White ibises (Eudocimus albus) are members of the family Threskiornithidae in the order Ciconiiformes. They are medium-sized wading birds with a tapering decurved bill. Adults are white with black tips on the four largest primaries. Males tend to be 35% larger than females, averaging 1,036 ± 30 g (33 ± 1 oz) (Kush1an 1977c). White ibises inhabit open marshes and other wetlands where they are one of the most important predators in the food chain in terms of energy flow (Kush1an 1977b; Rodgers and Nesbitt 1979). In the past, white ibises have been occasionally harvested by humans for food (Baynard 1913; Bent 1926).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Hingtgen, T.M., Mulholland, R., and Repenning, R.W., 1985, Habitat Suitability Index Models: White ibis: FWS/OBS 82/10.93, vi, 18 p.","productDescription":"vi, 18 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192623,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64972c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hingtgen, Terrence M.","contributorId":45015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hingtgen","given":"Terrence","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mulholland, Rosemarie","contributorId":8535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulholland","given":"Rosemarie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Repenning, Robert W.","contributorId":90401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repenning","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":80318,"text":"fwsobs82_10_97 - 1985 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Lesser snow goose (wintering)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T14:52:07.014459","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_97","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.97","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Lesser snow goose (wintering)","docAbstract":"The lesser snow goose may have the largest population of any goose in the world (Cooch 1958; Kerbes 1975; Ogilvie 1978). Its arctic breeding range has greatly expanded since the mid-1950's (Bellrose 1976). In the United States, it normally ranks behind only the Canada goose (Branta canadensis) in population size (Bellrose 1976; Owen 1980) and in harvest (Carney et al. 1981, 1982). Because up to 70% of the geese harvested annually by hunters in Texas and Louisiana are lesser snow geese (Carney et al , 1981), its importance as a waterfowl species of the Gulf of Mexico coast cannot be overemphasized. Surveys taken in the Central and Mississippi Flyways from 1955 to 1975 have shown an upward trend in the number of wintering snow geese (Bellrose 1976). On the wintering grounds snow geese tend to remain in large, very conspicuous flocks that please both hunters and non-consumptive viewers of wildlife.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Leslie, J.C., and Zwank, P.J., 1985, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Lesser snow goose (wintering): FWS/OBS 82/10.97, vi, 16 p.","productDescription":"vi, 16 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192115,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64980a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leslie, John C.","contributorId":100086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zwank, Phillip J.","contributorId":11287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zwank","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80314,"text":"fwsobs82_10_100 - 1985 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Gadwall (breeding)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T14:53:45.257309","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_100","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.100","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Gadwall (breeding)","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the gadwall (Anas strepera). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Sousa, P.J., 1985, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Gadwall (breeding): FWS/OBS 82/10.100, viii, 35 p.","productDescription":"viii, 35 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649894","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sousa, Patrick J.","contributorId":19206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sousa","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80315,"text":"fwsobs82_10_92 - 1985 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Southern and gulf flounders","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T14:53:20.369238","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_92","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.92","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Southern and gulf flounders","docAbstract":"Both the southern and gulf flounders (paralichthrS lethostigma, f. albi~utta) are important commercial and recreationa species. Catch statlstics for flounder do not differentiate between species; however, southern flounders are more common than gulf flounders except on the gulf coast of Florida (Topp and Hoff 1972). The commercial fishery consists of incidental catches by shrimp trawlers. A total of 853,162 kg (1,880,900 lb) of unclassified flounder worth $572,142 was caught from the Gulf of Mexico in 1976 (U.S. Dep. Commerce 1980). The sport fishery consists of both hook-and-line fishing and gigging.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Enge, K.M., and Mulholland, R., 1985, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Southern and gulf flounders: FWS/OBS 82/10.92, vi, 25 p.","productDescription":"vi, 25 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190921,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649737","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Enge, Kevin M.","contributorId":11707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Enge","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mulholland, Rosemarie","contributorId":8535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulholland","given":"Rosemarie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80321,"text":"fwsobs82_10_102 - 1985 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Greater prairie-chicken (multiple levels of resolution)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T14:50:59.157358","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_102","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.102","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Greater prairie-chicken (multiple levels of resolution)","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the greater prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Prose, B.L., 1985, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Greater prairie-chicken (multiple levels of resolution): FWS/OBS 82/10.102, viii, 33 p.","productDescription":"viii, 33 