weight-normalized concentrations: A critical comparison: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 17, no. 5, p. 972-974, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620170529.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"972","endPage":"974","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81dae4b0c8380cd7b78b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, E.R.","contributorId":83695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacDonald, D.D.","contributorId":41986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cubbage, J.C.","contributorId":103826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cubbage","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ingersoll, C.G. 0000-0003-4531-5949","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":56338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70020343,"text":"70020343 - 1998 - Influence of an igneous intrusion on the inorganic geochemistry of a bituminous coal from Pitkin County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70020343","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of an igneous intrusion on the inorganic geochemistry of a bituminous coal from Pitkin County, Colorado","docAbstract":"Although the effects of igneous dikes on the organic matter in coal have been observed at many localities there is virtually no information on the effects of the intrusions of the inorganic constituents in the coal. Such a study may help to elucidate the behavior of trace elements during in situ gasification of coal and may provide insights into the resources potential for coal and coke affected by the intrusion. To determine the effects of an igneous intrusion on the inorganic chemistry of a coal we used a series of 11 samples of coal and natural coke that had been collected at intervals from 3 to 106 cm from a dike that intruded the bituminous Dutch Creek coal in Pitkin, CO. The samples were chemically analyzed for 66 elements. SEM-EDX and X-ray diffraction analysis were performed on selected samples. Volatile elements such as F, Cl, Hg, and Se are not depleted in the samples (coke and coal) nearest the dike that were exposed to the highest temperatures. Their presence in these samples is likely due to secondary enrichment following volatilization of the elements inherent in the coal. Equilibration with ground water may account for the uniform distribution of Na, B, and Cl. High concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Sr, and CO2 in the coke region are attributed to the reaction of CO and CO2 generated during the coking of the coal with fluids from the intrusion, resulting in the precipitation of carbonates. Similarly, precipitation of sulfide minerals in the coke zone may account for the relatively high concentrations of Ag, Hg, Cu, Zn, and Fe. Most elements are concentrated at the juncture of the fluidized coke and the thermally metamorphosed coal. Many of the elements enriched in this region (for example, Ga, Ge, Mo, Rb, U, La, Ce, Al, K, and Si) may have been adsorbed on either the clays or the organic matter or on both.Although the effects of igneous dikes on the organic matter in coal have been observed at many localities there is virtually no information on the effects of the intrusions on the inorganic constituents in the coal. Such a study may help to elucidate the behavior of trace elements during in situ gasification of coal and may provide insights into the resource potential of coal and coke affected by the intrusion. To determine the effects of an igneous intrusion on the inorganic chemistry of a coal we used a series of 11 samples of coal and natural coke that had been collected at intervals from 3 to 106 cm from a dike that intruded the bituminous Dutch Creek coal in Pitkin, CO. The samples were chemically analyzed for 66 elements. SEM-EDX and X-ray diffraction analysis were performed on selected samples. Volatile elements such as F, Cl, Hg, and Se are not depleted in the samples (coke and coal) nearest the dike that were exposed to the highest temperatures. Their presence in these samples is likely due to secondary enrichment following volatilization of the elements inherent in the coal. Equilibration with ground water may account for the uniform distribution of Na, B, and Cl. High concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Sr, and CO2 in the coke region are attributed to the reaction of CO and CO2 generated during the coking of the coal with fluids from the intrusion, resulting in the precipitation of carbonates. Similarly, precipitation of sulfide minerals in the coke zone may account for the relatively high concentrations of Ag, Hg, Cu, Zn, and Fe. Most elements are concentrated at the juncture of the fluidized coke and the thermally metamorphosed coal. Many of the elements enriched in this region (for example, Ga, Ge, Mo, Rb, U, La, Ce, Al, K, and Si) may have been adsorbed on either the clays or the organic matter or on both.