Potamochoerus porcus (Linnaeus, 1758) is a monotypic suid commonly known as the red river hog. It is 1 of 2 species in the genus Potamochoerus and among the smallest and most plesiomorphic (ancestral) of the 8 African suids. This is the brightest colored wild pig species and is identified by its rufous coat and white dorsal crest; spectacled black-and-white facemask; and elongated, leaf-shaped ears that end in terminally drooping tufts of hair. P. porcus lives in damp forests throughout the rainforest belt of western and central Africa; it never ranges far from thick vegetative cover, soft soils, and water. Although P. porcus is commonly harvested for subsistence and urban bushmeat markets, it is considered of “Least Concern” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mammalogists","doi":"10.1093/mspecies/sev002","usgsCitation":"Leslie, D., and Huffman, B.A., 2015, Potamochoerus porcus (Artiodactyla: Suidae): Mammalian Species, v. 47, no. 919, p. 15-31, https://doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/sev002.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"31","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056332","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471951,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/sev002","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":305856,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"919","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-07-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55af6d2de4b09a3b01b51aa9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leslie, David M. Jr. cleslie@usgs.gov","contributorId":145497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"David M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"cleslie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":564336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huffman, Brent A.","contributorId":145760,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huffman","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70154748,"text":"ofr20151124 - 2015 - An evaluation of fish behavior upstream of the water temperature control tower at Cougar Dam, Oregon, using acoustic cameras, 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-08T14:45:29","indexId":"ofr20151124","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-06T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1124","title":"An evaluation of fish behavior upstream of the water temperature control tower at Cougar Dam, Oregon, using acoustic cameras, 2013","docAbstract":"This report describes the initial year of a 2-year study to determine the feasibility of using acoustic cameras to monitor fish movements to help inform decisions about fish passage at Cougar Dam near Springfield, Oregon. Specifically, we used acoustic cameras to measure fish presence, travel speed, and direction adjacent to the water temperature control tower in the forebay of Cougar Dam during the spring (May, June, and July) and fall (September, October, and November) of 2013. Cougar Dam is a high-head flood-control dam, and the water temperature control tower enables depth-specific water withdrawals to facilitate adjustment of water temperatures released downstream of the dam. The acoustic cameras were positioned at the upstream entrance of the tower to monitor free-ranging subyearling and yearling-size juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Because of the large size discrepancy, we could distinguish juvenile Chinook salmon from their predators, which enabled us to measure predators and prey in areas adjacent to the entrance of the tower. We used linear models to quantify and assess operational and environmental factors—such as time of day, discharge, and water temperature—that may influence juvenile Chinook salmon movements within the beam of the acoustic cameras. Although extensive milling behavior of fish near the structure may have masked directed movement of fish and added unpredictability to fish movement models, the acoustic-camera technology enabled us to ascertain the general behavior of discrete size classes of fish. Fish travel speed, direction of travel, and counts of fish moving toward the water temperature control tower primarily were influenced by the amount of water being discharged through the dam.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151124","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Adams, N.S., Smith, C.D., Plumb, J.M., Hansen, G.S., and Beeman, J.W., 2015, An evaluation of fish behavior upstream of the water temperature control tower at Cougar Dam, Oregon, using acoustic cameras, 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1124, 62 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151124.","productDescription":"x, 62 p.","numberOfPages":"76","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063666","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305440,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1124/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":305441,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1124/ofr20151124.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Cougar Dam","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.25345611572266,\n 44.122345529999656\n ],\n [\n -122.25345611572266,\n 44.132942183139654\n ],\n [\n -122.23114013671875,\n 44.132942183139654\n ],\n [\n -122.23114013671875,\n 44.122345529999656\n ],\n [\n -122.25345611572266,\n 44.122345529999656\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115
http://wfrc.usgs.gov
The east side of the Uncompahgre River Basin has been a known contributor of dissolved selenium to recipient streams. Discharge of groundwater containing dissolved selenium contributes to surface-water selenium concentrations and loads; however, the groundwater system on the east side of the Uncompahgre River Basin is not well characterized. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board and the Bureau of Reclamation, has established a groundwater-monitoring network on the east side of the Uncompahgre River Basin. Ten monitoring wells were installed during October and November 2012. This report presents location data, lithologic logs, well-construction diagrams, and well-development information. Understanding the groundwater system will provide managers with an additional metric for evaluating the effectiveness of salinity and selenium control projects.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds923","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Colorado Water Conservation Board and the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J.C., and Arnold, L.R., 2015, Installation of a groundwater monitoring-well network on the east side of the Uncompahgre River in the Lower Gunnison River Basin, Colorado, 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 923, 29 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ds923.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p.","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059394","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309728,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ds955","text":"DS 955"},{"id":305498,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0923/pdf/ds923.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"DS 923"},{"id":305497,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0923/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":305608,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ds923"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Uncompahgre River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.6154613494873,\n 37.91705002583544\n ],\n [\n -107.6154613494873,\n 37.928153945306555\n ],\n [\n -107.59949684143065,\n 37.928153945306555\n ],\n [\n -107.59949684143065,\n 37.91705002583544\n ],\n [\n -107.6154613494873,\n 37.91705002583544\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Colorado Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, Mail Stop 415
Denver, CO 80225
http://co.water.usgs.gov
This study identifies areas prone to lahars from hydrothermally altered volcanic edifices on a global scale, using visible and near infrared (VNIR) and short wavelength infrared (SWIR) reflectance data from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and digital elevation data from the ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) dataset. This is the first study to create a global database of hydrothermally altered volcanoes showing quantitatively compiled alteration maps and potentially affected drainages, as well as drainage-specific maps illustrating modeled lahars and their potential inundation zones. We (1) identified and prioritized 720 volcanoes based on population density surrounding the volcanoes using the Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program database (GVP) and LandScan™ digital population dataset; (2) validated ASTER hydrothermal alteration mapping techniques using Airborne Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) and ASTER data for Mount Shasta, California, and Pico de Orizaba (Citlaltépetl), Mexico; (3) mapped and slope-classified hydrothermal alteration using ASTER VNIR-SWIR reflectance data on 100 of the most densely populated volcanoes; (4) delineated drainages using ASTER GDEM data that show potential flow paths of possible lahars for the 100 mapped volcanoes; (5) produced potential alteration-related lahar inundation maps using the LAHARZ GIS code for Iztaccíhuatl, Mexico, and Mount Hood and Mount Shasta in the United States that illustrate areas likely to be affected based on DEM-derived volume estimates of hydrothermally altered rocks and the ~2x uncertainty factor inherent within a statistically-based lahar model; and (6) saved all image and vector data for 3D and 2D display in Google Earth™, ArcGIS® and other graphics display programs. In addition, these data are available from the ASTER Volcano Archive (AVA) for distribution (available at http://ava.jpl.nasa.gov/recent_alteration_zones.php).
\nUsing the GVP and the LandScan™ digital population dataset, 350 of the most densely populated stratovolcanoes were assessed for study. Of the 350 volcanoes, 250 volcanoes were not mapped due to excessive snow, ice, and (or) vegetation. Results from mapping the remaining 100 stratovolcanoes show that 87 contain slopes with hydrothermal alteration, and 49 have hydrothermally altered rocks on steep slopes situated above areas with populations >100 people per km2. Of these, 17 stratovolcanoes exhibit laterally extensive hydrothermal alteration on slopes >35° and cover an area >0.25 km2, which may pose a significant possibility of generating debris flows.
