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The intense synchrotron radiation produced at electron storage rings provides a new source of X-rays highly suited to iodine K-edge digital subtraction angiography. The high intensity and small angular divergence permit the radiation to be monochromatized by Bragg diffraction and made available in beams of small vertical size, of arbitrary horizontal width, and of tunable energy. The use of such beams provides maximum sensitivity to intra-arterial iodine and virtually eliminates image contrast due to non-vascular body structures. The sensitivity of this method to iodine offers the prospect of visualizing arteries by peripheral venous injection.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings Volume 0314, Digital Radiography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Conference on Digital Radiography","conferenceDate":"September 14-16, 1981","conferenceLocation":"Palo Alto, California","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Photographic Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)","publisherLocation":"Bellingham, Washington","doi":"10.1117/12.933021","usgsCitation":"Rubenstein, E., Hughes, E., Campbell, L., Hofstadter, R., Kirk, R.L., Krolicki, T., Stone, J., Wilson, S., Zeman, H., and Brody, W., 1981, Synchrotron radiation and its application to digital subtraction angiography, in Proceedings Volume 0314, Digital Radiography, Palo Alto, California, September 14-16, 1981, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.1117/12.933021.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360221,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c122c5fe4b034bf6a856a55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rubenstein, E.","contributorId":211445,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rubenstein","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":754079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hughes, E.B.","contributorId":211439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hughes","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":754080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Campbell, L.E.","contributorId":211440,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Campbell","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":754081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hofstadter, R.","contributorId":211441,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hofstadter","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":754082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Krolicki, T.J.","contributorId":211442,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krolicki","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":754084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stone, J.P.","contributorId":211444,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stone","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":754085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wilson, S.","contributorId":98935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":754086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Zeman, H.D.","contributorId":211438,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zeman","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":754087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Brody, W.R.","contributorId":211448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brody","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":754088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70199508,"text":"70199508 - 1981 - Economics and petroleum resource appraisal: The case of the Permian basin: ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T16:30:17","indexId":"70199508","displayToPublicDate":"1981-09-19T15:52:09","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5748,"text":"Journal of Petroleum Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Economics and petroleum resource appraisal: The case of the Permian basin: ","docAbstract":"

Estimates of oil and gas resources typically are presented in terms of proved and undiscovered resources. This paper presents a methodology for incorporating economic considerations into resource appraisals for petroleum basins. A cost algorithm is used to calculate estimates of the costs of finding and developing undiscovered oil and gas fields in the Permian basin. The sensitivity of the resource estimates to variations in values of the variables in the costing model was investigated, and the results of this analysis are presented. The model indicates that at prices up to $40/bbl, the total reserves of oil and gas in barrels-of-oil equivalent (BOE's) from future discoveries will be less than 15% of the estimated ultimate recovery from fields discovered before Jan. 1 1975. Only discoveries to a depth of 20,000 ft were included.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Petroleum Engineers","doi":"10.2118/7738-PA","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., Garland, T., Wood, J., Dietzman, W.D., and Hicks, J., 1981, Economics and petroleum resource appraisal: The case of the Permian basin: : Journal of Petroleum Technology, v. 33, no. 4, p. 603-616, https://doi.org/10.2118/7738-PA.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"603","endPage":"616","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357520,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garland, T.M.","contributorId":208020,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garland","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wood, J.H.","contributorId":208023,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dietzman, William D.","contributorId":77532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietzman","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hicks, J.N.","contributorId":208024,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hicks","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70011973,"text":"70011973 - 1981 - Organic geochemistry of the 9.6 km Bertha Rogers No. 1. well, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-19T16:42:25.784927","indexId":"70011973","displayToPublicDate":"1981-09-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organic geochemistry of the 9.6 km Bertha Rogers No. 1. well, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"

Organic geochemical analyses of fine-grained rocks from the 9.590 km Bertha Rogers No. 1 well have been carried out: total organic carbon, Soxhlet extraction and silica gel chromatography, C15+ saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, pyrolysis, kerogen analysis, X-ray diffraction and visual kerogen analysis.