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192958,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64985a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prose, Bart L.","contributorId":29521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prose","given":"Bart","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80316,"text":"fwsobs82_10_112 - 1985 - Habitat Suitability Index Models and Instream Flow Suitability Curves: Gizzard shad","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T14:52:44.326365","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_112","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.112","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models and Instream Flow Suitability Curves: Gizzard shad","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop habitat suitability index models and instream flow suitability curves for the gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Williamson, K.L., and Nelson, P.C., 1985, Habitat Suitability Index Models and Instream Flow Suitability Curves: Gizzard shad: FWS/OBS 82/10.112, vi, 33 p.","productDescription":"vi, 33 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190922,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649ee5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williamson, Kathryn L.","contributorId":50597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, Patrick C.","contributorId":68799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80320,"text":"fwsobs82_10_99 - 1985 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Great blue heron","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T14:51:31.324629","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_99","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.99","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Great blue heron","docAbstract":"The great blue heron is the largest, most widely distributed, and best known of the American herons (Henny 1972). Great blue herons occur in a variety of habitats from freshwater lakes and rivers to brackish marshes, lagoons, mangrove areas, and coastal wetlands (Spendelow and Patton in prep.).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Short, H.L., and Cooper, R.J., 1985, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Great blue heron: FWS/OBS 82/10.99, vi, 23 p.","productDescription":"vi, 23 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649c7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Short, Henry L.","contributorId":58695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Short","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, Robert J.","contributorId":99245,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cooper","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":292246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80323,"text":"fwsobs82_10_94 - 1985 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Laughing gull","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T14:50:23.80344","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_94","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.94","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Laughing gull","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a habitat model for laughing gull (Larus atricilla). The model is scaled to produce an index of habitat suitability between 0 (unsuitable habitat) and 1.0 (optimally suitable habitat) for areas along the Gulf of Mexico coast. Habitat suitability indices are designed for use with the Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Guidelines for application of the model and techniques for measuring model variables are described.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Zale, A.V., and Mulholland, R., 1985, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Laughing gull: FWS/OBS 82/10.94, vi, 23 p.","productDescription":"vi, 23 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192251,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64987f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zale, Alexander V. 0000-0003-1703-885X zale@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1703-885X","contributorId":3010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zale","given":"Alexander","email":"zale@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mulholland, Rosemarie","contributorId":8535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulholland","given":"Rosemarie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":77060,"text":"fwsobs82_10_86 - 1985 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Ruffed grouse","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-09T14:54:41.625741","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_86","displayToPublicDate":"2006-07-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.86","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Ruffed grouse","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Cade, B.S., and Sousa, P.J., 1985, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Ruffed grouse: FWS/OBS 82/10.86, vi, 31 p.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192208,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64976a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cade, Brian S. 0000-0001-9623-9849 cadeb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9623-9849","contributorId":1278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"Brian","email":"cadeb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sousa, Patrick J.","contributorId":19206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sousa","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013229,"text":"70013229 - 1985 - A kinematic model for the structure of lee-side (dune-like) deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-25T15:24:31.713128","indexId":"70013229","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A kinematic model for the structure of lee-side (dune-like) deposits","docAbstract":"A kinematic model for the structure of the lee-side deposit of a dune-like bedform, Gilbert-type delta, or similar step is developed, based on the assumptions that initial deposition is entirely by grainfall, that the rate of deposition decreases as a power function of distance downflow from the brink of the slipface, and that the resulting steepening of the slipface is periodically interrupted by avalanching. The parameters used in the model are: (1) the deposition rate at a given distance from the brink, (2) the exponent in the equation relating the deposition rate to distance from the brink, (3) the bedform migration rate, (4) the bedform height, (5) the avalanche speed, (6) the angle of initial yield, and (7) the residual angle after avalanching. From these parameters can be calculated structural characteristics such as the proportions of bottomset and foreset deposits, the proportions of avalanche and grainfall deposits in the foreset deposit, and the spacing of avalanche-grainfall couplets.
