Overland flow detectors (OFDs) were deployed in 2012 on a hillslope burned by the 2010 Fourmile Canyon fire near Boulder, Colorado, USA. These detectors were simple, electrical resistor-type instruments that output a voltage (0–2·5 V) and were designed to measure and record the time of runoff initiation, a signal proportional to water depth, and the runoff hydrograph during natural convective rainstorms.
Initiation of runoff was found to be spatially complex and began at different times in different locations on the hillslope. Runoff started first at upstream detectors 56% of the time, at the mid-stream detectors 6%, and at the downstream detectors 38% of the time. Initiation of post-wildfire runoff depended on the time-to-ponding, travel time between points, and the time to fill surface depression storage. These times ranged from 0·5–54, 0·4–1·1, and 0·2–14 minutes, respectively, indicating the importance of the ponding process in controlling the initiation of runoff at this site. Time-to-ponding was modeled as a function of the rainfall acceleration (i.e. the rate of change of rainfall intensity) and either the cumulative rainfall at the start of runoff or the soil–water deficit.
Measurements made by the OFDs provided physical insight into the spatial and temporal initiation of post-wildfire runoff during unsteady flow in response to time varying natural rainfall. They also provided data that can be telemetered and used to determine critical input parameters for hydrologic rainfall–runoff models.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/esp.3704","usgsCitation":"Moody, J.A., and Martin, R., 2015, Measurements of the initiation of post-wildfire runoff during rainstorms using in situ overland flow detectors: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 40, no. 8, p. 1043-1056, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3704.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1043","endPage":"1056","ipdsId":"IP-061823","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344455,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-01-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5980419be4b0a38ca2789349","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moody, John A. 0000-0003-2609-364X jamoody@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2609-364X","contributorId":771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"John","email":"jamoody@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":706815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, Richard G.","contributorId":195347,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martin","given":"Richard G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70189946,"text":"70189946 - 2015 - Baseline and premining geochemical characterization of mined sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-31T13:35:46","indexId":"70189946","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Baseline and premining geochemical characterization of mined sites","docAbstract":"A rational goal for environmental restoration of new, active, or inactive mine sites would be ‘natural background’ or the environmental conditions that existed before any mining activities or other related anthropogenic activities. In a strictly technical sense, there is no such thing as natural background (or entirely non-anthropogenic) existing today because there is no part of the planet earth that has not had at least some chemical disturbance from anthropogenic activities. Hence, the terms ‘baseline’ and ‘pre-mining’ are preferred to describe these conditions. Baseline conditions are those that existed at the time of the characterization which could be pre-mining, during mining, or post-mining. Protocols for geochemically characterizing pre-mining conditions are not well-documented for sites already mined but there are two approaches that seem most direct and least ambiguous. One is characterization of analog sites along with judicious application of geochemical modeling. The other is reactive-transport modeling (based on careful synoptic sampling with tracer-injection) and subtracting inputs from known mining and mineral processing. Several examples of acidic drainage are described from around the world documenting the range of water compositions produced from pyrite oxidation in the absence of mining. These analog sites provide insight to the processes forming mineralized waters in areas untouched by mining. Natural analog water-chemistry data is compared with the higher metal concentrations, metal fluxes, and weathering rates found in mined areas in the few places where comparisons are possible. The differences are generally 1–3 orders of magnitude higher for acid mine drainage.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.12.010","usgsCitation":"Nordstrom, D.K., 2015, Baseline and premining geochemical characterization of mined sites: Applied Geochemistry, v. 57, p. 17-34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.12.010.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"34","ipdsId":"IP-061799","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344471,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5980419ce4b0a38ca2789358","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":706847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70188369,"text":"70188369 - 2015 - Postearthquake relaxation evidence for laterally variable viscoelastic structure and water content in the Southern California mantle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T11:10:51","indexId":"70188369","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Postearthquake relaxation evidence for laterally variable viscoelastic structure and water content in the Southern California mantle","docAbstract":"I reexamine the lower crust and mantle relaxation following two large events in the Mojave Desert: the 1992 M7.3 Landers and 1999 M7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquakes. Time series from continuous GPS sites out to 300 km from the ruptures are used to constrain models of postseismic relaxation. Crustal motions in the Mojave Desert region are elevated above background for several years following each event. To account for broadscale relaxation of the lower crust and mantle, the Burgers body model is employed, involving transient and steady state viscosities. Joint afterslip/postseismic relaxation modeling of the GPS time series up to one decade following the Hector Mine earthquake reveals a significant rheological contrast between a northwest trending “southwest domain” (that envelopes the San Andreas fault system and western Mojave Desert) and an adjacent “northeast domain” (that envelopes the Landers and Hector Mine rupture areas in the central Mojave Desert). The steady state viscosity of the northeast domain mantle asthenosphere is inferred to be ∼4 times greater than that of the southwest domain. This pattern is counter to that expected for regional heat flow, which is higher in the northeast domain, but it is explicable by means of a nonlinear rheology that includes dependence on both strain rate and water concentration. I infer that the southwest domain mantle has a relatively low steady state viscosity because of its high strain rate and water content. The relatively low mantle water content of the northeast domain is interpreted to result from the continual extraction of water through igneous and volcanic activity over the past ∼20 Myr.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2014JB011603","usgsCitation":"Pollitz, F., 2015, Postearthquake relaxation evidence for laterally variable viscoelastic structure and water content in the Southern California mantle: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 120, no. 4, p. 2672-2696, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011603.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"2672","endPage":"2696","ipdsId":"IP-057101","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342212,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.5,\n 33.5\n ],\n [\n -117.25,\n 33.5\n ],\n [\n -117.25,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -115.5,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -115.5,\n 33.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"120","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-04-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"593910b1e4b0764e6c5e889f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollitz, Frederick 0000-0002-4060-2706 fpollitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4060-2706","contributorId":139578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"Frederick","email":"fpollitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70154925,"text":"70154925 - 2015 - Measuring storm tide and high-water marks caused by Hurricane Sandy in New York: Chapter 2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T14:41:50","indexId":"70154925","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Measuring storm tide and high-water marks caused by Hurricane Sandy in New York: Chapter 2","docAbstract":"In response to Hurricane Sandy, personnel from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) deployed a temporary network of storm-tide sensors from Virginia to Maine. During the storm, real-time water levels were available from tide gages and rapid-deployment gages (RDGs). After the storm, USGS scientists retrieved the storm-tide sensors and RDGs and surveyed high-water marks. These data demonstrate that the timing of peak storm surge relative to astronomical tide was extremely important in southeastern New York. For example, along the south shores of New York City and western Suffolk County, the peak storm surge of 6–9 ft generally coincided with the astronomical high tide, which resulted in substantial coastal flooding. In the Peconic Estuary and northern Nassau County, however, the peak storm surge of 9 ft and nearly 12 ft, respectively, nearly coincided with normal low tide, which helped spare these communities from more severe coastal flooding.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Learning from the Impacts of Superstorm Sandy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Inc.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-801520-9.00002-X","usgsCitation":"Simonson, A.E., and Behrens, R., 2015, Measuring storm tide and high-water marks caused by Hurricane Sandy in New York: Chapter 2, chap. of Learning from the Impacts of Superstorm Sandy, p. 7-19, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801520-9.00002-X.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"19","ipdsId":"IP-055477","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340949,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-74.04086,40.700117],[-74.037998,40.698995],[-74.044451,40.688445],[-74.046359,40.689175],[-74.04086,40.700117]]],[[[-74.144428,40.53516],[-74.177986,40.519603],[-74.182157,40.520634],[-74.199923,40.511729],[-74.210474,40.509448],[-74.219787,40.502603],[-74.23324,40.501299],[-74.246688,40.496103],[-74.250188,40.496703],[-74.254588,40.502303],[-74.256088,40.507903],[-74.252702,40.513895],[-74.242888,40.520903],[-74.241732,40.531273],[-74.247808,40.543396],[-74.229002,40.555041],[-74.216997,40.554991],[-74.210887,40.560902],[-74.204054,40.589336],[-74.19682,40.597037],[-74.195407,40.601806],[-74.196096,40.616169],[-74.200994,40.616906],[-74.201812,40.619507],[-74.20058,40.631448],[-74.1894,40.642121],[-74.180191,40.645521],[-74.174085,40.645109],[-74.170187,40.642201],[-74.152973,40.638886],[-74.120186,40.642201],[-74.086485,40.648601],[-74.075884,40.648101],[-74.0697,40.641216],[-74.067598,40.623865],[-74.053125,40.603678],[-74.059184,40.593502],[-74.111471,40.546908],[-74.121672,40.542691],[-74.137241,40.530076],[-74.144428,40.53516]]],[[[-72.132225,41.104387],[-72.128352,41.108131],[-72.126704,41.115139],[-72.084207,41.101524],[-72.081167,41.09394],[-72.086975,41.058292],[-72.0972,41.054884],[-72.097136,41.075844],[-72.1064,41.088883],[-72.12056,41.093171],[-72.139233,41.092451],[-72.141921,41.094371],[-72.142929,41.097811],[-72.140737,41.100835],[-72.132225,41.104387]]],[[[-71.943563,41.286675],[-71.926802,41.290122],[-71.935259,41.280579],[-71.978926,41.265002],[-72.002461,41.252867],[-72.036846,41.249794],[-72.029438,41.26309],[-72.018926,41.274114],[-72.006872,41.27348],[-71.991117,41.281331],[-71.980061,41.280291],[-71.943563,41.286675]]],[[[-73.767176,40.886299],[-73.766276,40.881099],[-73.770876,40.879299],[-73.775276,40.882199],[-73.770576,40.888399],[-73.767176,40.886299]]],[[[-73.773361,40.859449],[-73.770552,40.86033],[-73.766333,40.857317],[-73.766032,40.844961],[-73.769648,40.84466],[-73.773038,40.848125],[-73.773361,40.859449]]],[[[-74.027392,44.995765],[-73.874597,45.001223],[-73.639718,45.003464],[-73.343124,45.01084],[-73.354633,44.987352],[-73.350218,44.976222],[-73.338734,44.965886],[-73.338979,44.917681],[-73.353657,44.907346],[-73.35808,44.901325],[-73.369103,44.86668],[-73.379822,44.857037],[-73.381359,44.845021],[-73.379452,44.83801],[-73.375345,44.836307],[-73.369647,44.829136],[-73.354945,44.8215],[-73.335443,44.804602],[-73.333154,44.788759],[-73.335713,44.782086],[-73.347072,44.772988],[-73.354361,44.755296],[-73.365561,44.741786],[-73.36556,44.700297],[-73.361323,44.695369],[-73.365297,44.687546],[-73.370142,44.684853],[-73.367209,44.678513],[-73.371089,44.67753],[-73.37272,44.668739],[-73.369669,44.663478],[-73.379074,44.656772],[-73.378014,44.653846],[-73.383157,44.645764],[-73.378561,44.641475],[-73.386783,44.636369],[-73.386497,44.626924],[-73.390231,44.618353],[-73.382932,44.612184],[-73.376849,44.599598],[-73.376806,44.595455],[-73.381848,44.589316],[-73.375666,44.582038],[-73.374389,44.575455],[-73.356788,44.557918],[-73.338751,44.548046],[-73.3393,44.544477],[-73.331595,44.535924],[-73.329458,44.529203],[-73.322026,44.525289],[-73.320836,44.513631],[-73.306707,44.500334],[-73.304418,44.485739],[-73.298939,44.471304],[-73.300114,44.454711],[-73.293613,44.440559],[-73.296031,44.428339],[-73.310491,44.402601],[-73.315016,44.388513],[-73.333575,44.372288],[-73.334939,44.364441],[-73.334637,44.356877],[-73.323997,44.333842],[-73.324229,44.310023],[-73.312299,44.280025],[-73.311025,44.27424],[-73.312852,44.265346],[-73.323596,44.243897],[-73.329322,44.244504],[-73.34323,44.238049],[-73.342312,44.234531],[-73.349889,44.230356],[-73.362013,44.208545],[-73.382252,44.197178],[-73.383987,44.193158],[-73.390583,44.190886],[-73.389658,44.181249],[-73.396892,44.173846],[-73.395399,44.166903],[-73.398728,44.162248],[-73.402381,44.145856],[-73.415761,44.132826],[-73.411316,44.112686],[-73.416319,44.099422],[-73.429239,44.079414],[-73.43774,44.045006],[-73.42312,44.032759],[-73.410776,44.026944],[-73.407739,44.021312],[-73.405977,44.011485],[-73.412613,43.97998],[-73.406823,43.967317],[-73.405525,43.948813],[-73.408589,43.932933],[-73.395878,43.903044],[-73.383491,43.890951],[-73.374051,43.875563],[-73.382046,43.855008],[-73.372462,43.846266],[-73.373688,43.84261],[-73.388389,43.832404],[-73.392492,43.820779],[-73.380804,43.810951],[-73.376361,43.798766],[-73.357547,43.785933],[-73.354758,43.776721],[-73.350593,43.771939],[-73.369725,43.744274],[-73.370612,43.725329],[-73.385883,43.711336],[-73.395517,43.696831],[-73.404739,43.690213],[-73.404126,43.681339],[-73.415513,43.65245],[-73.426463,43.642598],[-73.