The effects of external exposure of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) eggs to malathion, diazinon, and parathion were examined using formulations and concentrations similar to field applications. Treatment with aqueous emulsion simulated exposure at the rate of 100 gal per acre (153 liters/hectare) with three to six different doses per compound with treatment at 3 and 8 days of embryonic development. Treatment with a nontoxic oil vehicle simulated exposure at the rate of 11 gal per acre (16.8 liters/hectare) with three to six different doses per compound. The order of embryotoxicity on a pounds-per-acre basis was parathion > diazinon > malathion with either vehicle. However, the potential hazard under conditions of up to five times the maximum field level of application was greater for malathion because of the high permissible level of application for malathion on certain crops. Parathion, the most embryotoxic of the three, had the most pronounced effects when an oil vehicle was used, as reflected by an LC50 of about 2 lb of active ingredient per acre, stunted growth, and a high frequency of malformations involving distortion of the axial skeleton, particularly in the cervical region. All three compounds resulted in significant depression of plasma and brain cholinesterase activity, but parathion caused the most depression throughout development, which was still apparent in hatchlings. Treatment with either distilled water or oil vehicle alone did not result in any of these effects seen with organophosphorous insecticides.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0013-9351(81)90222-X","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, D.J., and Eastin, W.C., 1981, Effects of malathion, diazinon, and parathion on mallard embryo development and cholinesterase activity: Environmental Research, v. 26, no. 2, p. 472-485, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-9351(81)90222-X.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"472","endPage":"485","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197701,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68850c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":334426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eastin, W. C. Jr.","contributorId":6147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eastin","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012013,"text":"70012013 - 1981 - Geological considerations in hazardous waste disposal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T23:01:49.439277","indexId":"70012013","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geological considerations in hazardous waste disposal","docAbstract":"Present regulations assume that long-term isolation of hazardous wastes - including toxic chemical, biological, radioactive, flammable and explosive wastes - may be effected by disposal in landfills that have liners of very low hydraulic conductivity. In reality, total isolation of wastes in humid areas is not possible; some migration of leachate from wastes buried in the gound will always occur.
Regulations should provide performance standards applicable on a site-by-site basis rather than rigid criteria for site selection and design. The performance standards should take into account several factors: (1) the categories, segregation, degradation and toxicity of the wastes; (2) the site hydrogeology, which governs the direction and rate of contaminant transport; (3) the attenuation of contaminants by geochemical interactions with geologic materials; and (4) the release rate of unattenuated pollutants to surface or groundwater. An adequate monitoring system is essential. The system should both test the extent to which the operation of the site meets performance standards and provide sufficient warning of pollution problems to allow implementation of remedial measures.
In recent years there has been a trend away from numerous, small disposal sites toward fewer and larger sites. The size of a disposal site should be based on the attenuation capacity of the geologic material, which has a finite, though generally not well-defined, limit. For slowly degradable wastes, engineered sites with leachate-collection systems appear to be only a temporary solution since the leachate collected will also require final disposal.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(81)90168-2","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Cartwright, K., Gilkeson, R.H., and Johnson, T., 1981, Geological considerations in hazardous waste disposal: Journal of Hydrology, v. 54, no. 1-3, p. 357-369, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(81)90168-2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"369","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222235,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a225de4b0c8380cd56f97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cartwright, K.","contributorId":50292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cartwright","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilkeson, R. H.","contributorId":17764,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gilkeson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, T.M.","contributorId":22332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011838,"text":"70011838 - 1981 - Stability of a very coarse-grained beach at Carmel, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-11T15:56:05.324441","indexId":"70011838","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stability of a very coarse-grained beach at Carmel, California","docAbstract":"Monastery Beach at Carmel, California, is a pocket beach composed of very coarse to granular sediment. In profile, the beach has a well-defined berm crest; a steep foreshore; and a gently sloping, barless offshore covered by large, long-crested oscillation ripples. Carmel Submarine Canyon heads a few hundred meters offshore of the beach, and San Jose Creek, a small ephemeral steam, ponds onshore of the central part of the berm. Wave conditions vary greatly during a year because the beach lies open to the Pacific Ocean for azimuths between 270°–322°N whence come a variety of wave types. Even with a variable wave climate, Monastery Beach has maintained a swell profile for almost three years.
Aperiodic beach surveys show that the beach responds little to seasonal changes in wave climate. Four survey lines maintained the same swell profile throughout the study period. The fifth line maintained a stable profile only across the foreshore; the berm was twice artificially breached during storms to prevent upstream flooding along San Jose Creek. In comparison, Carmel Beach, a nearby beach composed of medium sand, commonly alternates between swell and storm profiles. The increased stability of Monastery Beach relative to Carmel Beach is attributed to two factors: grain size differences and location within Carmel Bay.