\nThis study was undertaken during 2012–2013 in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Since completion of this study, a new lahar modeling program (LAHAR_pz) has been released, which may produce slightly different modeling results from the LAHARZ model used in this study. The maps and data from this study should not be used in place of existing volcano hazard maps published by local authorities. For volcanoes without hazard maps and (or) published lahar-related hazard studies, this work will provide a starting point from which more accurate hazard maps can be produced. This is the first dataset to provide digital maps of altered volcanoes and adjacent watersheds that can be used for assessing volcanic hazards, hydrothermal alteration, and other volcanic processes in future studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155035","usgsCitation":"Mars, J., Hubbard, B.E., Pieri, D., and Linick, J., 2015, Alteration, slope-classified alteration, and potential lahar inundation maps of volcanoes for the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Volcano Archive: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5035, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155035.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054579","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305571,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155035.gif"},{"id":305570,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5035/pdf/sir2015-5035.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":305557,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5035/"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7eef3e4b0bc0bec09ee12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mars, John C. jmars@usgs.gov","contributorId":127493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mars","given":"John C.","email":"jmars@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":564125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubbard, Bernard E. 0000-0002-9315-2032 bhubbard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9315-2032","contributorId":2342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"Bernard","email":"bhubbard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pieri, David","contributorId":139492,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pieri","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":7023,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Linick, Justin","contributorId":139493,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Linick","given":"Justin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7023,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70143962,"text":"sir20155032 - 2015 - Groundwater quality in Geauga County, Ohio: status, including detection frequency of methane in water wells, 2009, and changes during 1978-2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-03T11:05:27","indexId":"sir20155032","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-03T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5032","title":"Groundwater quality in Geauga County, Ohio: status, including detection frequency of methane in water wells, 2009, and changes during 1978-2009","docAbstract":"Domestic wells that are not safeguarded by regular water-quality testing provide drinking water for 79 percent of the residents of Geauga County, in northeastern Ohio. Since 1978, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has worked cooperatively with the Board of Commissioners and Geauga County Planning Commission to monitor the quality of groundwater in four commonly used aquifers in county—the glacial deposits, the Pottsville Formation, the Cuyahoga Group, and the Berea Sandstone. A 33-percent growth in population from 1980 to 2009 increased the potential for humans to influence groundwater resources by withdrawing more groundwater, disposing of more human waste near the land surface, treating an expanded network of township roads with deicing salt, and likely using more solvents, pesticides, and other chemicals on the land surface than were used in preceding decades.
\nTo describe the status of groundwater quality in 2009 and its suitability for drinking, USGS personnel collected samples of water prior to treatment from 16 wells (mostly domestic) during June 9–19. The samples were analyzed for 92 properties and constituents, 41 of which had human-health benchmarks to which analytical results could be compared to evaluate suitability for drinking. Four of these benchmarks were exceeded at the following frequencies: arsenic (2 of 16 wells, 12.5 percent), total coliform bacteria (2 of 16 wells, 12.5 percent), fecal coliform bacteria (1 of 14 wells, 7 percent), and sodium (6 of 16 wells, 38 percent). No domestic wells sampled in 2009 exceeded the health-based benchmark of 300 micrograms per liter (µg/L) for manganese, although 5 of 65 wells (8 percent) sampled since 1978 have. Analyses from domestic wells were augmented with water-quality data from seven public-supply well fields that were obtained from the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. These public-supply data were typically collected between 2000 and 2010 and represent water samples that were collected prior to treatment or that were treated by a method that does not effectively remove the constituents of interest. Similar to the domestic-well data, these data indicated that some samples from public-supply wells have also exceeded health-based benchmarks for arsenic and sodium, along with occasional exceedances of health-based benchmarks for cadmium and lead. Concentrations of nitrate, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds in ground-water samples from domestic and (or) public-supply wells were either considerably less than the human-health benchmarks for these constituents or were not detected.
\nWater-quality data collected in 2009 were also compared to aesthetically based benchmarks developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, called Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels (SMCLs). Iron and manganese most frequently exceeded SMCLs (in samples from 10 of 16 domestic wells and in untreated water from 3 of 4 public-supply well fields).
\nTo evaluate the frequency of methane detection in water wells in the county, the USGS sampled 16 wells across the county and screened the samples for combustible gas within the headspace (the air above the water in a closed container). Water from three (19 percent) of the wells contained detectable combustible gas (0.10 to 0.40 percent by volume). All three detections were from wells tapping the Cuyahoga Group or the Berea Sandstone, and all detections were less than the lower explosive limit of 5 percent by volume—the concentration at which methane in air can be flammable if an ignition source is present. Analyses of dissolved gas composition in water from these three wells showed methane concentrations ranging from 0.007 to 1.8 milligrams per liter (mg/L).
\nThe primary effect of human activities on groundwater quality found during this study is the input of salinity, or chloride, near land surface. On the basis of ratios of chloride to bromide, the main sources of chloride are road salt and septic leachate rather than oil-field brines (either spilled at land surface or sprayed on roads for dust control). The correlation of chloride concentration to distance of well from road for 31 wells in the county sampled by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1999 suggests that road salt is the dominant source of chloride.
\nThe majority of constituents exceeding health-based and aesthetically based benchmarks in groundwater were those that are naturally present in aquifer rocks and sediments rather than constituents introduced by human activities. Concentrations of such natural contaminants are controlled by geochemical processes in the subsurface, particularly by oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions. The categorization of redox conditions based on the water quality of 116 samples collected from 65 wells in Geauga County during 1978 through 2009 indicates that most groundwater samples were strongly reducing (60 percent) or oxic (18 percent). Oxic waters were found only in the Pottsville Formation and Berea Sandstone and were generally associated with nitrate at concentrations of 0.38 to 6.0 mg/L. Strongly reducing waters occurred in all four commonly used aquifers and were associated with the following naturally occurring contaminants: (1) arsenic and manganese at concentrations exceeding the health-based benchmarks (10 µg/L and 300 µg/L, respectively) in some samples, (2) iron and manganese at concentrations exceeding the aesthetically based standards (300 µg/L and 50 µg/L, respectively) in most samples, and (3) total sulfides (consisting of hydrogen sulfide gas with its characteristic rotten-egg odor and [or] iron sulfide minerals that appear as finely disseminated particulates in water).
\nBecause of the association of redox conditions with specific contaminants, attempts were made to further document spatially where oxic and strongly reducing conditions occur so that contaminant occurrence can be better anticipated by planners and well owners. Within the Pottsville Formation, wells tapping strongly reducing groundwater tended to have a greater thickness of overlying low-permeability (recharge-inhibiting) material such as clay and shale than other wells tapping oxic or nitrate-reducing groundwater. In the Berea Sandstone, oxic conditions were found at well locations where either depth to groundwater was shallow (less than 45 feet [ft] below land surface) or the measured water level was within the open interval (uncased portion) of the well, whereas strongly reducing groundwater was found at well locations where depths to water were greater than 60 ft below land surface and measured water levels were 15 ft or more above the open interval of the well.
