The hydrogeology and development of a groundwater flow model are described for a 121-square-mile area in Pasco County, Florida. The hydrogeologic framework consists of the surficial aquifer--a thin blanket of sand--and the underlying carbonates of the upper Floridian aquifer. The aquifers are separated by a leaky sand and clay confining unit. The Cross Bar Ranch well field occupies 13 square miles and contains 17 production wells averaging about 700 feet deep and tapping the upper Florida aquifer. Procedures to calibrate, test sensitivity to input parameters, and validate the model 's accuracy are described. Pumping at 30 million gallons per day should result in 5 feet of decline in the water table of the surficial aquifer over an 8-square-mile area and in the potentiometric surface of the Upper Florida aquifer over a 15-square-mile area. Under the 45-million-per-day maximum permitted rate, drawdown should be 5 feet or more in the water table and potentiometric surface over areas of 16 and 28 square miles, respectively. At the center of pumping, water levels could decline 15 to 25 feet. The surficial aquifer could possibly be completely dewatered in a small area of the well field when pumping is at the maximum rate.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854001","usgsCitation":"Hutchinson, C.B., 1985, Hydrogeology of the Cross Bar Ranch well-field area and projected impact of pumping, Pasco County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4001, vi, 95 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854001.","productDescription":"vi, 95 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414395,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36200.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56654,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4001/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123973,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4001/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Pasco County","otherGeospatial":"Cross Bar Ranch well-field area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.5,\n 28.417\n ],\n [\n -82.5,\n 28.333\n ],\n [\n -82.417,\n 28.333\n ],\n [\n -82.417,\n 28.417\n ],\n [\n -82.5,\n 28.417\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db6151ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchinson, C. B.","contributorId":94655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28169,"text":"wri844302 - 1985 - Documentation of a numerical code for the simulation of variable density ground-water flow in three dimensions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri844302","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4302","title":"Documentation of a numerical code for the simulation of variable density ground-water flow in three dimensions","docAbstract":"A numerical code is documented for the simulation of variable density time dependent groundwater flow in three dimensions. The groundwater density, although variable with distance, is assumed to be constant in time. The Integrated Finite Difference grid elements in the code follow the geologic strata in the modeled area. If appropriate, the determination of hydraulic head in confining beds can be deleted to decrease computation time. The strongly implicit procedure (SIP), successive over-relaxation (SOR), and eight different preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) methods are used to solve the approximating equations. The use of the computer program that performs the calculations in the numerical code is emphasized. Detailed instructions are given for using the computer program, including input data formats. An example simulation and the Fortran listing of the program are included. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844302","usgsCitation":"Kuiper, L., 1985, Documentation of a numerical code for the simulation of variable density ground-water flow in three dimensions: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4302, 90 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844302.","productDescription":"90 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4302/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57003,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4302/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db63628c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuiper, L.K.","contributorId":34557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuiper","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28091,"text":"wri854021 - 1985 - Evaluation of techniques for mapping land and crops irrigated by center pivots from computer-enhanced Landsat imagery in part of the James River basin near Huron, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:43","indexId":"wri854021","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4021","title":"Evaluation of techniques for mapping land and crops irrigated by center pivots from computer-enhanced Landsat imagery in part of the James River basin near Huron, South Dakota","docAbstract":"The objective of this study was to evaluate remote sensing techniques for mapping irrigated crop types and acreages in part of the James River basin of South Dakota, using Landsat imagery. The results demonstrated that a subtraction (band 7 minus band 4) method was best for identifying the location of cropland irrigated by groundwater. Two separate principal-spectral-components analyses (analysis of the second principal-spectral component and the simultaneous analysis of the first three principal-spectral components) were best for identifying the crop type and estimating crop acreages. However, only 50 percent of the irrigated lands could be identified and only 79 percent of these could be classified accurately by crop type. Therefore, a 39 percent overall accuracy was achieved in irrigated crop-type identification. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/wri854021","usgsCitation":"Kolm, K., 1985, Evaluation of techniques for mapping land and crops irrigated by center pivots from computer-enhanced Landsat imagery in part of the James River basin near Huron, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4021, iv, 24 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854021.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119983,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4021/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56910,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4021/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fab23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolm, K.E.","contributorId":88784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolm","given":"K.