Rebuilding proceeded very slowly along the breached part of the berm at Monastery Beach. The probable cause of such a low recovery rate is that oscillation ripples trapped the sand that was carried offshore when San Jose Creek eroded the beach. The ripples, which are active under high-energy conditions, approach dormancy under low-energy conditions. Each ripple, therefore, acts like a reservoir, retaining sand during most swell conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(81)90052-9","usgsCitation":"Dingler, J.R., 1981, Stability of a very coarse-grained beach at Carmel, California: Marine Geology, v. 44, no. 3-4, p. 241-252, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90052-9.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"252","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221547,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Carmel","otherGeospatial":"Monastery Beach","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.94443240212922,\n 36.541879473130166\n ],\n [\n -121.94443240212922,\n 36.51670683852693\n ],\n [\n -121.92193224345613,\n 36.51670683852693\n ],\n [\n -121.92193224345613,\n 36.541879473130166\n ],\n [\n -121.94443240212922,\n 36.541879473130166\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"44","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b964ee4b08c986b31b420","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dingler, John R.","contributorId":55795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dingler","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011941,"text":"70011941 - 1981 - Patterns of groundwater salinity changes in a deep continental-oceanic transect off the southeastern Atlantic coast of the U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T23:08:29.015147","indexId":"70011941","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of groundwater salinity changes in a deep continental-oceanic transect off the southeastern Atlantic coast of the U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Investigations of formation-fluid salinities in a transect from western Georgia to the edge of the Blake Plateau off the coast of Georgia show surprisingly similar hydrochemical features offshore and onshore. A fresh-brackish wedge of groundwater (<25 g/kg total dissolved solids) lies beneath the shelf to a depth of ∼ 900 m. On land, brackish waters extend to a maximum depth of ∼ 1.2 km below sea level in Lowndes County, Georgia. In deeper horizons, hypersaline brines (> 100 g/kg) occur in Lower Cretaceous (?) strata. These strata have a pronounced evaporitic (anhydritic) character in the offshore segment. Strong salinity gradients in interstitial waters signify buried evaporite deposits at drill sites beneath the Blake Plateau.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(81)90154-2","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F., and Paull, C.K., 1981, Patterns of groundwater salinity changes in a deep continental-oceanic transect off the southeastern Atlantic coast of the U.S.A.: Journal of Hydrology, v. 54, no. 1-3, p. 95-105, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(81)90154-2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"105","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221140,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"southeastern Atlantic coast of the U.S.A.","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.96091688004468,\n 33.8070332900253\n ],\n [\n -81.47050643744609,\n 33.8070332900253\n ],\n [\n -81.47050643744609,\n 29.204934495587977\n ],\n [\n -78.96091688004468,\n 29.204934495587977\n ],\n [\n -78.96091688004468,\n 33.8070332900253\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"54","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75d3e4b0c8380cd77d78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paull, C. K.","contributorId":86845,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paull","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007492,"text":"1007492 - 1981 - Post-fire succession of the herbaceous flora in southern California chaparral","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T17:40:35.067558","indexId":"1007492","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Post-fire succession of the herbaceous flora in southern California chaparral","docAbstract":"Postfire succesion of the temporary herbaceous and suffrutescent cover was studied after chaparral fires in San Diego County, California, USA. Four categories of species make up the temporary cover. (1) \"Generalized herbaceous perennials\" are present before and after fire. Populations of these herbs are sparse under the shrub canopy. They resprout after fire from bulbs or other underground parts and postfire populations are sparse. (2) \"Generalized annuals\" are present in openings before fire but produce their peak population size in the first few years after fire. (3) Specialized \"fire—annuals\" are more or less restricted to the 1st postfire yr. (4) Specialized \"fire—perennials\" (subshrubs) are uncommon before fire, establish from seed in the 1st postfire yr and reach maximum cover in the 3rd and 4th yr. Community—level changes in cover and diversity are interpreted in light of differences in population dynamics of the four groups. Specis richness was highest in the 1st yr after fire because this was the only time all four groups were present together. Throughout succession herbaceous species richness was positively related to herb cover, negatively related to elevation and unrelated to slope aspect. The number of annual species fluctuated greatly through succession at all sites, but the number of herbaceous perennials did not. Herb cover fluctuated markedly from year to year and was positively related to amount of annual precipitation and negatively related to subshrub or \"fire—perennial\" cover. Artificial seeding with annual rye grass Lolium multiflorum had not apparent effect on total herb cover since sites with poor Lolium establishment had as high or higher herb cover as sites with high Lolium establishment. Lolium success was at the expense of the native cover and this negative effect was greatest on the \"fire annuals.\"
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1941516","usgsCitation":"Keeley, S.C., Keeley, J.E., Hutchinson, S.M., and Johnson, A.W., 1981, Post-fire succession of the herbaceous flora in southern California chaparral: Ecology, v. 62, p. 1608-1621, https://doi.org/10.2307/1941516.