42791,43.634428],[-73.417668,43.621687],[-73.423708,43.612356],[-73.421616,43.603023],[-73.431229,43.588285],[-73.428636,43.583994],[-73.420378,43.581489],[-73.405629,43.571179],[-73.395767,43.568087],[-73.383369,43.57677],[-73.383446,43.596778],[-73.372469,43.604848],[-73.376036,43.612596],[-73.369933,43.619093],[-73.371889,43.624489],[-73.347621,43.622509],[-73.342181,43.62607],[-73.323893,43.627629],[-73.310606,43.624114],[-73.306234,43.628018],[-73.302076,43.624364],[-73.300285,43.610806],[-73.292232,43.60255],[-73.292801,43.593861],[-73.296924,43.587323],[-73.292364,43.585104],[-73.294621,43.57897],[-73.284912,43.579272],[-73.279726,43.574241],[-73.26938,43.571973],[-73.258631,43.564949],[-73.248641,43.553857],[-73.250132,43.543429],[-73.246585,43.541855],[-73.24139,43.532345],[-73.247698,43.523173],[-73.256493,43.259249],[-73.26978,43.035923],[-73.278673,42.83341],[-73.285388,42.834093],[-73.287063,42.82014],[-73.28375,42.813864],[-73.290944,42.80192],[-73.276421,42.746019],[-73.264957,42.74594],[-73.508142,42.086257],[-73.496879,42.049675],[-73.487314,42.049638],[-73.489615,42.000092],[-73.521041,41.619773],[-73.550961,41.295422],[-73.482709,41.21276],[-73.727775,41.100696],[-73.654671,41.011697],[-73.659372,40.999497],[-73.659671,40.987909],[-73.655972,40.979597],[-73.662072,40.966198],[-73.664472,40.967198],[-73.678073,40.962798],[-73.686473,40.945198],[-73.721739,40.932037],[-73.756776,40.912599],[-73.781338,40.885447],[-73.784803,40.878528],[-73.788786,40.858485],[-73.78806,40.854131],[-73.782174,40.847358],[-73.781206,40.838891],[-73.783867,40.836795],[-73.785399,40.838004],[-73.791044,40.846552],[-73.789512,40.85139],[-73.793785,40.855583],[-73.799543,40.848027],[-73.806914,40.849501],[-73.81281,40.846737],[-73.815205,40.831075],[-73.804518,40.818546],[-73.797332,40.815597],[-73.781369,40.794907],[-73.776032,40.795275],[-73.768431,40.800704],[-73.754032,40.820941],[-73.7544,40.826837],[-73.728275,40.8529],[-73.726675,40.8568],[-73.729575,40.8665],[-73.713674,40.870099],[-73.675573,40.856999],[-73.655872,40.863899],[-73.654372,40.878199],[-73.633771,40.898198],[-73.617571,40.897898],[-73.569969,40.915398],[-73.566169,40.915798],[-73.548068,40.908698],[-73.519267,40.914298],[-73.514999,40.912821],[-73.499941,40.918166],[-73.491765,40.942097],[-73.485365,40.946397],[-73.463708,40.937697],[-73.437509,40.934985],[-73.429863,40.929797],[-73.428836,40.921506],[-73.406074,40.920235],[-73.402963,40.925097],[-73.403462,40.942197],[-73.400862,40.953997],[-73.392862,40.955297],[-73.374462,40.937597],[-73.365961,40.931697],[-73.352761,40.926697],[-73.345561,40.925297],[-73.344161,40.927297],[-73.33136,40.929597],[-73.295061,40.924497],[-73.229285,40.905121],[-73.148994,40.928898],[-73.146242,40.935074],[-73.144673,40.955842],[-73.140785,40.966178],[-73.110368,40.971938],[-73.081582,40.973058],[-73.043701,40.962185],[-73.040445,40.964498],[-72.995931,40.966498],[-72.88825,40.962962],[-72.826057,40.969794],[-72.774104,40.965314],[-72.760031,40.975334],[-72.714425,40.985596],[-72.689341,40.989776],[-72.665018,40.987496],[-72.585327,40.997587],[-72.565406,41.009508],[-72.560974,41.015444],[-72.549853,41.019844],[-72.521548,41.037652],[-72.477306,41.052212],[-72.460778,41.067012],[-72.445242,41.086116],[-72.417945,41.087955],[-72.397,41.096307],[-72.356087,41.133635],[-72.322381,41.140664],[-72.291109,41.155874],[-72.278789,41.158722],[-72.2681,41.154146],[-72.245348,41.161217],[-72.238211,41.15949],[-72.237731,41.156434],[-72.253572,41.137138],[-72.265124,41.128482],[-72.300374,41.112274],[-72.300044,41.132059],[-72.306381,41.13784],[-72.318146,41.137134],[-72.32663,41.132162],[-72.335271,41.120274],[-72.335177,41.106917],[-72.317238,41.088659],[-72.297718,41.081042],[-72.280373,41.080402],[-72.276709,41.076722],[-72.283093,41.067874],[-72.273657,41.051533],[-72.260515,41.042065],[-72.229364,41.044355],[-72.201859,41.032275],[-72.190563,41.032579],[-72.183266,41.035619],[-72.174882,41.046147],[-72.162898,41.053187],[-72.153857,41.051859],[-72.137297,41.039684],[-72.135137,41.031284],[-72.137409,41.023908],[-72.116368,40.999796],[-72.10216,40.991509],[-72.095456,40.991349],[-72.083039,40.996453],[-72.076175,41.009093],[-72.061448,41.009442],[-72.057934,41.004789],[-72.051585,41.006437],[-72.049526,41.009697],[-72.051928,41.020506],[-72.047468,41.022565],[-72.035792,41.020759],[-72.015013,41.028348],[-71.99926,41.039669],[-71.96704,41.047772],[-71.961078,41.054277],[-71.959595,41.071237],[-71.93825,41.077413],[-71.899256,41.080837],[-71.889543,41.075701],[-71.869558,41.075046],[-71.86447,41.076918],[-71.857494,41.073558],[-71.856214,41.070598],[-71.87391,41.052278],[-71.903736,41.040166],[-71.935689,41.034182],[-72.029357,40.999909],[-72.114448,40.972085],[-72.39585,40.86666],[-72.469996,40.84274],[-72.753112,40.763571],[-72.768152,40.761587],[-72.863164,40.732962],[-73.054963,40.666371],[-73.20844,40.630884],[-73.262106,40.621476],[-73.306396,40.620756],[-73.319257,40.635795],[-73.351465,40.6305],[-73.391967,40.617501],[-73.450369,40.603501],[-73.562372,40.583703],[-73.610873,40.587703],[-73.646674,40.582804],[-73.754776,40.584404],[-73.753349,40.59056],[-73.774928,40.590759],[-73.834408,40.577201],[-73.878906,40.560888],[-73.934512,40.545175],[-73.932729,40.560266],[-73.935686,40.564914],[-73.95005,40.573363],[-73.991346,40.57035],[-74.002056,40.570623],[-74.012022,40.574528],[-74.012996,40.578169],[-74.001591,40.590684],[-74.003281,40.595754],[-74.010926,40.600789],[-74.032856,40.604421],[-74.03959,40.612934],[-74.042412,40.624847],[-74.038336,40.637074],[-74.032066,40.646479],[-74.018272,40.659019],[-74.020467,40.67877],[-74.024827,40.687007],[-74.01849,40.695457],[-74.0168,40.701794],[-74.019526,40.706985],[-74.024543,40.709436],[-74.013784,40.756601],[-73.963182,40.8269],[-73.953982,40.848],[-73.929006,40.889578],[-73.896479,40.981697],[-73.893979,40.997197],[-73.90501,40.997591],[-74.18239,41.121595],[-74.301994,41.172594],[-74.457584,41.248225],[-74.696398,41.357339],[-74.689767,41.361558],[-74.691129,41.367324],[-74.708458,41.378901],[-74.715979,41.392584],[-74.73364,41.396975],[-74.740963,41.40512],[-74.741086,41.411413],[-74.734731,41.422699],[-74.738455,41.430641],[-74.743821,41.430635],[-74.758587,41.423287],[-74.773239,41.426352],[-74.790417,41.42166],[-74.795396,41.42398],[-74.801225,41.4381],[-74.807582,41.442847],[-74.817995,41.440505],[-74.826031,41.431736],[-74.830671,41.430503],[-74.836915,41.431625],[-74.858578,41.444427],[-74.888691,41.438259],[-74.893913,41.43893],[-74.896399,41.442179],[-74.889075,41.451245],[-74.890358,41.455324],[-74.906887,41.461131],[-74.909181,41.472436],[-74.912517,41.475605],[-74.924092,41.477138],[-74.932585,41.482323],[-74.941798,41.483542],[-74.95826,41.476396],[-74.983341,41.480894],[-74.985595,41.485863],[-74.982168,41.498486],[-74.984372,41.506611],[-74.987645,41.508738],[-75.003151,41.508101],[-75.000911,41.519292],[-75.00385,41.524052],[-75.014919,41.531399],[-75.024206,41.534018],[-75.024798,41.539801],[-75.016144,41.544246],[-75.018524,41.551802],[-75.027343,41.563541],[-75.04049,41.569688],[-75.04676,41.583258],[-75.060012,41.590813],[-75.074613,41.605711],[-75.071667,41.609501],[-75.059725,41.610801],[-75.061675,41.615468],[-75.060098,41.617482],[-75.05385,41.618655],[-75.048385,41.615986],[-75.044224,41.617978],[-75.043562,41.62364],[-75.048658,41.633781],[-75.04992,41.662556],[-75.059332,41.67232],[-75.051285,41.679961],[-75.052736,41.688393],[-75.059829,41.699716],[-75.06883,41.708161],[-75.06663,41.712588],[-75.052226,41.711396],[-75.049862,41.713309],[-75.054818,41.735168],[-75.053431,41.752538],[-75.060759,41.764638],[-75.075942,41.771518],[-75.095451,41.768366],[-75.10099,41.769121],[-75.10464,41.774203],[-75.101463,41.787941],[-75.092876,41.796386],[-75.076889,41.798509],[-75.072168,41.808327],[-75.072172,41.813732],[-75.078063,41.815112],[-75.089484,41.811576],[-75.100024,41.818347],[-75.113334,41.822782],[-75.115147,41.827285],[-75.113369,41.840698],[-75.115598,41.844638],[-75.130983,41.845145],[-75.140241,41.852078],[-75.152898,41.848564],[-75.161541,41.849836],[-75.168733,41.859258],[-75.168053,41.867043],[-75.170565,41.871608],[-75.176633,41.872371],[-75.185254,41.85993],[-75.194382,41.867287],[-75.204002,41.869867],[-75.21497,41.867449],[-75.223734,41.857456],[-75.231612,41.859459],[-75.241134,41.867118],[-75.251197,41.86204],[-75.260527,41.8638],[-75.263815,41.870757],[-75.257564,41.877108],[-75.260623,41.883783],[-75.271292,41.88736],[-75.272778,41.897112],[-75.267773,41.901971],[-75.267562,41.907054],[-75.276552,41.922208],[-75.279094,41.938917],[-75.289383,41.942891],[-75.293713,41.954593],[-75.300409,41.953871],[-75.301233,41.9489],[-75.303966,41.948216],[-75.312817,41.950182],[-75.318168,41.954236],[-75.32004,41.960867],[-75.329318,41.968232],[-75.342204,41.972872],[-75.337602,41.9867],[-75.341125,41.992772],[-75.359579,41.999445],[-76.343722,41.998346],[-76.920784,42.001774],[-77.124693,41.999395],[-77.83203,41.998524],[-78.12473,42.000452],[-78.874759,41.997559],[-79.761374,41.999067],[-79.761951,42.26986],[-79.717825,42.284711],[-79.645358,42.315631],[-79.546262,42.363417],[-79.474794,42.404291],[-79.453533,42.411157],[-79.429119,42.42838],[-79.405458,42.453281],[-79.381943,42.466491],[-79.351989,42.48892],[-79.331483,42.489076],[-79.31774,42.499884],[-79.283364,42.511228],[-79.264624,42.523159],[-79.242889,42.531757],[-79.193232,42.545881],[-79.148723,42.553672],[-79.138569,42.564462],[-79.12963,42.589824],[-79.121921,42.594234],[-79.113713,42.605994],[-79.111361,42.613358],[-79.078761,42.640058],[-79.073261,42.639958],[-79.06376,42.644758],[-79.062261,42.668358],[-79.04886,42.689158],[-79.01886,42.701558],[-78.991159,42.705358],[-78.944158,42.731958],[-78.918157,42.737258],[-78.868556,42.770258],[-78.853455,42.783958],[-78.851355,42.791758],[-78.856456,42.800258],[-78.859356,42.800658],[-78.863656,42.813058],[-78.865656,42.826758],[-78.860445,42.83511],[-78.859456,42.841358],[-78.865592,42.852358],[-78.872227,42.853306],[-78.882557,42.867258],[-78.891655,42.884845],[-78.912458,42.886557],[-78.905758,42.899957],[-78.905659,42.923357],[-78.909159,42.933257],[-78.918859,42.946857],[-78.93236,42.955857],[-78.961761,42.957756],[-78.975062,42.968756],[-79.011563,42.985256],[-79.019964,42.994756],[-79.02092,43.014287],[-79.011764,43.028956],[-79.005164,43.047056],[-79.00545,43.057231],[-79.01053,43.064389],[-79.074467,43.077855],[-79.074678,43.083141],[-79.064754,43.093205],[-79.060281,43.105086],[-79.062518,43.120182],[-79.060206,43.124799],[-79.044066,43.138055],[-79.042366,43.143655],[-79.046567,43.162355],[-79.053067,43.173655],[-79.050744,43.197417],[-79.055868,43.238554],[-79.061388,43.251349],[-79.070469,43.262454],[-79.019848,43.273686],[-78.971866,43.281254],[-78.836261,43.318455],[-78.777759,43.327055],[-78.747158,43.334555],[-78.696856,43.341255],[-78.634346,43.357624],[-78.547395,43.369541],[-78.488857,43.374763],[-78.473099,43.370812],[-78.370221,43.376505],[-78.358711,43.373988],[-78.233609,43.36907],[-78.145195,43.37551],[-78.104509,43.375628],[-78.023609,43.366575],[-77.995591,43.365293],[-77.976438,43.369159],[-77.965238,43.368059],[-77.922736,43.35696],[-77.904836,43.35696],[-77.875335,43.34966],[-77.797381,43.339857],[-77.760231,43.341161],[-77.756931,43.337361],[-77.714129,43.323561],[-77.701429,43.308261],[-77.660359,43.282998],[-77.628315,43.271303],[-77.577223,43.243263],[-77.551022,43.235763],[-77.534184,43.234569],[-77.50092,43.250363],[-77.476642,43.254522],[-77.436831,43.265701],[-77.414516,43.269263],[-77.391015,43.276363],[-77.341092,43.280661],[-77.314619,43.28103],[-77.303979,43.27815],[-77.264177,43.277363],[-77.214058,43.284114],[-77.173088,43.281509],[-77.143416,43.287561],[-77.130429,43.285635],[-77.111866,43.287945],[-77.067295,43.280937],[-77.033875,43.271218],[-76.999691,43.271456],[-76.988445,43.2745],[-76.958402,43.270005],[-76.952174,43.270692],[-76.904288,43.291816],[-76.877397,43.292926],[-76.854976,43.298443],[-76.841675,43.305399],[-76.794708,43.309632],[-76.769025,43.318452],[-76.731039,43.343421],[-76.69836,43.344436],[-76.684856,43.352691],[-76.669624,43.366526],[-76.630774,43.413356],[-76.607093,43.423374],[-76.562826,43.448537],[-76.53181,43.460299],[-76.521999,43.468617],[-76.515882,43.471136],[-76.506858,43.469127],[-76.486962,43.47535],[-76.472498,43.492781],[-76.437473,43.509213],[-76.417581,43.521285],[-76.368849,43.525822],[-76.345492,43.513437],[-76.297103,43.51287],[-76.259858,43.524728],[-76.235834,43.529256],[-76.228701,43.532987],[-76.217958,43.545156],[-76.209853,43.560136],[-76.203473,43.574978],[-76.199138,43.600454],[-76.196596,43.649761],[-76.205436,43.718751],[-76.213205,43.753513],[-76.229268,43.804135],[-76.250135,43.825713],[-76.266977,43.838046],[-76.283307,43.843923],[-76.284481,43.850968],[-76.28272,43.858601],[-76.261584,43.873278],[-76.243384,43.877975],[-76.227485,43.875061],[-76.219313,43.86682],[-76.202257,43.864898],[-76.158249,43.887542],[-76.145506,43.888681],[-76.133267,43.892975],[-76.127285,43.897889],[-76.125023,43.912773],[-76.133697,43.940356],[-76.134296,43.954726],[-76.139086,43.962111],[-76.146072,43.964705],[-76.169802,43.962202],[-76.184874,43.971128],[-76.22805,43.982737],[-76.244439,43.975803],[-76.264294,43.978009],[-76.268706,43.980846],[-76.266733,43.995578],[-76.269672,44.001148],[-76.281928,44.009177],[-76.296755,44.013307],[-76.298962,44.017719],[-76.300222,44.022762],[-76.296986,44.045455],[-76.300532,44.057188],[-76.360306,44.070907],[-76.360798,44.087644],[-76.366972,44.100409],[-76.363835,44.111696],[-76.355679,44.133258],[-76.312647,44.199044],[-76.286547,44.203773],[-76.245487,44.203669],[-76.206777,44.214543],[-76.191328,44.221244],[-76.164265,44.239603],[-76.161833,44.280777],[-76.130884,44.296635],[-76.118136,44.29485],[-76.111931,44.298031],[-76.097351,44.299547],[-76.045228,44.331724],[-76.000998,44.347534],[-75.978281,44.34688],[-75.970185,44.342835],[-75.94954,44.349129],[-75.929465,44.359603],[-75.922247,44.36568],[-75.912985,44.368084],[-75.871496,44.394839],[-75.82083,44.432244],[-75.807778,44.471644],[-75.76623,44.515851],[-75.662381,44.591934],[-75.618364,44.619637],[-75.505903,44.705081],[-75.477642,44.720224],[-75.423943,44.756329],[-75.413885,44.76889],[-75.397007,44.773471],[-75.387371,44.78003],[-75.372347,44.78311],[-75.346527,44.805563],[-75.333744,44.806378],[-75.306487,44.826144],[-75.30763,44.836813],[-75.26825,44.855119],[-75.255517,44.857651],[-75.241303,44.866958],[-75.228635,44.8679],[-75.218548,44.87554],[-75.203012,44.877548],[-75.142958,44.900237],[-75.133977,44.911838],[-75.105162,44.921193],[-75.096659,44.927067],[-75.066245,44.930174],[-75.059966,44.93457],[-75.027125,44.946568],[-75.005155,44.958402],[-74.999655,44.965921],[-74.99927,44.971638],[-74.992756,44.977449],[-74.972463,44.983402],[-74.907956,44.983359],[-74.900733,44.992754],[-74.887837,45.000046],[-74.861927,45.002771],[-74.834669,45.014683],[-74.826578,45.01585],[-74.799434,45.009132],[-74.793148,45.004647],[-74.768749,45.003893],[-74.760215,44.994946],[-74.74464,44.990577],[-74.731301,44.990422],[-74.722574,44.998062],[-74.702018,45.003322],[-74.683973,44.99969],[-74.667338,45.001648],[-74.661478,44.999592],[-74.45753,44.997032],[-74.335184,44.991905],[-74.146814,44.9915],[-74.027392,44.995765]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"New York\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591183b5e4b0e541a03c1a64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simonson, Amy