Rocks ranged in age from Permian to Ordovician; the well has an estimated bottom hole temperature of 225°C. Some data from this study are inconsistent with conventional theories concerning the generation and thermal destruction of hydrocarbons. For example, appreciable amounts of C15+ gas-condensate-like hydrocarbons are present in very old rocks currently at temperatures where current theory predicts that only methane and graphite should remain. Also, substantial amounts of pyrolyzable C15+ hydrocarbons remain on the kerogen in these deeply buried Paleozoic rocks. This suggests, at least in somes cases, that temperatures much higher than those predicted by current theory are required for generation and thermal destruction of hydrocarbons. The data from this well also suggest that original composition of organic matter and environment of deposition may have a much stronger influence on the organic geochemical characteristics of fine-grained sediments than has previously been ascribed to them. The results from this well, from other deep hot wells in which temperatures exceed 200°C, and from laboratory experiments, suggest that some of the basic concepts of the generation and maturation of petroleum hydrocarbons may be in error and perhaps should be reexamined.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(81)90001-2","usgsCitation":"Price, L.C., Clayton, J.L., and Rumen, L., 1981, Organic geochemistry of the 9.6 km Bertha Rogers No. 1. well, Oklahoma: Organic Geochemistry, v. 3, no. 3, p. 59-77, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(81)90001-2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"77","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221560,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Bertha Rogers No. 1. well","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.23666356135436,\n 35.363709326165775\n ],\n [\n -99.23666356135436,\n 35.26657419464843\n ],\n [\n -99.09112301460759,\n 35.26657419464843\n ],\n [\n -99.09112301460759,\n 35.363709326165775\n ],\n [\n -99.23666356135436,\n 35.363709326165775\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6fc1e4b0c8380cd75c49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Price, Leigh C.","contributorId":39379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Leigh","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clayton, Jerry L.","contributorId":12486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rumen, L.L.","contributorId":43497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rumen","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70237115,"text":"70237115 - 1981 - Verification of land cover maps from Landsat data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-29T16:20:37.477961","indexId":"70237115","displayToPublicDate":"1981-09-01T11:11:46","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Verification of land cover maps from Landsat data","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

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","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"80's era of change: Fall technical meeting 1981","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Fall Technical Meeting 1981","conferenceDate":"September 9-1 and 14-16, 1981","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, California and Honolulu, Hawai'i, United States","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","usgsCitation":"Sturdevant, J.A., 1981, Assessing accuracy of digital land use and terrain data, in 80's era of change: Fall technical meeting 1981, San Francisco, California and Honolulu, Hawai'i, United States, September 9-1 and 14-16, 1981, p. 101-112.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"112","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407215,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","city":"Sioux Falls","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.83280944824219,\n 43.48481212891603\n ],\n [\n -96.64192199707031,\n 43.48481212891603\n ],\n [\n -96.64192199707031,\n 43.60973097491503\n ],\n [\n -96.83280944824219,\n 43.60973097491503\n ],\n [\n -96.83280944824219,\n 43.48481212891603\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sturdevant, James A.","contributorId":67563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sturdevant","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011971,"text":"70011971 - 1981 - Uranium series dating of human skeletal remains from the Del Mar and Sunnyvale sites, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-23T15:42:39.915829","indexId":"70011971","displayToPublicDate":"1981-08-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium series dating of human skeletal remains from the Del Mar and Sunnyvale sites, California","docAbstract":"

Uranium series analyses of human bone samples from the Del Mar and Sunnyvale sites indicate ages of 11,000 and 8,300 years, respectively. The dates are supported by internal concordancy between thorium-230 and protactinium-231 decay systems. These ages are significantly younger than the estimates of 48,000 and 70,000 years based on amino acid racemization, and indicate that the individuals could derive from the population waves that came across the Bering Strait during the last sea-level low.

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Recently compiled data on the state of stress have been used to define stress provinces in the conterminous United States in which the orientation and relative magnitude of the horizontal principal stresses are fairly uniform. The observed patterns of stress constrain mechanisms for generating intraplate lithospheric stresses. Coupled with new information on geologic structure and tectonism in seismically active areas of the Midcontinent and East, these data help to define some characteristics common to these areas and to identify key questions regarding why certain faults seem to be seismically active.

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Lou","contributorId":10029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mary Lou","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011697,"text":"70011697 - 1981 - Crustal processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-23T15:58:07.673717","indexId":"70011697","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge","docAbstract":"