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1608","endPage":"1621","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129883,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683ad7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Sterling C.","contributorId":112968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Sterling","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":315465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hutchinson, S. M.","contributorId":102834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, A. W.","contributorId":40554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70231494,"text":"70231494 - 1981 - Image enhancement through film recorder response contouring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-11T16:13:31.090409","indexId":"70231494","displayToPublicDate":"1981-11-06T11:05:43","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Image enhancement through film recorder response contouring","docAbstract":"In contrast to the traditional recording from high-altitude aircraft of Earth images directly onto film in their inherently continuous analog form, a Landsat Earth resources satellite samples the ground image brightness and records it on a digital, electronic medium. Although digitization incurs several extra steps in the reproduction of the imagery, it permits manipulation or enhancement of the data for special uses. For instance, image data enhancement techniques can be applied to partially restore contrast lost because of atmospheric luminance and scatter. More significantly, the digital-to-analog transfer function of the film recorder can be modified to simulate certain characteristics of other film types. Manipulation of a film's apparent gamma, relative speed, and linear-response region is easily accomplished by mapping the input data to a new distribution in real time using a hardware-implemented lookup table. To accomplish the desired photographic results, however, full cooperation and communication between photographic, electronic, and computer technologists is essential.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings Volume 0278, Electro-Optical Instrumentation for Resources Evaluation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"1981 Technical Symposium East","conferenceDate":"November 6, 1981","conferenceLocation":"Washington, D. C., United States","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers","doi":"10.1117/12.931938","usgsCitation":"Boyd, J.E., 1981, Image enhancement through film recorder response contouring, in Proceedings Volume 0278, Electro-Optical Instrumentation for Resources Evaluation, v. 278, Washington, D. C., United States, November 6, 1981, p. 157-166, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.931938.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"166","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400512,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"278","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyd, John E.","contributorId":138984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":842782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011953,"text":"70011953 - 1981 - Estimation of the geochemical threshold and its statistical significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-09T15:35:39.734045","indexId":"70011953","displayToPublicDate":"1981-11-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of the geochemical threshold and its statistical significance","docAbstract":"A statistic is proposed for estimating the geochemical threshold and its statistical significance, or it may be used to identify a group of extreme values that can be tested for significance by other means. The statistic is the maximum gap between adjacent values in an ordered array after each gap has been adjusted for the expected frequency. The values in the ordered array are geochemical values transformed by either ln(χ - α) or ln(α - χ) and then standardized so that the mean is zero and the variance is unity. The expected frequency is taken from a fitted normal curve with unit area. The midpoint of an adjusted gap that exceeds the corresponding critical value may be taken as an estimate of the geochemical threshold, and the associated probability indicates the likelihood that the threshold separates two geochemical populations.
The adjusted gap test may fail to identify threshold values if the variation tends to be continuous from background values to the higher values that reflect mineralized ground. However, the test will serve to identify other anomalies that may be too subtle to have been noted by other means.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(81)90125-4","usgsCitation":"Miesch, A., 1981, Estimation of the geochemical threshold and its statistical significance: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 16, no. 1, p. 49-76, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(81)90125-4.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"76","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221267,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bb7e4b0c8380cd52843","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miesch, A.T.","contributorId":88726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miesch","given":"A.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221694,"text":"5221694 - 1981 - Effects of petroleum on adrenocortical activity and on hepatic naphthalene-metabolizing activity in mallard ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-12T17:50:39.371407","indexId":"5221694","displayToPublicDate":"1981-11-01T12:19:12","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of petroleum on adrenocortical activity and on hepatic naphthalene-metabolizing activity in mallard ducks","docAbstract":"Unstressed mallard ducks (Anas platyrhychos), given uncontaminated food and maintained on a short photoperiod, show two daily maxima in plasma corticosterone concentration ([B]); one occurring early in the light phase and a second just before the onset of darkness. After one week of exposure to food containing 3% (v/w) South Louisiana crude oil, plasma [B] were significantly lowered throughout the day. Similar abrupt declines in plasma [B] also occurred during the first 10 days of exposure to food containing 1% and 0.5% crude oil. Although the plasma [B] in birds consuming food contaminated with 0.5% crude oil increased between 10 and 50 days of exposure, the concentration after 50 days was still lower than normal. During the same interval, normal plasma [B] were restored in birds consuming food containing 1% and 3% crude oil. Significant increases occurred in the naphthalene-metabolizing properties of hepatic microsomes prepared from birds acutely exposed to all levels of petroleum-contaminated food and elevated levels were sustained throughout the first 50 days of exposure. Birds given food containing 3% crude oil for more than 50 days, however, showed steady declines in hepatic naphthalene-metabolizing activity. After 500 days, the activity was similar to that found in contemporaneous controls. During the same interval, the plasma [B] increased until the levels were higher than normal after 500 days of exposure; at this time, an inverse relationship, similar to that seen during the first week of exposure to contaminated food, was once more established between plasma [B] and the concomitant hepatic naphthalene-metabolizing activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01054860","usgsCitation":"Gorsline, J., and Holmes, W.N., 1981, Effects of petroleum on adrenocortical activity and on hepatic naphthalene-metabolizing activity in mallard ducks: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 10, no. 6, p. 765-777, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01054860.