{"pageNumber":"4902","pageRowStart":"122525","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184617,"records":[{"id":70197163,"text":"70197163 - 1986 - Geophysics: A reversal of geomagnetic polarity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-18T14:16:21","indexId":"70197163","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5692,"text":"Physics Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geophysics: A reversal of geomagnetic polarity","docAbstract":"<p><span>The detailed behaviour of the geomagnetic field during reversals is documented by palaeomagnetists to constrain models of the geomagnetic dynamo. Reversals are studied by measuring the magnetic remanence preserved in rocks to obtain both the direction and intensity of the ancient magnetic field.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"IOP Science","doi":"10.1088/0031-9112/37/7/018","usgsCitation":"Mankinen, E.A., 1986, Geophysics: A reversal of geomagnetic polarity: Physics Bulletin, v. 37, no. 7, p. 287-288, https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9112/37/7/018.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"288","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354330,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-12-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff3835e4b0da30c1bfd9af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mankinen, Edward A. 0000-0001-7496-2681 emank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":1054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"Edward","email":"emank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015576,"text":"70015576 - 1986 - Low-temperature heat capacity of diopside glass (CaMgSi2O6): A calorimetric test of the configurational-entropy theory applied to the viscosity of liquid silicates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T14:58:14.444675","indexId":"70015576","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Low-temperature heat capacity of diopside glass (CaMgSi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>): A calorimetric test of the configurational-entropy theory applied to the viscosity of liquid silicates","title":"Low-temperature heat capacity of diopside glass (CaMgSi2O6): A calorimetric test of the configurational-entropy theory applied to the viscosity of liquid silicates","docAbstract":"<p><span>Heat-capacity measurements have been made between 8 and 370 K on an annealed and a rapidly quenched diopside glass. Between 15 and 200 K,&nbsp;</span><i>Cp</i><span>&nbsp;does not depend significantly on the thermal history of the glass. Below 15 K&nbsp;</span><i>Cp</i><span>&nbsp;is larger for the quenched than for the annealed specimen. The opposite is true above 200 K as a result of what is interpreted as a secondary relaxation around room temperature. The magnitude of these effects, however, is small enough that the relative entropies S(298)−S(0) of the glasses differ by only 0.5 J/mol K,&nbsp;</span><i>i.e.</i><span>, a figure within the combined experimental uncertainties. The insensitivity of relative entropies to thermal history supports the assumption that the configurational heat capacity of the liquid may be taken as the heat capacity difference between the liquid and the glass (Δ</span><i>Cp</i><span>). Furthermore, this insensitivity allows calculation of the residual entropies at 0 K of diopside glasses as a function of the fictive temperature from the entropy of fusion of diopside and the heat capacities of the crystalline, glassy and liquid phases. For a glass with a fictive temperature of 1005 K, for example, this calorimetric residual entropy is 24.3 ± 3&nbsp;</span><i>J</i><span>/mol K, in agreement with the prediction made by RICHET (1984) from an analysis of the viscosity data with the configurational-entropy theory of relaxation processes of Adam and Gibbs (1965). In turn, all the viscosity measurements for liquid diopside, which span the range 0.5-4· 10</span><sup>13</sup><span>&nbsp;poise, can be quantitatively reproduced through this theory with the calorimetrically determined entropies and Δ</span><i>Cp</i><span>&nbsp;data. Finally, the unclear significance of “activation energies” for structural interpretations of viscosity data is emphasized, and the importance of Δ</span><i>Cp</i><span>&nbsp;and glass-transition temperature systematics for determining the composition and temperature dependences of the viscosity is pointed out.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(86)90326-1","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Richet, P., Robie, R.A., and Hemingway, B.S., 1986, Low-temperature heat capacity of diopside glass (CaMgSi2O6): A calorimetric test of the configurational-entropy theory applied to the viscosity of liquid silicates: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 50, no. 7, p. 1521-1533, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90326-1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1521","endPage":"1533","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223776,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a60e4b0c8380cd68d06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richet, P.","contributorId":42356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richet","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robie, R. A.","contributorId":71237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robie","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hemingway, B. S.","contributorId":7268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70015726,"text":"70015726 - 1986 - Estimating monthly streamflow values by cokriging","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:00","indexId":"70015726","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating monthly streamflow values by cokriging","docAbstract":"Cokriging is applied to estimation of missing monthly streamflow values in three records from gaging stations in west central Virginia. Missing values are estimated from optimal consideration of the pattern of auto- and cross-correlation among standardized residual log-flow records. Investigation of the sensitivity of estimation to data configuration showed that when observations are available within two months of a missing value, estimation is improved by accounting for correlation. Concurrent and lag-one observations tend to screen the influence of other available observations. Three models of covariance structure in residual log-flow records are compared using cross-validation. Models differ in how much monthly variation they allow in covariance. Precision of estimation, reflected in mean squared error (MSE), proved to be insensitive to this choice. Cross-validation is suggested as a tool for choosing an inverse transformation when an initial nonlinear transformation is applied to flow values. ?? 