Independent geological and geophysical investigations of the Mid-Ocean Ridge system have begun to focus on the nature of the magma chamber system underlying its central axis. Thermal models predict the existence of a steady-state chamber beneath a thin crustal lid ranging in thickness from 2 to 13 kilometers. The only aspect of the system that these models fail to account for is the extremely slow spreading rates. Seismological studies reveal the existence of a low-velocity zone beneath segments of the East Pacific Rise, which is thought to correspond to a chamber system having a half-width of approximately 5 to 10 kilometers. These estimates compare favorably with those derived separately through petrological investigations of deep-sea drilling results, various sampling programs, and field and laboratory studies of ophiolites. The chamber is thought to be wing-shaped and to remain continuously open; it is thought to be fed from the center while simultaneously solidifying at the sides as spreading carries the two halves apart. Progressive fractionation occurs by crystal settling coupled with repeated replenishment and magma mixing in an open steady-state system. Near-bottom studies reveal that the zone of extrusion above the chamber is narrow, but its eruptive history is cyclic in nature, in conflict with the predictions of a steady-state model. On-bottom gravity data at 21°N on the East Pacific Rise reveal a negative gravity anomaly that may be related to the uppermost part of the chamber. The anomaly is only 2 kilometers wide and 1 kilometer below the sea floor. This feature may be associated with a short-term upper magma reservoir. The cyclic volcanic activity is directly related to the active phase of hydrothermal circulation responsible for the observed negative thermal anomaly. The volume of water associated with this circulation is equal to the entire ocean volume passing through the accretion zone approximately every 8 million years. This is about 0.5 percent of the world's rivers, but the effective transport rates of elements are comparable to those of rivers in that anomalies for individual elements are frequently between 100 and 1000 times the average river composition. The degree of subsurface dilution determines the final exit temperature and composition of the hydrothermal fluids, ranging from manganese domination at extreme dilution to iron at intermediate levels to sulfide deposition when low dilution occurs. The discovery of massive sulfide deposits on the East Pacific Rise is destined to have a profound impact on our understanding of ore-forming processes. Whether it will have any economic significance remains to be seen.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.213.4503.31","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Ballard, R.D., Craig, H., Edmond, J., Einaudi, M., Holcomb, R., Holland, H., Hopson, C., Luyendyk, B., Macdonald, K., Morton, J., Orcutt, J., and Sleep, N., 1981, Crustal processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge: Science, v. 213, no. 4503, p. 31-40, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4503.31.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"40","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221191,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"213","issue":"4503","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fce1e4b0c8380cd4e4ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ballard, Richard D.","contributorId":40729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballard","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Craig, H.","contributorId":78878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craig","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edmond, J.","contributorId":44291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmond","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Einaudi, M.","contributorId":14575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Einaudi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Holcomb, R.","contributorId":23276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holcomb","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Holland, H.D.","contributorId":19288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hopson, C.A.","contributorId":13244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopson","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Luyendyk, B.P.","contributorId":53074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luyendyk","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Macdonald, K.","contributorId":23690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macdonald","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Morton, J.","contributorId":53523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Orcutt, J.","contributorId":51457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orcutt","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Sleep, N.","contributorId":88484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sleep","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70012028,"text":"70012028 - 1981 - Processes controlling the characteristics of the surficial sand sheet, U.S. Atlantic outer continental shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-11T16:07:02.007515","indexId":"70012028","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Processes controlling the characteristics of the surficial sand sheet, U.S. Atlantic outer continental shelf","docAbstract":"

A review of recent data on the velocity of bottom currents, the frequency of bottom-sediment movement, the kinds and amounts of suspended sediments in near-bottom waters, and the acoustic and sedimentary features of subbottom strata indicates that the characteristics of the ubiquitous sand sheet on the Atlantic outer continental shelf of the United States have been controlled by a variety of past and present processes. Although these processes collectively have had a widespread effect on the characteristics of the sand sheet, the relative importance of each process changes geographically. On Georges Bank, late Pleistocene glaciations along with modern tidal currents and the regional circulation pattern have played a dominant role. On the Middle Atlantic shelf, ancestral rivers, former near-shore processes, and modern wind- and wave-generated currents are important factors. On the South Atlantic shelf, the sediments reflect subaerial weathering, erosion or nondeposition over or near hardgrounds, and the production of biogenic carbonate. Other processes such as the movement of water masses, bioturbation, and bottom fishing probably have affected the sediments in all areas. A knowledge of the various factors affecting the sand sheet is fundamental to an understanding of its general geologic history and to the paleoenvironmental interpretation of ancient sand strata.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(81)90170-5","usgsCitation":"Knebel, H.J., 1981, Processes controlling the characteristics of the surficial sand sheet, U.S. Atlantic outer continental shelf: Marine Geology, v. 42, no. 1-4, p. 349-368, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(81)90170-5.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"349","endPage":"368","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222453,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8dafe4b0c8380cd7ed7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knebel, Harley J.","contributorId":25930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"Harley","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001582,"text":"1001582 - 1981 - Foods of prairie raccoons during the waterfowl nesting season","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-30T15:55:57.931528","indexId":"1001582","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Foods of prairie raccoons during the waterfowl nesting season","docAbstract":"