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"765","endPage":"777","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193348,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611a8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gorsline, J.","contributorId":30307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorsline","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holmes, W. N.","contributorId":70497,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holmes","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221720,"text":"5221720 - 1981 - Effects of dietary nickel on survival and growth of mallard ducklings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-12T17:53:00.899442","indexId":"5221720","displayToPublicDate":"1981-11-01T12:18:57","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of dietary nickel on survival and growth of mallard ducklings","docAbstract":"Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings were fed nickel sulphate in their diet from day one to 90 days of age. Ducklings fed 1,200 ppm nickel began to tremor and show signs of paresis after 14 days of dosage (age) and 71% of this group died within 60 days of age. Birds fed 1,200 ppm nickel weighed significantly less (P<0.05) at 28 days of age than birds fed the other diets. Weights of ducklings fed untreated food or dietary dosages of 200 and 800 ppm nickel diets were not significantly different (P>0.05). The weight/length ratio of the humerus (an expression of bone density) from the 800 ppm diet females was significantly lower (P<0.05) than the control fed females at 30 and 60 days and for all ducklings fed 1,200 ppm at 30 days of age. The organ-weight/body-weight ratios for heart, liver, and gizzard did not differ from controls or between any dosage group. Liver nickel residues from ducklings that died during this study ranged between 1.0 to 22.7 ppm and kidney residues ranged between 2.7 to 74.4 ppm. Liver and kidney tissues from all ducklings that survived to 90 days of age contained less than 1.0 ppm nickel.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01054857","usgsCitation":"Cain, B.W., and Pafford, E.A., 1981, Effects of dietary nickel on survival and growth of mallard ducklings: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 10, no. 6, p. 737-745, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01054857.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"737","endPage":"745","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196605,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db615c46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cain, B. W.","contributorId":89989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pafford, E. A.","contributorId":8575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pafford","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014117,"text":"1014117 - 1981 - Forage species in lakes and reservoirs of the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-13T16:49:32.361868","indexId":"1014117","displayToPublicDate":"1981-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Forage species in lakes and reservoirs of the western United States","docAbstract":"Fisheries management in the western United States has concentrated on salmonid species, particularly in streams. Forage‐fish management in lakes and reservoirs is not highly developed, and has emphasized introductions of both predators and prey. In coldwater lakes, kokanees Oncorhynchus nerka have been established widely as the principal forage for salmonids and often support a sport fishery themselves. Introductions of other forage organisms in coldwater lakes and reservoirs, notably the opossum shrimp Mysis relicta and redside shiner Richardsonius balteatus have had mixed results due in part to food competition with resident species. A variety of exotic predator and prey species have been introduced in coolwater and warmwater reservoirs. Results have varied greatly, and include establishment of successful sport fisheries, elimination of native fishes, failure of introduced predators or prey, and predation on stocked salmonids. Native forage species generally have been overlooked by management, although there appears to be a large potential for their utilization, particularly with coadapted salmonid species. Better screening procedures for exotic introductions and a concerted investigation of the ecological requirements of both native and introduced predator‐prey combinations are required for intelligent management of western lakes and reservoirs.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1981)110<764:FSILAR>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wydoski, R., and Bennett, D., 1981, Forage species in lakes and reservoirs of the western United States: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 110, no. 6, p. 764-771, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1981)110<764:FSILAR>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"764","endPage":"771","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197216,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"western United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -126.30851569911607,\n 48.63152387984084\n ],\n [\n -124.67192079351842,\n 37.64282125530835\n ],\n [\n -117.73884946664256,\n 32.346776696716574\n ],\n [\n -115.34957175705216,\n 32.63263099047758\n ],\n [\n -110.72313418282125,\n 31.212362848582863\n ],\n [\n -102.32790961560943,\n 31.211888190722263\n ],\n [\n -102.38910022964737,\n 49.21639493024074\n ],\n [\n -126.30851569911607,\n 48.63152387984084\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"110","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de4cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wydoski, R.S.","contributorId":103340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wydoski","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, D.H.","contributorId":28698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186168,"text":"70186168 - 1981 - Role of numerical simulation in analysis of ground-water quality problems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-25T20:00:11.444584","indexId":"70186168","displayToPublicDate":"1981-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of numerical simulation in analysis of ground-water quality problems","docAbstract":"The increasing public awareness and concern about the hazards of toxic chemicals contaminating aquifers has created an increased need for predictive capabilities to analyze ground-water contamination problems. Several digital models to simulate the movement and concentration of ground-water contaminants have been documented recently. Most simulate the transport and dispersion of a nonreactive solute, but some include mathematically simple reaction terms to represent decay and sorption processes. For applications to field problems, these solute-transport models impose data requirements that, in general, exceed our practical capabilities to accurately describe the field properties and stresses of the hydraulic and chemical systems. Thus, interpretations based on model analyses must recognize the significance of uncertainties in input data. Models of ground-water systems should be regarded as just one tool among many that can be used in the analysis of a ground-water quality problem. Numerical simulation can help the analyst integrate available data, evaluate conceptual models, test hypotheses pertaining to flow and quality changes, and predict system responses to alternative stresses. The models do not replace field data, but they do offer a feedback mechanism that can help to guide the design of a more effective and more efficient data-collection program.