1986 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00899744","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Solow, A., and Gorelick, S., 1986, Estimating monthly streamflow values by cokriging: Mathematical Geology, v. 18, no. 8, p. 785-809, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00899744.","startPage":"785","endPage":"809","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205416,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00899744"},{"id":223785,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b2ee4b0c8380cd525ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Solow, A.R.","contributorId":9404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solow","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gorelick, S.M.","contributorId":21589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015601,"text":"70015601 - 1986 - An interpretation of induced electric currents in long pipelines caused by natural geomagnetic sources of the upper atmosphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:56","indexId":"70015601","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3503,"text":"Surveys in Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An interpretation of induced electric currents in long pipelines caused by natural geomagnetic sources of the upper atmosphere","docAbstract":"Electric currents in long pipelines can contribute to corrosion effects that limit the pipe's lifetime. One cause of such electric currents is the geomagnetic field variations that have sources in the Earth's upper atmosphere. Knowledge of the general behavior of the sources allows a prediction of the occurrence times, favorable locations for the pipeline effects, and long-term projections of corrosion contributions. The source spectral characteristics, the Earth's conductivity profile, and a corrosion-frequency dependence limit the period range of the natural field changes that affect the pipe. The corrosion contribution by induced currents from geomagnetic sources should be evaluated for pipelines that are located at high and at equatorial latitudes. At midlatitude locations, the times of these natural current maxima should be avoided for the necessary accurate monitoring of the pipe-to-soil potential. ?? 1986 D. Reidel Publishing Company.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Surveys in Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01904061","issn":"01693298","usgsCitation":"Campbell, W., 1986, An interpretation of induced electric currents in long pipelines caused by natural geomagnetic sources of the upper atmosphere: Surveys in Geophysics, v. 8, no. 3, p. 239-259, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01904061.","startPage":"239","endPage":"259","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205464,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01904061"},{"id":224266,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea87e4b0c8380cd48913","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, W.H.","contributorId":30749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015056,"text":"70015056 - 1986 - Geochemistry and aqueous chemistry of aluminum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-21T17:59:48.272301","indexId":"70015056","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2582,"text":"Kidney International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry and aqueous chemistry of aluminum","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","usgsCitation":"Hem, J., 1986, Geochemistry and aqueous chemistry of aluminum: Kidney International, no. Suppl 18, p. S3-S7.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"S3","endPage":"S7","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"Suppl 18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16cee4b0c8380cd5527f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hem, J.D.","contributorId":54576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015010,"text":"70015010 - 1986 - Lead-isotopic data from sulfide minerals from the Cascade Range, Oregon and Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T14:49:48.809317","indexId":"70015010","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lead-isotopic data from sulfide minerals from the Cascade Range, Oregon and Washington","docAbstract":"<p>Lead-isotopic studies of mineral deposits associated with Tertiary plutons found in the Cascade Range of Oregon and Washington demonstrate a rather uniform isotopic composition in various sulfide minerals (<span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>206</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext><mtext>= 18.84 to 19.05</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\"><sup>206</sup>Pb<sup>204</sup>Pb= 18.84 to 19.05</span></span></span>;<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>207</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext><mtext>= 15.57 to 15.62</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\"><sup>207</sup>Pb<sup>204</sup>Pb= 15.57 to 15.62</span></span></span>;<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>208</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext><mtext>= 38.49 to 38.74</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\"><sup>208</sup>Pb<sup>204</sup>Pb= 38.49 to 38.74</span></span></span>), show less variation than data from the volcanic rocks of the Cascade Range and fall within the mixing array defined by the MORB regression line and continental sediments. An evaluation of the role of crustal assimilation by hydrothermal convection during emplacement was made on five sulfide deposits associated with a single composite batholith, the Cloudy Pass pluton. The Pb-isotopic data and mass balance calculations suggest that only minor amounts of the lead were derived from the overlying Precambrian (?) Swakane Biotite Gneiss during emplacement. The bulk of the metal that occurs in sulfide deposits in the Cascade mineral belt appears to have been derived from subducted continental detritus.</p><p>The variation of the Pb-isotopic signature of Sulfides from specific districts or deposits suggests that there is a correlation with age and structure of the crust.