A new regional dataset comprising 425 intertidal diatom taxa from 175 samples from 11 ecologically diverse Oregon and Washington estuaries illustrates the importance of compiling a large modern dataset from a range of sites. Cluster analyses and detrended correspondence analysis of the diatom assemblages identify distinct vertical zones within supratidal, intertidal and subtidal environments at six of the 11 study sites, but the abundance of some of the most common species varies widely among and within sites. Canonical correspondence analysis of the regional dataset shows relationships between diatom species and tidal exposure, salinity and substratum (grain size and organic content). Correspondence analyses of local datasets show higher values of explained variation than the analysis of the combined regional dataset. Our results emphasize that studies of the autecology of diatom species require many samples from a range of modern environments to adequately characterize species–environment relationships.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/0269249X.2015.1126359","usgsCitation":"Sawai, Y., Horton, B.P., Kemp, A., Hawkes, A., Nagumo, T., and Nelson, A.R., 2016, Relationships between diatoms and tidal environments in Oregon and Washington, USA: Diatom Research, v. 31, no. 1, p. 17-38, https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2015.1126359.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"38","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060993","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471117,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249x.2015.1126359","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":324923,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.727783203125,\n 42.42345651793833\n ],\n [\n -124.727783203125,\n 46.882723010671945\n ],\n [\n -123.695068359375,\n 46.882723010671945\n ],\n [\n -123.695068359375,\n 42.42345651793833\n ],\n [\n -124.727783203125,\n 42.42345651793833\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-03-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5780cebee4b08116168223ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sawai, Yuki","contributorId":127509,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sawai","given":"Yuki","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6981,"text":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, Japan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horton, Benjamin P.","contributorId":63641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kemp, Andrew C.","contributorId":39674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemp","given":"Andrew C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hawkes, Andrea D.","contributorId":20240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawkes","given":"Andrea D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nagumo, Tamostsu","contributorId":127510,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nagumo","given":"Tamostsu","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6982,"text":"The Nippon Dental University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nelson, Alan R. 0000-0001-7117-7098 anelson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7117-7098","contributorId":812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Alan","email":"anelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70169126,"text":"ofr20161044 - 2016 - USGS approach to real-time estimation of earthquake-triggered ground failure - Results of 2015 workshop","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-30T16:33:14","indexId":"ofr20161044","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-30T14:45:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-1044","title":"USGS approach to real-time estimation of earthquake-triggered ground failure - Results of 2015 workshop","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earthquake Hazards and Landslide Hazards Programs are developing plans to add quantitative hazard assessments of earthquake-triggered landsliding and liquefaction to existing real-time earthquake products (ShakeMap, ShakeCast, PAGER) using open and readily available methodologies and products. To date, prototype global statistical models have been developed and are being refined, improved, and tested. These models are a good foundation, but much work remains to achieve robust and defensible models that meet the needs of end users. In order to establish an implementation plan and identify research priorities, the USGS convened a workshop in Golden, Colorado, in October 2015. This document summarizes current (as of early 2016) capabilities, research and operational priorities, and plans for further studies that were established at this workshop. Specific priorities established during the meeting include (1) developing a suite of alternative models; (2) making use of higher resolution and higher quality data where possible; (3) incorporating newer global and regional datasets and inventories; (4) reducing barriers to accessing inventory datasets; (5) developing methods for using inconsistent or incomplete datasets in aggregate; (6) developing standardized model testing and evaluation methods; (7) improving ShakeMap shaking estimates, particularly as relevant to ground failure, such as including topographic amplification and accounting for spatial variability; and (8) developing vulnerability functions for loss estimates.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161044","usgsCitation":"Allstadt, K.E.; Thompson, E.M.; Wald, D.J.; Hamburger, M.W.; Godt, J.W.; Knudsen, K.L.; Jibson, R.W.; Jessee, M.A.; Zhu, Jing; Hearne, Michael; Baise, L.G.; Tanyas, Hakan; and Marano, K.D., 2016, USGS approach to real-time estimation of earthquake-triggered ground failure—Results of 2015 workshop: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1044, 13 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161044. ","productDescription":"iii, 13 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-073401","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319581,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1044/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":319582,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1044/ofr20161044.pdf","text":"Report","size":"348 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2014-1044"}],"contact":"Director, Geologic Hazards Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS 966
Denver, CO 80225-0046
The permafrost component of the cryosphere is changing dramatically, but the permafrost region is not well monitored and the consequences of change are not well understood. Changing permafrost interacts with ecosystems and climate on various spatial and temporal scales. The feedbacks resulting from these interactions range from local impacts on topography, hydrology, and biology to complex influences on global scale biogeochemical cycling. This review contributes to this focus issue by synthesizing its 28 multidisciplinary studies which provide field evidence, remote sensing observations, and modeling results on various scales. We synthesize study results from a diverse range of permafrost landscapes and ecosystems by reporting key observations and modeling outcomes for permafrost thaw dynamics, identifying feedbacks between permafrost and ecosystem processes, and highlighting biogeochemical feedbacks from permafrost thaw. We complete our synthesis by discussing the progress made, stressing remaining challenges and knowledge gaps, and providing an outlook on future needs and research opportunities in the study of permafrost–ecosystem–climate interactions.