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27639,"text":"wri854261 - 1985 - Discharge ratings for control gates at Mississippi River Lock and Dam 14, Le Claire, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-23T15:15:41","indexId":"wri854261","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4261","title":"Discharge ratings for control gates at Mississippi River Lock and Dam 14, Le Claire, Iowa","docAbstract":"The water level of the navigation pools on the Mississippi River are maintained by the operation of tainter and roller gates at the locks and dams. Discharge ratings for the gates on Lock and Dam 14, at Le Claire, Iowa, were developed from current-meter discharge measurements made in the forebays of the gate structures. Methodology is given to accurately compute the vertical gate openings of the tainter gates. Discharge coefficients, in equations that express discharges as a function of tailwater head, headwater head, and vertical height of gate opening, were determined for conditions of submerged-orifice and free-weir flow. A comparison of the rating discharge to the hydraulic model rating discharges is given for submerged orifice flow for the tainter and roller gates. (Author 's abstract)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854261","usgsCitation":"Heinitz, A., 1985, Discharge ratings for control gates at Mississippi River Lock and Dam 14, Le Claire, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4261, viii, 38 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854261.","productDescription":"viii, 38 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":56501,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4261/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123442,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4261/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a991","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heinitz, A.J.","contributorId":62610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinitz","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27659,"text":"wri844336 - 1985 - Contributions of suspended sediment from highway construction and other land uses to the Olentangy River, Columbus, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:37","indexId":"wri844336","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4336","title":"Contributions of suspended sediment from highway construction and other land uses to the Olentangy River, Columbus, Ohio","docAbstract":"Highway construction within the Olentangy River flood plain in Columbus, Ohio, was projected to be a large source of suspended sediment to the river system. A monitoring program was begun by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1978 to quantify the implacts of construction process. Sediment information was collected daily at six gaging stations located above, below, and within the construction area. Yields of suspended sediment from the active construction area ranged from 9,580 to 15,700 tons per square mile per year. Surrounding suburban terrain yielded 428 to754 tons per square mile per year. However, the size of the construction project was small in comparison to the surrounding suburbs contributing sediment. No more than 4 percent of the yearly downstream suspended-sediment loads were produced by high-way construction during the monitoring periods.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844336","usgsCitation":"Helsel, D., 1985, Contributions of suspended sediment from highway construction and other land uses to the Olentangy River, Columbus, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4336, iv, 31 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844336.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123482,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4336/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56513,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4336/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698557","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helsel, D.R.","contributorId":57448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Helsel","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7242,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":198484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26620,"text":"wri844310 - 1985 - Effects of coal mining on the water quality and sedimentation of Lake Tuscaloosa and selected tributaries, North River basin, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:20","indexId":"wri844310","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4310","title":"Effects of coal mining on the water quality and sedimentation of Lake Tuscaloosa and selected tributaries, North River basin, Alabama","docAbstract":"Lake Tuscaloosa, a reservoir on North River, is the primary source of water supply for the city of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and surrounding areas. Between October 1982 and September 1983, 14 sites in the North River basin were sampled to determine if surface coal mining has impacted the quality of water in the lake and selected tributaries. Water draining mined basins showed increases in specific conductance, sulfate concentrations , and dissolved and total recoverable iron and manganese concentrations after mining started in 1975. Although water in the reservoir has become more mineralized with only an estimated 5 percent of the basin mined, total dissolved solids concentrations are still very low, ranging from 28 to 35 milligrams per liter at the dam. The quality of water at most sites was, except for pH, iron, and manganese, within secondary drinking water standards. The pH of water from streams draining either mined or unmined basins was generally less than 6.5. Sedimentation has occurred at most measured lake cross sections since impoundment. However, natural factors such as steep overland and channel slopes, may cause more sedimentation in the lake from unmined basins than from coal mining in a different basin. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844310","usgsCitation":"Cole, E.F., 1985, Effects of coal mining on the water quality and sedimentation of Lake Tuscaloosa and selected tributaries, North River basin, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4310, vi, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844310.","productDescription":"vi, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122925,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4310/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55490,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4310/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db616102","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, E. F.","contributorId":13236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28038,"text":"wri854086 - 1985 - Estimation of natural streamflow characteristics in western Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:25","indexId":"wri854086","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4086","title":"Estimation of natural streamflow characteristics in western Colorado","docAbstract":"Regression relations were determined for estimating mean annual discharge, mean monthly discharge, minimum and maximum 7-day discharge, flow duration series, and peak discharge for natural streams in western Colorado. Multiple regression analyses were used to determine the best predictive relations for each of the streamflow characteristic; separate relations were developed for each of four hydrologically distinct regions in the study area. The standard errors associated with the regression relations generally were less than 100 percent, except for the low-flow relations which had standard errors ranging from 62 to greater than 200 percent. Basin drainage area, mean annual precipitation , mean basin elevation, and mean basin slope are used in the regression relations to estimate the flow characteristics of streams in the study area. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nOpen-File Services Section, Western Distribution Branch, U.S. Geological Survey [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri854086","usgsCitation":"Kircher, J.E., Choquette, A., and Richter, B.D., 1985, Estimation of natural streamflow characteristics in western Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4086, v, 28 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854086.","productDescription":"v, 28 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123157,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4086/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56875,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4086/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56876,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4086/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb279","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kircher, J. E.","contributorId":11207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kircher","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Choquette, Anne F.","contributorId":98323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choquette","given":"Anne F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richter, B. D.","contributorId":48518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27665,"text":"wri844204 - 1985 - An evaluation of the crest-stage gage program in Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:36","indexId":"wri844204","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4204","title":"An evaluation of the crest-stage gage program in Louisiana","docAbstract":"The crest-stage gage program in Louisiana was evaluated to determine if the data were adequate for use in developing regional flood-frequency equations and to determine if any crest-stage gages could be discontinued. An abundance of data at many crest-stage stations and a lack of data for urban area and flat-slope areas indicated a need for a shift in the number, type, and locations of gages. Extensive correlations and comparisons of annual peak flows and watershed characteristics of 96 sites resulted in a reduced network of 25 stations that could potentially be used as index sites. The adequacy of the reduced network for development and verification of regional flood-frequency equations was tested by comparing a set of regional flood-frequency equations developed using data from the full network with a set developed using data from the reduced network. The results indicate that the crest-stage gage network can be reduced to 25 stations and still provide adequate information for future flood-frequency analyses. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844204","usgsCitation":"Herbert, R., Carlson, D., and Wiche, G., 1985, An evaluation of the crest-stage gage program in Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4204, v, 24 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844204.","productDescription":"v, 24 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123244,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4204/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56518,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4204/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db684884","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herbert, R.A.","contributorId":59449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herbert","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carlson, D.D.","contributorId":10816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiche, G.J.","contributorId":90715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiche","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27436,"text":"wri834274 - 1985 - Reconnaissance of mine drainage in the coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-05T10:11:05","indexId":"wri834274","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4274","title":"Reconnaissance of mine drainage in the coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Anthracite has been extensively mined in four areas of eastern Pennsylvania. Almost all underground mining in the four areas, the Northern, Eastern Middle, Western Middle, and Southern Fields, has been discontinued and many mines are abandoned and flooded. Precipitation on much of the 408 square miles of coal fields infiltrates to the underground mine complexes, and is discharged as mine drainage from tunnels, mine entrances, and boreholes. \r\n\r\n Mine drainage was measured and sampled at 251 sites that had a total discharge of 918 cubic feet per second, a total sulfate load of 1,470 tons per day, and a total iron discharge of 79 tons per day. The largest sulfate yield was 5.4 tons per day per square mile from the Western Middle Field. The yields from the Northern, Eastern Middle, and Southern Fields were 4.6, 3.6, and 1.4 tons per day per square mile, respectively.