<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-4-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>206</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\"><sup>206</sup>Pb<sup>204</sup>Pb</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>is greater than 18.92 in northern Washington and southern Oregon where deposits have intruded Mesozoic or older crust. However, the ore deposits between the northern Oregon border and central Oregon, south of Eugene, have intruded younger crust composed largely of mafic and andesitic volcanic rocks and<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-5-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>206</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\"><sup>206</sup>Pb<sup>204</sup>Pb</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>lies between 18.84 and 18.92. This region, previously called the Columbia embayment, appears to be underlain by Tertiary volcanic rocks. Lead-isotopic data may be used to define the boundaries between discontinuous blocks of Mesozoic crust and Tertiary volcanic cover.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(86)90180-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Church, S.E., LeHuray, A., Grant, A., Delevaux, M., and Gray, J.E., 1986, Lead-isotopic data from sulfide minerals from the Cascade Range, Oregon and Washington: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 50, no. 2, p. 317-328, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90180-8.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"328","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224449,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a45dfe4b0c8380cd674fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Church, S. E.","contributorId":58260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LeHuray, A.P.","contributorId":63023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeHuray","given":"A.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grant, A.R.","contributorId":12487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Delevaux, M.H.","contributorId":27853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delevaux","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gray, J. E.","contributorId":49363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70015588,"text":"70015588 - 1986 - Cluster molecular orbital description of the electronic structures of mixed-valence iron oxides and silicates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-12T17:18:59.540698","indexId":"70015588","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3425,"text":"Solid State Communications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cluster molecular orbital description of the electronic structures of mixed-valence iron oxides and silicates","docAbstract":"<p><span>A molecular orbital description, based on spin-unrestricted&nbsp;</span><i>X</i><span>α-scattered wave calculations, is given for the electronic structures of mixed valence iron oxides and silicates. The cluster calculations show that electron hopping and optical intervalence charge-transger result from weak FeFe bonding across shared edges of FeO</span><sub>6</sub><span>&nbsp;coordination polyhedra. In agreement with Zener's double exchange model, FeFe bonding is found to stabilize ferromagnetic coupling between Fe</span><sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;and Fe</span><sup>3+</sup><span>&nbsp;cations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0038-1098(86)90509-0","issn":"00381098","usgsCitation":"Sherman, D.M., 1986, Cluster molecular orbital description of the electronic structures of mixed-valence iron oxides and silicates: Solid State Communications, v. 58, no. 10, p. 719-723, https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(86)90509-0.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"719","endPage":"723","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223996,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f677e4b0c8380cd4c7a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherman, David M.","contributorId":73218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015683,"text":"70015683 - 1986 - Fumarole emissions at Mount St. Helens volcano, June 1980 to October 1981: Degassing of a magma-hydrothermal system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:59","indexId":"70015683","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fumarole emissions at Mount St. Helens volcano, June 1980 to October 1981: Degassing of a magma-hydrothermal system","docAbstract":"This study is an investigation of the chemical changes in the Mount St. Helens fumarole gases up to October 1981, the sources of the fumarole gases, and the stability of gas species in the shallow magma system. These problems are investigated by calculations of element compositions, thermodynamic equilibria, and magmatic volatile-hydrothermal steam mixing models. The fumarole gases are treated as mixtures of magmatic volatiles and hydrothermal steam formed by magma degassing and boiling of local waters in a dryout zone near conduit and dome magma. The magmatic volatile fraction is significant in fumaroles with temperatures in excess of the magma cracking-temperature (??? 700??C) - i.e., the temperature below which cracking is induced by thermal stresses during cooling and solidification. Linear composition changes of the fumarole gases over time appear to be the result of a steady decline in the magmatic volatile mixing fraction, which may be due to the tapping of progressively volatile-depleted magma. The maximum proportion of hydrothermal steam in the fumaroles rose from about 25-35% in September 1980 to around 50-70% by October 1981. Fractional degassing of magmatic CO2 and sulfur also contributed to the chemical changes in the fumarole gases. The steady chemical changes indicate that replenishment of the magma system with undegassed magma was not significant between September 1980 and September 1981. Extrapolations of chemical trends suggest that fumarole gases emitted at the time of formation of the first dome in mid-June 1980 were more enriched in a magmatic volatile fraction and contained a minimum of 9% CO2. Calculations show H2S is the predominant sulfur species in Mount St. Helens magma below depths of 200 m. Rapid release of gases from magma below this depth is a plausible mechanism for producing the high H2S/SO2 observed in Mount St. Helens plumes during explosive eruptions. This study suggests that dacite-andesite volcanos may emit gases richer in CO2 during the earlier episodes of an eruptive cycle and burden the atmosphere with much more H2S than SO2 during explosive eruptions. ?? 1986.