\nTo evaluate whether constituent concentrations consistently increased or decreased over time, the strength of the association between sampling year (time) and constituent concentration was statistically evaluated for 116 water-quality samples collected by the USGS in 1978, 1980, 1986, 1999, and 2009 from a total of 65 wells across the county (generally domestic wells or wells serving small businesses or churches). Results indicate that many of the constituents that have been analyzed for decades exhibited no consistent temporal trends at a statistically significant level (p-value less than 0.05); fluctuations in concentrations of these constituents represent natural variation in groundwater quality. Dissolved oxygen, calcium, and sulfate concentrations and chloride:bromide ratios increased over time in one or more aquifers, while pH and concentrations of bromide and dissolved organic carbon decreased over time. Detections of total coliform bacteria and nitrate did not become more frequent from 1986 to 2009, even though potential sources of these constituents, such as number of septic systems (linked to population) and percent developed land in the county, increased during this period.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155032","collaboration":"Geauga County Planning Commission; Geauga County Board of County Commissioners","usgsCitation":"Jagucki, M.L., Kula, S.P., and Mailot, B.E., 2015, Groundwater quality in Geauga County, Ohio: status, including detection frequency of methane in water wells, 2009, and changes during 1978-2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5032, Report: x, 116 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155032.","productDescription":"Report: x, 116 p.; Appendix","numberOfPages":"130","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1978-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-048863","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305569,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155032.jpg"},{"id":305553,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5032/"},{"id":305567,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5032/pdf/sir20155032.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":305568,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5032/table/sir20155032_table4-1.xls","text":"Appendix Table 4-1","size":"411 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix Table 4-1","linkHelpText":"Selected chemical characteristics of water samples collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in Geauga County, Ohio, 1978–2009."}],"country":"United States","county":"Geauga County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.41693115234375,\n 41.34588656996289\n ],\n [\n -81.41693115234375,\n 41.71085461169185\n ],\n [\n -80.9967041015625,\n 41.71085461169185\n ],\n [\n -80.9967041015625,\n 41.34588656996289\n ],\n [\n -81.41693115234375,\n 41.34588656996289\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7eef3e4b0bc0bec09ee14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jagucki, Martha L. 0000-0003-3798-8393 mjagucki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3798-8393","contributorId":1794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jagucki","given":"Martha","email":"mjagucki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kula, Stephanie P. spkula@usgs.gov","contributorId":4666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kula","given":"Stephanie","email":"spkula@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mailot, Brian E. bemailot@usgs.gov","contributorId":2569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mailot","given":"Brian","email":"bemailot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70154807,"text":"70154807 - 2015 - Testing the thermal-niche oxygen-squeeze hypothesis for estuarine striped bass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-10T15:17:54","indexId":"70154807","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-02T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing the thermal-niche oxygen-squeeze hypothesis for estuarine striped bass","docAbstract":"In many stratified coastal ecosystems, conceptual and bioenergetics models predict seasonal reduction in quality and quantity of fish habitat due to high temperatures and hypoxia. We tested these predictions using acoustic telemetry of 2 to 4 kg striped bass (Morone saxatilis Walbaum) and high-resolution spatial water quality sampling in the Patuxent River, a sub-estuary of the Chesapeake Bay, during 2008 and 2009. Striped bass avoided hypoxic (dissolved oxygen ≤2 mg·l−1) subpycnocline waters, but frequently occupied habitats with high temperatures (>25 °C) in the summer months, as cooler habitats were typically not available. Using traditional concepts of the seasonal thermal-niche oxygen-squeeze, most of the Patuxent estuary would beconsidered unsuitable habitat for adult striped bass during summer. Application of a bioenergetics model revealed that habitats selected by striped bass during summer would support positive growth rates assuming fish could feed at one-half ofmaximum consumption. Occupancy of the estuary during summer by striped bass in this study was likely facilitated by sufficient prey and innate tolerance of high temperatures by sub-adult fish of the size range that we tagged. Our results help extend the thermalniche oxygen-squeeze hypothesis to native populations of striped bass in semi-enclosed coastal systems. Tolerance of for supraoptimal temperatures in our study supports recent suggestions by others that the thermal-niche concept for striped bass should be revised to include warmer temperatures.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht","doi":"10.1007/s10641-015-0431-3","usgsCitation":"Kraus, R.T., Secor, D., and Wingate, R.L., 2015, Testing the thermal-niche oxygen-squeeze hypothesis for estuarine striped bass: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 98, no. 10, p. 2083-2092, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-015-0431-3.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"2083","endPage":"2092","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-049336","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305673,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"10","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-07-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55a4e143e4b0183d66e453a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kraus, Richard T. 0000-0003-4494-1841 rkraus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4494-1841","contributorId":2609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraus","given":"Richard","email":"rkraus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Secor, D.H.","contributorId":99495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Secor","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wingate, Rebecca L.","contributorId":145585,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wingate","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70155025,"text":"70155025 - 2015 - Slope activity in Gale crater, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-01T15:10:47","indexId":"70155025","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slope activity in Gale crater, Mars","docAbstract":"High-resolution repeat imaging of Aeolis Mons, the central mound in Gale crater, reveals active slope processes within tens of kilometers of the Curiosity rover. At one location near the base of northeastern Aeolis Mons, dozens of transient narrow lineae were observed, resembling features (Recurring Slope Lineae) that are potentially due to liquid water. However, the lineae faded and have not recurred in subsequent Mars years. Other small-scale slope activity is common, but has different spatial and temporal characteristics. We have not identified confirmed RSL, which Rummel et al. (Rummel, J.D. et al. [2014]. Astrobiology 14, 887–968) recommended be treated as potential special regions for planetary protection. Repeat images acquired as Curiosity approaches the base of Aeolis Mons could detect changes due to active slope processes, which could enable the rover to examine recently exposed material.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Astronomical Society","publisherLocation":"San Diego, CA","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2015.04.002","usgsCitation":"Dundas, C.M., and McEwen, A.S., 2015, Slope activity in Gale crater, Mars: Icarus, v. 254, p. 213-218, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.04.002.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059900","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305954,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"254","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55b361b6e4b09a3b01b5dab9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dundas, Colin M. 0000-0003-2343-7224 cdundas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2343-7224","contributorId":2937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dundas","given":"Colin","email":"cdundas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McEwen, Alfred S.","contributorId":61657,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McEwen","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70148606,"text":"70148606 - 2015 - Marine foraging ecology influences mercury bioaccumulation in deep-diving northern elephant seals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-04T16:03:48","indexId":"70148606","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3174,"text":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Marine foraging ecology influences mercury bioaccumulation in deep-diving northern elephant seals","docAbstract":"Mercury contamination of oceans is prevalent worldwide and methylmercury concentrations in the mesopelagic zone (200–1000 m) are increasing more rapidly than in surface waters. Yet mercury bioaccumulation in mesopelagic predators has been understudied. Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) biannually travel thousands of kilometres to forage within coastal and open-ocean regions of the northeast Pacific Ocean. We coupled satellite telemetry, diving behaviour and stable isotopes (carbon and nitrogen) from 77 adult females, and showed that variability among individuals in foraging location, diving depth and δ13C values were correlated with mercury concentrations in blood and muscle. We identified three clusters of foraging strategies, and these resulted in substantially different mercury concentrations: (i) deeper-diving and offshore-foraging seals had the greatest mercury concentrations, (ii) shallower-diving and offshore-foraging seals had intermediate levels, and (iii) coastal and more northerly foraging seals had the lowest mercury concentrations. Additionally, mercury concentrations were lower at the end of the seven-month-long foraging trip (n = 31) than after the two-month- long post-breeding trip (n = 46). Our results indicate that foraging behaviour influences mercury exposure and mesopelagic predators foraging in the northeast Pacific Ocean may be at high risk for mercury bioaccumulation.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Royal Society Publishing","publisherLocation":"London","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2015.0710","usgsCitation":"Peterson, S.H., Ackerman, J., and Costa, D.P., 2015, Marine foraging ecology influences mercury bioaccumulation in deep-diving northern elephant seals: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, v. 282, no. 1810, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0710.","productDescription":"9 p.","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2011-01-01","temporalEnd":"2013-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-061944","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471961,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0710","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":305740,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Mateo","otherGeospatial":"Año Nuevo State Reserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.640625,\n 36.38591277287651\n ],\n [\n -125.33203125,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -139.658203125,\n 59.265880628258095\n ],\n [\n -150.732421875,\n 58.99531118795094\n ],\n [\n -167.87109375,\n 52.3755991766591\n ],\n [\n -178.9453125,\n 47.754097979680026\n ],\n [\n -192.744140625,\n 48.80686346108517\n ],\n [\n -171.73828125,\n 40.979898069620155\n ],\n [\n -121.640625,\n 36.38591277287651\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"282","issue":"1810","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-07-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55a78438e4b0183d66e45e8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, Sarah H.","contributorId":141211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ackerman, Joshua T. 0000-0002-3074-8322 jackerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3074-8322","contributorId":147078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"Joshua T.","email":"jackerman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":548858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Costa, Daniel P.","contributorId":141212,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Costa","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70155894,"text":"70155894 - 2015 - A landsat data tiling and compositing approach optimized for change detection in the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T09:41:46","indexId":"70155894","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A landsat data tiling and compositing approach optimized for change detection in the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"Annual disturbance maps are produced by the LANDFIRE program across the conterminous United States (CONUS). Existing LANDFIRE disturbance data from 1999 to 2010 are available and current efforts will produce disturbance data through 2012. A tiling and compositing approach was developed to produce bi-annual images optimized for change detection. A tiled grid of 10,000 × 10,000 30 m pixels was defined for CONUS and adjusted to consolidate smaller tiles along national borders, resulting in 98 non-overlapping tiles. Data from Landsat-5,-7, and -8 were re-projected to the tile extents, masked to remove clouds, shadows, water, and snow/ice, then composited using a cosine similarity approach. The resultant images were used in a change detection algorithm to determine areas of vegetation change. This approach enabled more efficient processing compared to using single Landsat scenes, by taking advantage of overlap between adjacent paths, and allowed an automated system to be developed for the entire process.