E. asimonso@usgs.gov","contributorId":1060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simonson","given":"Amy","email":"asimonso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":564368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Behrens, Riley rbehrens@usgs.gov","contributorId":5509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrens","given":"Riley","email":"rbehrens@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":564369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70154756,"text":"70154756 - 2015 - Suspended-sediment transport and storage: A demonstration of acoustic methods in the evaluation of reservoir management strategies for a small water-supply reservoir in western Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T15:49:48","indexId":"70154756","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Suspended-sediment transport and storage: A demonstration of acoustic methods in the evaluation of reservoir management strategies for a small water-supply reservoir in western Colorado","docAbstract":"The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) and local stakeholder groups are evaluating reservoir-management strategies within Paonia Reservoir. This small reservoir fills to capacity each spring and requires approximately half of the snowmelt-runoff volume from its sediment-laden source waters, Muddy Creek. The U.S. Geological Survey is currently conducting high-resolution (15-minute data-recording interval) sediment monitoring to characterize incoming and outgoing sediment flux during reservoir operations at two sites on Muddy Creek. The high-resolution monitoring is being used to establish current rates of reservoir sedimentation, support USBR sediment transport and storage models, and assess the viability of water-storage recovery in Paonia Reservoir. These sites are equipped with in situ, single-frequency, side-looking acoustic Doppler current meters in conjunction with turbidity sensors to monitor sediment flux. This project serves as a demonstration of the capability of using surrogate techniques to predict suspended-sediment concentrations in small streams (less than 20 meters in width and 2 meters in depth). These two sites provide the ability to report near real-time suspended-sediment concentrations through the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System (NWIS) web interface and National Real-Time Water Quality websites (NRTWQ) to aid in reservoir operations and assessments.
","conferenceTitle":"10th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference / 5th Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference","conferenceDate":"April 19-23, 2015","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Williams, C.A., Richards, R.J., and Collins, K.L., 2015, Suspended-sediment transport and storage: A demonstration of acoustic methods in the evaluation of reservoir management strategies for a small water-supply reservoir in western Colorado, 10th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference / 5th Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference, Reno, NV, April 19-23, 2015, 11 p.","productDescription":"11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-061300","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340960,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":340958,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sedhyd.org/2015/openconf/modules/request.php?module=oc_program&action=summary.php&id=235"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.89373779296875,\n 38.515937313413474\n ],\n [\n -107.2430419921875,\n 38.515937313413474\n ],\n [\n -107.2430419921875,\n 39.31942523123949\n ],\n [\n -108.89373779296875,\n 39.31942523123949\n ],\n [\n -108.89373779296875,\n 38.515937313413474\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591183b5e4b0e541a03c1a68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Cory A. 0000-0003-1461-7848 cawillia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-7848","contributorId":689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Cory","email":"cawillia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":563975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richards, Rodney J. 0000-0003-3953-984X rjrichar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3953-984X","contributorId":2204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"Rodney","email":"rjrichar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":563976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Collins, Kent L.","contributorId":51179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Kent","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":563977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187563,"text":"70187563 - 2015 - Decision support system for optimally managing water resources to meet multiple objectives in the Savannah River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-18T15:12:08.313004","indexId":"70187563","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5389,"text":"Journal of South Carolina Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decision support system for optimally managing water resources to meet multiple objectives in the Savannah River Basin","docAbstract":"Managers of large river basins face conflicting demands for water resources such as wildlife habitat, water supply, wastewater assimilative capacity, flood control, hydroelectricity, and recreation. The Savannah River Basin, for example, has experienced three major droughts since 2000 that resulted in record low water levels in its reservoirs, impacting dependent economies for years. The Savannah River estuary contains two municipal water intakes and the ecologically sensitive freshwater tidal marshes of the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge. The Port of Savannah is the fourth busiest in the United States, and modifications to the harbor to expand ship traffic since the 1970s have caused saltwater to migrate upstream, reducing the freshwater marsh’s acreage more than 50 percent. A planned deepening of the harbor includes flow-alteration features to minimize further migration of salinity, whose effectiveness will only be known after all construction is completed.
One of the challenges of large basin management is the optimization of water use through ongoing regional economic development, droughts, and climate change. This paper describes a model of the Savannah River Basin designed to continuously optimize regulated flow to meet prioritized objectives set by resource managers and stakeholders. The model was developed from historical data using machine learning, making it more accurate and adaptable to changing conditions than traditional models. The model is coupled to an optimization routine that computes the daily flow needed to most efficiently meet the water-resource management objectives. The model and optimization routine are packaged in a decision support system that makes it easy for managers and stakeholders to use. Simulation results show that flow can be regulated to substantially reduce salinity intrusions in the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge, while conserving more water in the reservoirs. A method for using the model to assess the effectiveness of the flow-alteration features after the deepening also is demonstrated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Computational Ecology","publisherLocation":"Clemson, SC","doi":"10.34068/JSCWR.02.03","usgsCitation":"Roehl, E.A., and Conrads, P., 2015, Decision support system for optimally managing water resources to meet multiple objectives in the Savannah River Basin: Journal of South Carolina Water Resources, v. 2, no. 1, p. 16-23, https://doi.org/10.34068/JSCWR.02.03.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"16","endPage":"23","ipdsId":"IP-066414","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472019,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.34068/jscwr.02.03","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":381502,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Savannah River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.9088134765625,\n 31.975463762188678\n ],\n [\n -81.00769042968749,\n 32.16166284018013\n ],\n [\n -81.05712890625,\n 32.24532861404601\n ],\n [\n -81.0955810546875,\n 32.319633552035214\n ],\n [\n -81.1285400390625,\n 32.48196313217176\n ],\n [\n -81.112060546875,\n 32.59310597426537\n ],\n [\n -81.177978515625,\n 32.690243035492266\n ],\n [\n -81.298828125,\n 32.82421110161336\n ],\n [\n -81.34277343749999,\n 32.91648534731439\n ],\n [\n -81.353759765625,\n 33.01326987686983\n ],\n [\n -81.36474609375,\n 33.17893926058104\n ],\n [\n -81.463623046875,\n 33.330528249028085\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n 33.426856918285004\n ],\n [\n -81.595458984375,\n 33.500178528242294\n ],\n [\n -81.6448974609375,\n 33.55055114384406\n ],\n [\n -81.683349609375,\n 33.61461929233378\n ],\n [\n -81.6888427734375,\n 33.660353121928814\n ],\n [\n -81.771240234375,\n 33.67406853374198\n ],\n [\n -81.82617187499999,\n 33.701492795584365\n ],\n [\n -81.82617187499999,\n 33.77458136371689\n ],\n [\n -81.82617187499999,\n 33.81110228864701\n ],\n [\n -81.8865966796875,\n 33.90689555128866\n ],\n [\n -81.91955566406249,\n 33.97525348507592\n ],\n [\n -82.012939453125,\n 34.057210513510306\n ],\n [\n -82.0953369140625,\n 34.10725639663118\n ],\n [\n -82.2491455078125,\n 34.29353023058858\n ],\n [\n -82.2821044921875,\n 34.361576287484176\n ],\n [\n -82.3370361328125,\n 34.43409789359469\n ],\n [\n -82.386474609375,\n 34.52466147177172\n ],\n [\n -82.40295410156249,\n 34.6241677899049\n ],\n [\n -82.4249267578125,\n 34.728069689872285\n ],\n [\n -82.5018310546875,\n 34.79576153473033\n ],\n [\n -82.562255859375,\n 34.903952965590065\n ],\n [\n -82.6556396484375,\n 34.95799531086792\n ],\n [\n -82.7325439453125,\n 34.9895035675793\n ],\n [\n -82.7325439453125,\n 35.03899204678081\n ],\n [\n -82.760009765625,\n 35.07946034047981\n ],\n [\n -82.77099609375,\n 35.15584570226544\n ],\n [\n -82.869873046875,\n 35.16931803601131\n ],\n [\n -82.9522705078125,\n 35.16931803601131\n ],\n [\n -83.0511474609375,\n 35.137879119634185\n ],\n [\n -83.12255859375,\n 35.10193405724606\n ],\n [\n -83.1500244140625,\n 35.092945313732635\n ],\n [\n -83.22143554687499,\n 35.06147690849717\n ],\n [\n -83.27636718749999,\n 35.016500995886005\n ],\n [\n -83.309326171875,\n 34.994003757575776\n ],\n [\n -83.33129882812499,\n 34.96699890670367\n ],\n [\n -83.375244140625,\n 34.908457853981375\n ],\n [\n -83.46313476562499,\n 34.908457853981375\n ],\n [\n -83.51806640624999,\n 34.95799531086792\n ],\n [\n -83.51806640624999,\n 34.9805024453652\n ],\n [\n -83.6224365234375,\n 34.985003130171066\n ],\n [\n -83.6224365234375,\n 34.93548199355901\n ],\n [\n -83.6224365234375,\n 34.89494244739732\n ],\n [\n -83.60595703125,\n 34.82282272723702\n ],\n [\n -83.5894775390625,\n 34.79125047210742\n ],\n [\n -83.529052734375,\n 34.75966612466248\n ],\n [\n -83.4521484375,\n 34.732584206123626\n ],\n [\n -83.42468261718749,\n 34.66935854524543\n ],\n [\n -83.42468261718749,\n 34.62868797377059\n ],\n [\n -83.4686279296875,\n 34.54728700119802\n ],\n [\n -83.5345458984375,\n 34.492975402501536\n ],\n [\n -83.60595703125,\n 34.44315867450577\n ],\n [\n -83.66638183593749,\n 34.4069096565206\n ],\n [\n -83.638916015625,\n 34.347971491244955\n ],\n [\n -83.6004638671875,\n 34.288991865037524\n ],\n [\n -83.529052734375,\n 34.27083595165\n ],\n [\n -83.397216796875,\n 34.21180215769026\n ],\n [\n -83.34228515625,\n 34.15727269301868\n ],\n [\n -83.3258056640625,\n 34.093610452768715\n ],\n [\n -83.309326171875,\n 34.043556504127444\n ],\n [\n -83.265380859375,\n 33.988918483762156\n ],\n [\n -83.243408203125,\n 33.902336404480685\n ],\n [\n -83.16650390625,\n 33.86129311351553\n ],\n [\n -83.133544921875,\n 33.85673152928873\n ],\n [\n -83.14453125,\n 33.779147331286474\n ],\n [\n -83.1500244140625,\n 33.73804486328907\n ],\n [\n -83.0950927734375,\n 33.637489243170826\n ],\n [\n -82.9742431640625,\n 33.55970664841198\n ],\n [\n -82.9083251953125,\n 33.49101671911273\n ],\n [\n -82.7490234375,\n 33.47269019266663\n ],\n [\n -82.69958496093749,\n 33.4039312002347\n ],\n [\n -82.650146484375,\n 33.31216783738619\n ],\n [\n -82.6226806640625,\n 33.247875947924385\n ],\n [\n -82.4688720703125,\n 33.14675022877648\n ],\n [\n -82.3040771484375,\n 33.07773395720986\n ],\n [\n -82.100830078125,\n 33.063924198120645\n ],\n [\n -82.0404052734375,\n 32.99945000822837\n ],\n [\n -81.97448730468749,\n 32.967195229355916\n ],\n [\n -81.89208984375,\n 32.879587173066305\n ],\n [\n -81.7767333984375,\n 32.778037985363675\n ],\n [\n -81.7437744140625,\n 32.72721987021932\n ],\n [\n -81.661376953125,\n 32.63937487360669\n ],\n [\n -81.5185546875,\n 32.56996256044998\n ],\n [\n -81.474609375,\n 32.47732919639942\n ],\n [\n -81.485595703125,\n 32.44024912337551\n ],\n [\n -81.45263671875,\n 32.35212281198644\n ],\n [\n -81.3812255859375,\n 32.31499127724556\n ],\n [\n -81.36474609375,\n 32.24068253457369\n ],\n [\n -81.3372802734375,\n 32.16166284018013\n ],\n [\n -81.331787109375,\n 32.04998888314202\n ],\n [\n -81.2603759765625,\n 31.970803930433096\n ],\n [\n -81.1395263671875,\n 31.956823015897207\n ],\n [\n -80.9912109375,\n 31.956823015897207\n ],\n [\n -80.9088134765625,\n 31.93351676190369\n ],\n [\n -80.9088134765625,\n 31.975463762188678\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5916c9b5e4b044b359e4869e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roehl, Edwin A. Jr.","contributorId":108083,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roehl","given":"Edwin","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conrads, Paul 0000-0003-0408-4208 pconrads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-4208","contributorId":764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"Paul","email":"pconrads@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":694574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70148141,"text":"sir20155074 - 2015 - Nutrient attenuation in rivers and streams, Puget Sound Basin, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-17T12:18:48","indexId":"sir20155074","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-15T13:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5074","title":"Nutrient attenuation in rivers and streams, Puget Sound Basin, Washington","docAbstract":"Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus are important for aquatic ecosystem health. Excessive amounts of nutrients, however, can make aquatic ecosystems harmful for biota because enhanced growth and decay cycles of aquatic algae can reduce dissolved oxygen in the water. In Puget Sound marine waters, low dissolved oxygen concentrations are observed in a number of marine nearshore areas, and nutrients have been identified as a major stressor to the local ecosystem. Delivery of nutrients from major rivers in the Puget Sound Basin to the marine environment can be large. Therefore, it is important to identify factors related to how nutrients are retained (attenuated) within streams and rivers in the Puget Sound Basin. Physical, chemical, and biological factors related to nutrient attenuation were identified through a review of related scientific literature.