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Gerlach, T., and Casadevall, T.J., 1986, Fumarole emissions at Mount St. Helens volcano, June 1980 to October 1981: Degassing of a magma-hydrothermal system: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 28, no. 1-2, p. 141-160.","startPage":"141","endPage":"160","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223895,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a140fe4b0c8380cd548b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casadevall, T. J.","contributorId":96680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casadevall","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015718,"text":"70015718 - 1986 - The system NaCl-H<sub>2</sub>O: relations of vapor-liquid near the critical temperature of water and of vapor-liquid-halite from 300° to 500°C","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-03T15:46:28","indexId":"70015718","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The system NaCl-H<sub>2</sub>O: relations of vapor-liquid near the critical temperature of water and of vapor-liquid-halite from 300° to 500°C","docAbstract":"<p><span>Vapor-liquid relations (</span><i>P</i><span>-</span><i>T</i><span>-</span><i>x</i><span>) for the system NaCl-H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O were determined experimentally at temperatures spanning the critical temperature of water (</span><i>T</i><sub><i>c</i></sub><span>), the lowest temperature in the system at which critical behavior occurs. In addition, vapor-liquid-halite&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>-</span><i>T</i><span>-</span><i>x</i><span>(vapor) relations were determined from 300&deg; to 500&deg;C. Results show that at 373.0&deg;C, immediately below&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><sub><i>c</i></sub><span>, the vapor side of the isothermal vaporliquid P-x boundary has a shape quite different from that previously conceived. The NaCl content of the vapor increases with pressure in a smooth manner from the pressure of the three-phase assemblage (135 bars, 0.0029% NaCl), to a pressure just below that of the vapor pressure of pure water (0.012% NaCl at 184 bars). Above this pressure the boundary abruptly reverses and projects asymptotically to 0% NaCl in a beak-like shape at 218 bars, the vapor pressure of pure water. At 375.5&deg;, slightly above&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><sub><i>c</i></sub><span>, the asymptote disappears, and is replaced by a rounded nose. At progressively higher temperatures, the nose disappears and by 380&deg;C the familiar symmetrical bell-shaped curve predominates with the critical point defined by the top of the bell. The&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>-</span><i>T</i><span>&nbsp;curve of the three-phase assemblage determined in the present study is in agreement with previous workers. The NaCl content of the three-phase vapor, however, is much higher than some literature values at temperatures above 410&deg;C.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(86)90317-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Bischoff, J.L., Rosenbauer, R.J., and Pitzer, K.S., 1986, The system NaCl-H<sub>2</sub>O: relations of vapor-liquid near the critical temperature of water and of vapor-liquid-halite from 300° to 500°C: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 50, no. 7, p. 1437-1444, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90317-0.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1437","endPage":"1444","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb0e1e4b08c986b3250df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bischoff, James L. jbischoff@usgs.gov","contributorId":1389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"James","email":"jbischoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":371609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenbauer, Robert J. brosenbauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"Robert","email":"brosenbauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pitzer, Kenneth S.","contributorId":94435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitzer","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70015575,"text":"70015575 - 1986 - A finite element model for tidal and residual circulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T15:45:28.62196","indexId":"70015575","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1280,"text":"Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A finite element model for tidal and residual circulation","docAbstract":"<p><span>Harmonic decomposition is applied to the shallow water equations, thereby creating a system of equations for the amplitude of the various tidal constituents and for the residual motions. The resulting equations are elliptic in nature, are well posed and in practice are shown to be numerically well-behaved. There are a number of strategies for choosing elements: the two extremes are to use a few high-order elements with continous derivatives, or to use a large number of simpler linear elements. In this paper simple linear elements are used and prove effective.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/cnm.1630020410","usgsCitation":"Walters, R.A., 1986, A finite element model for tidal and residual circulation: Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering, v. 2, no. 4, p. 393-398, https://doi.org/10.1002/cnm.1630020410.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"393","endPage":"398","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223726,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-06-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e76e4b0c8380cd5347a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walters, Roy A.","contributorId":74877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015052,"text":"70015052 - 1986 - A statistical methodology for estimating transport parameters: Theory and applications to one-dimensional advectivec-dispersive systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T08:37:51","indexId":"70015052","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A statistical methodology for estimating transport parameters: Theory and applications to one-dimensional advectivec-dispersive systems","docAbstract":"<p><span>A simulation nonlinear multiple-regression methodology for estimating parameters that characterize the transport of contaminants is developed and demonstrated. Finite difference contaminant transport simulation is combined with a nonlinear weighted least squares multiple-regression procedure. The technique provides optimal parameter estimates and gives statistics for assessing the reliability of these estimates under certain general assumptions about the distributions of the random measurement errors. Monte Carlo analysis is used to estimate parameter reliability for a