","language":"English","publisher":"IOP Publishing","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/040201","usgsCitation":"Grosse, G., Goetz, S., McGuire, A.D., Romanovsky, V.E., and Schuur, E.A., 2016, Review and synthesis: Changing permafrost in a warming world and feedbacks to the Earth System: Environmental Research Letters, v. 11, no. 4, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/040201.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-073123","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471120,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/040201","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":323450,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-03-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"575be4ade4b04f417c27f540","chorus":{"doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/040201","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/040201","publisher":"IOP Publishing","authors":"Grosse Guido, Goetz Scott, McGuire A Dave, Romanovsky Vladimir E, Schuur Edward A G","journalName":"Environmental Research Letters","publicationDate":"3/29/2016","auditedOn":"4/2/2016","publiclyAccessibleDate":"3/30/2016"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grosse, Guido","contributorId":146182,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grosse","given":"Guido","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12916,"text":"Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":638408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goetz, Scott","contributorId":75259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goetz","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGuire, A. David 0000-0003-4646-0750 ffadm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-0750","contributorId":166708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A.","email":"ffadm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":638380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Romanovsky, Vladimir E.","contributorId":40113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romanovsky","given":"Vladimir","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schuur, Edward A.G.","contributorId":50026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuur","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"A.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70170433,"text":"70170433 - 2016 - Scripting MODFLOW model development using Python and FloPy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-21T13:43:28","indexId":"70170433","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-30T07:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Scripting MODFLOW model development using Python and FloPy","docAbstract":"Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are commonly used to construct and postprocess numerical groundwater flow and transport models. Scripting model development with the programming language Python is presented here as an alternative approach. One advantage of Python is that there are many packages available to facilitate the model development process, including packages for plotting, array manipulation, optimization, and data analysis. For MODFLOW-based models, the FloPy package was developed by the authors to construct model input files, run the model, and read and plot simulation results. Use of Python with the available scientific packages and FloPy facilitates data exploration, alternative model evaluations, and model analyses that can be difficult to perform with GUIs. Furthermore, Python scripts are a complete, transparent, and repeatable record of the modeling process. The approach is introduced with a simple FloPy example to create and postprocess a MODFLOW model. A more complicated capture-fraction analysis with a real-world model is presented to demonstrate the types of analyses that can be performed using Python and FloPy.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/gwat.12413","usgsCitation":"Bakker, M., Post, V., Langevin, C.D., Hughes, J.D., White, J.T., Starn, J., and Fienen, M., 2016, Scripting MODFLOW model development using Python and FloPy: Groundwater, v. 54, no. 5, p. 733-739, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12413.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"733","endPage":"739","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069750","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320582,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-03-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57209138e4b071321fe65690","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bakker, Mark","contributorId":56137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakker","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Post, Vincent E. A.","contributorId":166764,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Post","given":"Vincent E. A.","affiliations":[{"id":24501,"text":"National Centre for Groundwater Reserach and Training, Flinders Univ.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":627195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langevin, Christian D. 0000-0001-5610-9759 langevin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5610-9759","contributorId":1030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"Christian","email":"langevin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hughes, Joseph D. 0000-0003-1311-2354 jdhughes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1311-2354","contributorId":2492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"Joseph","email":"jdhughes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"White, Jeremy T. 0000-0002-4950-1469 jwhite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4950-1469","contributorId":167708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Jeremy","email":"jwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Starn, Jeffrey jjstarn@usgs.gov","contributorId":149231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starn","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jjstarn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fienen, Michael N. 0000-0002-7756-4651 mnfienen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7756-4651","contributorId":893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fienen","given":"Michael N.","email":"mnfienen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":627199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70168800,"text":"sir20165026 - 2016 - Simulation of groundwater storage changes in the eastern Pasco Basin, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-22T14:07:29","indexId":"sir20165026","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-29T18:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-5026","title":"Simulation of groundwater storage changes in the eastern Pasco Basin, Washington","docAbstract":"The Miocene Columbia River Basalt Group and younger sedimentary deposits of lacustrine, fluvial, eolian, and cataclysmic-flood origins compose the aquifer system of the Pasco Basin in eastern Washington. Irrigation return flow and canal leakage from the Columbia Basin Project have caused groundwater levels to rise substantially in some areas, contributing to landslides along the Columbia River. Water resource managers are considering extraction of additional stored groundwater to supply increasing demand and possibly mitigate problems caused by the increased water levels. To help address these concerns, the transient groundwater model of the Pasco Basin documented in this report was developed to quantify the changes in groundwater flow and storage. The MODFLOW model uses a 1-kilometer finite-difference grid and is constrained by logs and water levels from 846 wells in the study area. Eight model layers represent five sedimentary hydrogeologic units and underlying basalt formations. Head‑dependent flux boundaries represent the Columbia and Snake Rivers to the west and south, respectively, underflow to and (or) from adjacent areas to the northeast, and discharge to agricultural drains, springs, and groundwater withdrawal wells. Specified flux boundaries represent recharge from infiltrated precipitation and anthropogenic sources, including irrigation return flow and leakage from water-distribution canals. The model was calibrated with the parameter‑estimation code PEST++ to groundwater levels measured from 1907 through 2013 and measured discharge to springs and estimated discharge to agricultural drains. Increased recharge since pre-development resulted in a 6.8 million acre-feet increase in storage in the 508-14 administrative area of the Pasco Basin. Four groundwater-management scenarios simulate the 7-year drawdown resulting from withdrawals in different locations. Withdrawals of 2 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) from a hypothetical well field in the upper Ringold Formation along the Columbia River could generate 30–70 feet of drawdown, which may reduce landslide susceptibility along the White Bluffs. Drawdowns resulting from a 1 Mgal/d withdrawal from wells screened in either Pasco gravels, upper Ringold Formation, or both Ringold Formation and underlying basalt are simulated in the other three scenarios, and differ because of the contrasting hydraulic conductivities within the screened intervals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165026","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Heywood, C.E., Kahle, S.C., Olsen, T.D., Patterson, J.D., and Burns, Erick, 2016, Simulation of groundwater storage changes in the eastern Pasco Basin, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5026, 44 p., 1 pl., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165026.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 44 p.; Plate; Table","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-069891","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319591,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5026/sir20165026.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5026"},{"id":319590,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5026/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":319592,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5026/sir20165026_plate01.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"10.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5026 Plate 1"},{"id":319593,"rank":4,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5026/sir20165026_table07.xlsx","text":"Table 7","size":"96 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2016-5026 Table 7"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Adams County, Franklin County, Grant County","otherGeospatial":"Pasco Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.9981689453125,\n 47.00273390667881\n ],\n [\n -118.49304199218749,\n 46.998987638154624\n ],\n [\n -118.50952148437499,\n 46.195042108660154\n ],\n [\n -118.7347412109375,\n 46.09228143052649\n ],\n [\n -118.9434814453125,\n 46.00459325574482\n ],\n [\n -119.344482421875,\n 46.00840867976965\n ],\n [\n -119.59716796875,\n 46.038922598236\n ],\n [\n -119.73999023437499,\n 46.33555079758302\n ],\n [\n -119.9871826171875,\n 46.49082901981415\n ],\n [\n -119.9981689453125,\n 47.00273390667881\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Washington Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