No abstract available. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3808714","usgsCitation":"Greenwood, R.J., 1981, Foods of prairie raccoons during the waterfowl nesting season: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 45, no. 3, p. 754-760, https://doi.org/10.2307/3808714.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"754","endPage":"760","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129246,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","county":"Barnes County, Griggs County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-97.961,47.241],[-97.7061,47.2402],[-97.7071,47.1529],[-97.7062,47.0665],[-97.7059,46.9792],[-97.6839,46.9792],[-97.683,46.6294],[-97.81,46.6297],[-97.9059,46.6293],[-97.9357,46.6294],[-98.0349,46.6293],[-98.1889,46.6297],[-98.2868,46.63],[-98.3152,46.63],[-98.4396,46.6296],[-98.4412,46.9789],[-98.4685,46.9788],[-98.4677,47.2402],[-98.467,47.3266],[-98.4991,47.327],[-98.5018,47.5887],[-98.5019,47.6734],[-97.9878,47.6738],[-97.9866,47.3568],[-97.9865,47.3265],[-97.9838,47.3264],[-97.9617,47.326],[-97.961,47.241]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Barnes\",\"state\":\"ND\"}}]}","volume":"45","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae5df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greenwood, Raymond J.","contributorId":174570,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greenwood","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221681,"text":"5221681 - 1981 - Decline and present status of breeding Peregrine Falcons in Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-09T16:31:41.841195","indexId":"5221681","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2793,"text":"Murrelet","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decline and present status of breeding Peregrine Falcons in Oregon","docAbstract":"

Unprecedented declines of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere became apparent during the Madison Peregrine Falcon Conference in 1965 (Hickey 1969). Data from Britain were the most detailed; broken or missing eggs were much more common in 1949-56 than they had been in earlier years (Ratcliffe 1958). Subsequently, Ratcliffe (1967) showed a significant decrease in eggshell weight of peregrines in Britain starting in 1947 or 1948. Later, the same finding was demonstrated in North America (Hickey and Anderson 1968). The relation of eggshell thickness to DDE residue levels was established for Alaskan peregrines by Cade et al. (1971) and Peakall et al. (1975). Peakall (1976) stated that pesticides were considered to be a major factor in the decline of the peregrine, and tentatively concluded that the level of DDE in eggs that failed to hatch was 15-20 ppm (wet weight.)

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\"}}]}","volume":"62","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db67278a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J.","contributorId":12578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, M.W.","contributorId":17720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001303,"text":"1001303 - 1981 - Determination of age and whelping dates of live red fox pups","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-30T15:50:56.623741","indexId":"1001303","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of age and whelping dates of live red fox pups","docAbstract":"

No abstract available. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3808715","usgsCitation":"Sargeant, A.B., Allen, S.H., and Johnson, D., 1981, Determination of age and whelping dates of live red fox pups: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 45, no. 3, p. 760-765, https://doi.org/10.2307/3808715.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"760","endPage":"765","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130617,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, North Dakota, South 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\"}}]}","volume":"45","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667915","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sargeant, Alan B.","contributorId":89185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sargeant","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, Stephen H.","contributorId":46620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":220516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70120228,"text":"70120228 - 1981 - Establishing backcountry use quotas: an example from Mineral King, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-13T11:40:05","indexId":"70120228","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-01T11:38:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Establishing backcountry use quotas: an example from Mineral King, California","docAbstract":"Increasing levels of visitor use and consequent resource damage have necessitated that backcountry use restrictions be established in the Mineral King area of Sequoia National Park, California. In this paper we review the steps taken in developing a trailhead quota system. The availability of acceptable campsites, based on a detailed inventory of site distribution and impact, was used to quantitatively derive use capacities for each camp area. Wilderness permit data on visitor dispersal patterns from the major trailheads, including length of stay at each camp area, were then used to translate the area capacities into daily trailhead quotas that would assure that these capacities were not surpassed. The general approach is applicable to any backcountry area, although large complex areas may require the use of available computer simulation models.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"New York","doi":"10.1007/BF01867347","usgsCitation":"Parsons, D.J., Stohlgren, T.J., and Fodor, P.A., 1981, Establishing backcountry use quotas: an example from Mineral King, California: Environmental Management, v. 5, no. 4, p. 335-340, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01867347.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"340","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292079,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292078,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867347"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Mineral King","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.630904,36.435104 ], [ -118.630904,36.471004 ], [ -118.566874,36.471004 ], [ -118.566874,36.435104 ], [ -118.630904,36.435104 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ec7bcbe4b02bf5a7674037","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, David J.","contributorId":39249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stohlgren, Thomas J. 0000-0001-9696-4450 stohlgrent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-4450","contributorId":2902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Thomas","email":"stohlgrent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fodor, Paul A.","contributorId":23082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fodor","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70039232,"text":"70039232 - 1981 - How to order maps on microfilm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-03T01:02:04","indexId":"70039232","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-01T10:06:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":362,"text":"General Information Product","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"How to order maps on microfilm","docAbstract":"The collection comprises over 120,000 maps, including some 15-minute quadrangle maps compiled by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Parks and Monument maps, River Survey maps, and selected Federal Highway Administration county planning maps. The collection will continue to grow as other types of maps are added.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70039232","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1981, How to order maps on microfilm: General Information Product, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039232.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":409,"text":"National Cartographic Information Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261416,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039232/report.pdf"},{"id":261417,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039232/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3267e4b0c8380cd5e79d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221079,"text":"5221079 - 1981 - Effects of abundant species on the ability of observers to make accurate counts of birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-05-07T16:27:29.993357","indexId":"5221079","displayToPublicDate":"1981-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of abundant species on the ability of observers to make accurate counts of birds","docAbstract":"