hypothetical homogeneous soil column for which concentration data contain large random measurement errors. The value of data collected spatially versus data collected temporally was investigated for estimation of velocity, dispersion coefficient, effective porosity, first-order decay rate, and zero-order production. The use of spatial data gave estimates that were 2–3 times more reliable than estimates based on temporal data for all parameters except velocity. Comparison of estimated linear and nonlinear confidence intervals based upon Monte Carlo analysis showed that the linear approximation is poor for dispersion coefficient and zero-order production coefficient when data are collected over time. In addition, examples demonstrate transport parameter estimation for two real one-dimensional systems. First, the longitudinal dispersivity and effective porosity of an unsaturated soil are estimated using laboratory column data. We compare the reliability of estimates based upon data from individual laboratory experiments versus estimates based upon pooled data from several experiments. Second, the simulation nonlinear regression procedure is extended to include an additional governing equation that describes delayed storage during contaminant transport. The model is applied to analyze the trends, variability, and interrelationship of parameters in a mourtain stream in northern California.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i008p01303","usgsCitation":"Wagner, B.J., and Gorelick, S.M., 1986, A statistical methodology for estimating transport parameters: Theory and applications to one-dimensional advectivec-dispersive systems: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 8, p. 1303-1315, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i008p01303.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1303","endPage":"1315","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224069,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf8ae4b0c8380cd87652","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wagner, Brian J. bjwagner@usgs.gov","contributorId":427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Brian","email":"bjwagner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":369946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":69295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015660,"text":"70015660 - 1986 - The initial giant umbrella cloud of the May 18th, 1980, explosive eruption of Mount St. Helens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:57","indexId":"70015660","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The initial giant umbrella cloud of the May 18th, 1980, explosive eruption of Mount St. Helens","docAbstract":"The initial eruption column of May 18th, 1980 reached nearly 30 km altitude and released 1017 joules of thermal energy into the atmosphere in only a few minutes. Ascent of the cloud resulted in forced intrusion of a giant umbrella-shaped cloud between altitudes of 10 and 20 km at radial horizontal velocities initially in excess of 50 m/s. The mushroom cloud expanded 15 km upwind, forming a stagnation point where the radial expansion velocity and wind velocity were equal. The cloud was initiated when the pyroclastic blast flow became buoyant. The flow reduced its density as it moved away from the volcano by decompression, by sedimentation, and by mixing with and heating the surrounding air. Observations indicate that much of the flow, covering an area of 600 km2, became buoyant within 1.5 minutes and abruptly ascended to form the giant cloud. Calculations are presented for the amount of air that must have been entrained into the flow to make it buoyant. Assuming an initial temperature of 450??C and a magmatic origin for the explosion, these calculations indicate that the flow became buoyant when its temperature was approximately 150??C and the flow consisted of a mixture of 3.25 ?? 1011 kg of pyroclasts and 5.0 ?? 1011 kg of air. If sedimentation is considered, these figures reduce to 1.1 ?? 1011 kg of pyroclasts and 1.0 ?? 1011 kg of air. ?? 1986.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Sparks, R.S., Moore, J., and Rice, C., 1986, The initial giant umbrella cloud of the May 18th, 1980, explosive eruption of Mount St. Helens: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 28, no. 3-4, p. 257-274.","startPage":"257","endPage":"274","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad45e4b08c986b323adc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sparks, R. S. J.","contributorId":46686,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sparks","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rice, C.J.","contributorId":39531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"C.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":93728,"text":"93728 - 1986 - A field guide to valuable underwater aquatic plants of the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-02T10:47:02","indexId":"93728","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"A field guide to valuable underwater aquatic plants of the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"<p>Underwater plants are a valuable part of the Great Lakes ecosystem, providing food and shelter for aquatic animals. Aquatic plants also help stabilize sediments, thereby reducing shoreline erosion. Annual fall die-offs of underwater plants provide food and shelter for overwintering small aquatic animals such as insects, snails, and freshwater shrimp.</p>\n<p>In some areas, underwater plants may be the dominant primary producer in the food chain supporting animal populations. Fish, for example, are usually more abundant where underwater plants are found. Plants and associated animals are a source of food for fish and waterfowl in the Great Lakes (Table 1). Despite the importance of underwater plants in the Great Lakes, very little is known about them, partly because of the difficulty of observing the plants in their natural habitat.</p>\n<p>The purpose of this field guide is to aid in the identification of common underwater plants in the Great Lakes. These plants are found mostly in shallow, nearshore waters along sheltered bays, peninsulas, and the four connecting rivers of the Great Lakes, including the St. Lawrence River (Figure 1). Connecting rivers are especially favorable for aquatic plants because they are shallow, have a consistent flow of water, and are protected from heavy wave action typical of other Great Lakes shorelines.