http://wa.water.usgs.gov
High-resolution Os isotope stratigraphy can aid in reconstructing Pleistocene ice sheet fluctuation and elucidating the role of local and regional weathering fluxes on the marine Os residence time. This paper presents new Os isotope data from ocean cores adjacent to the West Greenland ice sheet that have excellent chronological controls. Cores MSM-520 and DA00-06 represent distal to proximal sites adjacent to two West Greenland ice streams. Core MSM-520 has a steadily decreasing Os signal over the last 10 kyr (187Os/188Os = 1.35–0.81). In contrast, Os isotopes from core DA00-06 (proximal to the calving front of Jakobshavn Isbræ) highlight four stages of ice stream retreat and advance over the past 10 kyr (187Os/188Os = 2.31; 1.68; 2.09; 1.47). Our high-resolution chemostratigraphic records provide vital benchmarks for ice-sheet modelers as we attempt to better constrain the future response of major ice sheets to climate change. Variations in Os isotope composition from sediment and macro-algae (seaweed) sourced from regional and global settings serve to emphasize the overwhelming effect weathering sources have on seawater Os isotope composition. Further, these findings demonstrate that the residence time of Os is shorter than previous estimates of ∼104 yr.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.02.021","usgsCitation":"Rooney, A.D., Selby, D., Llyod, J.M., Roberts, D.H., Luckge, A., Sageman, B.B., and Prouty, N.G., 2016, Tracking millennial-scale Holocene glacial advance and retreat using osmium isotopes: Insights from the Greenland ice sheet: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 138, p. 49-61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.02.021.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"61","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-067388","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471121,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.02.021","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":319578,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"138","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56fb9931e4b0a6037df18814","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rooney, Alan D.","contributorId":168317,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rooney","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16811,"text":"Harvard University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":625472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Selby, David","contributorId":58167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selby","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Llyod, Jeremy M.","contributorId":168319,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Llyod","given":"Jeremy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":25252,"text":"Durham University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":625474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roberts, David H.","contributorId":168320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roberts","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":25252,"text":"Durham University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":625475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Luckge, Andreas","contributorId":168321,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Luckge","given":"Andreas","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25253,"text":"Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":625476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sageman, Bradley B.","contributorId":168322,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sageman","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":25254,"text":"Northwestern University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":625477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Prouty, Nancy G. 0000-0002-8922-0688 nprouty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8922-0688","contributorId":3350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prouty","given":"Nancy","email":"nprouty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":625471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70126663,"text":"sir20145189 - 2016 - Design and testing of a process-based groundwater vulnerability assessment (P-GWAVA) system for predicting concentrations of agrichemicals in groundwater across the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-30T08:44:27","indexId":"sir20145189","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-29T15:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5189","title":"Design and testing of a process-based groundwater vulnerability assessment (P-GWAVA) system for predicting concentrations of agrichemicals in groundwater across the United States","docAbstract":"Efforts to assess the likelihood of groundwater contamination from surface-derived compounds have spanned more than three decades. Relatively few of these assessments, however, have involved the use of process-based simulations of contaminant transport and fate in the subsurface, or compared the predictions from such models with measured data—especially over regional to national scales. To address this need, a process-based groundwater vulnerability assessment (P-GWAVA) system was constructed to use transport-and-fate simulations to predict the concentration of any surface-derived compound at a specified depth in the vadose zone anywhere in the conterminous United States. The system was then used to simulate the concentrations of selected agrichemicals in the vadose zone beneath agricultural areas in multiple locations across the conterminous United States. The simulated concentrations were compared with measured concentrations of the compounds detected in shallow groundwater (that is, groundwater drawn from within a depth of 6.3 ± 0.5 meters [mean ± 95 percent confidence interval] below the water table) in more than 1,400 locations across the United States. The results from these comparisons were used to select the simulation approaches that led to the closest agreement between the simulated and the measured concentrations.
The P-GWAVA system uses computer simulations that account for a broader range of the hydrologic, physical, biological and chemical phenomena known to control the transport and fate of solutes in the subsurface than has been accounted for by any other vulnerability assessment over regional to national scales. Such phenomena include preferential transport and the influences of temperature, soil properties, and depth on the partitioning, transport, and transformation of pesticides in the subsurface. Published methods and detailed soil property data are used to estimate a wide range of model input parameters for each site, including surface albedo, surface crust permeability, soil water content, Brooks-Corey parameters, saturated hydraulic conductivity, macroporosity and sizes of microbial populations, as well as solute partition coefficients, reaction rates, and meso-micropore diffusion rates. To ensure geographic consistency among the predictions, the only site-specific input data that are used are those that are available for all of the 48 conterminous states.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, V.A","doi":"10.3133/sir20145189","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Barbash, J.E., and Voss, F.D., 2016, Design and testing of a process-based groundwater vulnerability assessment (P-GWAVA) system for predicting concentrations of agrichemicals in groundwater across the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5189, 210 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20145189.","productDescription":"xvi, 210 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044178","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316519,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5189/sir20145189.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.9 MB","description":"SIR 2014-5189 Report 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U.S. Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
http://wa.water.usgs.gov
Total nitrogen loads at 14 water-quality monitoring stations were calculated by using discrete measurements of total nitrogen and continuous streamflow data for the period 2005–13 (water years 2006–13). Total nitrogen loads were calculated by using the LOADEST computer program.
