This atlas is one of several reports that are products of an analysis of regional aquifer systems in the Great Basin of Nevada, Utah, and adjacent States. The Geological Survey program of regional aquifer-system analyses is a nationwide study of ground-water systems on a regional scale. The program is intended to establish a framework of geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical information for each regional aquifer system studied. As of 1985, studies have been started or completed in 19 areas. The scope of the Great Basin Regional Aquifer-System Analysis is outlined by Harrill and others (1983). The purpose of this report is to bring the findings of several studies together into a map report that discusses regional aspects of ground-water flow in the Great Basin, delineates the major ground-water flow systems, and briefly describes some of their characteristics.
This atlas is Chapter C of a three-part series. Chapter A delineates and describes hydrogeologic units in the Great Basin region, and Chapter B shows the generalized distribution of hydraulic potential.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ha694C","usgsCitation":"Harrill, J.R., Gates, J.S., and Thomas, J., 1988, Major ground-water flow systems in the Great Basin region of Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 694, 2 Plates: 41.96 x 38.00 inches and 33.00 x 37.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha694C.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 41.96 x 38.00 inches and 33.00 x 37.50 inches","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190413,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335846,"rank":9,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ha694B","text":"HA-694-B","linkHelpText":"Ground-water levels in the Great Basin region of Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states"},{"id":335845,"rank":8,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ha694A","text":"HA-694-A","linkHelpText":"Hydrogeology of the Great Basin region of Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states"},{"id":273169,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/ds273_HA_StudyArea.xml"},{"id":89815,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/694c/plate-1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","size":"7.94 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89816,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/694c/plate-2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","size":"5.61 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":273816,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/ha694c_et1000gb_p.xml"},{"id":273821,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/ha694c_spg1000gb_x.xml"},{"id":273817,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/ha694c_ha1000gb.xml"}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.32226562500001,\n 42.24478535602799\n ],\n [\n -120.32226562500001,\n 38.77121637244273\n ],\n [\n -114.86206054687499,\n 34.867904962568716\n ],\n [\n -113.983154296875,\n 37.01132594307015\n ],\n [\n -111.24755859375,\n 40.136890695345905\n ],\n [\n -111.060791015625,\n 42.293564192170095\n ],\n [\n -120.32226562500001,\n 42.24478535602799\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6497a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrill, James R.","contributorId":99533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrill","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gates, Joseph Spencer","contributorId":108089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gates","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"Spencer","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, James M.","contributorId":97880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"James M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":68304,"text":"ha695 - 1988 - Geohydrologic framework of the Gulf Coastal Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:30","indexId":"ha695","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"695","title":"Geohydrologic framework of the Gulf Coastal Plain","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha695","usgsCitation":"Hosman, R., 1988, Geohydrologic framework of the Gulf Coastal Plain: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 695, 3 maps on 2 sheets :col. ;56 x 52 cm. and 23 x 23 cm., sheets 108 x 84 cm. and 102 x 71 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha695.","productDescription":"3 maps on 2 sheets :col. ;56 x 52 cm. and 23 x 23 cm., sheets 108 x 84 cm. and 102 x 71 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186689,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":89743,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/695/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89744,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/695/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"2500000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100,26 ], [ -100,38 ], [ -88,38 ], [ -88,26 ], [ -100,26 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8ec0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hosman, R. L.","contributorId":42978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hosman","given":"R.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1663,"text":"wsp2284 - 1988 - Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9106,"text":"ofr84748 - 1985 - Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland","indexId":"ofr84748","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1663,"text":"wsp2284 - 1988 - Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland","indexId":"wsp2284","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-06T09:23:06","indexId":"wsp2284","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2284","title":"Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland","docAbstract":"Ground water in the 3,458-square-mile lower Susquehanna River basin occupies secondary openings in bedrock. The distribution of openings is a function of lithology, depth, and topography. Local flow systems account for most of the total ground-water flow. Average annual recharge for the lower basin is 1,857 million gallons per day, most of which discharges to streams. The water table is a subdued replica of land surface; its depth varies with topography but is generally 20 to 70 feet below land surface. Ground water circulates to depths of 500 to 600 feet below the water table. \r\n\r\nA digital model of regional, unconfined groundwater flow was developed and used to evaluate the ground-water resources of the lower basin. On the basis of lithologic and hydrologic differences, the area was subdivided into 21 hydrogeologic units, each with different hydrologic characteristics. Each unit was divided into two layers to take into account decreasing secondary permeability with depth. A finite-difference grid with square blocks approximately 1 mile on a side was used. The model was calibrated under steady-state and transient conditions. In the steady-state calibration, the model-generated results were compared with estimated water-table altitudes and estimated base flows. In the transient calibration, the model-generated results were compared with observed changes in water-table altitude from November 1, 1980, through April 22, 1981. \r\n\r\nHydraulic conductivity increases from hilltops to Valley bottoms. The average hydraulic conductivity for carbonate units is about 21 feet per day, which is an order of magnitude greater than the corresponding averages for Paleozoic sedimentary, Triassic sedimentary, and crystalline units. The Cumberland Valley carbonate rocks have the greatest average hydraulic conductivity-about 174 feet per day in valley bottoms. The average gaining-stream leakage coefficient for all carbonate units is about 16 feet per day, which is two orders of magnitude greater than the corresponding averages for the other lithologies. The Cumberland Valley carbonate rocks have the greatest gaining-stream leakage coefficient--about 43 feet per day. The specific yields are 0.035, 0.020, 0.020, and 0.007 for the carbonate, Paleozoic sedimentary, crystalline, and Triassic sedimentary units, respectively. \r\n\r\nThe calibrated model was used to simulate the effects of a ground-water withdrawal of 1 inch per year on water-table altitudes and average annual base flows in the modeled area. The overall effect is least for the carbonate units and greatest for the Triassic sedimentary units. The model also was used to simulate a standardized potential yield for each unit