\nNumerous empirical modeling approaches for estimating nutrient attenuation in streams and rivers also were compiled, and a subset of these models was applied to the Puget Sound Basin. In particular, models based on the physical characteristics of a river reach (RivR-N model) and on the physical and biological features of a river reach (vf model) were used and compared for the 17 major rivers draining to the Puget Sound. Data on the relative amount of instream attenuation (the fraction of nutrient input removed per kilometer of stream reach) showed some common and general themes. Firstly, headwater reaches throughout the Puget Sound Basin tend to be better than the main stems of the major rivers at attenuating nitrate and orthophosphorus (ortho-P). Secondly, rivers are more efficient at attenuating nitrate than ortho-P, probably because of the close relation between phosphorus and suspended sediment, which was not captured fully in the models. Thirdly, when comparing the RivR-N and vf models for nitrate, physical characteristics of the channel may be more effective predictors of relative nitrate attenuation for main stem reaches, whereas biological factors may be more effective predictors in headwater reaches. These results are explained in terms of four primary factors of attenuation: sinuosity, channel slope, specific discharge, and uptake velocity (vf) of the reach.
\nA simple scoring procedure based on these four factors showed that reaches where attenuation scores were high had higher relative attenuation of nutrients from the RivR-N and vf models. This attenuation \"scorecard\" can be used to quickly assess the potential for a given reach to attenuate nutrients. Seasonal relative attenuation at three case studies was greater in summer months (July through September) and much lower and almost constant from January through June. An analysis of relative attenuation across a range of nutrient concentrations showed that, at some point, relative instream attenuation is minimized. For nitrate, relative attenuation reached a minimum value greater than 3 milligrams of nitrogen per liter (mg N/L) during low flow and 1 mg N/L during high flow. For orthophosphate, minimum relative attenuation was observed at about 0.1 milligram of phosphorus per liter (mg P/L) for both low- and high-flow conditions. Generally, the temporal dynamics of nutrient attenuation are dependent on the travel time through a given reach, the proportion of flow in contact with the sediment, and the amount of biological activity. Improved understanding of nutrient attenuation in Puget Sound Basin will benefit from the compilation of more detailed data for specific discharge, channel slope, and channel sinuosity in Puget Sound streams and rivers. Additionally, field studies examining upstream-downstream changes in nutrient load and field-based measurements of vf are needed.
\nFrom a management perspective, preservation and improvement of instream nutrient attenuation should focus on increasing the travel time through a reach and contact time of water sediment (reactive) surfaces and lowering nutrient concentrations (and loads) to avoid saturation of instream attenuation and increase attenuation efficiency. These goals can be reached by maintaining and restoring channel-flood plain connectivity, maintaining and restoring healthy riparian zones along streams, managing point and nonpoint nutrient loads to streams and rivers, and restoring channel features that promote attenuation such as the addition of woody debris and maintaining pool-riffle morphologies. Many of these management approaches are already being undertaken during projects aimed to restore quality salmon habitat. Therefore, there is a dual benefit to these projects that also may lead to enhanced potential for nitrogen and phosphorus attenuation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155074","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Ecology","usgsCitation":"Sheibley, R.W., Konrad, C.P., and Black, R.W., 2015, Nutrient attenuation in rivers and streams, Puget Sound Basin, Washington (Version 1.0: Originally posted June 15, 2015; Version 1.1: February 2016): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5074, vii, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155074.","productDescription":"vii, 67 p.","numberOfPages":"80","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061211","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301233,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155074.PNG"},{"id":301231,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5074/"},{"id":301232,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5074/pdf/sir20155074.pdf","text":"Report","size":"25.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5074 Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Sound Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.87109375,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -122.58544921875,\n 48.58932584966972\n ],\n [\n -123.00292968749999,\n 48.38544219115486\n ],\n [\n -123.00292968749999,\n 48.10743118848039\n ],\n [\n -123.92578125,\n 48.21003212234042\n ],\n [\n -124.34326171874999,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 48.45835188280866\n ],\n [\n -124.87060546874999,\n 48.1367666796927\n ],\n [\n -124.62890625,\n 47.76886840424207\n ],\n [\n -124.49707031249999,\n 47.487513008956554\n ],\n [\n -124.34326171874999,\n 47.15984001304432\n ],\n [\n -124.23339843749999,\n 46.89023157359399\n ],\n [\n -124.16748046874999,\n 46.63435070293566\n ],\n [\n -124.1455078125,\n 46.28622391806708\n ],\n [\n -119.2236328125,\n 46.27103747280261\n ],\n [\n -119.13574218749999,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -122.87109375,\n 48.980216985374994\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: Originally posted June 15, 2015; Version 1.1: February 2016","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557fe91be4b023124e8ef92c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sheibley, Rich W. 0000-0003-1627-8536 sheibley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1627-8536","contributorId":3044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheibley","given":"Rich","email":"sheibley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konrad, Christopher P. 0000-0002-7354-547X cpkonrad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7354-547X","contributorId":1716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konrad","given":"Christopher","email":"cpkonrad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Black, Robert W. 0000-0002-4748-8213 rwblack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4748-8213","contributorId":1820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"Robert","email":"rwblack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70148563,"text":"ofr20141237 - 2015 - Total dissolved gas and water temperature in the lower Columbia River, Oregon and Washington, water year 2014","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-27T18:40:25","indexId":"ofr20141237","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-15T09:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1237","title":"Total dissolved gas and water temperature in the lower Columbia River, Oregon and Washington, water year 2014","docAbstract":"An analysis of total-dissolved-gas (TDG) and water-temperature data collected at eight fixed monitoring stations on the lower Columbia River in Oregon and Washington in water year 2014 indicated the following:
\nThe study region encompasses the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB), which provides water for 40 million people and is a vital part of the water supply in the western U.S.
\nGroundwater and surface water can be considered a single water resource and thus it is important to understand groundwater contributions to streamflow, or baseflow, within a region. Previously, quantification of baseflow using chemical mass balance at large numbers of sites was not possible because of data limitations. A new method using regression-derived daily specific conductance values with conductivity mass balance hydrograph separation allows for baseflow estimation at sites across large regions. This method was applied to estimate baseflow discharge at 229 sites across the UCRB. Subsequently, climate, soil, topography, and land cover characteristics were statistically evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA) to determine their influence on baseflow discharge.
\nResults suggest that approximately half of the streamflow in the UCRB is baseflow derived from groundwater discharge to streams. Higher baseflow yields typically occur in upper elevation areas of the UCRB. PCA identified precipitation, snow, sand content of soils, elevation, land surface slope, percent grasslands, and percent natural barren lands as being positively correlated with baseflow yield; whereas temperature, potential evapotranspiration, silt and clay content of soils, percent agriculture, and percent shrublands were negatively correlated with baseflow yield.
\nMontane fens are biologically diverse peat-forming wetlands that develop at points of groundwater discharge. To protect these ecosystems, it is critical to understand their locations on the landscape and the hydrogeologic systems that support them. The upper Deschutes Basin has a groundwater flow system that supports baseflow in many rivers, but little is known about the wetland types and groundwater dependence of the thousands of wetlands within the watershed. In 292 randomly selected wetlands, we quantified landscape metrics thought useful for discriminating montane fens from non-peat-forming wetlands. We inspected these wetlands and classified 67 of them as fens. Of the landscape metrics, only geology reliably differentiated fens from other types of wetlands. Nearly all fens develop in low-permeability glacial till found at approximately 1400–1800 m in elevation, and are concentrated in areas mantled by pumice deposits that originated primarily from the eruption of Mt. Mazama approximately 7700 years BP. Stratigraphic and hydrologic factors indicate the fens are supplied by perched aquifers in glacial till, instead of the deeper regional aquifer system. Their hydrogeologic setting makes the fens highly vulnerable to expected changes to recharge associated with climate change, but not to groundwater pumping from the regional aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Wetland Scientists","publisherLocation":"McClean, VA","doi":"10.1007/s13157-015-0667-x","usgsCitation":"Aldous, A., Gannett, M.W., Keith, M., and O'Connor, J., 2015, Geologic and geomorphic controls on the occurrence of fens in the Oregon Cascades and implications for vulnerability and conservation: Wetlands, v. 35, no. 4, p. 757-767, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-015-0667-x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"757","endPage":"767","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057994","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314922,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.42663574218749,\n 44.33956524809713\n ],\n [\n -120.42663574218749,\n 44.64911632343077\n ],\n [\n -120.87158203125,\n 45.089035564831015\n ],\n [\n -121.4208984375,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -121.7340087890625,\n 44.92591837128869\n ],\n [\n -121.761474609375,\n 44.31205742666618\n ],\n [\n -121.81640624999999,\n 43.92559366355069\n ],\n [\n -121.89331054687499,\n 43.492782808225\n ],\n [\n -121.34948730468749,\n 43.30119623257966\n ],\n [\n -120.7452392578125,\n 43.50075243569041\n ],\n [\n -120.5419921875,\n 43.96119063892024\n ],\n [\n -120.42663574218749,\n 44.33956524809713\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-06-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a9f844e4b012c193aa3eca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aldous, A.","contributorId":105517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aldous","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gannett, Marshall W. 0000-0003-2498-2427 mgannett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2498-2427","contributorId":2942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gannett","given":"Marshall","email":"mgannett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keith, Mackenzie K. mkeith@usgs.gov","contributorId":4140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Mackenzie K.","email":"mkeith@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":589938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O'Connor, James E. oconnor@usgs.gov","contributorId":138998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Connor","given":"James E.","email":"oconnor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":589939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70148140,"text":"ofr20151077 - 2015 - Concentrations of metals and trace elements in aquatic biota associated with abandoned mine lands in the Whiskeytown National Recreation Area and nearby Clear Creek watershed, Shasta County, northwestern California, 2002-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-12T13:42:06","indexId":"ofr20151077","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-12T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1077","title":"Concentrations of metals and trace elements in aquatic biota associated with abandoned mine lands in the Whiskeytown National Recreation Area and nearby Clear Creek watershed, Shasta County, northwestern California, 2002-2003","docAbstract":"Park management of the Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, in northwestern California, identified a critical need to determine if mercury (Hg) or other elements originating from abandoned mines within the Upper Clear Creek watershed were present at concentrations that might adversely affect aquatic biota living within the park. During 2002–03, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service, collected aquatic invertebrates, amphibians, and fish, and analyzed them for Hg, cadmium, zinc, copper, and other metals and trace elements. The data from the biota, in conjunction with data from concurrent community bioassessments, habitat analyses, water quality, and concentrations of metals and trace elements in water and sediment, were used to identify contamination “hot spots.”