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Here, we quantify the relationship between 121 indicators of mean and extreme temperature and precipitation and 24 water quality parameters in 57 Texas reservoirs using observational data records covering the period 1960 to 2010. We find that water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, chloride, sulfate, and phosphorus all show consistent correlations with atmospheric predictors, including high and low temperature extremes, dry days, heavy precipitation events, and mean temperature and precipitation over time scales ranging from one week to two years. Based on this analysis and published future projections for this region, we expect climate change to increase water temperatures, decrease dissolved oxygen levels, decrease pH, increase specific conductance, and increase levels of sulfate, chloride in Texas reservoirs. Over decadal time scales, this may affect aquatic ecosystems in the reservoirs, including altering the risk of conditions conducive to algae occurrence, as well as affecting the quality of water available for human consumption and recreation.
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Challenges remain in understanding the impacts of physical, chemical, biological, and hydrogeological heterogeneity, pore-scale interactions, and mixing on the fate of organic contaminants. Further effort is needed to successfully incorporate these processes into field-scale predictions of transport and fate. Regulations have greatly reduced the frequency of new point-source contamination problems; however, remediation at many legacy plumes remains challenging. A number of fields of current relevance are benefiting from research advances from point-source contaminant research. These include geologic carbon sequestration, nonpoint-source contamination, aquifer storage and recovery, the fate of contaminants from oil and gas development, and enhanced bioremediation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1002/2015WR017121","usgsCitation":"Essaid, H.I., Bekins, B.A., and Cozzarelli, I.M., 2015, Organic contaminant transport and fate in the subsurface: evolution of knowledge and understanding: Water Resources Research, v. 51, no. 7, p. 4861-4902, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017121.","productDescription":"42","startPage":"4861","endPage":"4902","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063591","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311479,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-07-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564daf50e4b0112df6c62e23","chorus":{"doi":"10.1002/2015wr017121","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015wr017121","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Essaid Hedeff I., Bekins Barbara A., Cozzarelli Isabelle M.","journalName":"Water Resources Research","publicationDate":"7/2015","auditedOn":"7/24/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Essaid, Hedeff I. 0000-0003-0154-8628 hiessaid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0154-8628","contributorId":2284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Essaid","given":"Hedeff","email":"hiessaid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bekins, Barbara A. 0000-0002-1411-6018 babekins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-6018","contributorId":1348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"Barbara","email":"babekins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. 0000-0002-5123-1007 icozzare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":1693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"Isabelle","email":"icozzare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159931,"text":"70159931 - 2015 - The mysterious wolves of Belarus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-08T10:11:22","indexId":"70159931","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2093,"text":"International Wolf","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The mysterious wolves of Belarus","docAbstract":"It was just after 3 a.m. as we very quietly exited the van, making sure our water-resistant clothes didn’t make too much noise. A wolf researcher howled into the cold and murky mist. We waited in darkness, hoping for an answer. A single wolf howl from about 300 meters in front of us broke the silence. We peered into the agricultural and forested expanse, straining to get a glimpse of the wolf in the faint star-light. Suddenly, from behind, another howl countered. The expedition’s leader explained that we were standing between two female wolves and their pups—both being tended to by the same male!
","language":"English","publisher":"International Wolf Center","publisherLocation":"Minneapolis, MN","usgsCitation":"Barber-Meyer, S., 2015, The mysterious wolves of Belarus: International Wolf, p. 22-24.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"22","endPage":"24","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063258","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":312062,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56695ee6e4b08895842a1c9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barber-Meyer, Shannon 0000-0002-3048-2616 sbarber-meyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3048-2616","contributorId":150236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber-Meyer","given":"Shannon","email":"sbarber-meyer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":581119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70154858,"text":"70154858 - 2015 - Novel associations between contaminant body burdens and biomarkers of reproductive condition in male Common Carp along multiple gradients of contaminant exposure in Lake Mead National Recreation Area, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-17T12:54:29","indexId":"70154858","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1738,"text":"General and Comparative Endocrinology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Novel associations between contaminant body burdens and biomarkers of reproductive condition in male Common Carp along multiple gradients of contaminant exposure in Lake Mead National Recreation Area, USA","docAbstract":"Adult male Common Carp were sampled in 2007/08 over a full reproductive cycle at Lake Mead National Recreation Area. Sites sampled included a stream dominated by treated wastewater effluent, a lake basin receiving the streamflow, an upstream lake basin (reference), and a site below Hoover Dam. Individual body burdens for 252 contaminants were measured, and biological variables assessed included physiological [plasma vitellogenin (VTG), estradiol-17β (E2), 11-ketotestosterone (11KT)] and organ [gonadosomatic index (GSI)] endpoints. Patterns in contaminant composition and biological condition were determined by Principal Component Analysis, and their associations modeled by Principal Component Regression. Three spatially distinct but temporally stable gradients of contaminant distribution were recognized: a contaminant mixture typical of wastewaters (PBDEs, methyl triclosan, galaxolide), PCBs, and DDTs. Two spatiotemporally variable patterns of biological condition were recognized: a primary pattern consisting of reproductive condition variables (11KT, E2, GSI), and a secondary pattern including general condition traits (condition factor, hematocrit, fork length). VTG was low in all fish, indicating low estrogenic activity of water at all sites. Wastewater contaminants associated negatively with GSI, 11KT and E2; PCBs associated negatively with GSI and 11KT; and DDTs associated positively with GSI and 11KT. Regression of GSI on sex steroids revealed a novel, nonlinear association between these variables. Inclusion of sex steroids in the GSI regression on contaminants rendered wastewater contaminants nonsignificant in the model and reduced the influence of PCBs and DDTs. Thus, the influence of contaminants on GSI may have been partially driven by organismal modes-of-action that include changes in sex steroid production. The positive association of DDTs with 11KT and GSI suggests that lifetime, sub-lethal exposures to DDTs have effects on male carp opposite of those reported by studies where exposure concentrations were relatively high. Lastly, this study highlighted advantages of multivariate/multiple regression approaches for exploring associations between complex contaminant mixtures and gradients and reproductive condition in wild fishes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.12.013","usgsCitation":"Patino, R., VanLandeghem, M., Goodbred, S.L., Orsak, E., Jenkins, J.A., Echols, K.R., Rosen, M.R., and Torres, L., 2015, Novel associations between contaminant body burdens and biomarkers of reproductive condition in male Common Carp along multiple gradients of contaminant exposure in Lake Mead National Recreation Area, USA: General and Comparative Endocrinology, v. 219, p. 112-124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.12.013.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"112","endPage":"124","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059505","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305643,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"219","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55a0ecb2e4b0183d66e43046","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patino, Reynaldo 0000-0002-4831-8400 r.patino@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4831-8400","contributorId":2311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"Reynaldo","email":"r.patino@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"VanLandeghem, Matthew M.","contributorId":143728,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"VanLandeghem","given":"Matthew M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goodbred, Steven L. sgoodbred@usgs.gov","contributorId":497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodbred","given":"Steven","email":"sgoodbred@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":564280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Orsak, Erik","contributorId":92763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orsak","given":"Erik","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jenkins, Jill A. 0000-0002-5087-0894 jenkinsj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5087-0894","contributorId":2710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"Jill","email":"jenkinsj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Echols, Kathy R. 0000-0003-2631-9143 kechols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2631-9143","contributorId":2799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Echols","given":"Kathy","email":"kechols@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rosen, Michael R. 0000-0003-3991-0522 mrosen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3991-0522","contributorId":495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosen","given":"Michael","email":"mrosen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Torres, Leticia","contributorId":143738,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Torres","given":"Leticia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70155153,"text":"70155153 - 2015 - Temperature profile around a basaltic sill intruded into wet sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-08T16:23:59","indexId":"70155153","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temperature profile around a basaltic sill intruded into wet sediments","docAbstract":"The transfer of heat into wet sediments from magmatic intrusions or lava flows is not well constrained from field data. Such field constraints on numerical models of heat transfer could significantly improve our understanding of water–lava interactions. We use experimentally calibrated pollen darkening to measure the temperature profile around a basaltic sill emplaced into wet lakebed sediments. It is well known that, upon heating, initially transparent palynomorphs darken progressively through golden, brown, and black shades before being destroyed; however, this approach to measuring temperature has not been applied to volcanological questions. We collected sediment samples from established Miocene fossil localities at Clarkia, Idaho. Fossils in the sediments include pollen from numerous tree and shrub species. We experimentally calibrated changes in the color of Clarkia sediment pollen and used this calibration to determine sediment temperatures around a Miocene basaltic sill emplaced in the sediments. Results indicated a flat temperature profile above and below the sill, with T > 325 °C within 1 cm of the basalt-sediment contact, near 300 °C at 1–2 cm from the contact, and ~ 250 °C at 1 m from the sill contact. This profile suggests that heat transport in the sediments was hydrothermally rather than conductively controlled. This information will be used to test numerical models of heat transfer in wet sediments on Earth and Mars.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.06.012","usgsCitation":"Baker, L., Bernard, A., Rember, W.C., Milazzo, M.P., Dundas, C.M., Abramov, O., and Keszthelyi, L.P., 2015, Temperature profile around a basaltic sill intruded into wet sediments: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 302, p. 81-86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.06.012.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062688","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.06.012","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":306281,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"302","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55bc9c2ee4b033ef52100f3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, Leslie","contributorId":145650,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baker","given":"Leslie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6711,"text":"University of Idaho, Moscow ID","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bernard, Andrew","contributorId":146264,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bernard","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":566911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rember, William C.","contributorId":107748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rember","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":566912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Milazzo, Moses P. 0000-0002-9101-2191 moses@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9101-2191","contributorId":4811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milazzo","given":"Moses","email":"moses@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dundas, Colin M. 0000-0003-2343-7224 cdundas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2343-7224","contributorId":2937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dundas","given":"Colin","email":"cdundas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Abramov, Oleg oabramov@usgs.gov","contributorId":604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abramov","given":"Oleg","email":"oabramov@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Keszthelyi, Laszlo P. 0000-0003-1879-4331 laz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1879-4331","contributorId":227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"Laszlo","email":"laz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70154764,"text":"70154764 - 2015 - The Effect of modeled recharge distribution on simulated groundwater availability and capture","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-01T10:06:41","indexId":"70154764","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Effect of modeled recharge distribution on simulated groundwater availability and capture","docAbstract":"Simulating groundwater flow in basin-fill aquifers of the semiarid southwestern United States commonly requires decisions about how to distribute aquifer recharge. Precipitation can recharge basin-fill aquifers by direct infiltration and transport through faults and fractures in the high-elevation areas, by flowing overland through high-elevation areas to infiltrate at basin-fill margins along mountain fronts, by flowing overland to infiltrate along ephemeral channels that often traverse basins in the area, or by some combination of these processes. The importance of accurately simulating recharge distributions is a current topic of discussion among hydrologists and water managers in the region, but no comparative study has been performed to analyze the effects of different recharge distributions on groundwater simulations. This study investigates the importance of the distribution of aquifer recharge in simulating regional groundwater flow in basin-fill aquifers by calibrating a groundwater-flow model to four different recharge distributions, all with the same total amount of recharge. Similarities are seen in results from steady-state models for optimized hydraulic conductivity values, fit of simulated to observed hydraulic heads, and composite scaled sensitivities of conductivity parameter zones. Transient simulations with hypothetical storage properties and pumping rates produce similar capture rates and storage change results, but differences are noted in the rate of drawdown at some well locations owing to the differences in optimized hydraulic conductivity. Depending on whether the purpose of the groundwater model is to simulate changes in groundwater levels or changes in storage and capture, the distribution of aquifer recharge may or may not be of primary importance.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/gwat.12210","usgsCitation":"Tillman, F., Pool, D.R., and Leake, S.A., 2015, The Effect of modeled recharge distribution on simulated groundwater availability and capture: Groundwater, v. 53, no. 3, p. 378-388, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12210.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"378","endPage":"388","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051913","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305519,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Detrital Valley, Hualapai Valley, Sacramento Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.334716796875,\n 36.00467348670187\n ],\n [\n -113.97216796875,\n 36.20882309283712\n ],\n [\n -113.90625,\n 36.06686213257888\n ],\n [\n -113.64257812499999,\n 36.00467348670187\n ],\n [\n -113.280029296875,\n 35.746512259918504\n ],\n [\n -113.21411132812499,\n 35.35321610123821\n ],\n [\n -113.5986328125,\n 35.092945313732635\n ],\n [\n -113.466796875,\n 34.542762387234845\n ],\n [\n -113.785400390625,\n 34.334364487026306\n ],\n [\n -114.202880859375,\n 34.50655662164561\n ],\n [\n -114.32373046875,\n 34.71452466170392\n ],\n [\n -114.06005859375,\n 34.858890491257824\n ],\n [\n -114.554443359375,\n 35.98689628443789\n ],\n [\n -114.334716796875,\n 36.00467348670187\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"53","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-05-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55950123e4b0b6d21dd6cbc2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tillman, Fred D. 0000-0002-2922-402X ftillman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2922-402X","contributorId":1629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillman","given":"Fred D.","email":"ftillman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":564002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pool, Donald R. drpool@usgs.gov","contributorId":1121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pool","given":"Donald","email":"drpool@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leake, Stanley A. 0000-0003-3568-2542 saleake@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3568-2542","contributorId":1846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"Stanley","email":"saleake@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70155515,"text":"70155515 - 2015 - Genetic diversity is related to climatic variation and vulnerability in threatened bull trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-10T10:03:50","indexId":"70155515","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic diversity is related to climatic variation and vulnerability in threatened bull trout","docAbstract":"Understanding how climatic variation influences ecological and evolutionary processes is crucial for informed conservation decision-making. Nevertheless, few studies have measured how climatic variation influences genetic diversity within populations or how genetic diversity is distributed across space relative to future climatic stress. Here, we tested whether patterns of genetic diversity (allelic richness) were related to climatic variation and habitat features in 130 bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) populations from 24 watersheds (i.e., ~4–7th order river subbasins) across the Columbia River Basin, USA. We then determined whether bull trout genetic diversity was related to climate vulnerability at the watershed scale, which we quantified on the basis of exposure to future climatic conditions (projected scenarios for the 2040s) and existing habitat complexity. We found a strong gradient in genetic diversity in bull trout populations across the Columbia River Basin, where populations located in the most upstream headwater areas had the greatest genetic diversity. After accounting for spatial patterns with linear mixed models, allelic richness in bull trout populations was positively related to habitat patch size and complexity, and negatively related to maximum summer temperature and the frequency of winter flooding. These relationships strongly suggest that climatic variation influences evolutionary processes in this threatened species and that genetic diversity will likely decrease due to future climate change. Vulnerability at a watershed scale was negatively correlated with average genetic diversity (r = −0.77;P < 0.001); watersheds containing populations with lower average genetic diversity generally had the lowest habitat complexity, warmest stream temperatures, and greatest frequency of winter flooding. Together, these findings have important conservation implications for bull trout and other imperiled species. Genetic diversity is already depressed where climatic vulnerability is highest; it will likely erode further in the very places where diversity may be most needed for future persistence.