by assuming that the maximum acceptable consequence of a hypothetical withdrawal scheme is an ultimate 50-percent reduction in average annual base flow. Based on this, the potential yield for the modeled area is 891 million gallons per day. The Cumberland Valley carbonate rocks have the greatest potential yield--0.47 million gallons per day per square mile. The carbonate units have the greatest average potential yield, followed by the Paleozoic sedimentary, crystalline, and Triassic sedimentary units. About 90 percent of the eventual decline in water-table altitudes and the eventual reduction in average annual base flows occurs within 5 years of the implementation of the hypothetical withdrawal scheme. Nearly all of the ground water withdrawn is derived from reduced discharge to streams. \r\n\r\nThe calibrated model can be used to estimate the impacts of ground-water development schemes on regional ground-water levels and base flows of streams, it cannot be used to simulate local cones of depression or local base-flow changes. The reliability of the model is a function of its approximation of the physical characteristics of the ground-water flow system, the two calibrations, various simplifying assumptions, and the lack of calibration under ground-water withdrawal conditions, it ca","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2284","usgsCitation":"Gerhart, J.M., and Lazorchick, G.J., 1988, Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2284, vi, 128 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 2 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2284.","productDescription":"vi, 128 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 2 plates in pocket","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2284/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26735,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2284/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26736,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2284/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26737,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2284/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4340","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerhart, James M.","contributorId":35717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerhart","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lazorchick, George J.","contributorId":18743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lazorchick","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":11984,"text":"ofr8889 - 1988 - Climatic data for Williams Lake, Hubbard County, Minnesota, 1982","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-19T09:10:13","indexId":"ofr8889","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-89","title":"Climatic data for Williams Lake, Hubbard County, Minnesota, 1982","docAbstract":"Research on the hydrology of Williams Lake, north-central Minnesota includes study of evaporation. Those climatic data needed for energy budget and mass transfer studies are presented , including: water surface temperature, dry-bulb and wet-bulb air temperatures, wind speed, precipitation, and solar and atmospheric radiation. Some calculated values necessary for these studies are also presented, such as vapor pressure and Bowen-ratio values. Data are collected at raft and land stations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lakewood, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr8889","usgsCitation":"Rosenberry, D., Sturrock, A., Scarborough, J., and Winter, T.C., 1988, Climatic data for Williams Lake, Hubbard County, Minnesota, 1982: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-89, iv, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8889.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":143766,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0089/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39977,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0089/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Hubbard County","otherGeospatial":"Williams Lake","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de16c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenberry, D.O. 0000-0003-0681-5641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":38500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"D.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":164522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sturrock, A.M.","contributorId":25947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sturrock","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scarborough, J.L.","contributorId":94673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scarborough","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Winter, T. C.","contributorId":23485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":2394,"text":"wsp2333 - 1988 - Tritium migration from a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Chicago, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:33","indexId":"wsp2333","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2333","title":"Tritium migration from a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Chicago, Illinois","docAbstract":"This paper describes the results of a study to determine the geologic and hydrologic factors that control migration of tritium from a closed, low-level radioactive-waste disposal site. The disposal site, which operated from 1943 to mid1949, contains waste generated by research activities at the world's first nuclear reactors. Tritium has migrated horizontally at least 1,300 feet northward in glacial drift and more than 650 feet in the underlying dolomite. Thin, gently sloping sand layers in an otherwise clayey glacial drift are major conduits for ground-water flow and tritium migration in a perched zone beneath the disposal site. Tritium concentrations in the drift beneath the disposal site exceed 100,000 nanocuries per liter. Regional horizontal joints in the dolomite are enlarged by solution and are the major conduits for ground-water flow and tritium migration in the dolomite. A weathered zone at the top of the dolomite also is a pathway for tritium migration. The maximum measured tritium concentration in the dolomite is 29.4 nanocuries per liter. Fluctuations of tritium concentration in the dolomite are the result of dilution by seasonal recharge from the drift.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2333","usgsCitation":"Nicholas, J., and Healy, R.W., 1988, Tritium migration from a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Chicago, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2333, iv, 46 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2333.","productDescription":"iv, 46 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139189,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2333/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28371,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2333/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db624515","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nicholas, J.R.","contributorId":26673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholas","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Healy, R. W.","contributorId":89872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":11979,"text":"ofr87682 - 1988 - Climatic data for Mirror Lake, West Thornton, New Hampshire: 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-12T15:55:45.000535","indexId":"ofr87682","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-682","title":"Climatic data for Mirror Lake, West Thornton, New Hampshire: 1985","docAbstract":"Research on the hydrology of Mirror Lake, West Thornton, New Hampshire, includes a study of evaporation. Those climatic data needed for energy-budget and mass-transfer evaporation studies are presented, including: water surface temperature, dry-bulb and wet-bulb air temperatures, vapor pressure at and above the water surface, wind speed, and short- and long-wave radiation. Data are collected at raft and land stations. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr87682","usgsCitation":"Sturrock, A.M., Buso, D., Scarborough, J., and Winter, T.C., 1988, Climatic data for Mirror Lake, West Thornton, New Hampshire: 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-682, iii, 64 leaves , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87682.","productDescription":"iii, 64 leaves ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":374663,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0682/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0682/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","city":"West Thorton","otherGeospatial":"Mirror Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.69540405273438,\n 43.94141717295212\n ],\n [\n -71.68913841247559,\n 43.94141717295212\n ],\n [\n -71.68913841247559,\n 43.94648475051101\n ],\n [\n -71.69540405273438,\n 43.94648475051101\n ],\n [\n -71.69540405273438,\n 43.94141717295212\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db545eef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sturrock, Alex M.","contributorId":48948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sturrock","given":"Alex","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buso, D.C.","contributorId":31392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buso","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scarborough, J.L.","contributorId":94673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scarborough","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Winter, T. C.","contributorId":23485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":4705,"text":"twri06A1 - 1988 - A modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20038,"text":"ofr83875 - 1984 - A modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model","indexId":"ofr83875","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"A modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4705,"text":"twri06A1 - 1988 - A modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model","indexId":"twri06A1","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"A modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"twri06A1","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"06-A1","title":"A modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model","docAbstract":"This report presents a finite-difference model and its associated modular computer program. The model simulates flow in three dimensions. The report includes detailed explanations of physical and mathematical concepts on which the model is based and an explanation of how those concepts are incorporated in the modular structure of the computer program. The modular structure consists of a Main Program and a series of highly independent subroutines called 'modules.' The modules are grouped into 'packages.' Each package deals with a specific feature of the hydrologic system which is to be simulated, such as flow from rivers or flow into drains, or with a specific method of solving linear equations which describe the flow system, such as the Strongly Implicit Procedure or Slice-Successive Overrelaxation. \r\n\r\nThe division of the program into modules permits the user to examine specific hydrologic features of the model independently. This also facilita development of additional capabilities because new packages can be added to the program without modifying the existing packages. The input and output systems of the computer program are also designed to permit maximum flexibility. \r\n\r\nGround-water flow within the aquifer is simulated using a block-centered finite-difference approach. Layers can be simulated as confined, unconfined, or a combination of confined and unconfined. Flow associated with external stresses, such as wells, areal recharge, evapotranspiration, drains, and streams, can also be simulated. The finite-difference equations can be solved using either the Strongly Implicit Procedure or Slice-Successive Overrelaxation. \r\n\r\nThe program is written in FORTRAN 77 and will run without modification on most computers that have a FORTRAN 77 compiler. For each program ,module, this report includes a narrative description, a flow chart, a list of variables, and a module listing.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/twri06A1","issn":"0565-596X","usgsCitation":"McDonald, M.G., and Harbaugh, A.W., 1988, A modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 06-A1, 586 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri06A1.","productDescription":"586 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri6a1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae07b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDonald, Michael G.","contributorId":47352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harbaugh, Arlen W. harbaugh@usgs.gov","contributorId":426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harbaugh","given":"Arlen","email":"harbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":149651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26957,"text":"wri874193 - 1988 - Regionalization of mean annual suspended-sediment loads in streams, central, northwestern, and southwestern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:31","indexId":"wri874193","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4193","title":"Regionalization of mean annual suspended-sediment loads in streams, central, northwestern, and southwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"Regression analysis was used to develop models for estimating mean annual suspended-sediment loads for streams in Colorado. Mean annual suspended-sediment loads at 81 selected streamflow-gaging stations in the central, northwestern, and southwestern regions of Colorado were expressed as functions of geomorphic and hydrologic variables. A multiple-regression model that included mean basin elevation, mean annual streamflow, and drainage-basin area explained 78% of the variance in mean annual suspended-sediment load when all sites were analyzed together. The state was divided into four regions to decrease variance from spatial differences in geography and climate, and multiple-regression models were recomputed for each region. The best multiple-regression models for the central, northwestern, and southwestern regions of Colorado included mean annual streamflow and mean basin elevation. A multiple-regression model was not developed for eastern Colorado because few sites in this region had adequate sediment-load records. Regionalization of mean annual suspended-sediment loads resulted in improved multiple-regression models for the central, northwestern, and southwestern regions of Colorado. The regional multiple-regression models can be used to estimate mean annual suspended-sediment loads for other streams in these regions when mean annual streamflow and mean basin elevation are known. Regional regression models based only on drainage area also were developed, and they can be used to estimate mean annual suspended-sediment load when annual streamflow is unknown. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874193","usgsCitation":"Elliott, J.G., 1988, Regionalization of mean annual suspended-sediment loads in streams, central, northwestern, and southwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4193, iv, 24 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874193.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158264,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4193/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55842,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4193/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c427","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, J. G.","contributorId":45341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26978,"text":"wri884038 - 1988 - Surface-water hydrology of Hay Creek watershed, Montana, and West Branch Antelope Creek watershed, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-10T18:24:26.924718","indexId":"wri884038","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4038","title":"Surface-water hydrology of Hay Creek watershed, Montana, and West Branch Antelope Creek watershed, North Dakota","docAbstract":"Hydrologric data were used to determine the premining surface-water conditions in two small basins in the Fort Union coal region of Montana and North Dakota. The two streams. Hay Creek and West Branch Antelope Creek, are ephemeral. Most of the volume and peak discharges are due to snowmelt runoff. Little rainfall runoff occurs, and volume and peak discharges for this runoff are relatively small compared to those for snowmelt runoff
Suspended-sediment concentrations for snowmelt runoff ranged from 4 to 325 milligrams per liter for the Hay Creek and West Branch Antelope Creek watersheds. At the outflow site of the Hay Creek watershed, the dominant dissolved constituents in runoff are magnesium and sulfate; at the outflow site of the West Branch Antelope Creek watershed, they are calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, and sulfate.