Overall, for water years 2006–13, streamflow in Connecticut was generally above normal. Total nitrogen yields ranged from 1,160 to 23,330 pounds per square mile per year. Total nitrogen loads from the French River at North Grosvenordale and the Still River at Brookfield Center, Connecticut, declined noticeably during the study period. An analysis of the bias in estimated loads indicated unbiased results at all but one station, indicating generally good fit for the LOADEST models.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161007","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Mullaney, J.R., 2016, Nitrogen loads from selected rivers in the Long Island Sound Basin, 2005–13, Connecticut and Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1007, 14 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161007.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 14 p.; Table 2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-070502","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319223,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1007/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":319224,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1007/ofr20161007.pdf","size":"6.36 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1007"},{"id":319225,"rank":3,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1007/ofr20161007_table2.xlsx","text":"Table 2. Total nitrogen load and yield and selected regression model and flux-bias diagnostics for each water-quality monitoring station, Long Island Sound Basin, water years 2006–13.","size":"22.7 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2016-1007"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Massachusetts","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.4820556640625,\n 42.17561739661684\n ],\n [\n -71.806640625,\n 42.12674735753131\n ],\n [\n -71.8011474609375,\n 41.31907562295136\n ],\n [\n -72.3834228515625,\n 41.25716209782705\n ],\n [\n -72.93823242187499,\n 41.22824901518532\n ],\n [\n -73.65234375,\n 40.992337919312284\n ],\n [\n -73.740234375,\n 41.10005163093046\n ],\n [\n -73.4930419921875,\n 41.21998578493921\n ],\n [\n -73.56994628906249,\n 41.29431726315258\n ],\n [\n -73.4820556640625,\n 42.17561739661684\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
101 Pitkin Street
East Hartford, CT 06108
Or Visit our Web site at:
http://newengland.water.usgs.gov
With climate change becoming more of concern, many ecologists are including climate variables in their system and statistical models. The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) is a drought index that has potential advantages in modeling ecological response variables, including a flexible computation of the index over different timescales. However, little development has been made in terms of the choice of timescale for SPEI. We developed a Bayesian modeling approach for estimating the timescale for SPEI and demonstrated its use in modeling wetland hydrologic dynamics in two different eras (i.e., historical [pre-1970] and contemporary [post-2003]). Our goal was to determine whether differences in climate between the two eras could explain changes in the amount of water in wetlands. Our results showed that wetland water surface areas tended to be larger in wetter conditions, but also changed less in response to climate fluctuations in the contemporary era. We also found that the average timescale parameter was greater in the historical period, compared with the contemporary period. We were not able to determine whether this shift in timescale was due to a change in the timing of wet–dry periods or whether it was due to changes in the way wetlands responded to climate. Our results suggest that perhaps some interaction between climate and hydrologic response may be at work, and further analysis is needed to determine which has a stronger influence. Despite this, we suggest that our modeling approach enabled us to estimate the relevant timescale for SPEI and make inferences from those estimates. Likewise, our approach provides a mechanism for using prior information with future data to assess whether these patterns may continue over time. We suggest that ecologists consider using temporally scalable climate indices in conjunction with Bayesian analysis for assessing the role of climate in ecological systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/ece3.2092","usgsCitation":"Post van der Burg, M., Anteau, M.J., McCauley, L.A., and Wiltermuth, M.T., 2016, A Bayesian approach for temporally scaling climate for modeling ecological systems: Ecology and Evolution, v. 6, no. 9, p. 2978-2987, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2092.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"2978","endPage":"2987","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063141","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471122,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2092","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":319621,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-03-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56fceaabe4b0a6037df29c96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Post van der Burg, Max 0000-0002-3943-4194 maxpostvanderburg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3943-4194","contributorId":4947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Post van der Burg","given":"Max","email":"maxpostvanderburg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":625616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anteau, Michael J. 0000-0002-5173-5870 manteau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5173-5870","contributorId":3427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anteau","given":"Michael","email":"manteau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":625618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCauley, Lisa A. lmccauley@usgs.gov","contributorId":5048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCauley","given":"Lisa","email":"lmccauley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":625617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wiltermuth, Mark T. 0000-0002-8871-2816 mwiltermuth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8871-2816","contributorId":708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiltermuth","given":"Mark","email":"mwiltermuth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":625619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70170083,"text":"70170083 - 2016 - The North American model and captive cervid facilities—What is the threat?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-06T12:21:12","indexId":"70170083","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-28T13:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The North American model and captive cervid facilities—What is the threat?","docAbstract":"The North American Model of Wildlife Conservation represents the key principles that in combination resulted in a distinct form of wildlife conservation in the United States and Canada. How and to what extent captive cervid facilities comport with or conflict with these principles has implications for wildlife conservation. Greatest threats appear to be toward principles of public ownership of wildlife, allocation of wildlife by law, and in policy decisions based on science. Captive cervid facilities have potential to contribute to erosion of the underlying principles of the Model and could undermine public support for conservation initiatives.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1002/wsb.637","usgsCitation":"Organ, J.F., Decker, T.A., and Lama, T.M., 2016, The North American model and captive cervid facilities—What is the threat?: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 40, no. 1, p. 10-13, https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.637.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"10","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066701","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doaj.org/article/c370a5cb6ba64bcbb5502916b80bd101","text":"External Repository"},{"id":319831,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-03-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"572486d6e4b0b13d391597f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Organ, John F. 0000-0002-0959-0639 jorgan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0959-0639","contributorId":152568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Organ","given":"John","email":"jorgan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":626073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Decker, Thomas A.","contributorId":168486,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Decker","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5128,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":626074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lama, Tanya M.","contributorId":168487,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lama","given":"Tanya","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5128,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":626075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70168937,"text":"ofr20161035 - 2016 - 2016 one-year seismic hazard forecast for the Central and Eastern United States from induced and natural earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-22T12:00:16","indexId":"ofr20161035","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-28T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-1035","title":"2016 one-year seismic hazard forecast for the Central and Eastern United States from induced and natural earthquakes","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has produced a 1-year seismic hazard forecast for 2016 for the Central and Eastern United States (CEUS) that includes contributions from both induced and natural earthquakes. The model assumes that earthquake rates calculated from several different time windows will remain relatively stationary and can be used to forecast earthquake hazard and damage intensity for the year 2016. This assessment is the first step in developing an operational earthquake forecast for the CEUS, and the analysis could be revised with updated seismicity and model parameters. Consensus input models consider alternative earthquake catalog durations, smoothing parameters, maximum magnitudes, and ground motion estimates, and represent uncertainties in earthquake occurrence and diversity of opinion in the science community. Ground shaking seismic hazard for 1-percent probability of exceedance in 1 year reaches 0.6 g (as a fraction of standard gravity [g]) in northern Oklahoma and southern Kansas, and about 0.2 g in the Raton Basin of Colorado and New Mexico, in central Arkansas, and in north-central Texas near Dallas. Near some areas of active induced earthquakes, hazard is higher than in the 2014 USGS National Seismic Hazard Model (NHSM) by more than a factor of 3; the 2014 NHSM did not consider induced earthquakes. In some areas, previously observed induced earthquakes have stopped, so the seismic hazard reverts back to the 2014 NSHM. Increased seismic activity, whether defined as induced or natural, produces high hazard. Conversion of ground shaking to seismic intensity indicates that some places in Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, and Arkansas may experience damage if the induced seismicity continues unabated. The chance of having Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) VI or greater (damaging earthquake shaking) is 5–12 percent per year in north-central Oklahoma and southern Kansas, similar to the chance of damage caused by natural earthquakes at sites in parts of California.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161035","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M.D., Mueller, C.S., Moschetti, M.P., Hoover, S.M., Llenos, A.L., Ellsworth, W.L., Michael, A.J., Rubinstein, J.L., McGarr, A.F., and Rukstales, K.S., 2016, 2016 One-year seismic hazard forecast for the Central and Eastern United States from induced and natural earthquakes: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1035, 52 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161035.","productDescription":"v, 52 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-073237","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438626,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P95M7TNI","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data Release for the 2016 One-Year Seismic Hazard Forecast for the Central and Eastern United States from Induced and Natural 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U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS 966
Denver, CO 80225-0046
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/
","tableOfContents":"The fisher was extirpated from much of the Pacific Northwestern United States during the mid- to late-1900s and is now proposed for federal listing as a threatened species in all or part of its west coast range. Following the translocation of 90 fishers from central British Columbia, Canada, to the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State from 2008 to 2010, we investigated the landscape-scale habitat selection of reintroduced fishers across a broad range of forest ages and disturbance histories, providing the first information on habitat relationships of newly reintroduced fishers in coastal coniferous forests in the Pacific Northwest. We developed 17 a priori models to evaluate several habitat-selection hypotheses based on premises of habitat models used to forecast habitat suitability for the reintroduced population. Further, we hypothesized that female fishers, because of their smaller body size than males, greater vulnerability to predation, and specific reproductive requirements, would be more selective than males for mid- to late-seral forest communities, where complex forest structural elements provide secure foraging, resting, and denning sites. We assessed 11 forest structure and landscape characteristics within the home range core-areas used by 19 females and 12 males and within randomly placed pseudo core areas that represented available habitats. We used case-controlled logistic regression to compare the characteristics of used and pseudo core areas and to assess selection by male and female fishers. Females were more selective of core area placement than males. Fifteen of 19 females (79%) and 5 of 12 males (42%) selected core areas within federal lands that encompassed primarily forests with an overstory of mid-sized or large trees. Male fishers exhibited only weak selection for core areas dominated by forests with an overstory of small trees, primarily on land managed for timber production or at high elevations. The amount of natural open area best distinguished the use of core areas between males and females, with females using substantially less natural open area than males. Although sex-specific selection has been suspected for fishers, we identified factors that distinguish the selection of core areas by females from those of males, information which will be valuable to managers planning reintroductions or providing suitable habitat to promote fisher recovery in the Pacific Northwest.