The model correctly predicts the trends of changing avalanche activity and changing structural character with changes in flow character, grain size, and bedform height in both air and water. Moreover, the model correctly predicts certain consistent structural differences between aeolian and subaqueous lee-side deposits. Quantitative evaluation of the model requires more accurate data on the values of the input parameters than are presently available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3091.1985.tb00520.x","issn":"00370746","usgsCitation":"Hunter, R., 1985, A kinematic model for the structure of lee-side (dune-like) deposits: Sedimentology, v. 32, no. 3, p. 409-422, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1985.tb00520.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"422","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220186,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e42ce4b0c8380cd4647a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunter, Ralph E.","contributorId":53759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"Ralph E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013070,"text":"70013070 - 1985 - Rock mechanics observations pertinent to the rheology of the continental lithosphere and the localization of strain along shear zones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-26T16:27:23.267306","indexId":"70013070","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rock mechanics observations pertinent to the rheology of the continental lithosphere and the localization of strain along shear zones","docAbstract":"Emphasized in this paper are the deformation processes and rheologies of rocks at high temperatures and high effective pressures, conditions that are presumably appropriate to the lower crust and upper mantle in continental collision zones. Much recent progress has been made in understanding the flexure of the oceanic lithosphere using rock-mechanics-based yield criteria for the inelastic deformations at the top and base. At mid-plate depths, stresses are likely to be supported elastically because bending strains and elastic stresses are low. The collisional tectonic regime, however, is far more complex because very large permanent strains are sustained at mid-plate depths and this requires us to include the broad transition between brittle and ductile flow. Moreover, important changes in the ductile flow mechanisms occur at the intermediate temperatures found at mid-plate depths.
Two specific contributions of laboratory rock rheology research are considered in this paper. First, the high-temperature steady-state flow mechanisms and rheology of mafic and ultramafic rocks are reviewed with special emphasis on olivine and crystalline rocks. Rock strength decreases very markedly with increases in temperature and it is the onset of flow by high temperature ductile mechanisms that defines the base of the lithosphere. The thickness of the continental lithosphere can therefore be defined by the depth to a particular isotherm Tc above which (at geologic strain rates) the high-temperature ductile strength falls below some arbitrary strength isobar (e.g., 100 MPa). For olivine Tc is about 700??-800??C but for other crustal silicates, Tc may be as low as 400??-600??C, suggesting that substantial decoupling may take place within thick continental crust and that strength may increase with depth at the Moho, as suggested by a number of workers on independent grounds. Put another way, the Moho is a rheological discontinuity. A second class of laboratory observations pertains to the general phenomenon of ductile faulting in which ductile strains are localized into shear zones. Ductile faults have been produced in experiments of five different rock types and is generally expressed as strain softening in constant-strain-rate tests or as an accelerating-creep-rate stage at constant differential stress. A number of physical mechanisms have been identified that may be responsible for ductile faulting, including the onset of dynamic recrystallization, phase changes, hydrothermal alteration and hydrolytic weakening. Microscopic evidence for these processes as well as larger-scale geological and geophysical observations suggest that ductile faulting in the middle to lower crust and upper mantle may greatly influence the distribution and magnitudes of differential stresses and the style of deformation in the overlying upper continental lithosphere.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(85)90030-7","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Kirby, S.H., 1985, Rock mechanics observations pertinent to the rheology of the continental lithosphere and the localization of strain along shear zones: Tectonophysics, v. 119, no. 1-4, p. 1-27, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(85)90030-7.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220459,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"119","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aadf5e4b0c8380cd86fdb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirby, Stephen H. 0000-0003-1636-4688 skirby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1636-4688","contributorId":2752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"Stephen","email":"skirby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":365212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012972,"text":"70012972 - 1985 - Structure, porosity and stress regime of the upper oceanic crust: Sonic and ultrasonic logging of DSDP Hole 504B","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-26T16:35:03.910107","indexId":"70012972","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure, porosity and stress regime of the upper oceanic crust: Sonic and ultrasonic logging of DSDP Hole 504B","docAbstract":"The layered structure of the oceanic crust is characterized by changes in geophysical gradients rather than by abrupt layer boundaries. Correlation of geophysical logs and cores recovered from DSDP Hole 504B provides some insight into the physical properties which control these gradient changes. Borehole televiewer logging in Hole 504B provides a continuous image of wellbore reflectivity into the oceanic crust, revealing detailed structures not apparent otherwise, due to the low percentage of core recovery. Physical characteristics of the crustal layers 2A, 2B and 2C such as the detailed sonic velocity and lithostratigraphic structure are obtained through analysis of the sonic, borehole televiewer and electrical resistivity logs. A prediction of bulk hydrated mineral content, consistent with comparison to the recovered material, suggests a change in the nature of the alteration with depth. Data from the sonic, borehole televiewer, electrical resistivity and other porosity-sensitive logs are used to calculate the variation of porosity in the crustal layers 2A, 2B and 2C. Several of the well logs which are sensitive to the presence of fractures and open porosity in the formation indicate many zones of intense fracturing. Interpretation of these observations suggests that there may be a fundamental pattern of cooling-induced structure in the oceanic crust.