The U.S. Geological Survey's Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System was calibrated for both watersheds for the snowmelt runoff. The model was not calibrated for rainfall runoff because of insufficient runoff. Sensitivity analyses indicated the model was most sensitive to the values of snow correction for daily precipitation at precipitation gages, emissivity of the air for longwave radiation, and maximum available water-holding capacity of the soil profile. Testing of several watershed delineations showed that, for well-defined snow distribution, 23 units adequately defined the variability in runoff in the Hay Creek watershed, and 36 units adequately defined the variability in runoff in the West Branch Antelope Creek watershed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884038","usgsCitation":"Emerson, D.G., 1988, Surface-water hydrology of Hay Creek watershed, Montana, and West Branch Antelope Creek watershed, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4038, vii, 111 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884038.","productDescription":"vii, 111 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55866,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4038/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157804,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4038/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":466021,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46961.htm","text":"Hay Creek","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466022,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46962.htm","text":"West Branch Antelope Creek","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.9556,\n 47.4083\n ],\n [\n -101.9556,\n 47.333\n ],\n [\n -101.85,\n 47.333\n ],\n [\n -101.85,\n 47.4083\n ],\n [\n -101.9556,\n 47.4083\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.1667,\n 47.0433\n ],\n [\n -104.1667,\n 46.9497\n ],\n [\n -104.0692,\n 46.9497\n ],\n [\n -104.0692,\n 47.0433\n ],\n [\n -104.1667,\n 47.0433\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a6c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emerson, Douglas G.","contributorId":40579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27099,"text":"wri884087 - 1988 - Preimpoundment hydrologic conditions in the Swatara Creek (1981-84) and estimated postimpoundment water quality in and downstream from the planned Swatara State Park Reservoir, Lebanon and Schuylkill counties, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-10T18:34:56.459331","indexId":"wri884087","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4087","title":"Preimpoundment hydrologic conditions in the Swatara Creek (1981-84) and estimated postimpoundment water quality in and downstream from the planned Swatara State Park Reservoir, Lebanon and Schuylkill counties, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The hydrology and water quality of Swatara Creek were studied by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Bureau of State Parks, from July 1981 through September 1984. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of anthracite-coal mining and other point and nonpoint sources on the water quality of a planned 10,500 acre-foot reservoir. The Swatara State Park Reservoir is planned to be used for recreation and drinking-water supply for the city of Lebanon and surrounding communities.\r\n\r\n Annual precipitation during 1982, 1983, and 1984 was about 8 percent below, near normal, and 29 percent above the long-term average, respectively. The average annual precipitation during a year with near-normal precipitation, the 1983 water year, was 47 inches at Pine Grove. Mean streamflows during 1982, 1983, and 1984 were about 15 percent below, 4 percent above, and 50 percent above the long-term average, respectively. The average streamflow to the planned reservoir area during the 1983 water year was about 220 cubic feet per second.\r\n\r\n Inflows to, and downstream discharge from, the planned reservoir wer poorly buffered. Median alkalinity ranged from 4 to 7 mg/L (milligrams per liter) and median acidity ranged from 2 to 5 mg/L at the three sampling locations. Maximum total-recoverable iron, aluminum, and manganese concentrations were 100,000, 66,000, and 2,300 micrograms per liter, respectively. During 1983 the annual discharges of total-recoverable iron, aluminum, and manganese to the planned reservoir area were estimated to be 692, 300, and 95 tons, respectively. About 87 percent of the total-recoverable iron and 91 percent of total-recoverable sluminum measured was in the suspended phase. The data indicated that mine drainage affects the quality of Swatara Creek and will affect the quality of the planned reservoir.\r\n\r\n In addition to mine drainage, point-source nutrient and metal discharges will probably affect the planned reservoir. For example, in September 1983, Swatara Creek was sampled downstream from a point source. A dissolved- phosphorus concentration of 14 mg/L and total ammonia plus organic nitrogen concentration of 8.2 mg/L were measured. At the same location, concentrations of total-recoverable aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, and lead were 35, 300, 110, 1,300, and 32 micrograms per liter, respectively.\r\n\r\n Inflows to the planned Swatara State Park Reservoir are estimated to be acidic and rich in nutrients and select metals. Unless an effort is made to improve the quality of water from point and nonpoint sources, these conditions may impair the planned uses for the reservoir. Conservation releases from the reservoir need to be carefully controlled or these conditions also may degrade the water quality downstream.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884087","usgsCitation":"Fishel, D.K., 1988, Preimpoundment hydrologic conditions in the Swatara Creek (1981-84) and estimated postimpoundment water quality in and downstream from the planned Swatara State Park Reservoir, Lebanon and Schuylkill counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4087, Report: vi, 108 p.; 2 Plates: 16.57 × 10.53 inches and 16.40 × 7.99 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884087.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 108 p.; 2 Plates: 16.57 × 10.53 inches and 16.40 × 7.99 inches","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158966,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4087/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55964,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4087/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55963,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4087/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55962,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4087/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":389084,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47007.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Swatara Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.6375,\n 40.4569\n ],\n [\n -76.21,\n 40.4569\n ],\n [\n -76.21,\n 40.66\n ],\n [\n -76.6375,\n 40.66\n ],\n [\n -76.6375,\n 40.4569\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e77d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fishel, D. K.","contributorId":72028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishel","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27177,"text":"wri884040 - 1988 - Geohydrology of the Navajo sandstone in western Kane, southwestern Garfield, and southeastern Iron counties, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:26","indexId":"wri884040","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4040","title":"Geohydrology of the Navajo sandstone in western Kane, southwestern Garfield, and southeastern Iron counties, Utah","docAbstract":"The upper Navajo and Lamb Point aquifers in the Navajo Sandstone are the principal source of water for the city of Kanab, irrigation, stock, and for rural homes in the study area. Well logs and outcrop descriptions indicate the Navajo Sandstone consists of the Lamb Point Tongue and an unnamed upper member that are separated by the Tenney Canyon Tongue of the Kayenta Formation. The main Kayenta Formation underlies the Lamb Point Tongue. The Lamb Point Tongue and the upper member of the Navajo Sandstone are saturated and hydraulically connected through the Tenney Canyon Tongue. Available data indicate that precipitation percolates to the groundwater reservoir where the Navajo Sandstone crops out. Estimates of the rate of recharge at the outcrop range from 0.1 to as much as 2.8 in/yr. Water level data indicate that water moves from the upper member of the Navajo Sandstone, through the Tenney Canyon Tongue, and into the Lamb Point Tongue. Lateral flow is generally from the outcrop areas toward the incised canyons formed by tributaries of Kanab Creek and Johnson Wash. Direction and rate of groundwater movement and the location and character of the natural hydrologic boundaries in the northern part of the area where the Navajo Sandstone is buried cannot be determined conclusively without additional water level data. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri884040","usgsCitation":"Freethey, G., 1988, Geohydrology of the Navajo sandstone in western Kane, southwestern Garfield, and southeastern Iron counties, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4040, v, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884040.","productDescription":"v, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118738,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4040/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56053,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4040/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56054,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4040/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56052,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4040/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8932","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freethey, G. W.","contributorId":105714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freethey","given":"G. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27240,"text":"wri874072 - 1988 - Effect of erosion-control structures on sediment and nutrient transport, Edgewood Creek drainage, Lake Tahoe basin, Nevada, 1981-83","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:41","indexId":"wri874072","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4072","title":"Effect of erosion-control structures on sediment and nutrient transport, Edgewood Creek drainage, Lake Tahoe basin, Nevada, 1981-83","docAbstract":"Three sites in the Edgewood Creek basin with a combined drainage area of about 1.2 sq mi were selected to assess the effect of erosion-control structures along Nevada State Highway 207, on sediment and nutrient transport. The flow at site one is thought to have been largely unaffected by urban development, and was completely unaffected by erosion control structures. The flow at site two was from a basin affected by urban development and erosion control structures. Site three was downstream from the confluence of streams measured at sites one and two. Most data on streamflow and water quality were collected between June 1981 and May 1983 to assess the hydrologic characteristics of the three sites. As a result of the erosion control structures, mean annual concentrations of total sediment were reduced from about 24,000 to about 410 mg/l at site two and from about 1,900 to about 190 ml/l at site three. Sediment loads were reduced from about 240 to about 10 tons/year at site two and from about 550 to about 110 tons/year at site three. At site one, in contrast, mean concentrations and loads remained low throughout the study period. At site two, sediment particle size changed from predominately coarse prior to construction, to predominately fine thereafter; at site three, it changed from about half coarse sediments to predominately fine. Mean concentration and loads of total iron also were significantly reduced after construction at sites two and three, whereas mean concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus species did not change appreciably. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874072","usgsCitation":"Garcia, K.T., 1988, Effect of erosion-control structures on sediment and nutrient transport, Edgewood Creek drainage, Lake Tahoe basin, Nevada, 1981-83: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4072, vi, 65 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874072.","productDescription":"vi, 65 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124141,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4072/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56104,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4072/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6256da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garcia, K. T.","contributorId":52613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27531,"text":"wri874175 - 1988 - The effects of two multipurpose reservoirs on the water temperature of the McKenzie River, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:19:27","indexId":"wri874175","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4175","title":"The effects of two multipurpose reservoirs on the water temperature of the McKenzie River, Oregon","docAbstract":"A one dimensional, unsteady-state temperature model using the equilibrium temperature approach (with air temperature used to estimate equilibrium temperature) is used to evaluate the effects of two Army Corps of Engineers dams and resulting reservoirs on the McKenzie River, from Delta Park (River Kilometer 99.9) to Leaburg Dam (River Kilometer 62.4). Both Corps of Engineers projects are on tributaries to the McKenzie River and at present have only bottom withdrawal capabilities. An effective top width parameter (ETW) was introduced into model calibrations to account for the high turbulence of the reach. Extensive data were collected from May to October, 1983 and 1984. Using these data, water temperatures were predicted to within 0.30 C mean absolute deviation (MAD) at Finn Rock (at River Kilometer 87.2, 4.5 km below the second tributary confluence) and near Vida (River Kilometer 76.8), and to within 0.40 C at Leaburg Dam (River Kilometer 62.4). Since these data represent hydrologic and meteorologic conditions over a very short period, analyses were extended to include three additional historic years and an average conditions year. The average conditions values were obtained by using the mean daily values for the period of record at key stations. Accuracy was lost when simulating historic years, since the only meteorological data available were collected outside the basin, and hence were less representative. Simulation of historic data showed that Corps of Engineers projects have little or no effect on water temperatures of the McKenzie River near Vida (River Kilometer 76.8) from the end of November to the end of May. Projects have a cooling effect from the beginning of June to the first part of September and a warming effect from the middle of September to the end of November. Warming and cooling effects average just over 1 C. There is little or no temperature effect during periods of flood control operation or reservoir filling. Cooling effects are due to conservation holding, when releases are cooler than inflows. Drafting of reservoirs in preparation for flood control causes a warming effect when heat stored in the upper water layers during conservation holding is released as reservoir water levels are lowered. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874175","usgsCitation":"Hansen, R.P., 1988, The effects of two multipurpose reservoirs on the water temperature of the McKenzie River, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4175, v, 34 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874175.","productDescription":"v, 34 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158867,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4175/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56391,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4175/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65ddae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, R. P.","contributorId":106538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27620,"text":"wri864113 - 1988 - Hydrologic analysis of the Rio Grande basin north of Embudo, New Mexico, Colorado and New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-04T15:35:03.304208","indexId":"wri864113","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4113","title":"Hydrologic analysis of the Rio Grande basin north of Embudo, New Mexico, Colorado and New Mexico","docAbstract":"Water yield was estimated for each of the five regions that represent contrasting hydrologic regimes in the 10,400 square miles of the Rio Grande basin above Embudo, New Mexico. Water yield was estimated as 2,800 cubic feet per second for the San Juan Mountains, and 28 cubic feet per second for the Taos Plateau. Evapotranspiration exceeded precipitation by 150 cubic feet per second on the Costilla Plains and 2,400 cubic feet per second on the Alamosa Basin. A three-dimensional model was constructed to represent the aquifer system in the Alamosa Basin. A preliminary analysis concluded that: (1) a seven-layer model representing 3,200 feet of saturated thickness could accurately simulate the behavior of the flow equation; and (2) the 1950 condition was approximately stable and would be a satisfactory initial condition. Reasonable modifications to groundwater withdrawals simulated 1950-79 water-level declines close to measured value. Sensitivity tests indicated that evapotranspiration salvage was the major source, 69 to 82 percent, of groundwater withdrawals. Evapotranspiration salvage was projected to be the source of most withdrawals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri864113","usgsCitation":"Hearne, G.A., and Dewey, J.D., 1988, Hydrologic analysis of the Rio Grande basin north of Embudo, New Mexico, Colorado and New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4113, Report: vii, 244 p.; 1 Plate: 19.60 × 26.36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864113.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 244 p.; 1 Plate: 19.60 × 26.36 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119869,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4113/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56486,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4113/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56487,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4113/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":395408,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36557.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Rio Grande basin north of Embudo","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.533,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -105.183,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -105.183,\n 38.436\n ],\n [\n -107.533,\n 38.436\n ],\n [\n -107.533,\n 36\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683506","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hearne, G. A.","contributorId":6450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hearne","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dewey, J. D.","contributorId":103326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27690,"text":"wri874210 - 1988 - Flood hydrology near Flagstaff, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri874210","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4210","title":"Flood hydrology near Flagstaff, Arizona","docAbstract":"Peak discharges measured at 11 crest-stage gages near Flagstaff were used to determine discharges that have recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. The discharges were related to drainage area and urban development in order to provide equations for design of hydraulic structure in the Flagstaff area. Peak discharges in various parts of the city differ considerably. The differences are due to combinations of several drainage-basin characteristics. Coefficients for the rational formula were computed for drainages of less than 10 sq mi. Coefficients for undeveloped rural basins are less than 0.1; coefficients for urban development range from 0.05 to 0.39. This range in values indicates that, with some limitations, coefficients found in general engineering handbooks for urban types of land use are applicable for design in Flagstaff. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874210","usgsCitation":"Hill, G.W., Hales, T., and Aldridge, B.N., 1988, Flood hydrology near Flagstaff, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4210, iv, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874210.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122944,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4210/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56542,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4210/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5ef0a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, G. W.","contributorId":85551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hales, T.A.","contributorId":99115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hales","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aldridge, B. N.","contributorId":73179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aldridge","given":"B.","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27757,"text":"wri884122 - 1988 - Review of mechanisms, methods, and theory for determining recharge to shallow aquifers in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T13:08:25","indexId":"wri884122","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4122","title":"Review of mechanisms, methods, and theory for determining recharge to shallow aquifers in North Dakota","docAbstract":"Effective management of ground-water resources requires knowledge of all components of the water budget for the aquifer of interest. Efforts to simulate ground-water flow prior to development and the effects of proposed pumping in several of North Dakota's shallow glacial aquifers have been hindered by the lack of reliable estimates of ground-water recharge. This study was done to (1) review the methods that have been used to measure recharge, (2) review the theory of unsaturated flow and the methods for characterizing the physical properties of unsaturated media, (3) consider the relative merits of a rigorous data-intensive approach versus an estimation approach to the study of recharge, and (4) review past and current agronomic research in North Dakota for applicability of the research and the data generated to the study of recharge.