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00005-6","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Finkelman, R.B., Bostick, N.H., Dulong, F., Senftle, F.E., and Thorpe, A.N., 1998, Influence of an igneous intrusion on the inorganic geochemistry of a bituminous coal from Pitkin County, Colorado: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 36, no. 3-4, p. 223-241, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00005-6.","startPage":"223","endPage":"241","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206883,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00005-6"},{"id":231090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b0fe4b0c8380cd621c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bostick, N. H.","contributorId":67099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bostick","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dulong, F.T.","contributorId":81490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dulong","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Senftle, F. E.","contributorId":47788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senftle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thorpe, A. N.","contributorId":53504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorpe","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70021057,"text":"70021057 - 1998 - Nitrogen transport and transformations in a shallow aquifer receiving wastewater discharge: A mass balance approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T11:34:22","indexId":"70021057","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen transport and transformations in a shallow aquifer receiving wastewater discharge: A mass balance approach","docAbstract":"<p><span>Nitrogen transport and transformations were followed over the initial 3 years of development of a plume of wastewater-contaminated groundwater in Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Ammonification and nitrification in the unsaturated zone and ammonium sorption in the saturated zone were predominant, while loss of fixed nitrogen through denitrification was minor. The major effect of transport was the oxidation of discharged organic and inorganic forms to nitrate, which was the dominant nitrogen form in transit to receiving systems. Ammonification and nitrification in the unsaturated zone transformed 16–19% and 50–70%, respectively, of the total nitrogen mass discharged to the land surface during the study but did not attenuate the nitrogen loading. Nitrification in the unsaturated zone also contributed to&nbsp;</span><i>p</i><span>H decrease of 2 standard units and to an N</span><sub>2</sub><span>O increase (46–660 µg N/L in the plume). Other processes in the unsaturated zone had little net effect: Ammonium sorption removed &lt;1% of the total discharged nitrogen mass; filtering of particulate organic nitrogen was less than 3%; ammonium and nitrate assimilation was less than 6%; and ammonia volatilization was less than 0.25%. In the saturated zone a central zone of anoxic groundwater (DO ≤ 0.05 mg/L) was first detected 17 months after effluent discharge to the aquifer began, which expanded at about the groundwater-flow velocity. Although nitrate was dominant at the water table, the low, carbon-limited rates of denitrification in the anoxic zone (3.0–9.6 (ng N/cm</span><sup>3</sup><span>)/d) reduced only about 2% of the recharged nitrogen mass to N</span><sub>2</sub><span>. In contrast, ammonium sorption in the saturated zone removed about 16% of the recharged nitrogen mass from the groundwater. Ammonium sorption was primarily limited to anoxic zone, where nitrification was prevented, and was best described by a Langmuir isotherm in which effluent ionic concentrations were simulated. The initial nitrogen load discharged from the groundwater system may depend largely on the growth and stability of the sorbed ammonium pool, which in turn depends on effluent-loading practices, subsurface microbial processes, and saturation of available exchange sites.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97WR03040","usgsCitation":"DeSimone, L.A., and Howes, B., 1998, Nitrogen transport and transformations in a shallow aquifer receiving wastewater discharge: A mass balance approach: Water Resources Research, v. 34, no. 2, p. 271-285, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR03040.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"285","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487386,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97wr03040","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229972,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66f5e4b0c8380cd730d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeSimone, Leslie A. 0000-0003-0774-9607 ldesimon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0774-9607","contributorId":195635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeSimone","given":"Leslie","email":"ldesimon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":388474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howes, Brian L.","contributorId":37311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howes","given":"Brian L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020254,"text":"70020254 - 1998 - Micas from the Pikes Peak batholith and its cogenetic granitic pegmatites, Colorado: Optical properties, composition, and correlation with pegmatite evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:44","indexId":"70020254","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Micas from the Pikes Peak batholith and its cogenetic granitic pegmatites, Colorado: Optical properties, composition, and correlation with pegmatite evolution","docAbstract":"Optical properties are presented for 66 samples of mica covering the range from annite ??? biotite ??? zinnwaldite ??? ferroan lepidolite and ferroan muscovite from occurrences of granitic pegmatite (NYF type) throughout the Pikes Peak batholith (PPB) in Colorado. Chemical composition was determined for 34 of these samples. The optical data are correlated with composition, mode of occurrence, and relation to pegmatite paragenesis. Optical properties of the trioctahedral micas show a consistent trend of decreasing ?? index of refraction, from an average of 1.693 in annite of the host granite to 1.577 in zinnwaldite and ferroan lepidolite of the miarolitic cavities, which correlates with a progressively decreasing content of