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(85)90153-2","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Newmark, R., Anderson, R.N., Moos, D., and Zoback, M.D., 1985, Structure, porosity and stress regime of the upper oceanic crust: Sonic and ultrasonic logging of DSDP Hole 504B: Tectonophysics, v. 118, no. 1-2, p. 1-42, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(85)90153-2.","productDescription":"42 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220117,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9c6ae4b08c986b31d3f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newmark, Robin","contributorId":177284,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Newmark","given":"Robin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Roger N.","contributorId":95618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moos, Daniel","contributorId":105048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moos","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zoback, Mark D.","contributorId":80275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mark","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013110,"text":"70013110 - 1985 - Accretion tectonics and crustal structure in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-25T16:55:09.329596","indexId":"70013110","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accretion tectonics and crustal structure in Alaska","docAbstract":"The entire width of the North American Cordillera in Alaska is made up of \"suspect terranes\". Pre-Late Cretaceous paleogeography is poorly constrained and the ultimate origins of the many fragments which make up the state are unclear. The Prince William and Chugach terranes accreted since Late Cretaceous time and represent the collapse of much of the northeast Pacific Ocean swept into what today is southern Alaska. Greater Wrangellia, a composite terrane now dispersed into fragments scattered from Idaho to southern Alaska, apparently accreted into Alaska in Late Cretaceous time crushing an enormous deep-marine flysch basin on its inboard side. Most of interior eastern Alaska is the Yukon Tanana terrane, a very large entirely fault-bounded metamorphic-plutonic assemblage covering thousands of square kilometers in Canada as well as Alaska. The original stratigraphy and relationship to North America of the Yukon-Tanana terrane are both obscure. A collapsed Mesozoic flysch basin, similar to the one inboard of Wrangellia, lies along the northern margin. Much of Arctic Alaska was apparently a vast expanse of upper Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic deep marine sediments and mafic volcanic and plutonic rocks now scattered widely as large telescoped sheets and Klippen thrust over the Ruby geanticline and the Brooks Range, and probably underlying the Yukon-Koyukuk basin and the Yukon flats. The Brooks Range itself is a stack of north vergent nappes, the telescoping of which began in Early Cretaceous time. Despite compelling evidence for thousands of kilometers of relative displacement between the accreted terranes, and large amounts of telescoping, translation, and rotation since accretion, the resulting new continental crust added to North America in Alaska carries few obvious signatures that allow application of currently popular simple plate tectonic models. Intraplate telescoping and strike-slip translations, delamination at mid-crustal levels, and large-scale lithospheric wedging were important processes in northern Cordilleran tectonic evolution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(85)90042-3","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Coney, P., and Jones, D.L., 1985, Accretion tectonics and crustal structure in Alaska: Tectonophysics, v. 119, no. 1-4, p. 265-283, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(85)90042-3.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"283","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220013,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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L.","contributorId":65045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012691,"text":"70012691 - 1985 - Crystalline gold in soil and the problem of supergene nugget formation: Freezing and exclusion as genetic mechanisms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-25T17:06:03.869571","indexId":"70012691","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3112,"text":"Precambrian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crystalline gold in soil and the problem of supergene nugget formation: Freezing and exclusion as genetic mechanisms","docAbstract":"Many of the world's richest gold placer deposits now occur in cold regions despite differences in their climatic history. It therefore seems possible that there may be some fundamental connection between freezing climates and the local chemical behavior of gold in the weathering cycle. This hypothesis, along with the problematical occurrence of gold as euhedral crystals in arctic gravel and soil placers, has led me to review low temperature phenomena that may bear on the geochemistry of gold.
Several effects which may influence the weathering of natural gold-bearing rocks, the chemical complexation of gold, and its subsequent mobility and deposition appear to be strongly connected with freeze action. The exclusion of dissolved solutes, solute gases, and particles from ice, subjects rock and soil minerals to increased corrosion from thin, unfrozen, adsorbed water films which remain at particle surfaces throughout the freezing of rocks and soils. The preferential exclusion of cations (over anions) from growing ice crystals creates charge separations and measurable current flow across waterice phase boundaries in freezing soil — a phenomenon which leads to troublesome seasonal electrolytic corrosion of pipelines buried in soil; this phenomenon may also favor the dissolution of normally insoluble metals such as gold during geologic time periods. The ice-induced accumulation of clays, organic acids, bacteria, and other organic matter at mineral surfaces may also speed chemical attack by providing a nearby sink of alternate cation-binding sites and hence rapid removal of liberated cations from solution. The latter mechanism may be operative in both the dissolution and redeposition of gold.