\nIn 2002, we selected collection sites within the study area based on the presence of historical mines and results from sampling of bed sediment in 2001. In 2003, collection sites were selected based on sediment data as well as data on water and biota from this study in 2002. Eleven sites were sampled in both 2002 and 2003, 11 sites were sampled only in 2002, and 14 sites were sampled only in 2003.
\nComparisons of sites within the Upper Clear Creek watershed indicated that most of the more contaminated sites were outside of the park boundaries, especially at sites within the French Gulch, Cline Gulch, and Whiskey Creek watersheds. The site with the highest overall contamination within the park, based on both fish and invertebrate data, was WLCC, a site on Willow Creek impacted by acid mine drainage and listed as impaired under Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act.
\nCompared with other recently evaluated mine-impacted watersheds in northern California, invertebrates, amphibians, and fish from sites within the Upper Clear Creek watershed tended to have significantly lower concentrations of Hg than at most other sites. For other metals and trace elements, Upper Clear Creek sites were only compared with the Deer Creek watershed, Nevada County, California. Copper from both Willow Creek sites (WLCC and WLTH) in the Clear Creek watershed was the only metal with concentrations in biota that were significantly higher than biota from Deer Creek
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151077","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Hothem, R.L., May, J.T., Gibson, J.K., and Brussee, B.E., 2015, Concentrations of metals and trace elements in aquatic biota associated with abandoned mine lands in the Whiskeytown National Recreation Area and nearby Clear Creek watershed, Shasta County, northwestern California, 2002-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1077, Report: x, 64 p.; 6 Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151077.","productDescription":"Report: x, 64 p.; 6 Appendices","numberOfPages":"78","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-062279","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301207,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151077.jpg"},{"id":301206,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1077/download/ofr2015-1077_appendix6.xlsx","text":"Appendix 6. Metals and trace elements in individual and composite samples of riffle sculpin, rainbow trout, and California roach","size":"87 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 6. Metals and trace elements in individual and composite samples of riffle sculpin, rainbow trout, and California roach"},{"id":301205,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1077/download/ofr2015-1077_appendix5.xlsx","text":"Appendix 5. Metals and trace elements in individual bullfrogs, Pacific chorus frogs, and foothill yellow-legged frogs","size":"50 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 5. Metals and trace elements in individual bullfrogs, Pacific chorus frogs, and foothill yellow-legged frogs"},{"id":301199,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1077/"},{"id":301200,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1077/pdf/ofr20151077.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":301201,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1077/download/ofr2015-1077_appendix1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1. Metals and trace elements in invertebrate composites","size":"45 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 1. Metals and trace elements in invertebrate composites"},{"id":301202,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1077/download/ofr2015-1077_appendix3.xlsx","text":"Appendix 3. Metals and trace elements in filtered and raw water samples","size":"52 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 3. Metals and trace elements in filtered and raw water samples"},{"id":301203,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1077/download/ofr2015-1077_appendix2.xlsx","text":"Appendix 2. Water-quality parameters","size":"79 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 2. Water-quality parameters"},{"id":301204,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1077/download/ofr2015-1077_appendix4.xlsx","text":"Appendix 4. Metals and trace elements in sediment samples","size":"115 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendix 4. Metals and trace elements in sediment samples"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Shasta County","otherGeospatial":"Whiskeytown National Recreation Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.92053222656249,\n 40.45948689837198\n ],\n [\n -122.92053222656249,\n 41.072104440201606\n ],\n [\n -122.01141357421875,\n 41.072104440201606\n ],\n [\n -122.01141357421875,\n 40.45948689837198\n ],\n [\n -122.92053222656249,\n 40.45948689837198\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557bf4a5e4b023124e8edde5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hothem, Roger L. roger_hothem@usgs.gov","contributorId":1721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hothem","given":"Roger","email":"roger_hothem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"May, Jason T. 0000-0002-5699-2112 jasonmay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5699-2112","contributorId":617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Jason","email":"jasonmay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":547470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gibson, Jennifer K.","contributorId":140892,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gibson","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7237,"text":"NPS, Olympic National Park","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brussee, Brianne E. 0000-0002-2452-7101 bbrussee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2452-7101","contributorId":4249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brussee","given":"Brianne","email":"bbrussee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70148425,"text":"ds938 - 2015 - Seismic data collection from water gun and industrial background sources in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal area, Illinois, 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-12T08:55:55","indexId":"ds938","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-12T09:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"938","title":"Seismic data collection from water gun and industrial background sources in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal area, Illinois, 2011","docAbstract":"The water gun is a tool adapted from deep marine geophysical surveys that is being evaluated for use as an acoustic fish deterrent to control the movement of invasive marine species. The water gun creates a seismic signal by using a compressed air discharge to move a piston rapidly within the water, resulting in an implosion. This energy pulse may be able to modify fish behavior or destroy marine life, such as the Asian carp, at some distance. The effects of this energy pulse on structures in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (CSSC), such as canal walls, shore lines, and lock structures, are not known. The potential effects of the use of a water gun on structures was identified as a concern in the CSSC and was assessed relative to existing background sources during this study. During September 2011, two water guns with piston sizes of 80 and 343 cubic inches, respectively, were tested in the CSSC at varying pressures and distances from a canal wall consisting of dolomite and dolomite setblock. Seismic data were collected during these water gun firings using geophones on land, in boreholes, and at the canal wall interface. Data were collected at varying depths in the canal water using hydrophones. Seismic data were also collected during the occurrences of barge traffic, railroad traffic located near the electric fish barrier in Lemont, and coal-loading operations at a coal power plant near the electric fish barrier. In general, energy produced by barge and railroad sources was less than energy created by the water gun. Energy levels produced by coal-loading operations at least 200 feet from geophones were approximately four times lower than energy levels measured during water gun operations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds938","usgsCitation":"Morrow, W.S., Carpenter, P.J., and Adams, R.F., 2015, Seismic data collection from water gun and industrial background sources in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal area, Illinois, 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 938, Report: iv, 23 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds938.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 23 p.; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"31","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-036766","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301178,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds938.jpg"},{"id":301175,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0938/"},{"id":301176,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0938/pdf/ds938.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.33 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":301177,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0938/downloads","text":"Downloads Directory","linkHelpText":"Contains water gun and industrial background data files that were collected in September, October, and November 2011. Seismic data can be accessed through standard geophysical software capable of reading SEG-2 files. Software capable of reading SEG-2 format is also freely available and documented in U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Open-File Report 03-141 (Ellefsen, 2003), available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ofr-03-141. Other open-source software, such as Geopsy (available at http://www.geopsy.org), are available to read SEG-2 formatted data."}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Chicago","otherGeospatial":"Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.07464599609375,\n 41.63545984052713\n ],\n [\n -88.07464599609375,\n 41.70521588311188\n ],\n [\n -87.97027587890624,\n 41.70521588311188\n ],\n [\n -87.97027587890624,\n 41.63545984052713\n ],\n [\n -88.07464599609375,\n 41.63545984052713\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557bf4ace4b023124e8eddef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrow, William S. 0000-0002-2250-3165 wsmorrow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2250-3165","contributorId":1886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrow","given":"William","email":"wsmorrow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carpenter, Phillip J.","contributorId":141062,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13666,"text":"Northern Illinois University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, Ryan F. 0000-0001-7299-329X rfadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7299-329X","contributorId":5499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Ryan","email":"rfadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5064,"text":"Southeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70144268,"text":"sir20155025 - 2015 - Physical characteristics and fish assemblage composition at site and mesohabitat scales over a range of streamflows in the Middle Rio Grande, New Mexico, winter 2011-12, summer 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-05T12:01:51","indexId":"sir20155025","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-12T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5025","title":"Physical characteristics and fish assemblage composition at site and mesohabitat scales over a range of streamflows in the Middle Rio Grande, New Mexico, winter 2011-12, summer 2012","docAbstract":"In winter 2011–12 and summer 2012, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Albuquerque District and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service New Mexico Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office in Albuquerque, New Mexico, evaluated the physical characteristics and fish assemblage composition of available mesohabitats over a range of streamflows at 15 sites on the Middle Rio Grande in New Mexico. The fish assemblage of the Middle Rio Grande includes several minnow species adapted to hydrologically variable but seasonably predictable rivers, including theHybognathus amarus (Rio Grande silvery minnow), a federally listed endangered species. Gaining a better understanding of habitat usage by the Rio Grande silvery minnow was the impetus for studying physical characteristics and fish assemblages in the Middle Rio Grande during different streamflow conditions. Data were collected at all 15 sites during winter 2011–12 (moderate streamflow), and a subset was collected at the 13 most downstream sites in summer 2012 (low streamflow). Sites were grouped into four river reaches separated by diversion dams listed in downstream order (names of the diversion dams are followed by short names of the sites nearest each dam in parentheses, listed in downstream order): (1) Cochiti (Peña Blanca), (2) Angostura (Bernalillo, La Orilla, Barelas, Los Padillas), (3) Isleta (Los Lunas I, Los Lunas II, Abeytas, La Joya, Rio Salado), and (4) San Acacia (Lemitar, Arroyo del Tajo, San Pedro, Bosque del Apache I, and Bosque del Apache II). Stream habitat was mapped in the field by using a geographic information system in conjunction with a Global Positioning System. Fish assemblage composition was determined during both streamflow regimes, and fish were collected by seining in each mesohabitat where physical characteristic data (depth, velocity, dominant substrate type and size, and percent embeddedness) and water-quality properties (temperature, dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, and pH; during summer 2012 only) were measured.
\nNineteen species of fish were collected among the 15 sites and four reaches over both sampling periods; 10 of these 19 species are introduced. Fish-species richness (total number of fish species collected at each site during each sampling event) among sites that were sampled during both sampling periods ranged from 6 at Rio Salado to 12 at La Orilla. Fish were most abundant at the Lemitar site (1,786 individuals) and least abundant at the San Pedro site (275 individuals). The native Cyprinella lutrensis (red shiner) was the most abundant species collected among all of the sites, accounting for about 42 percent of fish collected. Fish-species richness and catch per unit effort (CPUE) were higher (or equivalent) at all sites during summer 2012 compared to winter 2011–12.
\nThe relations between fish assemblage composition (that is, total abundance, which refers to the number of individuals of each species that were collected) and selected environmental variables (physical characteristic data collected at the mesohabitat scale [depth, velocity, and substrate particle size], and mesohabitat types) were explored by using canonical correspondence analysis. Environmental variables explained 8 percent (p=0.48) of the variability in the Middle Rio Grande fish assemblage during winter 2011–12, and Rio Grande silvery minnow were weakly associated with sand substrates, relatively moderate velocities (qualitative descriptors are derived from synthetic gradients extracted from CCAs), and relatively shallow depths. Environmental variables explained 14 percent (p < 0.01) of the variability in the Middle Rio Grande fish assemblage during summer 2012, when Rio Grande silvery minnow were associated with run mesohabitats, relatively high velocities, sand substrates, and relatively moderate depths.
\nThe mean fish-species richness was greater in summer 2012 than in winter 2011–12 for each mesohabitat type, and the overall fish-species richness across all mesohabitat types was 0.62 during winter 2011–12, compared to 1.49 during summer 2012. The highest mean CPUE during winter 2011–12 was in isolated pools (54.3 fish per 100 square meters [m2]), whereas the lowest was in flats (18.9 fish per 100 m2). Ranges in CPUE were higher in summer 2012 relative to winter 2011–12 in each mesohabitat type sampled. As in winter 2011–12, the highest mean CPUE during summer 2012 was in isolated pools (233 fish per 100 m2), whereas the lowest was in flats (29.6 fish per 100 m2). Overall mean CPUE per mesohabitat across all mesohabitat types was 29.1 fish per 100 m2 during winter 2011–12 compared to 85.3 fish per 100 m2 during summer 2012.
\nFour species of minnows (red shiner, Rio Grande silvery minnow, Pimephales promelas [fathead minnow], and Platygobio gracilis[flathead chub]) were selected to compare preferred mesohabitat characteristics because all are small-bodied minnows and because more than 200 individuals of each of these species were collected. Red shiner were collected across the largest range of depths in both winter 2011–12 (0.02–4.31 feet [ft]) and summer 2012 (0.05–3.4 ft), as well as the largest range of velocities (0.0–4.31 feet per second [ft/s]) during winter 2011–12 among the four minnow species of interest. Rio Grande silvery minnow occurred in the narrowest range of depths (0.30–2.1 ft) during summer 2012, as well as the narrowest range of velocities in both winter 2011–12 (0.0–3.18 ft/s) and summer 2012 (0.02–1.51 ft/s).