Fe. A comparison of optical and compositional data for micas from localities throughout the PPB indicates a variation in geochemical evolution among pegmatites of different districts, and between the Pikes Peak Granite and its late satellite plutons. Analyses of mica samples taken from cross-sections through individual pegmatites reveal a decrease in index of refraction and total iron that unambiguously document a progressive geochemical evolution within a given pegmatite. Such data, in addition to field evidence, indicate that micas enclosed within massive quartz are paragenetically older than those within miarolitic cavities; minerals within miarolitic cavities represent the final stages of primary crystallization. A general model of pegmatite paragenesis is proposed that hypothesizes formation of miarolitic cavities as a consequence of pegmatite configuration and inclination, as well as early crystallization of massive quartz that confines the silicate melt and volatile phase, resulting in closed-system crystallization with a concomitant increase in pressure, consequent episodic cavity-rupture events, and corresponding changes in mica composition.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"Kile, D.E., and Foord, E., 1998, Micas from the Pikes Peak batholith and its cogenetic granitic pegmatites, Colorado: Optical properties, composition, and correlation with pegmatite evolution: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 36, no. 2, p. 463-482.","startPage":"463","endPage":"482","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231011,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5634e4b0c8380cd6d405","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kile, D. E.","contributorId":22758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kile","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020164,"text":"70020164 - 1998 - Mountains and Calderas on Io: Possible Implications for Lithosphere Structure and Magma Generation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:20","indexId":"70020164","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mountains and Calderas on Io: Possible Implications for Lithosphere Structure and Magma Generation","docAbstract":"The combination of Voyager images and newly acquired Galileo images with low illumination and resolutions ranging from 2 to 6 km/pixel now allows determination of the global distribution of mountains and volcanic centers on Io. The mountains generally do not have characteristics typical of terrestrial volcanic landforms, they are evenly distributed across the surface and show no obvious correlation with known hot spots or plumes. Relative elevations, determined by shadow measurements and stereoscopy, indicate that mountains in the newly imaged area range in elevation up to at least 7.6 km. The origin of the mountains remains uncertain. Some appear to be multitiered volcanic constructs; others enclosing the partial remains of large circular depressions appear to be remnants of old volcanoes; yet others show extensive tectonic disruption. Volcanic centers also appear to be distributed evenly across the surface except for an apparently somewhat lower density at high latitudes. The low latitudes have one volcanic center per 7 ?? 104km2, and, on average, the centers are spaced roughly 250 km apart. The global distribution of high mountains suggests that the lithosphere over most of Io is thick. Although the thickness cannot be calculated, the previously suggested 30 km appears reasonable as a lower limit. The high rates of resurfacing combined with the likely dissipation of most of the tidal energy in the asthenosphere and underlying mantle implies a very low temperature gradient in the upper part of the lithosphere and steep gradients in the lower lithosphere. The slow rate of separation of melt from host rock in the magma source regions as a consequence of the low gravity on Io, coupled with the high rate of magma production, will likely result in larger melt fractions than is typical for source regions on Earth. The variety of volcanic landforms suggests that volcanic products with a range of compositions are deposited on the surface. This mixture will be carried downward through the lithosphere as a consequence of the 0.5-1.5 cm/yr resurfacing rates. During descent, the more volatile components will tend to be driven off early, but complete or near-complete melting at the base of the lithosphere may result in rehomogenization of the silicate mixture that remains. ?? 1998 Academic Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/icar.1998.5979","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Carr, M.H., McEwen, A.S., Howard, K.A., Chuang, F.C., Thomas, P., Schuster, P., Oberst, J., Neukum, G., and Schubert, G., 1998, Mountains and Calderas on Io: Possible Implications for Lithosphere Structure and Magma Generation: Icarus, v. 135, no. 1, p. 146-165, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1998.5979.","startPage":"146","endPage":"165","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479799,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1998.5979","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":205982,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1998.5979"},{"id":227753,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"135","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5eb9e4b0c8380cd70c2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":385256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McEwen, A. S.","contributorId":11317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEwen","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howard, K. A.","contributorId":48938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howard","given":"K.