","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Science","publisherLocation":"Oxford, England","doi":"10.1111/gcb.12850","usgsCitation":"Kovach, R., Muhlfeld, C.C., Wade, A., Hand, B.K., Whited, D.C., DeHaan, P.W., Al-Chokhachy, R.K., and Luikart, G., 2015, Genetic diversity is related to climatic variation and vulnerability in threatened bull trout: Global Change Biology, v. 21, no. 7, p. 2510-2524, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12850.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2510","endPage":"2524","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060882","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306527,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-02-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55c9cb34e4b08400b1fdb70c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kovach, Ryan 0000-0001-5402-2123 rkovach@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5402-2123","contributorId":145914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kovach","given":"Ryan","email":"rkovach@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muhlfeld, Clint C. 0000-0002-4599-4059 cmuhlfeld@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4599-4059","contributorId":924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhlfeld","given":"Clint","email":"cmuhlfeld@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wade, Alisa A.","contributorId":145917,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wade","given":"Alisa A.","affiliations":[{"id":16296,"text":"University of Montana, Polson Montana 59860 USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hand, Brian K.","contributorId":145915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hand","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":16296,"text":"University of Montana, Polson Montana 59860 USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Whited, Diane C.","contributorId":145916,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whited","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":16296,"text":"University of Montana, Polson Montana 59860 USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"DeHaan, Patrick W.","contributorId":145918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DeHaan","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":16297,"text":"USFWS Abernathy Fish Technology Center, Longview, WA 98632","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Al-Chokhachy, Robert K. 0000-0002-2136-5098 ral-chokhachy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2136-5098","contributorId":1674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Al-Chokhachy","given":"Robert","email":"ral-chokhachy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Luikart, Gordon","contributorId":97409,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Luikart","given":"Gordon","affiliations":[{"id":6580,"text":"University of Montana, Flathead Lake Biological Station, Polson, Montana 59860, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70147394,"text":"sir20155057 - 2015 - Chloride concentrations, loads, and yields in four watersheds along Interstate 95, southeastern Connecticut, 2008-11: factors that affect peak chloride concentrations during winter storms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-23T14:47:13.203498","indexId":"sir20155057","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5057","title":"Chloride concentrations, loads, and yields in four watersheds along Interstate 95, southeastern Connecticut, 2008-11: factors that affect peak chloride concentrations during winter storms","docAbstract":"Chloride (Cl-) concentrations and loads and other water chemistry characteristics were assessed to evaluate potential effects of road-deicer applications on streamwater quality in four watersheds along Interstate 95 (I–95) in southeastern Connecticut from November 1, 2008, through September 30, 2011. Streamflow and water quality were studied in the Four Mile River, Oil Mill Brook, Stony Brook, and Jordan Brook watersheds, where developed land ranged from 9 to 32 percent. Water-quality samples were collected and specific conductance was measured continuously at paired water-quality monitoring sites, upstream and downstream from I–95. Specific conductance values were related to Cl- concentrations to assist in determining the effects of road-deicing operations on the levels of Cl-in the streams. Streamflow and water-quality data were compared with weather data and with the timing, amount, and composition of deicers applied to State highways. Grab samples were collected during winter stormwater-runoff events, such as winter storms or periods of rain or warm temperatures in which melting takes place. Grab samples were also collected periodically during the spring and summer and during base-flow conditions.
\nThe estimated Cl- concentrations at the eight water-quality monitoring sites during winter storms peaked as high as 270 milligrams per liter (mg/L) and were well below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommended acute chloride toxicity criterion of 860 mg/L and the chronic 4-day average toxicity criterion of 230 mg/L. Cl- concentrations in streams, particularly at sites downstream from I–95, peaked during increased streamflow in the winter and early spring as a result of deicers applied to roads and washed off by stormwater or meltwater. Cl- concentrations during most of the nonwinter seasons decreased during increases in streamflow because storm runoff was more dilute than base flow. However, peaks in specific conductance and estimated chloride concentrations at streams in more urbanized watersheds corresponded to peaks in streamflow well after winter snow or ice events; these delayed peaks in Cl- concentration likely resulted from deicer residue that remained in melting snow piles and on roadsides and (or) that were flushed from soils and shallow groundwater, then discharged downstream.
\nEstimated peak Cl- concentrations varied with the type of winter storm event and were highest during or after winter storms of frozen precipitation and rain, in which the rain or meltwater effectively washed off the deicers. Estimated peak Cl- concentrations correlated positively with the duration of deicer application but generally not with streamflow. Estimated peak Cl-concentrations during the winter season were highest during low streamflow at most sites.
\nChloride concentrations varied considerably in shallow groundwater as a result of land-use differences. Cl- concentrations were very high (as high as 800 mg/L) in shallow groundwater downstream from I–95 at the Four Mile River site. Chloride/bromide mass concentration ratios and the proximity of a former landfill and sewage lagoon upstream indicate a likely source of Cl- is landfill leachate and possibly sewage leachate.
\nCl- loads in streams generally were highest in the winter and early spring. The estimated daily Cl- yield for the four monitoring sites downstream from I–95 ranged from 0.0004 ton per day per square mile for one of the least developed watersheds to 0.052 ton per day per square mile for the watershed with the highest percentage of urban development and impervious area. The estimated median contribution of Cl- load from atmospheric deposition was small and ranged from 0.07 percent of Cl- load at the Jordan Brook watershed to 0.57 percent at the Oil Mill Brook watershed. The Cl- loads in streams (outputs) were compared with Cl- load inputs, which include atmospheric deposition and deicer applications; Cl- load inputs were slightly larger than the Cl- load outputs at most of the sites during most years but do not account for the Cl- load in groundwater leaving the watersheds.
\nA multiple linear regression model was developed to describe the variability of the natural log of peak specific conductance, as well as estimated Cl- concentrations. Five significant variables best explained the variability in the natural log of the peak specific conductance after deicing events: (1) snow on ground before deicing event; (2) winter precipitation with rain; (3) specific conductance in base flow; (4) State-operated road lane miles divided by watershed area; and (5) amount of Cl- from deicers applied to State-operated roads per lane mile. In this report, winter precipitation is defined as any type of precipitation, including frozen precipitation and rain, that occurs during the active deicing season, typically November through March. Frozen precipitation is defined here as snow, sleet, freezing rain, or any winter precipitation except rain.
\nThe addition of a lane mile in both directions on I–95 would result in an estimate of approximately 2 to 11 percent increase in Cl- input from deicers applied to I–95 and other roads maintained by Connecticut Department of Transportation. The largest estimated increase in Cl- load was in the watersheds with the greatest number miles of I–95 corridor relative to the total lane miles maintained by Connecticut Department of Transportation. On the basis of these estimates and the estimated peak Cl- concentrations during the study period, it is unlikely that the increased use of deicers on the additional lanes would lead to Cl- concentrations that exceed the aquatic habitat criteria.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155057","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration and the Connecticut Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Brown, C.J., Mullaney, J.R., Morrison, Jonathan, Martin, J.W., and Trombley, T.J., 2015, Chloride concentrations, loads, and yields in four watersheds along Interstate 95, southeastern Connecticut, 2008–11— Factors that affect peak chloride concentrations during winter storms: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5057, 68 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155057.","productDescription":"Report: x, 68 p.; Appendix; Tables","numberOfPages":"82","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-054199","costCenters":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305518,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155057.jpg"},{"id":305516,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5057/attachments/sir2015-5057_table10.xlsx","text":"Table 10","size":"186 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 10","linkHelpText":"Storm characteristics, weather data, and peak chloride concentrations related to deicing and melting events."},{"id":305513,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5057/"},{"id":305517,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5057/attachments/sir2015-5057_appendix1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"198 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 1"},{"id":305515,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5057/attachments/sir2015-5057_table5.xlsx","text":"Table 5","size":"200 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 5","linkHelpText":"Description of the applications of deicing materials to State-operated roads during winter storms."},{"id":305514,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5057/pdf/sir2015-5057.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.78 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.26806640624999,\n 41.3177863571168\n ],\n [\n -72.26806640624999,\n 41.32835758409141\n ],\n [\n -72.2512435913086,\n 41.32835758409141\n ],\n [\n -72.2512435913086,\n 41.3177863571168\n ],\n [\n -72.26806640624999,\n 41.3177863571168\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.18978881835936,\n 41.35593783017404\n ],\n [\n -72.18978881835936,\n 41.40900335304861\n ],\n [\n -72.14309692382811,\n 41.40900335304861\n ],\n [\n -72.14309692382811,\n 41.35593783017404\n ],\n [\n -72.18978881835936,\n 41.35593783017404\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
101 Pitkin Street
East Hartford, CT 06108
Or visit our Web site at:
http://ct.water.usgs.gov
Beach erosion is a persistent problem along most open-ocean shores of the United States. Along the Arctic coast of Alaska, coastal erosion is widespread, may be accelerating, and is threatening defense and energy-related infrastructure, coastal habitats, and Native communities. As coastal populations continue to expand and infrastructure and habitat are increasingly threatened by erosion, there is increased demand for accurate information regarding past and present trends and rates of shoreline movement. There also is a need for a comprehensive analysis of shoreline change with metrics that are consistent from one coastal region to another. To meet these national needs, the U.S. Geological Survey is conducting an analysis of historical shoreline changes along the open-ocean sandy shores of the conterminous United States and parts of Hawaii, Alaska, and the Great Lakes. One purpose of this work is to develop standard, repeatable methods for mapping and analyzing shoreline change so that periodic, systematic, and internally consistent updates regarding coastal erosion and land loss can be made nationally.