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri834274","usgsCitation":"Growitz, D., Reed, L., and Beard, M., 1985, Reconnaissance of mine drainage in the coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4274, vi, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834274.","productDescription":"vi, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56299,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4274/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4274/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a68e4b07f02db63b0ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Growitz, D.J.","contributorId":60273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Growitz","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, L.A.","contributorId":14454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beard, M.M.","contributorId":8897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beard","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":65084,"text":"i1251F - 1985 - Mineral production maps of the Charlotte 1° x 2° quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-25T20:13:50.273935","indexId":"i1251F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1251","chapter":"F","title":"Mineral production maps of the Charlotte 1° x 2° quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i1251F","usgsCitation":"DeYoung, J., Lee, M.P., and Dorian, J.P., 1985, Mineral production maps of the Charlotte 1° x 2° quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1251, Report: 8 p. ; 3 Plates: 42.28 × 31.65 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/i1251F.","productDescription":"Report: 8 p. ; 3 Plates: 42.28 × 31.65 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390909,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9069.htm"},{"id":91470,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1251f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":189708,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1251f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":100817,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1251f/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":100816,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1251f/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":100815,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1251f/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Charlotte 1° x 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82,35 ], [ -82,36 ], [ -80,36 ], [ -80,35 ], [ -82,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635951","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeYoung, J.H. Jr.","contributorId":86367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeYoung","given":"J.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, M. P.","contributorId":40198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dorian, J. P.","contributorId":95149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorian","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":65814,"text":"i1565 - 1985 - Shaded relief and surface markings of the Philus Sulcus Quadrangle of Ganymede Jg-4, Jg 5M 44/225 AN","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:18","indexId":"i1565","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1565","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Shaded relief and surface markings of the Philus Sulcus Quadrangle of Ganymede Jg-4, Jg 5M 44/225 AN","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i1565","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985, Shaded relief and surface markings of the Philus Sulcus Quadrangle of Ganymede Jg-4, Jg 5M 44/225 AN: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1565, 2 maps ;each 47 x 77 cm., on sheets 75 x 84 cm. and 66 x 88 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i1565.","productDescription":"2 maps ;each 47 x 77 cm., on sheets 75 x 84 cm. and 66 x 88 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":189665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":101164,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1565/plate-1.pdf","size":"6520","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":101165,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1565/plate-2.pdf","size":"5329","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"5000000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f490f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":66098,"text":"i1609 - 1985 - Bedrock topography of central Iowa","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":42245,"text":"ofr83946 - 1984 - Bedrock topography of central Iowa","indexId":"ofr83946","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Bedrock topography of central Iowa"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":66098,"text":"i1609 - 1985 - Bedrock topography of central Iowa","indexId":"i1609","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Bedrock topography of central Iowa"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T09:48:53","indexId":"i1609","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1609","title":"Bedrock topography of central Iowa","docAbstract":"The bedrock in Iowa (Hershey, 1969) generally is ovelain by deposits of glacial drift and alluvium. The drift, comprised of glacial till and glacial outwash, varies in thickness from less than 1 foot to more than 400 feet; the alluvium in central Iowa varies in thickness from less than 1 foot to about 60 feet. The configuration of the bedrock suface is the result of a complex system of ancient drainage courses which were developed during a long period of preglacial erosion and during shorter, but more intense, periods of interglacial erosion. This map, for a 10 county area in central Iowa, is the seventh of a series of 9 reports that will provide statewide coverage of the bedrock surface of Iowa.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/i1609","usgsCitation":"Hansen, R., 1985, Bedrock topography of central Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1609, 2 plates: 25.52 x 42.40 inches and 27.36 x 43.29 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i1609.","productDescription":"2 plates: 25.52 x 42.40 inches and 27.36 x 43.29 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190080,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/i1609.PNG"},{"id":327529,"rank":701,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1609/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":327530,"rank":702,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1609/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":107083,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9856.