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chuang, F. C.","contributorId":105452,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chuang","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thomas, P.","contributorId":59185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schuster, Peter","contributorId":61607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Oberst, J.","contributorId":103427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oberst","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Neukum, G.","contributorId":105443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neukum","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Schubert, G.","contributorId":51679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schubert","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70021060,"text":"70021060 - 1998 - Early views of the Martian surface from the Mars Orbiter Camera of Mars Global Surveyor","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:48","indexId":"70021060","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Early views of the Martian surface from the Mars Orbiter Camera of Mars Global Surveyor","docAbstract":"High-resolution images of the martian surface at scales of a few meters show ubiquitous erosional and depositional eolian landforms. Dunes, sandsheets, and drifts are prevalent and exhibit a range of morphology, composition (inferred from albedo), and age (as seen in occurrences of different dune orientations at the same location). Steep walls of topographic depressions such as canyons, valleys, and impact craters show the martian crust to be stratified at scales of a few tens of meters. The south polar layered terrain and superposed permanent ice cap display diverse surface textures that may reflect the complex interplay of volatile and non-volatile components. Low resolution regional views of the planet provide synoptic observations of polar cap retreat, condensate clouds, and the lifecycle of local and regional dust storms.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.279.5357.1681","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Malin, M.C., Carr, M.H., Danielson, G., Davies, M.E., Hartmann, W., Ingersoll, A., James, P., Masursky, H., McEwen, A.S., Soderblom, L., Thomas, P., Veverka, J., Caplinger, M., Ravine, M., Soulanille, T., and Warren, J., 1998, Early views of the Martian surface from the Mars Orbiter Camera of Mars Global Surveyor: Science, v. 279, no. 5357, p. 1681-1685, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5357.1681.","startPage":"1681","endPage":"1685","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230010,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206496,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5357.1681"}],"volume":"279","issue":"5357","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0493e4b0c8380cd50a7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Malin, M. C.","contributorId":68830,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Malin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":388491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Danielson, G. E.","contributorId":51890,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Danielson","given":"G. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davies, M. E.","contributorId":26050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hartmann, W.K.","contributorId":96002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartmann","given":"W.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ingersoll, A.P.","contributorId":54735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"James, P.B.","contributorId":88913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Masursky, H.","contributorId":33823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masursky","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McEwen, A. S.","contributorId":11317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEwen","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Thomas, P.","contributorId":59185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Veverka, J.","contributorId":71689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veverka","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Caplinger, M.A.","contributorId":7878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caplinger","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Ravine, M.A.","contributorId":91312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ravine","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Soulanille, T.A.","contributorId":58520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soulanille","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Warren, J.L.","contributorId":71372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}}