No abstract available. 

","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1093/auk/98.3.610","usgsCitation":"Scott, J.M., and Ramsey, F.L., 1981, Effects of abundant species on the ability of observers to make accurate counts of birds: The Auk, v. 98, no. 3, p. 610-613, https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/98.3.610.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"610","endPage":"613","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197727,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Michael","contributorId":98877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ramsey, Fred L.","contributorId":30874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70231537,"text":"70231537 - 1981 - A geochemical study of the Eyasi I skull; implications for the process of fossilization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-12T15:16:21.123509","indexId":"70231537","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-30T10:13:55","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"A geochemical study of the Eyasi I skull; implications for the process of fossilization","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Die archaeologischen und anthropologischen Ergebnisse der Kohl-Larsen-Expeditionen in Nord-Tanzania 1933-1939 — The palaeoanthropological finds of the Pliocene and Pleistocene","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Verlag Archaeologica Venatoria","usgsCitation":"Bischoff, J.L., 1981, A geochemical study of the Eyasi I skull; implications for the process of fossilization, chap. of Die archaeologischen und anthropologischen Ergebnisse der Kohl-Larsen-Expeditionen in Nord-Tanzania 1933-1939 — The palaeoanthropological finds of the Pliocene and Pleistocene, p. 128-132.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"128","endPage":"132","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400580,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bischoff, James L. jbischoff@usgs.gov","contributorId":1389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"James","email":"jbischoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":842959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70210805,"text":"70210805 - 1981 - Location of a caldera source for the Soldier Meadow Tuff, northwestern Nevada, indicated by gravity and aeromagnetic data: Summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-25T19:13:54.520535","indexId":"70210805","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-25T14:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Location of a caldera source for the Soldier Meadow Tuff, northwestern Nevada, indicated by gravity and aeromagnetic data: Summary","docAbstract":"

No abstract  available.

","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<4:LOACSF>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Greene, R.C., and Plouff, D., 1981, Location of a caldera source for the Soldier Meadow Tuff, northwestern Nevada, indicated by gravity and aeromagnetic data: Summary: GSA Bulletin, v. 92, no. 1, p. 4-6, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<4:LOACSF>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":375927,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Soldier meadow Tuff","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.3115234375,\n 40.81380923056958\n ],\n [\n -118.3447265625,\n 40.81380923056958\n ],\n [\n -118.3447265625,\n 41.983994270935625\n ],\n [\n -119.3115234375,\n 41.983994270935625\n ],\n [\n -119.3115234375,\n 40.81380923056958\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greene, R. C.","contributorId":88347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":791517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plouff, Donald","contributorId":94657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plouff","given":"Donald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":791518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210804,"text":"70210804 - 1981 - Location of a Caldera Source for the Soldier Meadow Tuff, Northwestern Nevada, Indicated by Gravity and Aeromagnetic Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-25T18:49:31.250927","indexId":"70210804","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-25T13:42:21","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Location of a Caldera Source for the Soldier Meadow Tuff, Northwestern Nevada, Indicated by Gravity and Aeromagnetic Data","docAbstract":"