\nWater-quality properties were only collected during summer 2012, when low-streamflow conditions existed and water-quality properties were thought to be potentially most limiting to aquatic life. Area-weighted mean water temperatures tended to be higher at the sites that were sampled in August 2012 (25.57 degrees Celsius [°C]) compared to June 2012 (24.61 °C). The highest area-weighted mean water temperature at a given site (29.03 °C) was measured at the Lemitar site on August 7, 2012, coincident with the lowest measured discharge (4.13 cubic feet per second [ft3/s]). Area-weighted mean dissolved oxygen concentrations tended to be lower in August (7.46 milligrams per liter [mg/L]) compared to June (8.33 mg/L). The highest area-weighted mean dissolved oxygen concentration (9.13 mg/L) was measured at the Lemitar site on August 7, 2012, and the lowest area-weighted mean dissolved oxygen concentration (6.23 mg/L) was measured at the Los Padillas site on August 10, 2012. Area-weighted specific conductance in the sites upstream from La Joya did not exceed 400 microsiemens per centimeter (μS/cm) at 25 °C, whereas the area-weighted mean specific conductance at La Joya (837 μs/cm at 25 °C), Rio Salado (857 μs/cm at 25 °C), and Lemitar (1,300 μs/cm at 25 °C) were all well above the average of the area-weighted means for the 10 remaining sites (433 μs/cm at 25 °C). Lower area-weighted mean pH values were measured at the 3 sites in and near Albuquerque (La Orilla, Barelas, and Los Padillas—7.98, 8.08, and 7.81, respectively) compared to any of the 10 remaining sites, which had an overall mean pH of 8.44.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155025","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Albuquerque District, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Braun, C.L., Pearson, D., Porter, M., and Moring, J.B., 2015, Physical characteristics and fish assemblage composition at site and mesohabitat scales over a range of streamflows in the Middle Rio Grande, New Mexico, winter 2011-12, summer 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5025, Report: viii, 90 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155025.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 90 p.; Downloads Directory","startPage":"90","numberOfPages":"102","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2011-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-056792","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301190,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155025.jpg"},{"id":301187,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5025/downloads/","text":"Downloads Directory","description":"Downloads Directory","linkHelpText":"Contains: geospatial database."},{"id":301160,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5025/"},{"id":301186,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5025/pdf/sir2015-5025.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.43 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"projection":"Transverse Mercator Zone 13 projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Middle Rio Grande","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.32396697998047,\n 35.63051198300061\n ],\n [\n -106.31675720214844,\n 35.61683738705965\n ],\n [\n -106.35417938232422,\n 35.53278501016141\n ],\n [\n -106.39949798583984,\n 35.46598295825904\n ],\n [\n -106.4798355102539,\n 35.383451974194934\n ],\n [\n -106.55708312988281,\n 35.30672036715779\n ],\n [\n -106.5890121459961,\n 35.280379599547345\n ],\n [\n -106.58008575439452,\n 35.23776788438302\n ],\n [\n -106.60926818847656,\n 35.209721645221386\n ],\n [\n -106.6827392578125,\n 35.130859846051834\n ],\n [\n -106.68685913085938,\n 35.10024874332443\n ],\n [\n -106.65390014648438,\n 35.071312088842085\n ],\n [\n -106.65390014648438,\n 35.05332686137622\n ],\n [\n -106.66831970214844,\n 35.009190072031764\n ],\n [\n -106.67999267578125,\n 34.99794122085656\n ],\n [\n -106.66900634765625,\n 34.91239942857935\n ],\n [\n -106.71432495117188,\n 34.86903170200863\n ],\n [\n -106.70333862304688,\n 34.80985701468082\n ],\n [\n -106.74247741699219,\n 34.70436443445848\n ],\n [\n -106.73080444335938,\n 34.649025753526985\n ],\n [\n -106.7376708984375,\n 34.59760673724307\n ],\n [\n -106.7596435546875,\n 34.53597500508991\n ],\n [\n -106.78573608398438,\n 34.517306850896034\n ],\n [\n -106.79534912109375,\n 34.41370754457088\n ],\n [\n -106.85371398925781,\n 34.34173522170086\n ],\n [\n -106.83242797851562,\n 34.28275121215075\n ],\n [\n -106.85989379882811,\n 34.25154099726973\n ],\n [\n -106.89010620117188,\n 34.24302711044684\n ],\n [\n -106.87294006347656,\n 34.14136162745489\n ],\n [\n -106.86264038085938,\n 34.075981185564046\n ],\n [\n -106.84616088867188,\n 33.95161924203359\n ],\n [\n -106.842041015625,\n 33.81908916394128\n ],\n [\n -106.89353942871094,\n 33.731763584299635\n ],\n [\n -106.91551208496094,\n 33.74660950260304\n ],\n [\n -106.85920715332031,\n 33.83563103307716\n ],\n [\n -106.86195373535156,\n 33.949625692375044\n ],\n [\n -106.89971923828124,\n 34.12317388304314\n ],\n [\n -106.90864562988281,\n 34.19987684946339\n ],\n [\n -106.90521240234375,\n 34.261189027714515\n ],\n [\n -106.85646057128906,\n 34.28615526208525\n ],\n [\n -106.87156677246094,\n 34.342869123388596\n ],\n [\n -106.81526184082031,\n 34.41767272412844\n ],\n [\n -106.81320190429686,\n 34.47712785074854\n ],\n [\n -106.75689697265625,\n 34.64394177616416\n ],\n [\n -106.7596435546875,\n 34.70944470408129\n ],\n [\n -106.72874450683594,\n 34.81323957119389\n ],\n [\n -106.72805786132811,\n 34.87748175566141\n ],\n [\n -106.68685913085938,\n 34.92253403714306\n ],\n [\n -106.70059204101562,\n 35.003565839769195\n ],\n [\n -106.66900634765625,\n 35.06316302357556\n ],\n [\n -106.70402526855467,\n 35.10024874332443\n ],\n [\n -106.69715881347655,\n 35.137317600016935\n ],\n [\n -106.64566040039062,\n 35.2080385626545\n ],\n [\n -106.60171508789062,\n 35.23440284749622\n ],\n [\n -106.60240173339842,\n 35.28430323585091\n ],\n [\n -106.52069091796875,\n 35.384011790948705\n ],\n [\n -106.4849853515625,\n 35.39912537474419\n ],\n [\n -106.41494750976562,\n 35.49421989176051\n ],\n [\n -106.37924194335938,\n 35.537255129717714\n ],\n [\n -106.36756896972656,\n 35.58752680772205\n ],\n [\n -106.34078979492188,\n 35.619349222857494\n ],\n [\n -106.32396697998047,\n 35.63051198300061\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557bf4abe4b023124e8edded","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Braun, Christopher L. 0000-0002-5540-2854 clbraun@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5540-2854","contributorId":925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braun","given":"Christopher","email":"clbraun@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pearson, Daniel K. dpearson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"Daniel K.","email":"dpearson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":548602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Porter, Michael D.","contributorId":139912,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Porter","given":"Michael D.","affiliations":[{"id":590,"text":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","active":false,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moring, J. Bruce","contributorId":139911,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moring","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Bruce","affiliations":[{"id":13311,"text":"Plateau Land and Wildlife Mgmt.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70148417,"text":"ofr20151111 - 2015 - First steps of integrated spatial modeling of titanium, zirconium, and rare earth element resources within the Coastal Plain sediments of the southeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-12T09:37:02","indexId":"ofr20151111","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-12T08:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1111","title":"First steps of integrated spatial modeling of titanium, zirconium, and rare earth element resources within the Coastal Plain sediments of the southeastern United States","docAbstract":"The Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States has extensive, unconsolidated sedimentary deposits that are enriched in heavy minerals containing titanium, zirconium, and rare earth element resources. Areas favorable for exploration and development of these resources are being identified by geochemical data, which are supplemented with geological, geophysical, hydrological, and geographical data. The first steps of this analysis have been completed. The concentrations of lanthanum, yttrium, and titanium tend to decrease as distance from the Piedmont (which is the likely source of these resources) increases and are moderately correlated with airborne measurements of equivalent thorium concentration. The concentrations of lanthanum, yttrium, and titanium are relatively high in those watersheds that adjoin the Piedmont, south of the Cape Fear Arch. Although this relation suggests that the concentrations are related to the watersheds, it may be simply an independent regional trend. The concentration of zirconium is unrelated to the distance from the Piedmont, the equivalent thorium concentration, and the watershed. These findings establish a foundation for more sophisticated analyses using integrated spatial modeling.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151111","usgsCitation":"Ellefsen, K.J., Van Gosen, B.S., Fey, D.L., Budahn, J.R., Smith, S.M., and Shah, A.K., 2015, First steps of integrated spatial modeling of titanium, zirconium, and rare earth element resources within the Coastal Plain sediments of the southeastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1111, vi, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151111.","productDescription":"vi, 40 p.","startPage":"40","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063270","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301183,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151111.jpg"},{"id":301159,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1111/"},{"id":301174,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1111/pdf/ofr2015-1111.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.55 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.1669921875,\n 25.12539261151203\n ],\n [\n -80.244140625,\n 25.18505888358067\n ],\n [\n -80.00244140625,\n 26.843677401113002\n ],\n [\n -81.474609375,\n 30.41078179084589\n ],\n [\n -80.9912109375,\n 31.914867503276223\n ],\n [\n -79.189453125,\n 33.22949814144951\n ],\n [\n -78.92578124999999,\n 33.706062655101206\n ],\n [\n -78.20068359374999,\n 33.779147331286474\n ],\n [\n -76.37695312499999,\n 34.867904962568716\n ],\n [\n -75.43212890625,\n 35.29943548054545\n ],\n [\n -75.9814453125,\n 36.721273880045004\n ],\n [\n -75.76171875,\n 37.474858084971046\n ],\n [\n -74.970703125,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n -74.90478515625,\n 38.976492485539424\n ],\n [\n -74.42138671875,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -73.89404296875,\n 40.29628651711716\n ],\n [\n -74.267578125,\n 40.53050177574321\n ],\n [\n -74.8828125,\n 40.27952566881291\n ],\n [\n -77.255859375,\n 39.04478604850143\n ],\n [\n -78.64013671875,\n 36.54494944148322\n ],\n [\n -80.7275390625,\n 34.831841149828655\n ],\n [\n -82.353515625,\n 33.8339199536547\n ],\n [\n -85.14404296875,\n 32.76880048488168\n ],\n [\n -87.56103515625,\n 35.02999636902566\n ],\n [\n -88.2861328125,\n 37.43997405227057\n ],\n [\n -89.1650390625,\n 37.125286284966805\n ],\n [\n -89.82421875,\n 35.8356283888737\n ],\n [\n -90.10986328125,\n 35.10193405724606\n ],\n [\n -90.52734374999999,\n 34.687427949314845\n ],\n [\n -90.54931640625,\n 34.470335121217495\n ],\n [\n -91.01074218749999,\n 34.016241889667015\n ],\n [\n -91.1865234375,\n 33.46810795527896\n ],\n [\n -90.98876953125,\n 32.32427558887655\n ],\n [\n -91.318359375,\n 31.80289258670676\n ],\n [\n -91.5380859375,\n 31.409912194070973\n ],\n [\n -91.60400390625,\n 31.034108344903512\n ],\n [\n -90.52734374999999,\n 31.015278981711266\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 29.973970240516614\n ],\n [\n -89.36279296875,\n 30.35391637229704\n ],\n [\n -88.06640625,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -85.95703125,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -85.18798828125,\n 29.66896252599253\n ],\n [\n -84.72656249999999,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -84.111328125,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -83.60595703125,\n 29.859701442126756\n ],\n [\n -83.29833984375,\n 29.34387539941801\n ],\n [\n -82.79296874999999,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -82.59521484375,\n 28.497660832963472\n ],\n [\n -82.85888671875,\n 28.07198030177986\n ],\n [\n -82.72705078125,\n 27.566721430409707\n ],\n [\n -82.24365234375,\n 26.78484736105119\n ],\n [\n -82.08984375,\n 26.62781822639305\n ],\n [\n -81.71630859375,\n 26.05678288577881\n ],\n [\n -81.54052734375,\n 25.878994400196202\n ],\n [\n -81.27685546875,\n 25.62171595984575\n ],\n [\n -81.1669921875,\n 25.12539261151203\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557bf4a9e4b023124e8edde9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellefsen, Karl J. 0000-0003-3075-4703 ellefsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3075-4703","contributorId":789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellefsen","given":"Karl","email":"ellefsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":82803,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":548595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Gosen, Bradley S. 0000-0003-4214-3811 bvangose@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4214-3811","contributorId":1174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Gosen","given":"Bradley","email":"bvangose@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fey, David L. dfey@usgs.gov","contributorId":713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"David","email":"dfey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Budahn, James R. 0000-0001-9794-8882 jbudahn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":1175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"James","email":"jbudahn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Steven M. 0000-0003-3591-5377 smsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3591-5377","contributorId":1460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Steven","email":"smsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shah, Anjana K. 0000-0002-3198-081X ashah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3198-081X","contributorId":2297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shah","given":"Anjana","email":"ashah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70148457,"text":"sir20155065 - 2015 - Dam failure analysis for the Lago de Matrullas Dam, Orocovis, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-12T08:41:07","indexId":"sir20155065","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-12T08:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5065","title":"Dam failure analysis for the Lago de Matrullas Dam, Orocovis, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority, completed a hydrologic and hydraulic study to assess the potential hazard to human life and property associated with the hypothetical failure of the Lago de Matrullas Dam, located within the headwaters of the Río Grande de Manatí. The hydrologic study yielded outflow hydrographs and peak discharges for Lago de Matrullas and other subbasins in the Río Grande de Manatí hydrographic basin for three extreme rainfall events: (1) a 6-hour probable maximum precipitation (PMP) event, (2) a 24-hour PMP event, and (3) a 100-year-recurrence, 24-hour rainfall event. The hydraulic study simulated the hypothetical dam failure of Lago de Matrullas using hypothetical flood hydrographs generated from the hydrologic study and selected dam breach parameters. The flood wave resulting from the failure was downstream-routed through the lower reaches of the Río Matrullas, the Río Toro Negro, and the Río Grande de Manatí for determination of water-surface profiles developed from the event-based hydrologic scenarios and “sunny day” (no precipitation) conditions. The Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC–HMS) and the River Analysis System (HEC–RAS) computer programs, developed by the Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, were used for the hydrologic and hydraulic modeling, respectively. The flow routing in the hydraulic analyses was performed using the unsteady-state flow module available in the HEC–RAS model.
\nAt the Lago de Matrullas Dam, inflow peak discharges of about 1,104 and 1,032 cubic meters per second (m3/s) were estimated with HEC–HMS for the 6- and 24-hour PMP events, respectively. The 100-year recurrence, 24-hour rainfall event simulation resulted in a peak discharge of about 418 m3/s. For the hydrologic analysis, no dam failure conditions were considered with the model. The results of the hydrologic simulations indicated, however, that the dam would be overtopped by the simulated 6- and 24-hour PMP events. Unlike the 6- and 24-hour PMP events, no overtopping was observed during the simulated 100-year recurrence, 24-hour rainfall event.
\nFor the dam-breach hydraulic analysis, the hypothetical failures of the Lago de Matrullas Dam included two possible failure modes: overtopping and piping. Overtopping failure was evaluated in this study for the 6- and 24- hour probable-maximum-precipitation breach scenarios. Piping dam failure was simulated for sunny day conditions and for the 100-year-recurrence, 24-hour rainfall scenario.