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Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trophic magnification of organic chemicals: A global synthesis","docAbstract":"Production of organic chemicals (OCs) is increasing exponentially, and some OCs biomagnify through food webs to potentially toxic levels. Biomagnification under field conditions is best described by trophic magnification factors (TMFs; per trophic level change in log-concentration of a chemical) which have been measured for more than two decades. Syntheses of TMF behavior relative to chemical traits and ecosystem properties are lacking. We analyzed >1500 TMFs to identify OCs predisposed to biomagnify and to assess ecosystem vulnerability. The highest TMFs were for OCs that are slowly metabolized by animals (metabolic rate kM < 0.01 day–1) and are moderately hydrophobic (log KOW 6–8). TMFs were more variable in marine than freshwaters, unrelated to latitude, and highest in food webs containing endotherms. We modeled the probability that any OC would biomagnify as a combined function of KOW and kM. Probability is greatest (∼100%) for slowly metabolized compounds, regardless of KOW, and lowest for chemicals with rapid transformation rates (kM > 0.2 day–1). 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","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.6b00201","usgsCitation":"Walters, D., Jardine, T., Cade, B.S., Kidd, K., Muir, D., and Leipzig-Scott, P.C., 2016, Trophic magnification of organic chemicals: A global synthesis: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 50, no. 9, p. 4650-4658, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00201.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"4650","endPage":"4658","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-071917","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320332,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-04-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5718a852e4b0ef3b7caba67d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walters, David 0000-0002-4237-2158 waltersd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4237-2158","contributorId":147135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"David","email":"waltersd@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jardine, T.D.","contributorId":168698,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jardine","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13248,"text":"University of Saskatchewan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":627032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cade, Brian S. 0000-0001-9623-9849 cadeb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9623-9849","contributorId":1278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"Brian","email":"cadeb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kidd, K.A.","contributorId":168699,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kidd","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18889,"text":"University of New Brunswick","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":627034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Muir, D.C.G.","contributorId":168700,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Muir","given":"D.C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6779,"text":"Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":627035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Leipzig-Scott, Peter C. pleipzig-scott@usgs.gov","contributorId":5661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leipzig-Scott","given":"Peter","email":"pleipzig-scott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70169223,"text":"ofr20161049 - 2016 - Evaluation of Caspian tern (Hydroprogne caspia) and snowy plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) nesting on modified islands at the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge, California—2015 Annual Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-01T17:15:17","indexId":"ofr20161049","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-24T19:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-1049","title":"Evaluation of Caspian tern (Hydroprogne caspia) and snowy plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) nesting on modified islands at the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge, California—2015 Annual Report","docAbstract":"In order to address the 2008/10 NOAA Fisheries Biological Opinion for operation of the Federal Columbia River Power System, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) have developed and begun implementation of Caspian tern (Hydroprogne caspia) management plans. This implementation includes relocating nesting Caspian terns out of the Columbia River estuary and the mid-Columbia River region to reduce predation on salmonids listed under the Endangered Species Act. USACE and Reclamation developed Caspian tern nesting habitat at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge (DENWR), California prior to the 2015 nesting season. Further, to reduce or eliminate potential conflicts between nesting Caspian terns and threatened western snowy plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus), nesting habitat for snowy plovers also was developed. Seven recently constructed islands within two managed ponds (Ponds A16 and SF2) of DENWR were modified to provide habitat attractive to nesting Caspian terns (5 islands), and snowy plovers (2 islands). These seven islands were a subset of 46 islands recently constructed in Ponds A16 and SF2 to provide waterbird nesting habitat as part of the South Bay Salt Pond (SBSP) Restoration Project.