The Soldier Meadow Tuff in north-western Nevada is part of a sequence of peralkaline and subalkaline rhyolitic rocks of Miocene age that occupies an area of about 1,600 km2 and has a volume of about 50 km3. The formation is mostly welded tuff containing abundant alkali feldspar and quartz phenocrysts in devitrified groundmass containing minute needles of blue-green alkali amphibole. The rhyolite of Badger Mountain is similar in mineralogy and chemistry, but textures suggest that it is a flow rhyolite. The underlying rhyolite of Catnip Mountain and tuff of Trough Mountain are phenocryst-poor but apparently also peralkaline. Gravity and aeromagnetic anomaly maps show 16- by 24-km anomalies near Badger Mountain. An analysis of these maps suggests that observed anomalies could be caused by a concealed caldera of 2,700-m thickness filled with rocks 0.2 g/cm3 less dense and 0***002 emu/cm3 lower magnetic susceptibility than the surrounding rocks. Distribution of the Soldier Meadow Tuff and the occurrence of numerous vents in the rhyolite of Badger Mountain suggest that the source for both units is associated with the indicated caldera. Possible alternative sources are other calderas whose locations are suggested by a 7- by 11-km gravity minimum near Rock Spring Table and a 12- by 24-km magnetic minimum west of Soldier Meadow.

","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/GSAB-P2-92-39","usgsCitation":"Greene, R.C., and Plouff, D., 1981, Location of a Caldera Source for the Soldier Meadow Tuff, Northwestern Nevada, Indicated by Gravity and Aeromagnetic Data: GSA Bulletin, v. 92, no. I&II, p. 39-57, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAB-P2-92-39.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"57","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":375926,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Soldier Meadow Tuff","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.267578125,\n 40.83043687764923\n ],\n [\n -118.19091796875,\n 40.83043687764923\n ],\n [\n -118.19091796875,\n 42.01665183556825\n ],\n [\n -119.267578125,\n 42.01665183556825\n ],\n [\n -119.267578125,\n 40.83043687764923\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"I&II","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greene, R. C.","contributorId":88347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":791515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plouff, Donald","contributorId":94657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plouff","given":"Donald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":791516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70211096,"text":"70211096 - 1981 - Overview of Mount St. Helens volcanic eruption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-16T18:13:21.296525","indexId":"70211096","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-23T12:19:03","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Overview of Mount St. Helens volcanic eruption","docAbstract":"

Dormant since 1857, Mount St. Helens Volcano in southwestern Washington stirred from its repose to erupt on March 27, 1980, following a week of premonitory earthquake activity. The eruption was the first in the conterminous United States since the 1914-1921 activity of Lassen Peak, California. The eruptive activity through May 17 was intermittent and relatively mild, but the accompanying seismic activity remained intense. On May 18, a catastrophic eruption, triggered by a magnitude 5.0 earthquake, produced a massive landslide/debris avalanche, a devastating lateral \"blast,\" pyroclastic flows, mudflows, and an ash column that rose more than 20 km into the stratosphere. Winds carried the ash easterly, and more than 7 cm of ash was deposited locally in parts of eastern Washington. The landslide/debris avalanche and associated mudflows caused flooding of the Toutle and Cowlitz River valleys, which carried sediment as far as the confluence with the Columbia, where it choked off the channel to navigation. Smaller but significant explosive eruptions followed in May, June, July, August, and October, 1980, with lava domes being extruded in the crater following the June, August, and October eruptions. Subsequently in December 1980 and February 1981, lava domes were extruded without significant preceding explosive activity. Except for the latter two, each dome was partly or wholly destroyed by succeeding explosive events. Scientists expect similar activity to continue for months or years--possibly even decades. The Mount St. Helens eruptions severely tested the ability of scientists to respond swiftly and effectively in assisting public officials during a geologic disaster. At the same time, they shall continue to provide an unprecedented opportunity for the systematic investigation of volcanic phenomena, and hopefully, the insight to meet possible future eruptions there and elsewhere in the Cascade Range with equal success.