\nResults from the simulated dam failure of the Lago de Matrullas Dam using the HEC–RAS model for the 6- and 24-hour PMP events showed peak discharges at the dam of 3,149.33 and 3,604.70 m3/s, respectively. Dam failure during the 100-year-recurrence, 24-hour rainfall event resulted in a peak discharge of 2,103.12 m3/s directly downstream from the dam. Dam failure under sunny day conditions produced a peak discharge of 1,695.91 m3/s at the dam assuming the antecedent lake level was at the morning-glory spillway invert elevation. Flood-inundation maps prepared as part of the study depict the flood extent and provide valuable information for preparing an Emergency Action Plan. Results of the failure analysis indicate that a failure of the Lago de Matrullas Dam could cause flooding to many of the inhabited areas along stream banks from the Lago de Matrullas Dam to the mouth of the Río Grande de Manatí. Among the areas most affected are the low-lying regions in the vicinity of the towns of Ciales, Manatí, and Barceloneta. The delineation of the flood boundaries near the town of Barceloneta considered the effects of a levee constructed during 2000 at Barceloneta in the flood plain of the Río Grande de Manatí to provide protection against flooding to the near-by low-lying populated areas. The results showed overtopping can be expected in the aforementioned levee during 6- and 24-hour probable-maximum-precipitation dam failure scenarios. No overtopping of the levee was simulated, however, during dam failure scenarios under the 100-year recurrence, 24-hour rainfall event or sunny day conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155065","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority","usgsCitation":"Torres-Sierra, H., and Gómez-Fragoso, J., 2015, Dam failure analysis for the Lago de Matrullas Dam, Orocovis, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5065, Report: viii, 54 p.; 4 Plates: 30.0 x 35.0 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155065.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 54 p.; 4 Plates: 30.0 x 35.0 inches","numberOfPages":"66","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-023008","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301173,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155065.jpg"},{"id":301171,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5065/plates/sir2015-5065_plate3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","size":"62 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 3","linkHelpText":"100-Year, 24-Hour Precipitation Event."},{"id":301172,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5065/plates/sir2015-5065_plate4.pdf","text":"Plate 4","size":"62 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 4","linkHelpText":"Sunny Day Conditions."},{"id":301151,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5065/"},{"id":301168,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5065/pdf/sir2015-5065.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.46 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":301169,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5065/plates/sir2015-5065_plate1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"62 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1","linkHelpText":"6-Hour Probable Maximum Precipitation Event."},{"id":301170,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5065/plates/sir2015-5065_plate2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"62 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2","linkHelpText":"24-Hour Probable Maximum Preciptation Event."}],"projection":"Lambert conformal conic projection","datum":"Puerto Rico Datum, 1940 Adjustment","country":"Puerto Rico","city":"Orocovis","otherGeospatial":"Lago de Matrullas Dam","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.51981353759766,\n 18.45372032510448\n ],\n [\n -66.55981063842773,\n 18.445415565425638\n ],\n [\n -66.55122756958008,\n 18.433201954203742\n ],\n [\n -66.54161453247069,\n 18.434830485851624\n ],\n [\n -66.50556564331055,\n 18.415449958911722\n ],\n [\n -66.50333404541016,\n 18.391343400901874\n ],\n [\n -66.48530960083008,\n 18.36690763718548\n ],\n [\n -66.48513793945312,\n 18.355177241163794\n ],\n [\n -66.47500991821289,\n 18.34605304886339\n ],\n [\n -66.47741317749023,\n 18.33252880613152\n ],\n [\n -66.46505355834961,\n 18.321284955694246\n ],\n [\n -66.46299362182617,\n 18.31525534360178\n ],\n [\n -66.46762847900389,\n 18.305477147803835\n ],\n [\n -66.46591186523438,\n 18.303521442384266\n ],\n [\n -66.45938873291016,\n 18.30531417319567\n ],\n [\n -66.45715713500977,\n 18.298469101183045\n ],\n [\n -66.45166397094727,\n 18.299609965301347\n ],\n [\n -66.4504623413086,\n 18.309062550381324\n ],\n [\n -66.45767211914062,\n 18.31085522383117\n ],\n [\n -66.45320892333984,\n 18.326825495077223\n ],\n [\n -66.46024703979492,\n 18.343120170424005\n ],\n [\n -66.4669418334961,\n 18.354851385452655\n ],\n [\n -66.47483825683594,\n 18.360716694169746\n ],\n [\n -66.47552490234374,\n 18.365441381276973\n ],\n [\n -66.48204803466797,\n 18.375216185323165\n ],\n [\n -66.48874282836914,\n 18.394112568957162\n ],\n [\n -66.49200439453125,\n 18.410726642469243\n ],\n [\n -66.48839950561523,\n 18.420987475159116\n ],\n [\n -66.49423599243164,\n 18.4268505333736\n ],\n [\n -66.49131774902344,\n 18.43939029237902\n ],\n [\n -66.50985717773438,\n 18.44281006787626\n ],\n [\n -66.51981353759766,\n 18.45372032510448\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557bf4a8e4b023124e8edde7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torres-Sierra, Heriberto","contributorId":97913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torres-Sierra","given":"Heriberto","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gómez-Fragoso, Julieta jgomez-fragoso@usgs.gov","contributorId":141083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gómez-Fragoso","given":"Julieta","email":"jgomez-fragoso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":548579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70146914,"text":"sim3328 - 2015 - Geologic map of the Vashon 7.5' quadrangle and selected areas, King County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T20:14:38.961466","indexId":"sim3328","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-12T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3328","title":"Geologic map of the Vashon 7.5' quadrangle and selected areas, King County, Washington","docAbstract":"This map is an interpretation of a 6-ft-resolution lidar-derived digital elevation model combined with geology by Derek B. Booth and Kathy Goetz Troost. Field work by Booth and Troost was located on the 1:24,000-scale topographic map of the Vashon and Des Moines 7.5' quadrangles that were published in 1997 and 1995, respectively. Much of the geology was interpreted from landforms portrayed on the topographic maps, supplemented by field exposures, where available. In 2001, the Puget Sound Lidar Consortium (see http://pugetsoundlidar.org/) obtained a lidar-derived digital elevation model (DEM) for Vashon Island and the Des Moines quadrangle. For a brief description of lidar and this data acquisition program, see Haugerud and others (2003). This new DEM has a horizontal resolution of 6 ft (1.83 m) and mean vertical accuracy of about 1 ft (about 0.3 m). The greater resolution and accuracy of the lidar DEM facilitated a much-improved interpretation of many aspects of the surficial geology, especially the distribution and relative age of landforms and the materials inferred to comprise them. Booth and Troost were joined by Tabor to interpret the new lidar DEM but have done no futher field work for this map.
\nThis map, the Vashon quadrangle and selected adjacent areas, encompasses most of Vashon Island, Maury Island, and Three Tree Point in the south-central Puget Sound. One small area in the Vashon quadrangle on the east side of Puget Sound is excluded from this map but included on the adjacent Seattle quadrangle (Booth and others, 2005). The map displays a wide variety of surficial geologic deposits, which reflect many geologic environments and processes. Multiple ice-sheet glaciations and intervening nonglacial intervals have constructed a complexly layered sequence of deposits that underlie both islands to a depth of more than 300 m below sea level. These deposits not only record glacial and nonglacial history but also control the flow and availability of ground water, determine the susceptibility of the slopes to landslides, and provide economic reserves of sand and gravel. The islands are surrounded by channels of Puget Sound, some as deep as the islands are high (>600 ft (~200 m)). The shorelines provide many kilometers of well-exposed coastal outcrops that reveal abundant lithologic and stratigraphic details not ordinarily displayed in the heavily vegetated Puget Lowland.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3328","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with King County, Washington","usgsCitation":"Booth, D.B., Troost, K.G., and Tabor, R.W., 2015, Geologic map of the Vashon 7.5' quadrangle and selected areas, King County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3328, Pamphlet: ii, 11 p.; 1 Plate: 29.01 x 36.67 inches; Database; Readme; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3328.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: ii, 11 p.; 1 Plate: 29.01 x 36.67 inches; Database; Readme; Metadata","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-049122","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301167,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim3328.gif"},{"id":301150,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3328/"},{"id":301165,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3328/downloads/vashgeol-genmd.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":301164,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3328/sim_3328_readme.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":301161,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3328/downloads/sim_3328_map.pdf","text":"Map","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Map"},{"id":301163,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3328/downloads/sim3328_database.zip","text":"Database","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"Database","linkHelpText":"Contains: geospatial database. Refer to the Readme and Metadata files for more information."},{"id":301162,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3328/downloads/sim_3328_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Pamphlet"},{"id":398999,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_103699.htm"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"King County","otherGeospatial":"Maury Island, Puget Sound, Three Tree Point, Vashon Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.5,\n 47.375\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 47.5125\n ],\n [\n -122.3708,\n 47.5125\n ],\n [\n -122.3708,\n 47.375\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 47.375\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557bf4aae4b023124e8eddeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Booth, Derek B.","contributorId":100873,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Booth","given":"Derek","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Troost, Kathy Goetz","contributorId":127391,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Troost","given":"Kathy","email":"","middleInitial":"Goetz","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tabor, Rowland W. rtabor@usgs.gov","contributorId":3816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tabor","given":"Rowland","email":"rtabor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159691,"text":"70159691 - 2015 - Quantifying water flow and retention in an unsaturated fracture-facial domain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-28T16:04:04","indexId":"70159691","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Quantifying water flow and retention in an unsaturated fracture-facial domain","docAbstract":"Hydrologically significant flow and storage of water occur in macropores and fractures that are only partially filled. To accommodate such processes in flow models, we propose a three-domain framework. Two of the domains correspond to water flow and water storage in a fracture-facial region, in addition to the third domain of matrix water. The fracture-facial region, typically within a fraction of a millimeter of the fracture wall, includes a flowing phase whose fullness is determined by the availability and flux of preferentially flowing water, and a static storage portion whose fullness is determined by the local matric potential. The flow domain can be modeled with the source-responsive preferential flow model, and the roughness-storage domain can be modeled with capillary relations applied on the fracture-facial area. The matrix domain is treated using traditional unsaturated flow theory. We tested the model with application to the hydrology of the Chalk formation in southern England, coherently linking hydrologic information including recharge estimates, streamflow, water table fluctuation, imaging by electron microscopy, and surface roughness. The quantitative consistency of the three-domain matrix-microcavity-film model with this body of diverse data supports the hypothesized distinctions and active mechanisms of the three domains and establishes the usefulness of this framework.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fluid dynamics in complex fractured-porous systems","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/9781118877517.ch12","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J.R., and Malek-Mohammadi, S., 2015, Quantifying water flow and retention in an unsaturated fracture-facial domain, chap. of Fluid dynamics in complex fractured-porous systems, p. 169-182, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118877517.ch12.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"182","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054366","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324559,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-06-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57739fb5e4b07657d1a90d33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malek-Mohammadi, Siamak","contributorId":149944,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Malek-Mohammadi","given":"Siamak","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17862,"text":"Bradley University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70147324,"text":"sir20155059 - 2015 - Water levels and water quality in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas, 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-11T15:47:35","indexId":"sir20155059","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-11T15:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5059","title":"Water levels and water quality in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas, 2012","docAbstract":"During the spring of 2012, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission and the Arkansas Geological Survey, measured water levels in 342 wells completed in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas. The Arkansas Natural Resources Commission measured water levels in 11 wells, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service measured water levels in 239 wells completed in the alluvial aquifer and provided these data to the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission. In 2010, estimated water withdrawals from the alluvial aquifer in Arkansas totaled about 7,592 million gallons per day. Withdrawals more than doubled between 1985 and 2010, about a 115-percent increase.
\nThe regional direction of groundwater flow is generally to the south and east except where flow is affected by groundwater withdrawals. East of Crowleys Ridge, water flows from north to south along Crowleys Ridge and northeast to southwest along the Mississippi River. West of Crowleys Ridge, water flows from northeast to southwest along Crowleys Ridge from Clay County to Craighead County. From Craighead County to Monroe County, a depression redirects groundwater flow from all directions. A depression in Arkansas, Lonoke, and Prairie Counties alters groundwater flow from all directions. South of the Arkansas River, the flow is towards the southeast, except near depressions in Lincoln and Desha Counties and Desha and Chicot Counties where flow is towards the depression. In 2012, the lowest water-level altitude was 73 feet (ft) in Arkansas County. The highest water-level altitude was 288 ft in northeastern Clay County on the western side of Crowleys Ridge.
\nThe 2012 potentiomentric-surface map shows eight depressions, two large depressions and six small depressions. One large depression begins in southeastern Arkansas County, at the Arkansas and Desha County line, extends north into Prairie County, west into Lonoke County, and east into the westernmost part of Monroe County. The area in Lonoke, Prairie, and White Counties in the northwestern half of the depression has a water-level altitude measurement of 90 ft and has expanded into the northern third of Prairie County.
\nThe 2012 potentiometric-surface map shows a general north-south depression with the southern end in central Monroe County through western Lee, St. Francis, Cross, Poinsett, and Craighead Counties and eastern Woodruff and Jackson Counties. There are two deeper areas in this depression, one at the Monroe and Lee County line, with a low water-level altitude measurement of 123 ft, and the second in Poinsett County, with a low water-level altitude measurement of 113 ft. The six small depressions are located in northern Ashley County, in southern Desha and northern Chicot Counties, in eastern Lincoln and western Chicot Counties, at the Arkansas and Desha County line, in northern Phillips County, and in southeastern Greene County.
\nA map showing the difference in water levels was constructed using 541 differences in water levels measured during 2008 and 2012. The difference in measured water levels from 2008 to 2012 ranged from -27.4 ft to 18.7 ft, with a mean of -1.0 ft. The largest decline of -27.4 ft occurred in Lonoke County, and the largest rise of 18.7 ft occurred in Prairie County. Four areas were predominated by declines—west of Crowleys Ridge from Greene County south to Lee County, including Lawrence and southern Woodruff Counties; east of Crowleys Ridge from Clay County south to Poinsett County and Mississippi County; Lonoke and Jefferson Counties; and Ashley, Chicot, Desha, and Drew Counties. Three areas are predominated by rises in measured water levels—east of Crowleys Ridge in Crittenden, Cross, Lee, and St. Francis Counties; Jackson and northern Woodruff Counties; and Arkansas, Monroe, Phillips, Prairie, and White Counties.