\nWe used social attraction methods (decoys and electronic call systems) to attract Caspian terns and snowy plovers to these seven modified islands, and conducted surveys between March and September 2015 to evaluate nest numbers, nest density, and productivity. Results from the 2015 nesting season indicate that island modifications and social attraction measures were successful in establishing Caspian tern breeding colonies at Ponds A16 and SF2 of DENWR. Caspian terns nested on three of the five islands modified for Caspian terns (1 island in Pond A16 and 2 islands in Pond SF2). Caspian terns initiated at least 224 nests, fledged at least 174 chicks, and exhibited a breeding success rate of 0.78 fledged chicks/breeding pair. These results are promising considering it was the first year of the study and there was no prior history of Caspian terns nesting at Ponds A16 and SF2. In contrast, snowy plovers did not attempt to nest on any island in Ponds A16 and SF2. These results demonstrate the potential of social attraction measures to help establish tern nesting colonies in San Francisco Bay. Social attraction measures similar to those used in this study, but targeting other species such as Forster’s terns and American avocets, may help to establish waterbird breeding colonies at wetlands enhanced as part of the SBSP Restoration Project.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161049","collaboration":"Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Hartman, C.A., Ackerman, J.T., Herzog, M.P., Strong, C., Trachtenbarg, D., Sawyer, K.A., and Shore, C.A., 2016, Evaluation of Caspian tern (Hydroprogne caspia) and snowy plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) nesting on modified islands at the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge, California—2015 Annual Report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016-1049, 36 p., http//dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161049.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-072856","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research 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U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
http://www.werc.usgs.gov/
The terminus of a stream flowing into a larger river, pond, lake, or reservoir is referred to as the stream-mouth reach or simply the stream mouth. The terminus is often characterized by rapidly changing thermal and hydraulic conditions that result in abrupt shifts in surface water/groundwater (sw/gw) exchange patterns, creating the potential for unique biogeochemical processes and ecosystems. Worldwide shoreline development is changing stream-lake interfaces through channelization of stream mouths, i.e., channel straightening and bank stabilization to prevent natural meandering at the shoreline. In the central Sierra Nevada (USA), Lake Tahoe's shoreline has an abundance of both “unmodified” (i.e., not engineered though potentially impacted by broader watershed engineering) and channelized stream mouths. Two representative stream mouths along the lake's north shore, one channelized and one unmodified, were selected to compare and contrast water and heat exchanges. Hydraulic and thermal properties were monitored during separate campaigns in September 2012 and 2013 and sw/gw exchanges were estimated within the stream mouth-shoreline continuum. Heat-flow and water-flow patterns indicated clear differences in the channelized versus the unmodified stream mouth. For the channelized stream mouth, relatively modulated, cool-temperature, low-velocity longitudinal streambed flows discharged offshore beneath warmer buoyant lakeshore water. In contrast, a seasonal barrier bar formed across the unmodified stream mouth, creating higher-velocity subsurface flow paths and higher diurnal temperature variations relative to shoreline water. As a consequence, channelization altered sw/gw exchanges potentially altering biogeochemical processing and ecological systems in and near the stream mouth.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1002/2015WR017013","usgsCitation":"Constantz, J., Naranjo, R.C., Niswonger, R.G., Allander, K.K., Neilson, B., Rosenberry, D.O., Smith, D.W., Rosecrans, C., and Stonestrom, D.A., 2016, Groundwater exchanges near a channelized versus unmodified stream mouth discharging to a subalpine lake: Water Resources Research, v. 52, no. 3, p. 2157-2177, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017013.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"2157","endPage":"2177","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061592","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319737,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":471125,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index 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However, the benefits of high-quality habitat may be modulated by the presence of an environmentally persistent pathogen. In some cases, the presence of environmental pathogen reservoirs on high-quality habitat may lead to the creation of ecological traps, wherein host individuals preferentially colonize high-quality habitat, but are then exposed to increased infection risk and disease-induced mortality. We explored this possibility through the development of a stochastic patch occupancy model, where we varied the pathogen’s virulence, transmission rate and environmental persistence as well as the distribution of habitat quality in the host metapopulation. This model suggests that for pathogens with intermediate levels of spread, high-quality habitat can serve as an ecological trap, and can be detrimental to host persistence relative to low-quality habitat. 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Observations consisted of time-series measurements of water-column currents, temperature and salinity, and near-bed currents and suspended matter. The internal tide accounted for 15–25% of the water-column current variance and the barotropic tide accounted for up to 35%. The subtidal flow showed remarkably little shear and was dominated by the 7–14 day band, which is associated with relaxations in the dominant equatorward winds typical of coastal California in the spring and summer. Upwelling and relaxation events resulted in strong near-bed flows and accounted for almost half of the current stress on the seafloor (not accounting for wave orbital velocities), and may have driven along-shelf geostrophic flow during steady state conditions. Several elevated suspended particulate matter (SPM) events occurred within 3 m of the bed and were generally associated with higher, long-period surface waves. However, these peaks in SPM did not coincide with the predicted resuspension events from the modeled combined wave–current shear stress, indicating that the observed SPM at our site was most likely resuspended elsewhere and advected along-isobath. Sediment flux was almost equal in magnitude in the alongshore and cross-shore directions. Instances of wave–current shear stress that exceeded the threshold of resuspension for the silty-clays common at these water depths only occurred when near-bed orbital velocities due to long-period surface waves coincided with vigorous near-bed currents associated with the internal tide or upwelling/relaxation events. Thus upwelling/relaxation dynamics are primarily responsible for variability in the internal tide, as well as transport of near-bottom sediment in the mid-self mud belt during the relatively quiescent summer months.
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However, in-depth evaluations can also incorporate variation in individual incubation behaviour to further advance our understanding of avian reproductive ecology. We examined these relationships in colonially nesting Black-crowned Night-Herons Nycticorax nycticorax using intensive video-monitoring methods to quantify incubation behaviours. We modelled nest survival as a function of both extrinsic factors and incubation behaviours over a 3-year period (2010–12) on Alcatraz Island, USA. Model-averaged parameter estimates indicated that nest survival increased as a function of greater incubation constancy (% of time spent incubating eggs within a 24-h period), and average daily precipitation throughout the nesting stage. Common Ravens Corvus corax are the only known nest predator of Night-Herons on Alcatraz Island, as on many other coastal Pacific islands. We also investigated the effects of heterospecific nesting of California Gulls Larus californicus and Western Gulls Larus occidentalis in a mixed-species colony with Night-Herons, based on nesting proximity data collected over a 2-year period (2011–12). This second analysis indicated that, in addition to incubation behaviours, nesting heterospecifics are an important factor for explaining variation in Night-Heron nest survival. However, contrary to our original expectation, we found that Night-Herons experienced increased nest survival with increasing distance from gull colony boundaries. These results may apply to other areas with multiple colonial nesting species and similar predator communities and climatic patterns.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/ibi.12351","usgsCitation":"Brussee, B.E., Coates, P.S., Hothem, R.L., Howe, K., Casazza, M.L., and Eadie, J.M., 2016, Nest survival is influenced by parental behaviour and heterospecifics in a mixed-species colony: Ibis, v. 158, no. 2, p. 315-326, https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12351.