\nThis report on shoreline change along the north coast of Alaska, between the U.S.-Canadian border and Icy Cape, is one in a series of regionally focused reports on historical shoreline change. Previous investigations include analyses and descriptive reports for the coasts of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico, the Southeast Atlantic, California, the New England and Mid-Atlantic, portions of Hawaii, and the Pacific Northwest coasts of Oregon and Washington.
\nSimilar to the earlier reports in this series, this report summarizes the methods of analysis, documents and describes the results of the analysis, and explains historical trends and rates of shoreline change. This Alaska shoreline change assessment differs from previously published shoreline change assessments in that: (1) only two historical shorelines (from the 1940s and 2000s eras) were available for the Alaska study area whereas four or more shorelines (from 1850 to 2002) were available for the other assessments and, thus, only end-point rates for one long-term analysis period are reported here, compared to a combination of long-term and short-term rates as reported in other studies; (2) modern (2000s era) shorelines in this study represent a visually derived land-water interface position versus an elevation based, tidally referenced shoreline position; and (3) both exposed open-ocean and sheltered mainland-lagoon shorelines and rates of change are included in this study compared to other locations where only exposed open-ocean sandy shorelines or bluff edges were evaluated. No distinction was made between sand or gravel beaches, and the base of the unconsolidated coastal bluff was considered the shoreline where no fronting beach existed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151048","usgsCitation":"Gibbs, A.E., and Richmond, B.M., 2015, National assessment of shoreline change: historical change along the north coast of Alaska, U.S.-Canadian border to Icy Cape: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1048, ix, 96 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151048.","productDescription":"ix, 96 p.","numberOfPages":"110","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-050947","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305508,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151048.jpg"},{"id":305506,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1048/pdf/ofr2015-1048.pdf","text":"Report","size":"14.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":305507,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1030/","text":"Open-File Report 2015-1030","description":"Open-File Report 2015-1030"},{"id":305493,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1048/"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Icy Cape","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -162.94921875,\n 69.4575536150494\n ],\n [\n -162.94921875,\n 71.45515260247822\n ],\n [\n -141.0205078125,\n 71.45515260247822\n ],\n [\n -141.0205078125,\n 69.4575536150494\n ],\n [\n -162.94921875,\n 69.4575536150494\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55950122e4b0b6d21dd6cbba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibbs, Ann E. 0000-0002-0883-3774 agibbs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0883-3774","contributorId":2644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"Ann","email":"agibbs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":563998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richmond, Bruce M. 0000-0002-0056-5832 brichmond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0056-5832","contributorId":2459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"Bruce","email":"brichmond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":563997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70148461,"text":"ofr20151113 - 2015 - Chemical mixtures and environmental effects: a pilot study to assess ecological exposure and effects in streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-01T08:56:34","indexId":"ofr20151113","displayToPublicDate":"2015-07-01T09:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1113","title":"Chemical mixtures and environmental effects: a pilot study to assess ecological exposure and effects in streams","docAbstract":"Assessment and management of the risks of exposure to complex chemical mixtures in streams are priorities for human and environmental health organizations around the world. The current lack of information on the composition and variability of environmental mixtures and a limited understanding of their combined effects are fundamental obstacles to timely identification and prevention of adverse human and ecological effects of exposure. This report describes the design of a field-based study of the composition and biological activity of chemical mixtures in U.S. stream waters affected by a wide range of human activities and contaminant sources. The study is a collaborative effort by the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Scientists sampled 38 streams spanning 24 States and Puerto Rico. Thirty-four of the sites were located in watersheds impacted by multiple contaminant sources, including industrial and municipal wastewater discharges, crop and animal agricultural runoff, urban runoff, and other point and nonpoint contaminant sources. The remaining four sites were minimally development reference watersheds. All samples underwent comprehensive chemical and biological characterization, including sensitive and specific direct analysis for over 700 dissolved organic and inorganic chemicals and field parameters, identification of unknown contaminants (environmental diagnostics), and a variety of bioassays to evaluate biological activity and toxicity.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151113","usgsCitation":"Buxton, H.T., Reilly, T.J., Kuivila, K., Kolpin, D.W., Bradley, P.M., Villeneuve, D.L., and Mills, M.A., 2015, Chemical mixtures and environmental effects: a pilot study to assess ecological exposure and effects in streams: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1113, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151113.","productDescription":"12 p.","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064390","costCenters":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305503,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151113.jpg"},{"id":305502,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1113/pdf/ofr2015-1113.pdf","text":"Report","size":"880 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pbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Paul","email":"pbradley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Villeneuve, Daniel L.","contributorId":141084,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Villeneuve","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6784,"text":"US EPA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mills, Marc 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source of some of the largest earthquakes and tsunamis, the history of its pre–twentieth century tsunamis is largely unknown west of the rupture zone of the great (magnitude, M 9.2) 1964 earthquake. Stratigraphy in core transects at two boggy lowland sites on Chirikof Island’s southwest coast preserves tsunami deposits dating from the postglacial to the twentieth century. In a 500-m-long basin 13–15 m above sea level and 400 m from the sea, 4 of 10 sandy to silty beds in a 3–5-m-thick sequence of freshwater peat were probably deposited by tsunamis. The freshwater peat sequence beneath a gently sloping alluvial fan 2 km to the east, 5–15 m above sea level and 550 m from the sea, contains 20 sandy to silty beds deposited since 3.5 ka; at least 13 were probably deposited by tsunamis. Although most of the sandy beds have consistent thicknesses (over distances of 10–265 m), sharp lower contacts, good sorting, and/or upward fining typical of tsunami deposits, the beds contain abundant freshwater diatoms, very few brackish-water diatoms, and no marine diatoms. Apparently, tsunamis traveling inland over low dunes and boggy lowland entrained largely freshwater diatoms. Abundant fragmented diatoms, and lake species in some sandy beds not found in host peat, were probably transported by tsunamis to elevations of >10 m at the eastern site. Single-aliquot regeneration optically stimulated luminescence dating of the third youngest bed is consistent with its having been deposited by the tsunami recorded at Russian hunting outposts in 1788, and with the second youngest bed being deposited by a tsunami during an upper plate earthquake in 1880. We infer from stratigraphy, 14C-dated peat deposition rates, and unpublished analyses of the island’s history that the 1938 tsunami may locally have reached an elevation of >10 m. As this is the first record of Aleutian tsunamis extending throughout the Holocene, we cannot estimate source earthquake locations or magnitudes for most tsunami-deposited beds. We infer that no more than 3 of the 23 possible tsunamis beds at both sites were deposited following upper plate faulting or submarine landslides independent of megathrust earthquakes. If so, the Semidi segment of the Alaska-Aleutian megathrust near Chirikof Island probably sent high tsunamis southward every 180–270 yr for at least the past 3500 yr.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/GES01108.1","usgsCitation":"Nelson, A.R., Briggs, R.W., Dura, T., Engelhart, S.E., Gelfenbaum, G., Bradley, L., Forman, S., Vane, C.H., and Kelley, K., 2015, Tsunami recurrence in the eastern Alaska-Aleutian arc: A Holocene stratigraphic record from Chirikof Island, Alaska: Geosphere, v. 11, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01108.1.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"1203","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062596","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471967,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges01108.