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0048-9697(81)90163-7","usgsCitation":"Konikow, L.F., 1981, Role of numerical simulation in analysis of ground-water quality problems: Science of the Total Environment, v. 21, p. 299-312, https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(81)90163-7.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"312","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338831,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58de1955e4b02ff32c699ce1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185632,"text":"70185632 - 1981 - Subsurface injection of liquid waste in Florida, United States of America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T10:02:17","indexId":"70185632","displayToPublicDate":"1981-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsurface injection of liquid waste in Florida, United States of America","docAbstract":"In 1979, liquid waste was injected into the subsurface of Florida by 10 injection systems at an aggregate average rate of 165,000 m3/d. All the systems inject into carbonate rocks that contain salty water. Extensive precautions are taken in the construction of the injection wells and in the monitoring of their operation to provide assurance that overlying and laterally contiguous freshwater resources do not become contaminated with either the injected waste or the saltwater displaced by the waste. Several concerns relating to the effectiveness of the confining bed above the injection zone for containing the injected wastes have arisen over the years. These concerns accentuate the value of a well-planned and implemented monitoring program from which one can evaluate the potential impact of waste injection on the subsurface environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0048-9697(81)90146-7","usgsCitation":"Vecchioli, J., 1981, Subsurface injection of liquid waste in Florida, United States of America: Science of Total Environment, v. 21, p. 127-136, https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(81)90146-7.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"127","endPage":"136","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338333,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.62695312499999,\n 30.524413269923986\n ],\n [\n -83.935546875,\n 29.84064389983441\n ],\n [\n -82.353515625,\n 26.588527147308614\n ],\n [\n -80.68359375,\n 25.403584973186703\n ],\n [\n -79.716796875,\n 26.980828590472107\n ],\n [\n -81.03515625,\n 29.916852233070173\n ],\n [\n -81.298828125,\n 30.826780904779774\n ],\n [\n -87.62695312499999,\n 31.203404950917395\n ],\n [\n -87.62695312499999,\n 30.524413269923986\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d63042e4b05ec799131129","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vecchioli, John","contributorId":36113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchioli","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70113032,"text":"70113032 - 1981 - The role of change data in a land use and land cover map updating program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-18T17:00:29","indexId":"70113032","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-18T16:52:17","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3021,"text":"Pecora VII Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of change data in a land use and land cover map updating program","docAbstract":"An assessment of current land use and a process for identifying and measuring change are needed to evaluate trends and problems associated with the use of our Nation's land resources. The U. S. Geological Survey is designing a program to maintain the currency of its land use and land cover maps and digital data base and to provide data on changes in our Nation's land use and land cover. Ways to produce and use change data in a map updating program are being evaluated. A dual role for change data is suggested. For users whose applications require specific polygon data on land use change, showing the locations of all individual category changes and detailed statistical data on these changes can be provided as byproducts of the map-revision process. Such products can be produced quickly and inexpensively either by conventional mapmaking methods or as specialized output from a computerized geographic information system. Secondly, spatial data on land use change are used directly for updating existing maps and statistical data. By incorporating only selected change data, maps and digital data can be updated in an efficient and timely manner without the need for complete and costly detailed remapping and redigitization of polygon data.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora VII Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Milazzo, V.A., 1981, The role of change data in a land use and land cover map updating program: Pecora VII Symposium, p. 189-200.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"200","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288845,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7870e4b0abf75cf2d4f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milazzo, Valerie A.","contributorId":88717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milazzo","given":"Valerie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70113017,"text":"70113017 - 1981 - Digital elevation data as an aid to land use and land cover classification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-21T11:26:01","indexId":"70113017","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-18T16:25:25","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3021,"text":"Pecora VII Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Digital elevation data as an aid to land use and land cover classification","docAbstract":"Elevation data is generally associated with topographic maps and expressed by contours and spot elevations. However, elevation data is also essential to the proper classification of land use and land cover by remote sensing techniques. Absolute elevation governs various types of vegetative growth as does the degree and direction of slope. However, the effect of terrain aspect (slope and direction) on reflectance is of even greater significance. The angular relationship of a surface to the sun can significantly effect the radiometric response. For flat areas this effect is contract but she slopes are involved they must be considered if automated classification is to be applied. To overcome the terrain aspect effect, rating of multi-spectral responses is used in an attempt to eliminate the terrain aspect. However, this is only partially effective and when the terrain aspect controls group cover it is of little or no value.
\n\n
The proper solution to the aspect problem is to obtain and utilize suitable digital elevation data in conjunction with remote sensor response. The relationship of the aspect to the response can be developed by theory of empirical test and when properly applied can neutralize the aspect response. Then the classification of land use and land cover can proceed without the unwanted radiometric anomalies of terrain aspect.