","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Technical Symposium East","conferenceDate":"April 21-22, 1981","conferenceLocation":"Washington, D.C.","language":"English","publisher":"SPIE","doi":"10.1117/12.931919","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R.I., 1981, Overview of Mount St. Helens volcanic eruption, in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 278, Washington, D.C., April 21-22, 1981, p. 3-10, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.931919.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"10","costCenters":[{"id":153,"text":"California Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376377,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.42683410644533,\n 46.03272582161419\n ],\n [\n -121.9647216796875,\n 46.03272582161419\n ],\n [\n -121.9647216796875,\n 46.33697302866841\n ],\n [\n -122.42683410644533,\n 46.33697302866841\n ],\n [\n -122.42683410644533,\n 46.03272582161419\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"278","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":792761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221679,"text":"5221679 - 1981 - Effects of industrial effluents, heavy metals, and organic solvents on mallard embryo development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T07:15:57","indexId":"5221679","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-16T12:19:13","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3611,"text":"Toxicology Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of industrial effluents, heavy metals, and organic solvents on mallard embryo development","docAbstract":"Mallard eggs were externally exposed at 3 and 8 days of incubation to 7 different industrial effluents and to 7 different heavy metal, organic solvent, and petroleum solutions to screen for potential embryo-toxic effects. This route of exposure was chosen in order to simulate the transfer of pollutant from the plumage of aquatic birds to their eggs. Five of the effluents including mineral pigment, scouring effluent, sludge, and tannery effluent resulted in small but significant reductions in embryonic growth. Treatment with methyl mercury chloride solution of 50 ppm (Hg) impaired embryonic growth but much higher concentrations were required to affect survival and cause teratogenic effects. Oil used to suppress road dust was the most toxic of the pollutants tested and only 0.5 microliter/egg caused 60% mortality by 18 days of development. These findings, in combination with other studies suggest that petroleum pollutants, or effluents in combination with petroleum, may pose a hazard to birds' eggs when exposure is by this route.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0378-4274(81)90171-5","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, D.J., and Eastin, W.C., 1981, Effects of industrial effluents, heavy metals, and organic solvents on mallard embryo development: Toxicology Letters, v. 9, no. 1, p. 35-40, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(81)90171-5.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611e0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eastin, W. C. Jr.","contributorId":6147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eastin","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222402,"text":"5222402 - 1981 - Environmental metal residues in tissues of canvasbacks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-19T12:40:17","indexId":"5222402","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-16T12:18:57","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental metal residues in tissues of canvasbacks","docAbstract":"

Reduction and deterioration of habitat and high nest predation have contributed to the decline of the continental populations of canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) (Trauger 1974). Environmental metal contaminants also may adversely affect reproduction and survival of waterfowl (Heinz 1974, 1976a,b, 1979; Finley and Stendell 1978). White et al. (1979) ex- amined canvasbacks from Chesapeake Bay in 1975 and 1976 and found low levels of lead, cadmium, and mercury in certain tissues. Low levels of mercury in canvasbacks have also been reported from Wisconsin (Kleinert and Degurse 1972) and Saskatchewan (Vermeer and Armstrong 1972). Stendell et al. (1977) found mercury residues in 6 of 34 canvasback eggs collected in 1972 and 1973. The objective of my study was to ascertain levels of mercury, lead, cadmium, and nickel in canvasbacks from the upper Mississippi River

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2307/3807935","usgsCitation":"Fleming, W.J., 1981, Environmental metal residues in tissues of canvasbacks: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 45, no. 2, p. 508-511, https://doi.org/10.2307/3807935.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"508","endPage":"511","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201774,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17629,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3807935","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"45","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dbbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleming, W. James","contributorId":85279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70210570,"text":"70210570 - 1981 - Geologic setting, petrology, and geochemistry of zoned tungsten-bearing skarns at the Strawberry Mine, central Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-12T15:44:25.881897","indexId":"70210570","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-09T14:16:24","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic setting, petrology, and geochemistry of zoned tungsten-bearing skarns at the Strawberry Mine, central Sierra Nevada, California","docAbstract":"