,{"id":70020379,"text":"70020379 - 1998 - Speciation and isotopic composition of sedimentary sulfur in the Everglades, Florida, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:44","indexId":"70020379","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Speciation and isotopic composition of sedimentary sulfur in the Everglades, Florida, USA","docAbstract":"We have studied the sulfur speciation and isotopic composition of two peat cores from Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA 2A) in the Florida Everglades. Core site E1 is affected by agricultural runoff from the Hillsboro Canal which drains the Everglades Agricultural Area; Core site U3 is distant from the canal and relatively unaffected by agricultural runoff. Depth profiles of the total sulfur content of both cores show fairly constant levels (??0.7 wt.%) below about 25-30 cm depth in Core E1 and below 40-45 cm in Core U3. Above these depths, total sulfur increases to as much as 1.52 wt.% in Core E1 and 1.74 wt.% in Core U3, suggesting that more sulfur has entered the sediments and/or that more sulfur is being retained in recent times at both sampling sites. These changes in total sulfur content with depth in Core E1 correlate with changes in total phosphorus that have been observed in other studies at core sites near the Hillsboro Canal. This correlation of total sulfur with phosphorus with depth is not seen in Core U3 located away from the canal, possibly because phosphorus is more effectively retained than sulfur in the organic sediment near the canal. Organic-sulfur (OS) concentrations are at least twice as high as the dusulfide-sulfur (DS) concentrations in the upper parts of both cores suggesting that iron is presently limiting the amount of dusulfide minerals formed in these sediments. The degree of pyritization (DOP) in the upper parts of the cores suggest that sulfide mineralization is limited by the availability of highly reactive iron during the earliest stages of diagenesis. Positive ??34S values for reduced sulfur forms in both cores indicate a relatively restricted sulfate reservoir, consistent with nearly complete reduction of the sulfate available in the sediment at any given time. Differences between the two core appear in the ??34S values for the near-surface sediments. The DS ??34S values in the upper 10.0 cm of sediment are more posotive at site E1, with a mean ??34S value of +12.9???, than at site U3, with a mean ??34S value of +2.9???. These reuslts may indicate that increased rates of organic deposition due to nutrient loading near the canal have increased the rate of sulfate reduction at the E1 site in recent times. Acid-volatile-sulfide (AVS) concentrations are lower than DS and OS concentrations by at least a factor of 10. Increasing ??34S values for AVS with increasing depth in both cores suggests ongoing reduction of a limited porewater sulfate reservoir after deposition. The disulfide and organic-sulfur ??34S values diverge from the ??34S values for AVS with depth, suggesting that most of the transformation of AVS into disulfide minerals or incorporation of sulfur into orgnaic matter occurs in the near-surface sediments. A comparison of organic-sulfur ??34S values in the dominant flora at the U3 site (sawgrass leaves and periphyton) with organic-sulfur ??34S values at the top of the U3 core indicates that there was early incorporation of an isotopically light sulfide species into the orgnaic matter.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00008-4","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Bates, A., Spiker, E., and Holmes, C.W., 1998, Speciation and isotopic composition of sedimentary sulfur in the Everglades, Florida, USA: Chemical Geology, v. 146, no. 3-4, p. 155-170, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00008-4.","startPage":"155","endPage":"170","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231016,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206867,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00008-4"}],"volume":"146","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94e7e4b08c986b31acaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bates, A. L. 0000-0002-4875-4675","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4875-4675","contributorId":42357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bates","given":"A. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spiker, E.C.","contributorId":103275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spiker","given":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holmes, C. W.","contributorId":36076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020381,"text":"70020381 - 1998 - Geochemical surveillance of magmatic volatiles at Popocatepetl volcano, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T00:01:06.402467","indexId":"70020381","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical surveillance of magmatic volatiles at Popocatepetl volcano, Mexico","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15009100\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Surveillance of Popocatépetl volcanic plume geochemistry and SO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>flux began in early 1994 after fumarolic and seismic activity increased significantly during 1993. Volatile traps placed around the summit were collected at near-monthly intervals until the volcano erupted on December 21, 1994. Additional trap samples were obtained in early 1996 before the volcano erupted again, emplacing a small dacite dome in the summit crater. Abundances of volatile constituents (ppm/day of Cl, S<sub>total</sub>, F, CO<sub>2</sub>, Hg, and As) varied, but most constituents were relatively high in early and late 1994. However, ratios of these constituents to Cl were highest in mid-1994. δ<sup>34</sup>S-S<sub>total</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>in trap solutions ranged from 1.5‰ to 6.4‰; lowest values generally occurred during late 1994. δ<sup>13</sup>C-CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>of trap solutions were greatly contaminated with atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and affected by absorption kinetics. When trap data are combined with SO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>flux measurements made through November 1996, Popocatépetl released about 3.9 Mt SO<sub>2</sub>, 16 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>, 0.75 Mt HCl, 0.075 Mt HF, 260 t As, 2.6 t Hg, and roughly 200 Mt H<sub>2</sub>O. Near-vent gas concentrations in the volcanic plume measured by correlation spectrometer (COSPEC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) commonly exceed human recommended exposure limits and may constitute a potential health hazard. Volatile geochemistry combined with petrologic observations and melt-inclusion studies show that mafic magma injection into a preexisting silicic chamber has accompanied renewed volcanism at Popocatépetl. Minor assimilation of Cretaceous wall rocks probably occurred in mid-1994.