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Great Lakes Fishery Laboratory","publisherLocation":"Ann Arbor, MI","usgsCitation":"Schloesser, D.W., 1986, A field guide to valuable underwater aquatic plants of the Great Lakes, 32 p.","productDescription":"32 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128262,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":309497,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/93728/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.724609375,\n              41.1455697310095\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.724609375,\n              49.15296965617039\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.091796875,\n              49.15296965617039\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.091796875,\n              41.1455697310095\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.724609375,\n              41.1455697310095\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeca5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schloesser, Donald W. dschloesser@usgs.gov","contributorId":3579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schloesser","given":"Donald","email":"dschloesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":512543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":94124,"text":"94124 - 1986 - Distribution of exotic fishes in North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:59","indexId":"94124","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Distribution of exotic fishes in North America","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","collaboration":"87-114/GV","usgsCitation":"Courtenay, W., Hensley, D., Taylor, J., and McCann, J., 1986, Distribution of exotic fishes in North America, chap. <i>of</i> The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes, p. 675-698.","productDescription":"p. 675-698","startPage":"675","endPage":"698","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db64860a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hocutt, C. H.","contributorId":113950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hocutt","given":"C. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505236,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiley, E.O.","contributorId":113035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiley","given":"E.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505235,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Courtenay, W.R. Jr.","contributorId":41369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Courtenay","given":"W.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hensley, D.A.","contributorId":82244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hensley","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, J.N.","contributorId":36490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCann, J.A.","contributorId":25499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCann","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":81524,"text":"81524 - 1986 - Resilience of Mediterranean shrub communities to fire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:01","indexId":"81524","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Resilience of Mediterranean shrub communities to fire","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Resilience in Mediterranean-type Ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Dr. W. Junk","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht, The Netherlands","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J., 1986, Resilience of Mediterranean shrub communities to fire, chap. <i>of</i> Resilience in Mediterranean-type Ecosystems, p. 95-112.","productDescription":"p. 95-112","startPage":"95","endPage":"112","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629ea3","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Dell, B.","contributorId":113854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dell","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504203,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopkins, A. J. M.","contributorId":111795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504201,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lamont, B.B.","contributorId":111965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamont","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504202,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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,{"id":81529,"text":"81529 - 1986 - The Chihuahuan Desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:01","indexId":"81529","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The Chihuahuan Desert","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Arizona: the land and the people.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of Arizona Press","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","usgsCitation":"Warren, P., and Schwalbe, C., 1986, The Chihuahuan Desert, chap. <i>of</i> Arizona: the land and the people., p. 114-131.","productDescription":"p. 114-131","startPage":"114","endPage":"131","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad2e4b07f02db681a51","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Miller, T.","contributorId":92749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504211,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Warren, P.L.","contributorId":106432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwalbe, C.R.","contributorId":35259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwalbe","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":96377,"text":"96377 - 1986 - An annotated checklist of mammals of Point Reyes National Seashore","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-06T01:01:41","indexId":"96377","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"An annotated checklist of mammals of Point Reyes National Seashore","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Parks Association","usgsCitation":"Fellers, G.M., and Dell’Osso, J., 1986, An annotated checklist of mammals of Point Reyes National Seashore, 50 p.","productDescription":"50 p.","numberOfPages":"50","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127717,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258201,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/title/annotated-checklist-of-mammals-point-reyes-national-seashore/oclc/31200","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Point Reyes National Seashore","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685767","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fellers, Gary M. 0000-0003-4092-0285 gary_fellers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-0285","contributorId":3150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellers","given":"Gary","email":"gary_fellers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":299533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dell’Osso, John","contributorId":46034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dell’Osso","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2000111,"text":"2000111 - 1986 - Habitat suitability index models: northern pintail (Gulf Coast wintering)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T10:58:13","indexId":"2000111","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8,"text":"Biological Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82(10.121)","title":"Habitat suitability index models: northern pintail (Gulf Coast wintering)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Howard, R., and Kantrud, H., 1986, Habitat suitability index models: northern pintail (Gulf Coast wintering): Biological Report 82(10.121), 17 p.