The Strawberry mine, 90 km northeast of Fresno, California, occurs on the margin of a small roof pendant of Early Jurassic metasedimentary rocks and middle Cretaceous metaigneous rocks. Middle Cretaceous granitic intrusions surround and intrude the roof pendant. Adjacent to one granodiorite intrusion, several subvertical marble layers are replaced by scheelite-bearing skarns. The skarns form spears that project as much as 300 m upward and into the marble layers. Between the marble and granodiorite, the skarns comprise a metasomatic column and are subdivided into four zones: (1) wollastonite skarn, adjacent to and replacing marble, and containing wollastonite, grossularite, idocrase, and diopside; (2) garnet skarn, containing andradite-grossularite, diopside-hedenbergite, and scheelite; (3) pyroxene skarn containing hedenbergite-diopside, plagioclase, magnetite, and scheelite; and (4) hornblende skarn, adjacent to granodiorite, and containing hornblende, plagioclase, microcline, magnetite, and scheelite. Important features of the skarn zonation are: sharp contacts between skarn zones; relative constancy of whole-rock, mineral, and modal compositions within each skarn zone; major changes in whole-rock, mineral, and modal compositions across contacts between skarn zones; and systematic replacement between skarn zones, with any given skarn zone replaced by the next lower and adjacent skarn zone toward the granodiorite. Volume remained approximately constant in the replacement of marble by various skarn zones. Marble and skarn exhibit uniformly low porosity. Data on mineral paragenesis and mineral composition indicate that in the replacement of any skarn the most calcic mineral is consumed and the residual calc-silicate minerals in the replacing skarn increase in abundance and are richer in total Fe and MnO. This mineral paragenesis can be related to systematic variations in whole-rock composition. From the marble to the granodiorite, skarns are progressively depleted in CaO and CO 2 , and progressively enriched in SiO 2 , total Fe, MgO, MnO, Al 2 O 3 , Na 2 O, K 2 O, and WO 3 . The skarns probably formed when an aqueous fluid containing a solute fraction relatively depleted in Ca and CO 2 , and relatively enriched in Si, Fe, Mg, Mn, Al, Na, K, and W, was expelled from a granitic magma into country rock. The tendency toward local equilibrium between fluid and marble resulted in formation of skarns with systematic stepwise changes in mineral and rock composition at contacts between skarns. Achievement of local equilibrium occurred mainly by infiltration metasomatism with a possible minor component of diffusion metasomatism.

","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.76.1.111","usgsCitation":"Nokleberg, W.J., 1981, Geologic setting, petrology, and geochemistry of zoned tungsten-bearing skarns at the Strawberry Mine, central Sierra Nevada, California: Economic Geology, v. 76, no. 1, p. 111-133, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.76.1.111.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"133","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375477,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Strawberry Mine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.36645507812499,\n 37.48139702942734\n ],\n [\n -118.72100830078125,\n 37.48139702942734\n ],\n [\n -118.72100830078125,\n 37.87593739777859\n ],\n [\n -119.36645507812499,\n 37.87593739777859\n ],\n [\n -119.36645507812499,\n 37.48139702942734\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"76","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nokleberg, Warren J. 0000-0002-1574-8869 wnokleberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":2077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"Warren","email":"wnokleberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210273,"text":"5210273 - 1981 - Use of captive starlings to determine effects of pollutants on passerine reproduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-31T16:32:03","indexId":"5210273","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Use of captive starlings to determine effects of pollutants on passerine reproduction","docAbstract":"Three reproductive trials were conducted to develop techniques for propagation of captive starlings (Stumus vulgaris) which could determine the effects of environmental contaminants on passerine reproduction. Trials were conducted during the spring of 1979 in five adjacent 2.4 by 3 by 12-m outdoor wire pens containing four or ten pairs of starlings, a similar number of nest boxes, perches, water, commercial turkey starter, and alfalfa hay as nesting material. Nestling diets consisted of combinations of Nebraska Brand bird of prey diet, live or frozen mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) and crickets (Acheta domestica), or live earthworms (Pheretima sp.). Starlings reproduced successfully when the number of breeding pairs per pen was reduced from ten to four. The average clutch sizes for each pen (4.3 to 4.9) were similar to those reported for wild starlings. Hatching (60 to 90.4 percent) and fledging (0 to 100 percent) success varied among pens. The fledging success was greatest in the pens which received the most diverse nestling diets: Nebraska Brand diet plus frozen or live mealworms and crickets. Whether the insects were presented alive or frozen appeared to have little effect on the reproductive success. The starlings did not consume or carry earthworms to their young. The body weights of 20-day-old nestlings raised in captivity (X=73.9 g) were similar to those of starlings in the wild. The use of single pairs per pen may eliminate problems in presentation of nestling diets due to asynchrony in breeding between pairs and excessive interactions among individuals, which may interfere with parental care. The starling appears to be an excellent model for examining the effects of environmental contaminants on the reproduction of songbirds in captivity.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Avian and Mammalian Wildlife Toxicology: Second Conference: A symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Testing and Materials","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","doi":"10.1520/STP28368S","usgsCitation":"Grue, C., and Christian, C., 1981, Use of captive starlings to determine effects of pollutants on passerine reproduction, chap. of Avian and Mammalian Wildlife Toxicology: Second Conference: A symposium, p. 5-18, https://doi.org/10.1520/STP28368S.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"18","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200912,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604795","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Lamb, D.W.","contributorId":112127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506214,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kenaga, E.E.","contributorId":113958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenaga","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506215,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Grue, C.E.","contributorId":86446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grue","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christian, C.L.","contributorId":92781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christian","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}