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0695:GSOMVA>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Goff, F., Janik, C.J., Delgado, H., Werner, C., Counce, D., Stimac, J., Siebe, C., Love, S., Williams, S., Fischer, T., and Johnson, L., 1998, Geochemical surveillance of magmatic volatiles at Popocatepetl volcano, Mexico: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 110, no. 6, p. 695-710, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0695:GSOMVA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"695","endPage":"710","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231018,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Popocatepetl volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -99.0862912089174,\n              19.573097521395084\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.0862912089174,\n              17.63654141376476\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.10875214641715,\n              17.63654141376476\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.10875214641715,\n              19.573097521395084\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.0862912089174,\n              19.573097521395084\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"110","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16b1e4b0c8380cd55228","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goff, F.","contributorId":53408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goff","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Janik, C. J.","contributorId":10795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janik","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Delgado, H.","contributorId":22103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delgado","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Werner, C.","contributorId":72917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Counce, D.","contributorId":36165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Counce","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stimac, J.A.","contributorId":43940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stimac","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Siebe, C.","contributorId":61182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siebe","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Love, S.P.","contributorId":72969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Williams, S.N.","contributorId":15761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"S.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Fischer, T.","contributorId":105472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Johnson, L.","contributorId":85535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70020674,"text":"70020674 - 1998 - Nonpoint sources of volatile organic compounds in urban areas - Relative importance of land surfaces and air","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70020674","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nonpoint sources of volatile organic compounds in urban areas - Relative importance of land surfaces and air","docAbstract":"Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) commonly detected in urban waters across the United States include gasoline-related compounds (e.g. toluene, xylene) and chlorinated compounds (e.g. chloroform, tetrachloroethane [PCE], trichloroethene [TCE]). Statistical analysis of observational data and results of modeling the partitioning of VOCs between air and water suggest that urban land surfaces are the primary nonpoint source of most VOCs. Urban air is a secondary nonpoint source, but could be an important source of the gasoline oxygenate methyl-tert butyl ether (MTBE). Surface waters in urban areas would most effectively be protected by controlling land-surface sources.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00048-7","issn":"02697491","usgsCitation":"Lopes, T.J., and Bender, D., 1998, Nonpoint sources of volatile organic compounds in urban areas - Relative importance of land surfaces and air: Environmental Pollution, v. 101, no. 2, p. 221-230, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00048-7.","startPage":"221","endPage":"230","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206841,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00048-7"},{"id":230915,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a67a7e4b0c8380cd73427","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lopes, T. J.","contributorId":9631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopes","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bender, D.A.","contributorId":49537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29774,"text":"wri984010 - 1998 - Geohydrology and distribution of volatile organic compounds in ground water in the Casey Village area, Bucks County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-06T20:48:16.439455","indexId":"wri984010","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4010","title":"Geohydrology and distribution of volatile organic compounds in ground water in the Casey Village area, Bucks County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"<p>Casey Village and the adjoining part of the U.S. Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC) are underlain by the Late Triassic-age Stockton Formation, which consists of a dipping series of siltstones and sandstones.</p><p>The direction of vertical ground-water gradients in the Stockton Formation varies among well locations and sometimes with time. Vertical gradients can be substantial; the difference in water levels at one well pair (two wells screened at different depths) was 7.1 ft (feet) over a 32-ft vertical section of the aquifer.</p><p>Potentiometric-surface maps show a groundwater divide that bisects the Casey Village area. For wells screened between 18 and 64 ft below land surface (bls), the general ground-water gradient is to the east and northeast on the east side of the divide and to the south and southwest on the west side of the divide. For wells screened between 48 and 106 ft bls, the general ground-water gradient is to the northeast on the east side of the divide and to the southwest and northwest on the west side of the divide. An aquifer test at one well in Casey Village caused drawdown in wells on the opposite side of the ground-water divide on the NAWC and shifted the ground-water divide in the deeper potentiometric surface to the west. Drawdowns formed an elliptical pattern, which indicates anisotropy; however, anisotropy is not aligned with strike or dip. Hydraulic stress caused by pumping crosses stratigraphic boundaries.</p><p>Between 1993 and 1996, the trichloroethylene (TCE) concentration in water samples collected from wells in Casey Village decreased. The highest concentration of TCE measured in water from one well decreased from 1,200 mg/L (micrograms per liter) in 1993 when domestic wells were pumped in Casey Village to 140 mg/L in 1996, 3 years after the installation of public water and the cessation of domestic pumping. This suggests that pumping of domestic wells may have contributed to TCE migration. Between 1993 and 1996, the tetrachloroethylene (PCE) concentration in water samples collected from wells in Casey Village decreased only slightly. The highest concentration of PCE measured in water from one well decreased from 720 mg/L in 1993 to 630 mg/L in 1996.</p><p>The distribution of TCE and PCE in ground water indicates the presence of separate PCE and TCE plumes, each with a different source area. The TCE plume appears to be moving in two directions away from the ground-water divide area. The pumping of a domestic well may have caused TCE migration into the ground-water divide area. From the divide area, the TCE plume appears to be moving both to the east and the west under the natural hydraulic gradient.</p><p>Aquifer-isolation tests conducted in the well with the highest TCE concentrations showed that concentrations of TCE in water samples from the isolated intervals were similar but slightly lower in the deeper isolated zones than in the shallower isolated zones. Upward flow was measured in this well during geophysical logging. If the source of TCE to the well was from shallow fractures, upward flow of less contaminated water could be flushing TCE from the immediate vicinity of this well. This may help explain why the concentration of TCE in water from this well decreased an order of magnitude between 1993 and 1996.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984010","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., Conger, R.W., and Grazul, K.E., 1998, Geohydrology and distribution of volatile organic compounds in ground water in the Casey Village area, Bucks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4010, vii, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984010.","productDescription":"vii, 81 p.","onlineOnly":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125174,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4010/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":2486,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4010/wri19984010.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.11 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1998-4010"}],"contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_md@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_md@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, <a href=\"https://pa.water.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://pa.water.usgs.gov/\">Pennsylvania Water Science Center</a><br> U.S. Geological Survey <br> 215 Limekiln Road <br> New Cumberland, PA 17070</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract&nbsp;</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Methods of study&nbsp;</li><li>Geohydrology</li><li>Distribution of volatile organic compounds in ground water&nbsp;</li><li>Summary</li><li>References cited</li><li>Appendix A. Construction diagrams for monitor wells in Casey Village,&nbsp;Bucks County, Pennsylvania</li><li>Appendix B. Results of chemical analyses for volatile organic compounds&nbsp;in ground water, February and October 1996, Casey Village area,&nbsp;Bucks County, Pennsylvania</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8d18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sloto, Ronald A. rasloto@usgs.gov","contributorId":424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"Ronald","email":"rasloto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conger, Randall W. rwconger@usgs.gov","contributorId":2086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conger","given":"Randall","email":"rwconger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grazul, Kevin E.","contributorId":97950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grazul","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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