\n\n
In relatively well mapped areas such as the United States and Europe, digital data can be developed from topographic maps or from the stereo aerial photographic movie. For poorer mapped areas (which involved most of the world's land areas), a satellite designed to obtain stereo data offers the best hope for a digital elevation database. Such a satellite, known as Mapsat, has been defined by the U.S. Geological Survey. Utilizing modern solid state technology, there is no reason why such stereo data cannot be acquired simultaneously with the multispectral response, thus simplifying the overall problem of land use and land cover classification.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora VII Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Colvocoresses, A.P., 1981, Digital elevation data as an aid to land use and land cover classification: Pecora VII Symposium, p. 92-93.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"92","endPage":"93","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288844,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7683e4b0abf75cf2bf7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colvocoresses, Alden P.","contributorId":72779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvocoresses","given":"Alden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":569150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70113016,"text":"70113016 - 1981 - Classification systems for natural resource management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-18T16:24:03","indexId":"70113016","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-18T16:17:37","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3021,"text":"Pecora VII Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Classification systems for natural resource management","docAbstract":"Resource managers employ various types of resource classification systems in their management activities such as inventory, mapping, and data analysis. Classification is the ordering or arranging of objects into groups or sets on the basis of their relationships, and as such, provide the resource managers with a structure for organizing their needed information. In addition of conforming to certain logical principles, resource classifications should be flexible, widely applicable to a variety of environmental conditions, and useable with minimal training. The process of classification may be approached from the bottom up (aggregation) or the top down (subdivision) or a combination of both, depending on the purpose of the classification. Most resource classification systems in use today focus on a single resource and are used for a single, limited purpose. However, resource managers now must employ the concept of multiple use in their management activities. What they need is an integrated, ecologically based approach to resource classification which would fulfill multiple-use mandates. In an effort to achieve resource-data compatibility and data sharing among Federal agencies, and interagency agreement has been signed by five Federal agencies to coordinate and cooperate in the area of resource classification and inventory.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora VII Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Kleckner, R.L., 1981, Classification systems for natural resource management: Pecora VII Symposium, p. 65-70.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"70","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288843,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7655e4b0abf75cf2bf2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kleckner, Richard L.","contributorId":98881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleckner","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70112989,"text":"70112989 - 1981 - Some thoughts on cartographic and geographic information systems for the 1980's","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-18T16:15:53","indexId":"70112989","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-18T16:00:19","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3021,"text":"Pecora VII Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some thoughts on cartographic and geographic information systems for the 1980's","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey is adopting computer techniques to meet the expanding need for cartographic base category data. Digital methods are becoming increasingly important in the mapmaking process, and the demand is growing for physical, social, and economic data. Recognizing these emerging needs, the National Mapping Division began, several years ago, an active program to develop advanced digital methods to support cartographic and geographic data processing. An integrated digital cartographic database would meet the anticipated needs. Such a database would contain data from various sources, and could provide a variety of standard and customized map and digital data file products. This cartographic database soon will be technologically feasible. The present trends in the economics of cartographic and geographic data handling and the growing needs for integrated physical, social, and economic data make such a database virtually mandatory.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora VII Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Starr, L., and Anderson, K.E., 1981, Some thoughts on cartographic and geographic information systems for the 1980's: Pecora VII Symposium, p. 41-55.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288842,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae782fe4b0abf75cf2cd24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Starr, L.E.","contributorId":79231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starr","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Kirk E.","contributorId":7750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Kirk","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70113227,"text":"70113227 - 1981 - A comparative study of linear and nonlinear edge finding techniques for Landsat multispectral data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-19T09:25:17","indexId":"70113227","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-18T09:20:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3021,"text":"Pecora VII Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparative study of linear and nonlinear edge finding techniques for Landsat multispectral data","docAbstract":"Several numerical methods were computerize in order to evaluate edge finding techniques for accuracy, versatility and computer time and cost. The study was preformed primarily to select edge detection operators which will be used to do spatial correlation between images for image registration of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) scenes. These method are also used to enhance and discriminate certain types of boundaries; such boundaries or edges are related to geologic structure, topographic relief, albedo and color changes. Application of these techniques has an aid in geologic and geographic remote sensing is evaluated. Landsat scenes of Washington, D.C. and Death Valley were chosen to test the applicability of techniques both in arid desert and vegetation--water--urban cases.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora VII Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Shaw, R., Sowers, L., and Sanchez, E., 1981, A comparative study of linear and nonlinear edge finding techniques for Landsat multispectral data: Pecora VII Symposium, p. 529-542.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"529","endPage":"542","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":195,"text":"Computer Center Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288882,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7610e4b0abf75cf2be69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaw, Robert","contributorId":50020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sowers, Lynda","contributorId":6298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sowers","given":"Lynda","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sanchez, Ellen","contributorId":60058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez","given":"Ellen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70113223,"text":"70113223 - 1981 - The role of remotely sensed and other spatial data for predictive modeling: the Umatilla, Oregon example","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:58:01","indexId":"70113223","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-18T08:58:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3021,"text":"Pecora VII Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of remotely sensed and other spatial data for predictive modeling: the Umatilla, Oregon example","docAbstract":"The U. S. Geological Survey's Earth Resources Observations Systems Data Center, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District, developed and tested techniques that used remotely sensed and other spatial data in predictive models to evaluate irrigation agriculture in the Umatilla River Basin of north-central Oregon. Landsat data and 1:24,000-scale aerial photographs were initially used to map he expansion of irrigate from 1973 to 1979 and to identify crops under irrigation in 1979. The crop data were then used with historical water requirement figures and digital topographic and hydrographic data to estimate water and power use for the 1979 irrigation season. The final project task involved production of a composite map of land suitability for irrigation development based on land cover (from Landsat), land-ownership, soil irrigability, slope gradient, and potential energy costs.