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":310053,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Chirikof Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.61721801757812,\n 55.93304863776238\n ],\n [\n -155.55130004882812,\n 55.92150795277898\n ],\n [\n -155.51834106445312,\n 55.88763544617004\n ],\n [\n -155.5059814453125,\n 55.839855780238864\n ],\n [\n -155.50323486328125,\n 55.80205284218845\n ],\n [\n -155.54031372070312,\n 55.75725902476458\n ],\n [\n -155.59661865234375,\n 55.71550813595296\n ],\n [\n -155.70098876953122,\n 55.71164005362048\n ],\n [\n -155.8026123046875,\n 55.74334702389655\n ],\n [\n -155.830078125,\n 55.811314100800935\n ],\n [\n -155.8026123046875,\n 55.85912884568613\n ],\n [\n -155.7586669921875,\n 55.90149595623592\n ],\n [\n -155.6996154785156,\n 55.933817894564726\n ],\n [\n -155.61721801757812,\n 55.93304863776238\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"4","edition":"1172","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56261497e4b0fb9a11dd7662","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Alan R. 0000-0001-7117-7098 anelson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7117-7098","contributorId":812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Alan","email":"anelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Briggs, Richard W. 0000-0001-8108-0046 rbriggs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8108-0046","contributorId":139002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Richard","email":"rbriggs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dura, Tina","contributorId":48482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dura","given":"Tina","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Engelhart, Simon E.","contributorId":60104,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Engelhart","given":"Simon","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":6923,"text":"University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":539667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gelfenbaum, Guy","contributorId":79844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"Guy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bradley, Lee-Ann bradley@usgs.gov","contributorId":139003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Lee-Ann","email":"bradley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Forman, S.L.","contributorId":38597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forman","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Vane, Christopher H.","contributorId":88255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vane","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":539671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kelley, K.A.","contributorId":139004,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kelley","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. 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The resulting decrease in life history diversity has affected the capacity of populations to respond to environmental variability and disturbance. Unfortunately, because few large rivers are intact enough to permit full expression of life history diversity, it is unclear what patterns of diversity should be a conservation target. In this study, radiotelemetry was used to identify spawning and migration patterns of Snake River Finespotted Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii behnkei in the upper Snake River. Individuals were implanted with radio tags in October 2007 and 2008, and monitored through October 2009. Radio-tagged cutthroat trout in the upper Snake River exhibited variation in spawning habitat type and location, migration distance, spawn timing, postspawning behavior, and susceptibility to mortality sources. Between May and July, Cutthroat Trout spawned in runoff-dominated tributaries, groundwater-dominated spring creeks, and side channels of the Snake River. Individuals migrated up to 101 km from tagging locations in the upper Snake River to access spawning habitats, indicating that the upper Snake River provided seasonal habitat for spawners originating throughout the watershed. Postspawning behavior also varied; by August each year, 28% of spring-creek spawners remained in their spawning location, compared with 0% of side-channel spawners and 7% of tributary spawners. These spawning and migration patterns reflect the connectivity, habitat diversity, and dynamic template of the Snake River. Ultimately, promoting life history diversity through restoration of complex habitats may provide the most opportunities for cutthroat trout persistence in an environment likely to experience increased variability from climate change and disturbance from invasive species.
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Here, we review the early studies from the SRRW and show how they guided our conceptual approach to hydrologic research at the SRRW during the most recent 25 years. In so doing, we chronicle a shift in the field from early studies that relied exclusively on hydrometric measurements to today's studies that include chemical and isotopic approaches to further elucidate streamflow generation mechanisms. Highlights of this evolution in hydrologic understanding include the following: (i) confirmation of the importance of SOF to streamflow generation, and at larger scales than first imagined; (ii) stored catchment water dominates stream response, except under unusual conditions such as deep frozen ground; (iii) hydrometric, chemical and isotopic approaches to hydrograph separation yield consistent and complementary results; (iv) nitrate and sulfate isotopic compositions specific to atmospheric inputs constrain new water contributions to streamflow; and (v) convergent areas, or ‘hillslope hollows’, contribute disproportionately to event hydrographs. We conclude by summarizing some remaining challenges that lead us to a vision for the future of research at the SRRW to address fundamental questions in the catchment sciences.
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Water volumes used (injected) to hydraulically fracture over 263,859 oil and gas wells drilled between 2000 and 2014 were compiled and used to create the first U.S. map of hydraulic fracturing water use. Although median annual volumes of 15,275 m3 and 19,425 m3 of water per well was used to hydraulically fracture individual horizontal oil and gas wells, respectively, in 2014, about 42% of wells were actually either vertical or directional, which required less than 2600 m3 water per well. The highest average hydraulic fracturing water usage (10,000−36,620 m3 per well) in watersheds across the United States generally correlated with shale-gas areas (versus coalbed methane, tight oil, or tight gas) where the greatest proportion of hydraulically fractured wells were horizontally drilled, reflecting that the natural reservoir properties influence water use. This analysis also demonstrates that many oil and gas resources within a given basin are developed using a mix of horizontal, vertical, and some directional wells, explaining why large volume hydraulic fracturing water usage is not widespread. This spatial variability in hydraulic fracturing water use relates to the potential for environmental impacts such as water availability, water quality, wastewater disposal, and possible wastewater injection-induced earthquakes.
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The spatiotemporal relationships of ET with rainfall and vegetation dynamics in the Nile Basin during 2002–2011 were analyzed using satellite-derived data. Non-parametric statistics were used to quantify ET-rainfall interactions and trends across land cover types and subbasins. We found that 65% of the study area (2.5 million km2) showed significant (p < 0.05) positive correlations between monthly ET and rainfall, whereas 7% showed significant negative correlations. As expected, positive ET-rainfall correlations were observed over natural vegetation, mixed croplands/natural vegetation, and croplands, with a few subbasin-specific exceptions. In particular, irrigated croplands, wetlands and some forests exhibited negative correlations. Trend tests revealed spatial clusters of statistically significant trends in ET (6% of study area was negative; 12% positive), vegetation greenness (24% negative; 12% positive) and rainfall (11% negative; 1% positive) during 2002–2011. The Nile Delta, Ethiopian highlands and central Uganda regions showed decline in ET while central parts of Sudan, South Sudan, southwestern Ethiopia and northeastern Uganda showed increases. Except for a decline in ET in central Uganda, the detected changes in ET (both positive and negative) were not associated with corresponding changes in rainfall. Detected declines in ET in the Nile delta and Ethiopian highlands were found to be attributable to anthropogenic land degradation, while the ET decline in central Uganda is likely caused by rainfall reduction.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/w7094914","usgsCitation":"Alemu, H., Kaptue, A.T., Senay, G., Wimberly, M.C., and Henebry, G.M., 2015, Evapotranspiration in the Nile Basin: Identifying dynamics and drivers, 2002–2011: Water, v. 7, no. 9, p. 4914-1931, https://doi.org/10.3390/w7094914.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"4914","endPage":"1931","ipdsId":"IP-066148","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471985,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w7094914","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337517,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Nile Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 32.431640625,\n 31.42866311735861\n ],\n [\n 30.8935546875,\n 31.952162238024975\n ],\n [\n 29.091796875,\n 31.015278981711266\n ],\n [\n 27.9931640625,\n 21.94304553343818\n ],\n [\n 23.6865234375,\n 8.624472107633936\n ],\n [\n 27.2021484375,\n 5.134714634014467\n ],\n [\n 30.629882812499996,\n 3.601142320158735\n ],\n [\n 30.761718749999996,\n -3.90809888189411\n ],\n [\n 34.9365234375,\n -3.46955730306146\n ],\n [\n 37.0458984375,\n 4.083452772038619\n ],\n [\n 40.7373046875,\n 14.817370620155254\n ],\n [\n 32.431640625,\n 31.42866311735861\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-09-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c90128e4b0849ce97abcf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alemu, Henok","contributorId":124527,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alemu","given":"Henok","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5087,"text":"Geographic Information Science Center of Excellence (GIScCE), South Dakota State University, Brookings, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaptue, Armel T.","contributorId":189254,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaptue","given":"Armel","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":166812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel","email":"senay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":683981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wimberly, Michael C.","contributorId":167855,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wimberly","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5089,"text":"South Dakota State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Henebry, Geoffrey M.","contributorId":124528,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Henebry","given":"Geoffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5087,"text":"Geographic Information Science Center of Excellence (GIScCE), South Dakota State University, Brookings, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}