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"326","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-073084","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319208,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"158","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-03-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3b01ce4b0f59b85dfca20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brussee, Brianne E. 0000-0002-2452-7101 bbrussee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2452-7101","contributorId":4249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brussee","given":"Brianne","email":"bbrussee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coates, Peter S. 0000-0003-2672-9994 pcoates@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2672-9994","contributorId":3263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coates","given":"Peter","email":"pcoates@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hothem, Roger L. roger_hothem@usgs.gov","contributorId":1721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hothem","given":"Roger","email":"roger_hothem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howe, Kristy khowe@usgs.gov","contributorId":167379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howe","given":"Kristy","email":"khowe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Casazza, Michael L. 0000-0002-5636-735X mike_casazza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X","contributorId":2091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casazza","given":"Michael","email":"mike_casazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Eadie, John M.","contributorId":65219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eadie","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":7082,"text":"University of California - Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70168888,"text":"fs20163008 - 2016 - Flood- and drought-related natural hazards activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in New England","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-30T10:18:55","indexId":"fs20163008","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-23T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-3008","title":"Flood- and drought-related natural hazards activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in New England","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has many ongoing and recent water-related natural hazard activities in New England that can be used to help mitigate the effects of natural hazards in cooperation with other agencies. The themes related to potential hazards and the tools and science to better understand and address them include the following:
\nErosion and landslides
• Fluvial erosion (sediment transport, bridge scour, and bankfull channel geometry characterization)
• Current and historic landslide mapping
Flood documentation and assessment
• Flood high-water marks
• Flood modeling and frequency analysis
• Flood inundation mapping
• Peak-flow regression equations
Drought documentation and assessment
• Drought frequency analysis
• Low-flow frequency and flow duration statistics
• Water use and availability during drought
Hydrologic monitoring
• Streamflow monitoring network
• Groundwater monitoring network
• Tidal monitoring network
• Snow surveys and ice jam monitoring
Tools for natural hazard assessment and mitigation
• Light detection and ranging (lidar) remote sensing technology
• StreamStats Web-based tool for streamflow statistics
• Flood inundation mapper
Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
331 Commerce Way, Suite 2
Pembroke, NH 03275
Or visit our Web site at
http://newengland.water.usgs.gov/
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has a long history of working with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and State transportation agencies to provide data and information to address various issues related to water resources and the Nation’s transportation infrastructure. These issues include the following:
\n• Streamgaging data networks
• Flow frequencies and flow statistics
• Water-quality investigations
• Bridge scour and sediment transport
• Hydrologic and hydraulic flood modeling
In New England, the USGS is conducting investigations to improve flood flow estimation techniques, to define channel characteristics at bankfull discharge, and to document storm tide as a result of major coastal storms. Current locally focused investigations include examination of flow frequency in rural, urban, and small watersheds; documentation of extreme inland floods along with flood-frequency updates; examination of the effects of roadway blasting on groundwater quality; and determinations of the effects of road salting on the quality of runoff and receiving waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20163009","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 2016, Transportation and hydrology studies of the U.S. Geological Survey in New England: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2016–3009, 4 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20163009.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-069106","costCenters":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319022,"rank":6,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20163012","text":"Fact Sheet 2016-3012","size":"1 MB","description":"FS 2016-3009"},{"id":319021,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20163011","text":"Fact Sheet 2016-3011","size":"713 KB","description":"FS 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
331 Commerce Way, Suite 2
Pembroke, NH 03275
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Using water column temperature records collected since 1968, we analyzed the impacts of climate change on thermal properties, stability intensity, length of stratification, and deep mixing dynamics of Lake Tahoe using a modified stability index (SI). This new SI is easier to produce and is a more informative measure of deep lake stability than commonly used stability indices. The annual average SI increased at 16.62 kg/m2/decade although the summer (May–October) average SI increased at a higher rate (25.42 kg/m2/decade) during the period 1968–2014. This resulted in the lengthening of the stratification season by approximately 24 d. We simulated the lake thermal structure over a future 100 yr period using a lake hydrodynamic model driven by statistically downscaled outputs of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Model (GFDL) for two different green house gas emission scenarios (the A2 in which greenhouse-gas emissions increase rapidly throughout the 21st Century, and the B1 in which emissions slow and then level off by the late 21st Century). The results suggest a continuation and intensification of the already observed trends. The length of stratification duration and the annual average lake stability are projected to increase by 38 d and 12 d and 30.25 kg/m2/decade and 8.66 kg/m2/decade, respectively for GFDLA2 and GFDLB1, respectively during 2014–2098. The consequences of this change bear the hallmarks of climate change induced lake warming and possible exacerbation of existing water quality, quantity and ecosystem changes. The developed methodology could be extended and applied to other lakes as a tool to predict changes in stratification and mixing dynamics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley & Sons Ltd.","doi":"10.1002/lno.10228","usgsCitation":"Sahoo, G.B., Forrest, A.L., Schladow, S., Reuter, J.E., Coats, R., and Dettinger, M.D., 2016, Climate change impacts on lake thermal dynamics and ecosystem vulnerabilities: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 61, p. 496-507, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10228.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"496","endPage":"507","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057124","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471128,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10228","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":325694,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Lake 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The term “potash” refers to potassium-bearing, water-soluble salts derived from evaporite basins, where seawater dried up and precipitated various salt compounds; the word for the element “potassium” is derived from potash. Potash is produced worldwide at amounts exceeding 30 million metric tons per year, mostly for use in fertilizers. The term “potash” is used by industry to refer to potassium chloride, as well as potassium in sulfate, nitrate, and oxide forms. For the purposes of this assessment, the term “potash” refers to potassium ores and minerals and potash ore grades. Resource and production values are usually expressed by industry in terms of K2O (potassium oxide) or muriate of potash (KCl, potassium chloride).
\nThe CASB hosts significant discovered potash resources and originated in an inland sea during Late Jurassic time. Seawater flowed into the CASB, mostly from its extreme northwestern margin near the modern Caspian Sea, during several evaporation episodes that deposited at least five different packages of evaporites, with virtually all potash in the second and fourth packages. In this study, the CASB was subdivided into three tracts (permissive areas) for evaluation: the Amu Darya tract in the west, the Gissar tract in the center, and the Afghan-Tajik tract in the east. The Gissar and Amu Darya tracts were quantitatively assessed, whereas the Afghan‑Tajik tract was only qualitatively assessed because of the commonly extreme depth (as deep as 7 km) of the Jurassic salt, extensive deformation, and a lack of known potash deposits.
\nTwo approaches were used to estimate amounts of undiscovered potash in the CASB. Stratabound evaporite deposits in the Amu Darya tract were evaluated using an Adaptive Geometric Estimation (AGE) approach, which estimates in-place potash volumes and tonnages. The Gissar tract was evaluated by using the AGE approach for stratabound deposits and the three-part form of assessment of Singer and Menzie (2005) for discrete halokinetic deposits. In the three-part form of assessment, numbers of undiscovered deposits were estimated and combined with grade and tonnage models to probabilistically forecast the amount of undiscovered potash. The Amu Darya tract is estimated to contain 38 billion metric tons of undiscovered potash as K2O by using the AGE approach for stratabound deposits. The hybrid stratabound-halokinetic Gissar tract is estimated to contain between 1 and 16 billion metric tons of undiscovered potash as K2O.