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"9856"}],"scale":"5000000","country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.449462890625,\n 41.49623534616764\n ],\n [\n -94.449462890625,\n 42.2366518803206\n ],\n [\n -92.2796630859375,\n 42.2366518803206\n ],\n [\n -92.2796630859375,\n 41.49623534616764\n ],\n [\n -94.449462890625,\n 41.49623534616764\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c478","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, R.E.","contributorId":57109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":273967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27486,"text":"wri844131 - 1985 - Ground-water quality in the Santa Rita, Buellton, and Los Olivos hydrologic subareas of the Santa Ynez River basin, Santa Barbara County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri844131","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4131","title":"Ground-water quality in the Santa Rita, Buellton, and Los Olivos hydrologic subareas of the Santa Ynez River basin, Santa Barbara County, California","docAbstract":"Groundwater quality in the upper Santa Ynez River Valley in Santa Barbara County has degraded due to both natural and anthropogenic causes. The semiarid climate and uneven distribution of rainfall has limited freshwater recharge and caused salt buildup in water supplies. Tertiary rocks supply mineralized water. Agricultural activities (irrigation return flow containing fertilizers and pesticides, cultivation, feedlot waste disposal) are a primary cause of water quality degradation. Urban development, which also causes water quality degradation (introduced contaminants, wastewater disposal, septic system discharge, and land fill disposal of waste), has imposed stricter requirements on water supply quality. A well network was designed to monitor changes in groundwater quality related to anthropogenic activities. Information from this network may aid in efficient management of the groundwater basins as public water supplies, centered around three basic goals. First is to increase freshwater recharge to the basins by conjunctive surface/groundwater use and surface-spreading techniques. Second is to optimize groundwater discharge by efficient timing and spacing of pumping. Third is to control and reduce sources of groundwater contamination by regulating wastewater quality and distribution and, preferably, by exporting wastewaters from the basin. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844131","usgsCitation":"Hamlin, S.N., 1985, Ground-water quality in the Santa Rita, Buellton, and Los Olivos hydrologic subareas of the Santa Ynez River basin, Santa Barbara County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4131, v, 75 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844131.","productDescription":"v, 75 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124174,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4131/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56337,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4131/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66721c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamlin, S. N.","contributorId":46560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamlin","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27481,"text":"wri844030 - 1985 - Water resources of Aurora and Jerauld Counties, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:27","indexId":"wri844030","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4030","title":"Water resources of Aurora and Jerauld Counties, South Dakota","docAbstract":"Large quantities of slightly saline ground water are available for future water requirements in Aurora and Jerauld Counties, 1 ,236 square miles of glaciated, till-covered hills and plains in southeastern South Dakota. More than one million acre-feet of ground water is stored in five major glacial aquifers, outwash sand and gravel, beneath 340 square miles. About 58 million acre-feet is stored in bedrock, in the Niobrara marl aquifer, the Codell sandstone aquifer, and the Dakota sandstone aquifer. Recharge of aquifers by infiltration of precipitation totals 31 ,000 acre-feet annually. Effects of increased ground-water withdrawals generally have been small for glacial aquifers and large for some bedrock aquifers. Water levels declined 0.6 to 4 feet in glacial aquifers during 1978-80 within a mile of irrigation wells pumping 300 to 1,000 gallons per minute. In contrast, water levels declined 40 feet near a well pumping 1 ,500 gallons per minute from the Niobrara aquifer because of small artesian storage. Artesian pressure of the Dakota aquifer declined about 200 feet between 1909 and 1979 because of large withdrawals through flowing wells. The availability of surface water is limited because streams are ephemeral and have large flows only during spring of wet years. Most of the lakes are small, semipermanent, and shallow. Most surface water in the study area contains low concentrations of dissolved solids but most of the ground water is very hard and slightly saline. Some ground water has a very high-salinity hazard for irrigation. Water from the Niobrara and Codell aquifers also has a high sodium hazard and high boron concentrations. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844030","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, L., 1985, Water resources of Aurora and Jerauld Counties, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4030, vi, 58 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844030.","productDescription":"vi, 58 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157992,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4030/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56332,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4030/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f089c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, L.J.","contributorId":102917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27918,"text":"wri844254 - 1985 - Hydrology, water quality, and ground-water-development alternatives in the Chipuxet ground-water reservoir, Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:36","indexId":"wri844254","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4254","title":"Hydrology, water quality, and ground-water-development alternatives in the Chipuxet ground-water reservoir, Rhode Island","docAbstract":"A glacial sand and gravel aquifer in the Chipuxet River basin of Rhode Island forms a ground-water reservoir that could yield as much as 8.6 million gallons per day to wells; however, some streams would go dry for extended periods of time. The State Water Resources Board has tested five site that it proposes to develop for a public supply of 3 million gallons per day. A digital model was used to determine how withdrawal at this rate from alternative combinations of wells would affect water levels and streamflow. Results show that withdrawal of 3 million gallons per day would have a minimal effect on water levels, but that withdrawal at this rate from some well combinations could cause the Chipuxet River to have little or no flow for 90 consecutive days on the average of 1 year in 20. Quality of ground water is generally good, but leaching of fertilizers applied to croplands, which overlie much of the aquifer, has caused locally excessive concentrations of nitrate. Induced infiltration of surface water through organic sediments that line the bottoms of ponds and streams also seems to be the cause of elevated concentrations of manganese in water from some heavily pumped wells. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844254","usgsCitation":"Johnston, H., and Dickerman, D., 1985, Hydrology, water quality, and ground-water-development alternatives in the Chipuxet ground-water reservoir, Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4254, xiv, 100 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844254.","productDescription":"xiv, 100 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119798,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4254/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56731,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4254/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56732,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4254/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc704","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, H.E.","contributorId":27070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"H.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickerman, D.C.","contributorId":48601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerman","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":66680,"text":"i1580 - 1985 - Geologic map of Nantucket and nearby islands, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:16","indexId":"i1580","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1580","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Geologic map of Nantucket and nearby islands, Massachusetts","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i1580","usgsCitation":"Oldale, R.N., 1985, Geologic map of Nantucket and nearby islands, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1580, 1 map :col. ;58 x 66 cm., on sheet 86 x 127 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i1580.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;58 x 66 cm., on sheet 86 x 127 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":188648,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":106820,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9330.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"9330"}],"scale":"48000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -70.33333333333333,41.200833333333335 ], [ -70.33333333333333,41.450833333333335 ], [ -69.95083333333334,41.450833333333335 ], [ -69.95083333333334,41.200833333333335 ], [ -70.33333333333333,41.200833333333335 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2ce4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oldale, R. 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These resources include 12 inland lakes that range in size from 6 to 765 acres, 10 small streams that flow to Lake Superior, 40 miles of Lake Superior lakeshore, and aquifers capable of yielding water to wells in most places.
The Jacobsville Sandstone, Munising Sandstone, and glacial deposits are the sources for domestic water supplies. The Jacobsville Sandstone is the principal source of water from Miners Castle to Au Sable Point, the Munising Sandstone is the source of water in the vicinity of Grand Sable Lake, and glacial deposits provide water for Park Headquarters at Sand Point. Specific capacities range from 0.1 to 1 (gal/min)/ft (gallons per minute per foot) of drawdown for the Jacobsville Sandstone and from 1 to 14 (gal/min)/ft for the glacial deposits. Specific capacity for the Munising Sandstone is about 1 (gal/min)/ft of drawdown.
Water from both surface- and ground-water sources generally is suitable for human consumption. Concentrations of dissolved solids range from 43 to 112 mg/L (milligrams per liter) in water from lakes, from 53 to 155 mg/L in water from streams, and from 68 to 313 mg/L in ground water. The amount of suspended-sediment particles in streams is generally less than 17 mg/L.
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The area studied encompasses 85 sq mi, or 68% of the town 's 125-sq mi area. The groundwater reservoir underlying the area consists of unconsolidated gravel, sand, silt, and clay of Holocene, Pleistocene, and Late Cretaceous age that have been divided into eight geologic units. The maximum total thickness of the unconsolidated deposits is about 1,500 ft. Precipitation is the sole source of groundwater recharge in the area. The average annual precipitation, as recorded at Valley Stream during 1927-83, was 42.62 in. The water table altitude in the 1980 's has recovered and equalled or exceeded that before the regional drought of 1962-66. The potentiometric surfaces in the Magothy and Lloyd aquifers are still somewhat below those before the drought but are recovering throughout most of the area. The report presents 10 maps showing the surface altitude of the geologic units as well as the potentiometric altitudes of the three major aquifers. Also included are six geologic sections, four hydrographs, and several graphs presenting the data that was collected. 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