Direct, quantitative techniques for evaluating recharge are rarely applied. The theory for computing fluxes in unsaturated media is well established and numerous physics-based models that effectively implement the theory are available, but the data required for the models generally are lacking. Many parametric approaches have been developed to avoid the large data requirements of the physics-based approaches for analyzing flow in the unsaturated zone. However, the parametric approaches normally include fitting coefficients that must be calibrated for every study site, thereby detracting from the general utility of the parametric approach.
The functional relation of matric potential to moisture content is required for physics-based soil-water models, whether analytic or numeric. Laboratory methods to determine these relations are tedious, costly, and may not give results representative of the soils as they occur in the field. Many models have been proposed to estimate the moisture-characteristic curve and hydraulic-conductivity function from basic soil properties, but none yield results that are universally satisfactory. In situ methods, because they require minimal disturbance of the soil profile and may be used repeatedly on the same soil mass, have become the preferred means for acquiring physical data, especially hydraulic conductivity. Hydro logic investigations, except for recent studies of hazardous-waste disposal sites, rarely have included physical characterizations of unsaturated media.
Any of four phenomena could hinder attempts to simulate unsaturated flow in settings typical of North Dakota; variability of soil properties, hysteresis, frozen ground, and macropore development. The spatial and temporal variability of soil properties probably is the greatest complicating phenomenon and must be dealt with by detailed characterization of the properties. Hysteresis can detract from the accuracy of flow calculations for some soils under certain conditions but, for the present, our scant knowledge of soil physical properties is a greater hindrance to reliable soi1-water mode 1 ing than is the hysteresis phenomenon. A1 though seasona1ly frozen ground undoubtedly affects hydrologic processes in North Dakota, much more research is needed before meaningful quantitative treatment is possible. Finally, macropores can influence soil-water movement significantly, but macropore development may not be common on the intensively farmed, coarse-textured soils that typically overlie North Dakota's glacial aquifers. Lysimetry currently is the only reliable means of analyzing macropore flow.
The soil-related research that has been conducted in North Dakota to date (1983) provides little of the type of information required to estimate ground-water recharge. Useful data could be developed by systematically evaluating the hydraulic characteristics of the prominent soil types overlying North Dakota's shallow glacial aquifers. These data would be required to enable use of a physics-based approach to estimating recharge. The size of the aquifer under study, its economic value, and the resources available for data collection should be considered when choosing between parametric or physics-based methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884122","usgsCitation":"Horak, W., 1988, Review of mechanisms, methods, and theory for determining recharge to shallow aquifers in North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4122, iv, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884122.","productDescription":"iv, 54 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157960,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4122/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56604,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4122/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a80f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horak, W.F.","contributorId":82326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horak","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27880,"text":"wri874117 - 1988 - Evaluation of the flood hydrology in the Colorado Front Range using precipitation, streamflow, and paleoflood data for the Big Thompson River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri874117","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4117","title":"Evaluation of the flood hydrology in the Colorado Front Range using precipitation, streamflow, and paleoflood data for the Big Thompson River basin","docAbstract":"A multidisciplinary study of precipitation and streamflow data and paleohydrologic studies of channel features was made to analyze the flood hydrology of foothill and mountain streams in the Front Range of Colorado, with emphasis on the Big Thompson River basin, because conventional hydrologic analyses do not adequately characterize the flood hydrology. In the foothills of Colorado, annual floodflows are derived from snowmelt at high elevations in the mountain regions, from rainfall at low elevation in the plains or plateau regions, or from a combination of rain falling on snow or mixed population hydrology. Above approximately 7,500 ft, snowmelt dominates; rain does not contribute to the flood potential. Regional flood-frequency relations were developed and compared with conventional flood-estimating technique results, including an evaluation of the magnitude and frequency of the probable maximum flood. Evaluation of streamflow data and paleoflood investigations provide an alternative for evaluating flood hydrology and the safety of dams. The study indicates the need for additional data collection and research to understand the complexities of the flood hydrology in mountainous regions, especially its effects on flood-plain management and the design of structures in the flood plain. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri874117","usgsCitation":"Jarrett, R., and Costa, J.E., 1988, Evaluation of the flood hydrology in the Colorado Front Range using precipitation, streamflow, and paleoflood data for the Big Thompson River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4117, iv, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874117.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121816,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4117/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56703,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4117/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611b4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jarrett, R.D.","contributorId":36551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarrett","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Costa, J. E.","contributorId":28977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Costa","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1682,"text":"wsp2234F - 1988 - Bottom sediments and nutrients in the tidal Potomac system, Maryland and Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:24","indexId":"wsp2234F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2234","chapter":"F","title":"Bottom sediments and nutrients in the tidal Potomac system, Maryland and Virginia","docAbstract":"The characteristics and distributions of near-surface bottom sediments and of nutrients in the sediments provide information on modern sediment and nutrient sources, sedimentation environments, and geochemical reactions in the tidal Potomac system, Maryland and Virginia. This information is fundamental to an improved understanding of sedimentation and eutrophication problems in the tidal Potomac system. The tidal Potomac system consists of 1,230 square kilometers of intertidal to subtidal Potomac mainstem and tributary streambed from the heads-of-tides to Chesapeake Bay. \r\n\r\nTidal Potomac sediments are dominantly silt and clay except in local areas. An average sediment sample is about two-thirds silt and clay (fine) particles and one-third sand (coarse) particles. The mean of the median size of all samples is 6.60 phi, or 0.010 millimeters. Sorting generally is poor and the average sediment is skewed toward the fine tail of the size-distribution curve. \r\n\r\nMean particle-size measures have large standard deviations. Among geomorphic units, two distinctly different size populations are found; fine (median phi about 9), and poorly sorted (sorting about 3) sediments in the channel and the smooth flat, and coarse (median phi about 2), and well sorted (sorting about 1) sediments in the shoreline flat and the irregular slope. Among mainstem hydrologic divisions, an average sediment from