These physical, chemical, and electrical effects are favorable to the dissolution of rocks (in addition to frost shattering) and to the dissolution, mobilization, and redeposition of gold and other noble metals and must therefore contribute significantly to the behavior of gold at low temperatures. The occurrence of large numbers of gold placer deposits in northern Canada, Alaska, and Siberia may thus be due in part to the low temperatures common to these regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0301-9268(85)90085-3","issn":"03019268","usgsCitation":"Watterson, J., 1985, Crystalline gold in soil and the problem of supergene nugget formation: Freezing and exclusion as genetic mechanisms: Precambrian Research, v. 30, no. 4, p. 321-335, https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(85)90085-3.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"335","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222607,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcfee4b0c8380cd4e580","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watterson, J.R.","contributorId":102890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watterson","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013127,"text":"70013127 - 1985 - Characterization of the Sukinda and Nausahi ultramafic complexes, Orissa, India by platinum-group element geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-25T16:58:31.816901","indexId":"70013127","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3112,"text":"Precambrian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of the Sukinda and Nausahi ultramafic complexes, Orissa, India by platinum-group element geochemistry","docAbstract":"Samples of 20 chromitite, 14 ultramafic and mafic rock, and 9 laterite and soil samples from the Precambrian Sukinda and Nausahi ultramafic complexes, Orissa, India were analyzed for platinum-group elements (PGE). The maximum concentrations are: palladium, 13 parts per billion (ppb); platinum, 120 ppb; rhodium, 21 ppb; iridium, 210 ppb; and ruthenium, 630 ppb. Comparison of chondrite-normalized ratios of PGE for the chromitite samples of lower Proterozoic to Archean age with similar data from Paleozoic and Mesozoic ophiolite complexes strongly implies that these complexes represent Precambrian analogs of ophiolite complexes. This finding is consistent with the geology and petrology of the Indian complexes and suggests that plate-tectonic and ocean basin development models probably apply to some parts of Precambrian shield areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0301-9268(85)90027-0","issn":"03019268","usgsCitation":"Page, N., Banerji, P., and Haffty, J., 1985, Characterization of the Sukinda and Nausahi ultramafic complexes, Orissa, India by platinum-group element geochemistry: Precambrian Research, v. 30, no. 1, p. 27-41, https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(85)90027-0.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"41","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220233,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"India","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 83.52754471413857,\n 22.12305548682913\n ],\n [\n 81.88931083991898,\n 20.065262564651256\n ],\n [\n 82.04059123664341,\n 19.146371161547737\n ],\n [\n 81.35498498465319,\n 17.823472864242348\n ],\n [\n 82.29678603831883,\n 18.004706731791362\n ],\n [\n 82.4902462185375,\n 18.524173889034508\n ],\n [\n 82.61281826200792,\n 18.23293546222423\n ],\n [\n 83.00351427671131,\n 18.38283014120728\n ],\n [\n 83.71458385612851,\n 19.106658742601425\n ],\n [\n 84.04408690062948,\n 18.660713858178198\n ],\n [\n 86.23681585387365,\n 19.73653495833262\n ],\n [\n 87.60141852458251,\n 21.415317765666003\n ],\n [\n 87.1160716955178,\n 22.12305548682913\n ],\n [\n 83.52754471413857,\n 22.12305548682913\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4e3e4b0c8380cd4bfa1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Page, N.J.","contributorId":38125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"N.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Banerji, P.K.","contributorId":105042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banerji","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haffty, J.","contributorId":93187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haffty","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012690,"text":"70012690 - 1985 - Experimental studies in natural groundwater-recharge dynamics: The analysis of observed recharge events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-15T16:37:34.408635","indexId":"70012690","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental studies in natural groundwater-recharge dynamics: The analysis of observed recharge events","docAbstract":"The amounts and time distribution of groundwater recharge from precipitation over an approximately 19-month period were investigated at two instrumented sites in south-central Kansas. Precipitation and evapotranspiration sequences, soil-moisture profiles and storage changes, water fluxes in the unsaturated zone and hydraulic gradients in the saturated zone at various depths, soil temperatures, water-table hydrographs, and water-level changes in nearby wells clearly depict the recharge process.