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"16","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648633","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, R.J. 0000-0001-7264-4364","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7264-4364","contributorId":86452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":325107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kantrud, H.A.","contributorId":28553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kantrud","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2002146,"text":"2002146 - 1986 - Rare Plants of Point Reyes National Seashore","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:54","indexId":"2002146","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":91,"text":"Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"CPSU/UCD 22","title":"Rare Plants of Point Reyes National Seashore","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"University of California-Davis","usgsCitation":"Clark, R.A., and Fellers, G.M., 1986, Rare Plants of Point Reyes National Seashore: Technical Report CPSU/UCD 22, vii, 117 p.","productDescription":"vii, 117 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"0","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648f10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Ronilee A.","contributorId":54931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Ronilee","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fellers, Gary M. 0000-0003-4092-0285 gary_fellers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-0285","contributorId":3150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellers","given":"Gary","email":"gary_fellers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":326058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2002154,"text":"2002154 - 1986 - Dietary variation in sea otters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:56","indexId":"2002154","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":162,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"1","title":"Dietary variation in sea otters","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"IUCN Otter Specialist Group","usgsCitation":"Estes, J.A., 1986, Dietary variation in sea otters: Bulletin 1, p. 11-12.","productDescription":"p. 11-12","startPage":"11","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199117,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":94121,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://iucnosg.org/Bulletin/Volume1/Estes_1986.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d7d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2002155,"text":"2002155 - 1986 - Management recommendations for improving wildlife habitat degraded by man in the Black Mountains, Death Valley National Monument","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:57","indexId":"2002155","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":91,"text":"Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"CPSU/UNLV 006/38","title":"Management recommendations for improving wildlife habitat degraded by man in the Black Mountains, Death Valley National Monument","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Douglas, C.L., 1986, Management recommendations for improving wildlife habitat degraded by man in the Black Mountains, Death Valley National Monument: Technical Report CPSU/UNLV 006/38, 25 p.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"25","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199118,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a347","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Douglas, C. L.","contributorId":64586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2000133,"text":"2000133 - 1986 - Techniques for studying nest success of ducks in upland habitats in the prairie pothole region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-29T13:19:23","indexId":"2000133","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":79,"text":"Resource Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"158","title":"Techniques for studying nest success of ducks in upland habitats in the prairie pothole region","docAbstract":"Selected procedures are described for conducting nesting studies of upland nesting ducks in the prairie pothole region. Emphasis is on the use of standard procedures so that comparable results can be obtained. Major topics addressed are finding nests by flushing hens with drags pulled by vehicles, recording of appropriate data, and calculating nest success rates. Techniques are described for conducting nest searches, candling eggs in the field, determining fate of clutches, and identifying species from evidence at nests. Two methods are presented for calculating nest success.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Klett, A., Duebbert, H., Faanes, C.A., and Higgins, K., 1986, Techniques for studying nest success of ducks in upland habitats in the prairie pothole region: Resource Publication 158, 24 p.","productDescription":"24 p.","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685a32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klett, A.T.","contributorId":34857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klett","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duebbert, Harold F.","contributorId":11544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duebbert","given":"Harold F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Faanes, C. A.","contributorId":8790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faanes","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Higgins, K.F.","contributorId":55767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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