the river and the estuary division is coarser and more variable than an average sediment from the transition division. \r\n\r\nSubstantial concentrations of total carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, and limited amounts of inorganic carbon, ammonia nitrogen and nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen occur in tidal Potomac sediments. An average tidal Potomac sediment sample weighing 1 kilogram contains about 21,000 milligrams of total carbon, 2,400 milligrams of total nitrogen, 1,200 milligrams of total phosphorus, 600 milligrams of inorganic carbon, 170 milligrams of ammonia nitrogen, and 2 milligrams of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen. Total carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus have an average ratio by weight of 18:2:1 and an average ratio by atoms of 94:8:1. \r\n\r\nNutrient concentrations and nutrient ratios have large ranges and standard deviations. Nutrient concentrations usually are closely related to particle size; large concentrations are characteristic of fine sediments in the channel and the smooth flat, and small concentrations are typical of coarse sediments in the shoreline flat and the irregular slope. Concentrations typically decrease from the river division to the estuary division. \r\n\r\nMainstem and tributaries show no statistically significant difference in mean particle-size measures or mean nutrient concentrations. Tributaries do not contribute large quantities of sediment with diverse texture or nutrient content to the Potomac mainstem. Particle-size measures and nutrient concentrations in the mainstem are significantly related to hydrologic divisions and geomorphic units; that is, particle size and nutrients vary significantly along and across the Potomac mainstem. Lateral variations in particle size and nutrient content are more pronounced and contribute more to significant relations than longitudinal variations contribute. \r\n\r\nThe mean values for the median particle size and for the percentage of sand indicate significant variations among hydrologic divisions for samples from a geomorphic unit, and among geomorphic units, for samples from a hydrologic division. Sediments of channels and smooth flats in the river division commonly are coarser than sediments of channels and smooth flats in the transition and the estuary divisions. Shoreline flats in the estuary division are coarser than shoreline flats in the river division. Shoreline flats and irregular slopes in each hydrologic division generally are significantly coarser than channels and smooth flats. Relations between particle-size measures and geomorphic units show progressively larger cor","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2234F","usgsCitation":"Glenn, J.L., 1988, Bottom sediments and nutrients in the tidal Potomac system, Maryland and Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2234, viii, 74 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2234F.","productDescription":"viii, 74 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138104,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2234f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26763,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2234f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0626","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glenn, Jerry L.","contributorId":54969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glenn","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28643,"text":"wri884187 - 1988 - Potential effects of surface coal mining on the hydrology of the upper Otter Creek-Pasture Creek area, Moorhead coal field, southeastern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-05T21:04:42.141391","indexId":"wri884187","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4187","title":"Potential effects of surface coal mining on the hydrology of the upper Otter Creek-Pasture Creek area, Moorhead coal field, southeastern Montana","docAbstract":"The combined upper Otter Creek-Pasture Creek area, south of Ashland, Montana, contains large reserves of Federal coal for potential lease sale. A hydrologic study was conducted in the area to describe existing hydrologic systems and generalized groundwater quality, to assess potential effects of surface mining on local water resources, and to evaluate the potential for reclamation of those water resources. Principal aquifers are coal beds and sandstone in the upper Tongue River Member of the Fort Union Formation (Paleocene age), and sand and gravel in alluvium (Pleistocene and Holocene age). Hydraulic conductivity determined from aquifer tests was about 0.004 to 16 ft/d for coal or sandstone aquifers and 1 to 290 ft/d for alluvial aquifers. Dissolved-solids concentrations in water from bedrock ranged from 1,160 to 4,390 mg/L. In alluvium, the concentrations were 1,770 to 12,600 mg/L. Surface water is available from interrupted flow along downstream reaches of Otter and Pasture Creeks, from stock ponds, and from springs. Most stock ponds are dry by midsummer. Mining of coal in the Anderson, Dietz, and Canyon beds would lower the potentiometric surface within coal and sandstone aquifers. Alluvium along Otter Creek, its main tributaries, and Pasture Creek would be removed at the mines. Planned structuring of the spoils and reconstruction of alluvial aquifers could minimize downstream changes in water quality. Although mining would alter the existing hydrologic systems and destroy several shallow wells and stock ponds, alternative water supplies are available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884187","usgsCitation":"McClymonds, N.E., and Moreland, J.A., 1988, Potential effects of surface coal mining on the hydrology of the upper Otter Creek-Pasture Creek area, Moorhead coal field, southeastern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4187, Report: v, 87 p.; 2 Plates: 15.65 × 21.42 inches and 16.07 × 21.26 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884187.","productDescription":"Report: v, 87 p.; 2 Plates: 15.65 × 21.42 inches and 16.07 × 21.26 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":57483,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4187/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57482,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4187/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57481,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4187/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":393934,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47090.htm"},{"id":124096,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4187/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Moorhead coal field, upper Otter Creek - Pasture Creek area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.1819,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 45.1592\n ],\n [\n -106.1819,\n 45.1592\n ],\n [\n -106.1819,\n 45\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6838bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McClymonds, N. E.","contributorId":94653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McClymonds","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moreland, J. A.","contributorId":71994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moreland","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":33214,"text":"b1790 - 1988 - Geologic and hydrologic investigations of a potential nuclear waste disposal site at Yucca Mountain, southern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-27T19:16:44.250593","indexId":"b1790","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1790","title":"Geologic and hydrologic investigations of a potential nuclear waste disposal site at Yucca Mountain, southern Nevada","docAbstract":"Crustal velocity sections based on two seismic-refraction profiles are presented for the area west of Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada. The Crater Flat profile is interpreted in terms of six velocity layers ranging from 1.5 to 6.1 km/s. Interpretation of the Beatty profile reveals an escarpment near the northeast edge of Bare Mountain, where Paleozoic rocks are probably down-faulted 2600 m into a volcano-tectonic depression in Crater Flat. The seismic profiles and inferred density-velocity relations have been incorporated into an east-west gravity model from Death Valley to Crater Flat, corresponding to the Beatty seismic profile. An important feature of this model is the inferred continuity of a layer interpreted as the lower plate of a regional decollement or