\nThe methods and data used in the study demonstrated the flexibility of remotely sensed and other spatial data as input for predictive models. When combined, they provided useful answers to complex questions facing resource managers.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora VII Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Loveland, T., and Johnson, G., 1981, The role of remotely sensed and other spatial data for predictive modeling: the Umatilla, Oregon example: Pecora VII Symposium, p. 442-454.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"442","endPage":"454","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288881,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","city":"Umatilla","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.368996,45.877651 ], [ -119.368996,45.929286 ], [ -119.227729,45.929286 ], [ -119.227729,45.877651 ], [ -119.368996,45.877651 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7870e4b0abf75cf2d507","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":3005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":494998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Gary E.","contributorId":65007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gary E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70113222,"text":"70113222 - 1981 - The development and application of a county-level geographic database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-12T15:02:42.041751","indexId":"70113222","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-18T08:52:36","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The development and application of a county-level geographic database","docAbstract":"The purpose of this paper us to describe the collection of land use data by remote sensing techniques, the incorporation of land use, soils and slope data into a geographic database, and an application of geographic database techniques to a county planning problem. Land use data were successfully interpreted from aerial photographs and incorporated in a geographic database along with digital slope and soils data. All data were registered to a common map base and rasterized to 50- by 50-meter grid cells. Data combination procedures were applied to the database to produce an image depicting areas of relative suitability for dwelling unit construction. This image can be used for planning future urban development. However, the limitations of this suitability image, which have been introduced through data resolution, data combination techniques, and subjectively made decisions, must be considered by data users.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote sensing — An input to geographic information systems in the 1980's, William T. Pecora Memorial Symposium on Remote Sensing, 7th","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"7th William T. Pecora Memorial Symposium on Remote Sensing","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Sturdevant, J.A., 1981, The development and application of a county-level geographic database, in Remote sensing — An input to geographic information systems in the 1980's, William T. Pecora Memorial Symposium on Remote Sensing, 7th, p. 383-392.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"383","endPage":"392","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288880,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7866e4b0abf75cf2d42a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sturdevant, James A.","contributorId":67563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sturdevant","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70113221,"text":"70113221 - 1981 - From ecological test site to geographic information system: lessons for the 1980's","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-19T08:51:40","indexId":"70113221","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-18T08:47:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3021,"text":"Pecora VII Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"From ecological test site to geographic information system: lessons for the 1980's","docAbstract":"Geographic information systems were common elements in two kinds of interdisciplinary regional demonstration projects in the 1970's. Ecological test sits attempted to provide for more efficient remote-sensing data delivery for regional environmental management. Regional environmental systems analysis attempted to formally describe and model the interacting regional social and environmental processes, including the resource-use decision making process. Lessons for the 1980's are drawn from recent evaluations and assessments of these programs, focusing on cost, rates of system development and technology transfer, program coordination, integrative analysis capability, and the involvement of system users and decision makers.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora VII Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Alexander, R.H., 1981, From ecological test site to geographic information system: lessons for the 1980's: Pecora VII Symposium, p. 359-365.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"359","endPage":"365","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288879,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae76cfe4b0abf75cf2c028","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alexander, Robert H.","contributorId":53807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70113218,"text":"70113218 - 1981 - Compressing interpreted satellite imagery for geographic information systems applications over extensive regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-21T11:34:28","indexId":"70113218","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-18T08:39:32","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3021,"text":"Pecora VII Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compressing interpreted satellite imagery for geographic information systems applications over extensive regions","docAbstract":"Image processing systems (IPS) and techniques effectively transform satellite imagery into data for input into a spatial database. Geographic information systems (GIS), consisting of graphic input and spatial database management subsystems, are capable of processing digital map and map overlay data to build and manipulate a spatial database. These systems can be successfully integrated to create a successful spatial data handling capability provided certain obstacle are understood and overcome.
\n\n
One of the obstacles faced by all spatial data handling activities involving the extensive regions is the tremendous volume of areal data. Raster formats for representing areal data provide a means of easily integrating IPS and GIS. A compressed raster format has been developed for handling map/image data which greatly reduce the volume of spatial data. By using compressed data strings as basic spatial entities for areal data sets, many complex data processing operations can be simplified.