Antecedent moisture conditions and the thickness and nature of the unsaturated zone were found to be the major factors affecting recharge. Although the two instrumented sites are located in sand-dune environments in areas characterized by shallow water table and subhumid continental climate, a significant difference was observed in the estimated effective recharge. The estimates ranged from less than 2.5 to approximately 154 mm at the two sites from February to June 1983. The main reasons for this large difference in recharge estimates were the greater thickness of the unsaturated zone and the lower moisture content in that zone resulting from lower precipitation and higher potential evapotranspiration for one of the sites. Effective recharge took place only during late winter and spring. No summer or fall recharge was observed at either site during the observation period of this study.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(85)90036-8","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Sophocleous, M., and Perry, C.A., 1985, Experimental studies in natural groundwater-recharge dynamics: The analysis of observed recharge events: Journal of Hydrology, v. 81, no. 3-4, p. 297-332, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(85)90036-8.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"297","endPage":"332","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222550,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"south-central Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.41785362175386,\n 38.35170885346173\n ],\n [\n -99.41785362175386,\n 36.99849330996328\n ],\n [\n -96.93625239807136,\n 36.99849330996328\n ],\n [\n -96.93625239807136,\n 38.35170885346173\n ],\n [\n -99.41785362175386,\n 38.35170885346173\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ddfe4b0c8380cd53229","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sophocleous, M.","contributorId":13373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sophocleous","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perry, C. A.","contributorId":106149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012677,"text":"70012677 - 1985 - Evaluating the hydraulic effects of changes in aquifer elevation using curvilinear coordinates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-15T16:43:24.796604","indexId":"70012677","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating the hydraulic effects of changes in aquifer elevation using curvilinear coordinates","docAbstract":"The groundwater flow equation is written in curvilinear coordinates whose coordinate surfaces coincide with the top and bottom surfaces of folded layers of aquifers. The coordinates are general enough for these surfaces to coincide for almost all groundwater systems. The terms of the finite-difference approximation for the flow equation can be separated into two groups. One group corresponds to a similar system of horizontal aquifers and the other group corresponds to the folding. The latter group is zero if the vertical gradients of hydraulic head and hydraulic conductivity are zero. Furthermore, it is noted that vertical gradients in head must be modelled for the effects of folding to result. When these vertical gradients and dips are not too large, the effects of folding can be calculated using a perturbation method wherein the flow in folded aquifers is considered to be a perturbation of the flow in similar horizontal aquifers. With the method presented, three-dimensional finite-difference models can be modified to simulate folded aquifer systems. Perturbation solutions are obtained for a class of folded three-aquifer systems. For these systems, with vertical head gradients as great as 0.23, with aquifer hydraulic conductivities differing by two orders of magnitude, and with dips as great as 30??, only small hydraulic changes due to folding were simulated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(85)90034-4","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Weiss, E., 1985, Evaluating the hydraulic effects of changes in aquifer elevation using curvilinear coordinates: Journal of Hydrology, v. 81, no. 3-4, p. 253-275, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(85)90034-4.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"275","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222370,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bfae4b0c8380cd52995","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weiss, E.","contributorId":31117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70009947,"text":"70009947 - 1985 - Analysis and modeling of Palmer's drought index series-Comment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-15T16:22:56.235975","indexId":"70009947","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis and modeling of Palmer's drought index series-Comment","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(85)90080-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Alley, W., 1985, Analysis and modeling of Palmer's drought index series-Comment: Journal of Hydrology, v. 80, no. 1-2, p. 179-185, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(85)90080-0.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"185","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219196,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eaf7e4b0c8380cd48b20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alley, W.M.","contributorId":6853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013040,"text":"70013040 - 1985 - Salt-water-freshwater transient upconing - An implicit boundary-element solution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-15T16:18:42.936801","indexId":"70013040","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Salt-water-freshwater transient upconing - An implicit boundary-element solution","docAbstract":"The boundary-element method is used to solve the set of partial differential equations describing the flow of salt water and fresh water separated by a sharp interface in the vertical plane. In order to improve the accuracy and stability of the numerical solution, a new implicit scheme was developed for calculating the motion of the interface. The performance of this scheme was tested by means of numerical simulation. The numerical results are compared to experimental results for a salt-water upconing under a drain problem.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(85)90152-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Kemblowski, M., 1985, Salt-water-freshwater transient upconing - An implicit boundary-element solution: Journal of Hydrology, v. 78, no. 1-2, p. 35-47, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(85)90152-0.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"47","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220065,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ab031e4b0c8380cd879a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kemblowski, M.","contributorId":54340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemblowski","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}