detachment fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1790","usgsCitation":"1988, Geologic and hydrologic investigations of a potential nuclear waste disposal site at Yucca Mountain, southern Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1790, v, 152 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1790.","productDescription":"v, 152 p.","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":60999,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1790/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":163311,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1790/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":402072,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21937.htm","text":"Preliminary study of Quaternary faulting on the east side of Bare Mountain, Nye County, Nevada [chapter 8]","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481287,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21938.htm","text":"Regional geologic and geophysical maps of the southern Great Basin [chapter 2]","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481288,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21939.htm","text":"Volcano-tectonic setting of Yucca Mountain and Crater Flat, southwestern Nevada [chapter 4]","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.48254394531249,\n 36.91352904330221\n ],\n [\n -116.43602371215822,\n 36.91352904330221\n ],\n [\n -116.43602371215822,\n 36.95757376878687\n ],\n [\n -116.48254394531249,\n 36.95757376878687\n ],\n [\n -116.48254394531249,\n 36.91352904330221\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a81b9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Carr, Michael D.","contributorId":106178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729741,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yount, James C.","contributorId":39341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yount","given":"James C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729742,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26025,"text":"wri884019 - 1988 - Hydrologic features and processes of the Vermilion River, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:27","indexId":"wri884019","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4019","title":"Hydrologic features and processes of the Vermilion River, Louisiana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri884019","usgsCitation":"Baker, N., 1988, Hydrologic features and processes of the Vermilion River, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4019, v, 49 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884019.","productDescription":"v, 49 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4019/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54802,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4019/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606b63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, N.T.","contributorId":32519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"N.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29097,"text":"wri884104 - 1988 - Factors affecting leaching in agricultural areas and an assessment of agricultural chemicals in the ground water of Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:45","indexId":"wri884104","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4104","title":"Factors affecting leaching in agricultural areas and an assessment of agricultural chemicals in the ground water of Kansas","docAbstract":"As assessment of hydrologic factors and agricultural practices that may affect the leaching of agricultural chemicals to groundwater was conducted to evaluate the extent and severity of chemical contamination of groundwater resources in Kansas. The climate of a particular area determines the length of the growing season and the availability of water, at the surface and in the ground, for the growth of plants. Climate, together with surficial geology, soil, and principal aquifers, determines the types of crops to be planted,types of tillage, conservation and irrigation practices, and affects the quantity and method of application of agricultural chemicals. Examination of groundwater nitrate-nitrogen data collected from 766 wells throughout Kansas during 1976-81 indicated that 13 of 14 geohydrologic regions had wells producing samples that exceeded the 10-mg/L drinking water standard determined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. One or more herbicides were detected in water samples from 11 of 56 wells during 1985-86 located in areas susceptible to agricultural leaching. Atrazine was the most common herbicide that was detected; it was detected in water at 9 of 11 wells. Cyanazine was detected in water at three wells; metolachlor at two wells; and metribuzin, alachlor, simazine, and propazine were detected at one well each. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri884104","usgsCitation":"Perry, C.A., Robbins, F., and Barnes, P., 1988, Factors affecting leaching in agricultural areas and an assessment of agricultural chemicals in the ground water of Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4104, iv, 55 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884104.","productDescription":"iv, 55 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124109,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4104/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57951,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4104/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a05e4b07f02db5f884d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, C. A.","contributorId":106149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robbins, F.V.","contributorId":89180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"F.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnes, P.L.","contributorId":49402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":19023,"text":"ofr88170 - 1988 - Hydrologic and suspended-sediment data for Reelfoot Lake, Obion and Lake Counties, northwestern Tennessee, May 1985-September 1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:32","indexId":"ofr88170","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-170","title":"Hydrologic and suspended-sediment data for Reelfoot Lake, Obion and Lake Counties, northwestern Tennessee, May 1985-September 1986","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data for Reelfoot Lake in Obion and Lake Counties, Tennessee, were collected at 4 surface water inflow stations, 1 outflow station, 2 rainfall stations, 2 lake elevation stations, and 29 wells for the period May 1, 1985 through September 30, 1986. Additionally, suspended-sediment data were collected at three stations on two of the major tributaries to the lake. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88170","usgsCitation":"Garrett, J., 1988, Hydrologic and suspended-sediment data for Reelfoot Lake, Obion and Lake Counties, northwestern Tennessee, May 1985-September 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-170, iv, 50 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88170.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1095,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr88-170","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":151335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e9f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garrett, J.W.","contributorId":87958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrett","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18693,"text":"ofr88131 - 1988 - Nuclear-waste hydrology program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:30","indexId":"ofr88131","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-131","title":"Nuclear-waste hydrology program","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88131","usgsCitation":"Dinwiddie, G.A., 1988, Nuclear-waste hydrology program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-131, 1 sheet :ill. ;28 cm. (2 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88131.","productDescription":"1 sheet :ill. ;28 cm. (2 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0131/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48051,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0131/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696888","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dinwiddie, George A.","contributorId":21135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinwiddie","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}