\nChapter 1 of this report provides an overview of the history of the CASB and summarizes evaporite potash deposition, halokinesis, and dissolution processes that have affected the current distribution of potash-bearing salt in the CASB. Chapter 2 describes the Gissar tract, an uplifted region that contains a mix of stratabound and halokinetic potash deposits and all of the discovered and exploited potash deposits of the CASB. Chapter 3 describes the Amu Darya tract, where evaporite deposits remain flat-lying and undeformed since their original deposition. Chapter 4 describes the highly deformed and compressed Afghan-Tajik tract and what is known of the deeply-buried Jurassic salt. Chapter 5 describes the spatial databases included with this report, which contain a collection of CASB potash information. Appendixes A and B summarize descriptive models for stratabound and halokinetic potash-bearing salt deposits, respectively. Appendix C summarizes the AGE method used to evaluate the Gissar and Amu Darya tracts. Appendixes D and E contain grade and thickness data for the Gissar and Amu Darya tracts. Appendix F provides the SYSTAT script used to estimate undiscovered K2 O in a CASB tract. Appendix G provides a potash glossary, and appendix H provides biographies of assessment participants.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global mineral resource assessment (Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5090)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105090AA","usgsCitation":"Wynn, Jeff, Orris, G.J., Dunlap, Pamela, Cocker, M.D., and Bliss, J.D., 2016, Geology and undiscovered resource assessment of the potash-bearing Central Asia Salt Basin, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report SIR 2010–5090–AA, 106 p., and spatial data, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20105090AA.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 106 p.; GIS Data","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-053583","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318376,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/aa/sir20105090aa.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2010-5090-AA report PDF"},{"id":318377,"rank":3,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/aa/sir20105090aa_gis.zip","text":"GIS Data","size":"4.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIR 2010-5090-AA GIS Data"},{"id":318375,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/aa/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 62.38037109374999,\n 40.094882122321174\n ],\n [\n 60.3369140625,\n 40.01078714046552\n ],\n [\n 61.14990234374999,\n 36.89719446989036\n ],\n [\n 70.07080078125,\n 35.94243575255426\n ],\n [\n 70.24658203125,\n 37.94419750075404\n ],\n [\n 70.9716796875,\n 38.94232097947902\n ],\n [\n 62.38037109374999,\n 40.094882122321174\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Contact Information, Mineral Resources Program
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http://minerals.usgs.gov/
This report describes two software tools that, when used as front ends for the three-dimensional backward Monte Carlo atmospheric-radiative-transfer model (RTM) McArtim, facilitate the generation of lookup tables of volcanic-plume optical-transmittance characteristics in the ultraviolet/visible-spectral region. In particular, the differential optical depth and derivatives thereof (that is, weighting functions), with regard to a change in SO2 column density or aerosol optical thickness, can be simulated for a specific measurement geometry and a representative range of plume conditions. These tables are required for the retrieval of SO2 column density in volcanic plumes, using the simulated radiative-transfer/differential optical-absorption spectroscopic (SRT-DOAS) approach outlined by Kern and others (2012). This report, together with the software tools published online, is intended to make this sophisticated SRT-DOAS technique available to volcanologists and gas geochemists in an operational environment, without the need for an indepth treatment of the underlying principles or the low-level interface of the RTM McArtim.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161045","usgsCitation":"Kern, Christoph, 2016, An interface for simulating radiative transfer in and around volcanic plumes with the Monte Carlo radiative transfer model McArtim: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1045, 18 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161045.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-046306","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319193,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1045/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":319194,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1045/ofr20161045.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1045"}],"contact":"Contact CVO
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1300 SE Cardinal Court, Building 10, Suite 100
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http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/
Alaska has one of the most rapidly changing climates on earth and is experiencing an accelerated rate of human disturbance, including resource extraction and transportation infrastructure development. Combined, these factors increase the state’s vulnerability to biological invasion, which can have acute negative impacts on ecological integrity and subsistence practices. Of growing concern is the spread of Alaska’s first documented freshwater aquatic invasive plant Elodea spp. (elodea). In this study, we modeled the suitable habitat of elodea using global and state-specific species occurrence records and environmental variables, in concert with an ensemble of model algorithms. Furthermore, we sought to incorporate local subsistence concerns by using Native Alaskan knowledge and available statewide subsistence harvest data to assess the potential threat posed by elodea to Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and whitefish (Coregonus nelsonii) subsistence. State models were applied to future climate (2040–2059) using five general circulation models best suited for Alaska. Model evaluations indicated that our results had moderate to strong predictability, with area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve values above 0.80 and classification accuracies ranging from 66 to 89 %. State models provided a more robust assessment of elodea habitat suitability. These ensembles revealed different levels of management concern statewide, based on the interaction of fish subsistence patterns, known spawning and rearing sites, and elodea habitat suitability, thus highlighting regions with additional need for targeted monitoring. Our results suggest that this approach can hold great utility for invasion risk assessments and better facilitate the inclusion of local stakeholder concerns in conservation planning and management.
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reasons, such as to find and exploit patchy resources or to locate essential habitats (e.g., for spawning). Inherent challenges exist with the assessment of fish populations because they are moving targets. We submit that quantifying and describing the spatial ecology of fish and their habitat is an important component of freshwater fishery assessment and management. With a growing number of tools available for studying the spatial ecology of fishes (e.g., telemetry, population genetics, hydroacoustics, otolith microchemistry, stable isotope analysis), new knowledge can now be generated and incorporated into biological assessment and fishery management. For example, knowing when, where, and how to deploy assessment gears is essential to inform, refine, or calibrate assessment protocols. Such information is also useful for quantifying or avoiding bycatch of imperiled species. Knowledge of habitat connectivity and usage can identify critically important migration corridors and habitats and can be used to improve our understanding of variables that influence spatial structuring of fish populations. Similarly, demographic processes are partly driven by the behavior of fish and mediated by environmental drivers. Information on these processes is critical to the development and application of realistic population dynamics models. Collectively, biological assessment, when informed by knowledge of spatial ecology, can provide managers with the ability to understand how and when fish and their habitats may be exposed to different threats. Naturally, this knowledge helps to better evaluate or develop strategies to protect the long-term viability of fishery production. Failure to understand the spatial ecology of fishes and to incorporate spatiotemporal data can bias population assessments and forecasts and potentially lead to ineffective or counterproductive management actions.
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