\n\n
A second set of related problems deals with how this format and other representations of spatial entities, such as vector formats for point and line features, can be interrelated for manipulation, retrieval, and analysis by a spatial database management subsystem. Methods have been developed for interrelating areal data sets in the raster format with point and line data in a vector format and these are described.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora VII Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Miller, S.W., 1981, Compressing interpreted satellite imagery for geographic information systems applications over extensive regions: Pecora VII Symposium, p. 341-358.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"341","endPage":"358","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288878,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae765de4b0abf75cf2bf44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Stephan W.","contributorId":146852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Stephan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":569154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70120241,"text":"70120241 - 1981 - Bobwhite population responses to exploitation: two problems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-13T12:52:43","indexId":"70120241","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-01T12:49:26","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bobwhite population responses to exploitation: two problems","docAbstract":"Recently, Roseberry (1979) attempted to (1) clarify the theoretical basis for harvesting bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), (2) assess the impact of varying intensities of harvest on standing densities and long-term yields, and (3) define a harvest strategy appropriate for the bobwhite resource in Illinois. That paper, based on 24 years of field data, unfortunately contains 2 methodological or conceptual errors that are fundamental to the three objectives. Both errors are subtle, and as other have made the same or similar errors in analysis, we identify the problems in a way we hope will be taken constructively.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.2307/3808129","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D.R., and Burnham, K.P., 1981, Bobwhite population responses to exploitation: two problems: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 45, no. 4, p. 1052-1054, https://doi.org/10.2307/3808129.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1052","endPage":"1054","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292085,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292084,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3808129"}],"volume":"45","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ec7bc7e4b02bf5a7673ff8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, David R.","contributorId":92722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burnham, Kenneth P.","contributorId":95025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":189,"text":"Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70203625,"text":"70203625 - 1981 - The freshwater‐inflow‐to‐estuaries issue","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T09:49:57","indexId":"70203625","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-01T09:49:30","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1657,"text":"Fisheries","onlineIssn":"1548-8446","printIssn":"0363-2415","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The freshwater‐inflow‐to‐estuaries issue","docAbstract":"Over 55% of the United States commercial fish and shellfish catch is dependent upon estuaries for spawning and nursery functions, but estuaries cannot function ecologically without an adequate supply, seasonal inflow, and quality of freshwater from inland rivers. Such inland river development projects as constructing reservoirs, leveeing rivers, dredging navigation channels, and diverting water for agriculture, cities, and industry have drastically changed freshwater inflows to many estuaries on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and the Gulf of Mexico. The problems on the Atlantic coast are primarily reduced water quality and increased rate of runoff although reductions in quantity appear to be developing. On the Gulf of Mexico decreases in freshwater inflow quantity have reduced estuarine production on the Florida and Texas coasts. On the highly productive Mississippi Delta, levee and navigation channel construction has diverted river inflow to the Gulf of Mexico rather than allowing overflow to the estuarine habitats; this has resulted in saltwater intrusion and marsh erosion. On the Pacific coast, inflow to the San Francisco Bay complex has been reduced by over 50%, resulting in drastic estuarine changes. Studies on freshwater inflow are underway in Chesapeake Bay, Louisiana, Texas, and the San Francisco Bay complex.
The freshwater‐inflow‐to‐estuary problem can be addressed by (1) considering the ecological effects of proposed inland water projects on estuarine production and communities; (2) developing nationwide criteria for evaluating the freshwater needs of estuaries; (3) refining methods for defining the economic and noneconomic benefit of freshwater inflow to estuaries; and (4) using existing laws and directives more effectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8446(1981)006<0008:TFI>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Benson, N.G., 1981, The freshwater‐inflow‐to‐estuaries issue: Fisheries, v. 6, no. 5, p. 8-10, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(1981)006<0008:TFI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"8","endPage":"10","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":364175,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, Norman Gustaf","contributorId":91915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"Gustaf","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1417,"text":"1417 - 1981 - Development and application of a knowledge-based expert system for uranium resource evaluation: final report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-10T08:55:14","indexId":"1417","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-01T08:53:32","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Development and application of a knowledge-based expert system for uranium resource evaluation: final report","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"SRI Project 2225","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/1417","usgsCitation":"Gaschnig, J.G., Reboh, R., and Reiter, J., 1981, Development and application of a knowledge-based expert system for uranium resource evaluation: final report, vii, 163 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/1417.","productDescription":"vii, 163 p.","numberOfPages":"170","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289699,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53bfb5f4e4b06d97a6487d07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaschnig, John G.","contributorId":11122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaschnig","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reboh, Rene","contributorId":81018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reboh","given":"Rene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reiter, John","contributorId":34826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiter","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1007521,"text":"1007521 - 1981 - Seawater consumption and water flux in the common dolphin Delphinus delphis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-23T16:35:31.316095","indexId":"1007521","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":17824,"text":"Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seawater consumption and water flux in the common dolphin Delphinus delphis","docAbstract":"Two captive female common dolphins (59 kg and 55 kg) were given intravenous injections of tritiated water (HTO) and sodium-22 (Na-22) after the first day of a 5-day fast. Blood samples were collected each of the next 4 days. Total body water was 37% of total body weight, and the mean rate of water turnover was 77 ml∙kg⁻¹day⁻¹. This low value for total body water of a mammal is due to the high blubber content of the body. Exchangeable sodium levels were 37 and 40 meq∙kg⁻¹, with turnover rate of 6 meq∙kg⁻¹ day⁻¹. Skin was shown to be impermeable to sodium, so the only sodium source for these animals was seawater. Seawater drunk at a rate of 12 and 13 ml∙ kg⁻¹day⁻¹ accounted for the observed sodium turnover and about 1/6 of the total water turnover. Estimated water turnover from food and seawater consumption is the same as total water turnover predicted for terrestrial mammals of the same weight. However, the low body water content of these dolphins indicates that they have a high fractional rate of water turnover. Most of the body water turnover is due to the permeability of the skin. The rapid fractional water turnover, seawater consumption, and dilute urine indicate that conservation is not a major aspect of the fasting dolphin's water budget. Feeding dolphins, however, may benefit from the urinary osmotic space that seawater provides for the urea produced by protein catabolism.
","language":"English","publisher":"The University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/physzool.54.4.30155836","usgsCitation":"Hui, C.A., 1981, Seawater consumption and water flux in the common dolphin Delphinus delphis: Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology, v. 54, no. 4, p. 430-440, https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.54.4.30155836.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"430","endPage":"440","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131476,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc2b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hui, Clifford A.","contributorId":68252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hui","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}