\nLong-term water-level changes were evaluated using hydrographs from 319 wells in the alluvial aquifer for the period from 1988 to 2012. The annual rise or decline in water level for the entire study area was -0.45 feet per year (ft/yr) with a range from -2.08 to 0.84 ft/yr. Arkansas County had two different rates of annual decline for the two hydrographs shown, about 0.97 ft/yr and about 0.26 ft/yr.
\nIn Craighead, Cross, Lee, Poinsett, and St. Francis Counties, water levels are declining at a greater rate in areas west of Crowleys Ridge than in areas east of Crowleys Ridge. Two hydrographs are shown in each of Craighead, Cross, Lee, Poinsett, and St. Francis Counties, one on the west side of Crowleys Ridge and one on the east side of Crowleys Ridge. The hydrographs west of Crowleys Ridge have annual water-level declines from -0.91 to -1.24 ft/yr. The hydrographs east of Crowleys Ridge have annual water-level declines from -0.07 to -0.40 ft/yr. The mean county annual water-level declines for these counties range from -0.55 to -0.87 ft/yr.
\nWater samples were collected in the summer of 2012 from142 wells completed in the alluvial aquifer and measured onsite for specific conductance, temperature, and pH. Samples were collected from 94 wells for dissolved chloride analysis. Specific conductance ranged from 91 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (μS/cm at 25 °C) in Drew County to 984 μS/cm at 25 °C in Monroe County. The mean specific conductance was 547 μS/cm at 25 °C. Temperature ranged from 18.1 degrees Celsius (°C) in Crittenden County to 22.4 °C in Prairie County. The mean temperature was 22.1 °C. The pH ranged from 8.3 in Randolph County to 6.2 in Drew County and had a median of 7.3. Dissolved chloride concentrations ranged from 3.34 milligrams per liter (mg/L) in Randolph County to 182 mg/L in Lincoln County. The mean chloride concentration was 27.6 mg/L.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155059","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission and the Arkansas Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Schrader, T.P., 2015, Water levels and water quality in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas, 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5059, Report: iv, 63 p.; 2 Plates: 15.0 x 19.0 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155059.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 63 p.; 2 Plates: 15.0 x 19.0 inches","numberOfPages":"70","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-056983","costCenters":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301158,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155059.jpg"},{"id":301144,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5059/"},{"id":301154,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5059/pdf/sir2015-5059.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.41 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":301155,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5059/downloads/sir2015-5059-pl1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"1.86 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":301156,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5059/downloads/sir2015-5059-pl2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"1.33 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 15","datum":"North American Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.06954956054688,\n 33.00808767987181\n ],\n [\n -92.14302062988281,\n 33.09786930351166\n ],\n [\n -92.12928771972656,\n 33.20824398778792\n ],\n [\n -91.97479248046875,\n 33.30987251398259\n ],\n [\n -91.99058532714844,\n 33.39762556684172\n ],\n [\n -91.73103332519531,\n 33.395332495793745\n ],\n [\n -91.95419311523436,\n 34.09588492955209\n ],\n [\n -92.18490600585938,\n 34.49354133080471\n ],\n [\n -92.25151062011719,\n 34.74330519389396\n ],\n [\n -92.00637817382812,\n 35.068783155653904\n ],\n [\n -91.48521423339844,\n 35.44053326772722\n ],\n [\n -91.62940979003906,\n 35.753756674845675\n ],\n [\n -91.24832153320312,\n 35.888493789015975\n ],\n [\n -91.07734680175781,\n 36.12789245231783\n ],\n [\n -90.78140258789062,\n 36.49804547361385\n ],\n [\n -90.15037536621094,\n 36.49804547361385\n ],\n [\n -90.06179809570312,\n 36.37817351148144\n ],\n [\n -90.06317138671875,\n 36.295204533693536\n ],\n [\n -90.37353515625,\n 35.99578538642032\n ],\n [\n -89.73358154296875,\n 36.005784428799934\n ],\n [\n -89.63607788085938,\n 35.905736972317364\n ],\n [\n -89.91897583007811,\n 35.51881428123057\n ],\n [\n -90.098876953125,\n 35.33977430038646\n ],\n [\n -90.1153564453125,\n 35.110921809704756\n ],\n [\n -90.560302734375,\n 34.58347505599177\n ],\n [\n -90.582275390625,\n 34.420504880133834\n ],\n [\n -90.9283447265625,\n 34.129994745824746\n ],\n [\n -90.9063720703125,\n 34.02990029603907\n ],\n [\n -91.1920166015625,\n 33.4955977448657\n ],\n [\n -91.0821533203125,\n 33.463525475613785\n ],\n [\n -91.0601806640625,\n 33.250172902093894\n ],\n [\n -91.175537109375,\n 33.00405687168934\n ],\n [\n -92.06954956054688,\n 33.00808767987181\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557aa31ae4b0c350d7b9a969","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schrader, Tony P. tpschrad@usgs.gov","contributorId":3027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrader","given":"Tony","email":"tpschrad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70048249,"text":"70048249 - 2015 - The modern muds of Laguna Mar Chiquita (Argentina): Particle size and geochemical trends from a large saline lake in the \"thick-skinned\" Andean foreland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-12T14:38:58.06431","indexId":"70048249","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-11T12:48:20","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The modern muds of Laguna Mar Chiquita (Argentina): Particle size and geochemical trends from a large saline lake in the \"thick-skinned\" Andean foreland","docAbstract":"Laguna Mar Chiquita (central Argentina; ~latitude 31°S, longitude 63°W) provides an outstanding opportunity to examine organic facies development and petroleum source-rock potential in a modern thick-skinned foreland basin lake. In this case study, we define profundal, paleodelta, and lake-margin depositional environments based on trends in bathymetry and lake-floor sediment particle size. Sedimentary geochemical analyses indicate that organic carbon–rich muds accumulate in profundal environments during the extant lake-level highstand. The lateral variability of organic facies is minimal. The quality of organic facies is controlled by lake level and depositional environment, both of which dictate patterns of algal productivity, siliciclastic dilution, and early diagenesis. We present conceptual models of lacustrine source rocks in both thick-skinned and thin-skinned foreland basins based on modern analog data from both Laguna Mar Chiquita and other lakes in the central Andean foreland. Over relatively short time intervals (102–104 yr), climatically driven water-level fluctuations influence the source-rock potential of these basins. Over time intervals >105 yr, contraction and lateral migration of the basin flexural profile control stratal stacking patterns and the potential for hydrocarbon play development.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/2015.2515(01)","usgsCitation":"McGlue, M.M., Ellis, G., and Cohen, A.S., 2015, The modern muds of Laguna Mar Chiquita (Argentina): Particle size and geochemical trends from a large saline lake in the \"thick-skinned\" Andean foreland: GSA Special Papers, v. 515, p. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1130/2015.2515(01).","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","ipdsId":"IP-043051","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375532,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Argentina","otherGeospatial":"Laguna Mar Chiquita","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -65.19287109375,\n -32.30570601389429\n ],\n [\n -61.28173828124999,\n -32.30570601389429\n ],\n [\n -61.28173828124999,\n -26.843677401113002\n ],\n [\n -65.19287109375,\n -26.843677401113002\n ],\n [\n -65.19287109375,\n -32.30570601389429\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"515","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGlue, Michael M mmcglue@usgs.gov","contributorId":225231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGlue","given":"Michael","email":"mmcglue@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":790791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellis, Geoffrey S 0000-0003-4519-3320","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-3320","contributorId":225232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Geoffrey S","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":790792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cohen, Andrew S.","contributorId":138496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cohen","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6624,"text":"University of Arizona, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":790793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70148420,"text":"sim3330 - 2015 - Bathymetric survey of Lake Calumet, Cook County, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-04T09:24:52","indexId":"sim3330","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-10T14:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3330","title":"Bathymetric survey of Lake Calumet, Cook County, Illinois","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey collected bathymetric data in Lake Calumet and a portion of the Calumet River in the vicinity of Lake Calumet to produce a bathymetric map. The bathymetric survey was made over 3 days (July 26, September 11, and November 7, 2012). Lake Calumet has become a focus area for Asian carp rapid-response efforts by state and federal agencies, and very little bathymetric data existed prior to this survey. This bathymetric survey provides data for a variety of scientific and engineering studies of the area; for example, hydraulic modeling of water and sediment transport from Lake Calumet to the Calumet River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3330","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative","usgsCitation":"Duncker, J.J., Johnson, K.K., and Sharpe, J.B., 2015, Bathymetric survey of Lake Calumet, Cook County, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3330, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3330.","productDescription":"1 sheet","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-042792","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301134,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim3330.jpg"},{"id":301132,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3330/"},{"id":301133,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3330/pdf/sim3330.pdf","text":"SIM 3330","size":"80 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","county":"Cook County","otherGeospatial":"Lake Calumet","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.60068893432617,\n 41.66284553398066\n ],\n [\n -87.60068893432617,\n 41.687912152121875\n ],\n [\n -87.57777214050293,\n 41.687912152121875\n ],\n [\n -87.57777214050293,\n 41.66284553398066\n ],\n [\n -87.60068893432617,\n 41.66284553398066\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557951afe4b032353cc173ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duncker, James J. 0000-0001-5464-7991 jduncker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5464-7991","contributorId":4316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duncker","given":"James","email":"jduncker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Kevin K. 0000-0003-2703-5994 johnsonk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2703-5994","contributorId":4220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Kevin","email":"johnsonk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sharpe, Jennifer B. 0000-0002-5192-7848 jbsharpe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5192-7848","contributorId":2825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharpe","given":"Jennifer","email":"jbsharpe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70147198,"text":"sir20155062 - 2015 - Estimated water use in Arkansas, 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-10T14:41:58","indexId":"sir20155062","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-10T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5062","title":"Estimated water use in Arkansas, 2010","docAbstract":"The Arkansas Natural Resources Commission (ANRC) conducts an annual inventory of reported groundwater and surface-water withdrawals in Arkansas in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). This report describes withdrawals from groundwater and surface-water resources in Arkansas for 2010. The report compiles withdrawals by county for 10 categories of water use—public supply, domestic (self-supplied), commercial (self-supplied), industrial (self-supplied), mining, livestock, aquaculture, irrigation, duck (hunting) clubs, and thermoelectric power generation. Water-use trends in Arkansas from 1965 to 2010 and sources of groundwater withdrawals also are described.
\nDuring 2010, total withdrawals from groundwater and surface-water sources in Arkansas were 11,300 million gallons per day (Mgal/d). Of the total withdrawn, about 69 percent (7,790 Mgal/d) was from groundwater. Public-supply systems served about 94 percent of Arkansas’ population. Public-supply total withdrawals were 429 Mgal/d, with about 69 percent from surface-water sources. The statewide average of per capita residential use from public-supply systems was about 155 gallons per day (gal/d). The domestic (self-supplied) water use was 12.8 Mgal/d. Total commercial (self-supplied) water use was 11.7 Mgal/d. Total industrial (self-supplied) water use was 276 Mgal/d. Total mining water use was 44.3 Mgal/d. Total livestock water use was 39.0 Mgal/d. Total aquaculture water use was 268 Mgal/d. Irrigation water use totaled 8,720 Mgal/d. Total duck (hunting) club water use was 216 Mgal/d. Total thermoelectric power water use was 1,540 Mgal/d.
\nThe three water-use categories with the largest withdrawals and their effects on total water use were examined. Total water use in Arkansas has increased about 428 percent between 1965 and 2010. Total groundwater use increased about 533 percent and total surface-water use increased about 289 percent. Since about 2000, total water use in Arkansas has plateaued, peaking in 2005. The plateauing of total water use is the result of decreasing surface-water use in the irrigation, thermoelectric power, and public-supply categories offsetting the continuing increases in groundwater use in the irrigation category. An examination of total water use and irrigation water-use changes over time demonstrates the increasing dominance of groundwater withdrawals for irrigation on Arkansas’ total water use. Total irrigation water use in Arkansas between 1965 and 2010 has increased about 652 percent. Withdrawals for thermoelectric power water use in Arkansas have continuously accounted for about half of the State’s total surface-water use for the period 1965–2010. Thermoelectric power water use in Arkansas between 1965 and 2010 increased 264 percent. The percent of Arkansas’ population served by public water suppliers has continued to increase while the percentage of the State’s total water use withdrawn by public water suppliers has remained relatively constant. Public-supply water use in Arkansas between 1965 and 2010 increased about 238 percent. Regardless of continuing increases in population, since about 2000, total public-supply water use in Arkansas has plateaued at about 425 Mgal/d.
\nGroundwater withdrawals comprised about 69 percent of the total amount of water used in Arkansas in 2010. Four aquifers in Arkansas account for more than 99 percent of the total groundwater withdrawals. The aquifers in deposits of Quaternary age supplied about 97 percent of all groundwater withdrawals. The Sparta-Memphis aquifer supplied about 2.5 percent of all groundwater withdrawals, the Wilcox aquifer supplied about 0.5 percent of all groundwater withdrawals, and the Paleozoic aquifer supplied about 0.3 percent of all groundwater withdrawals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155062","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission","usgsCitation":"Pugh, A., and Holland, T.W., 2015, Estimated water use in Arkansas, 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5062, v, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155062.","productDescription":"v, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2010-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-056330","costCenters":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301135,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5062/"},{"id":301136,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5062/pdf/sir2015-5062.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.27 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":301137,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155062.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.04296874999999,\n 33.02248191961359\n ],\n [\n -91.1480712890625,\n 33.0178760185549\n ],\n [\n -91.0601806640625,\n 33.426856918285004\n ],\n [\n -91.1810302734375,\n 33.56428403679499\n ],\n [\n -90.7745361328125,\n 34.29353023058858\n ],\n [\n -90.5767822265625,\n 34.43862840686652\n ],\n [\n -90.5328369140625,\n 34.642247047768535\n ],\n [\n -90.2581787109375,\n 34.939985151560435\n ],\n [\n -90.274658203125,\n 35.02999636902566\n ],\n [\n -90.08239746093749,\n 35.232159412017154\n ],\n [\n -90.1043701171875,\n 35.429344044107154\n ],\n [\n -89.6484375,\n 35.91129848822746\n ],\n [\n -89.7418212890625,\n 35.99578538642032\n ],\n [\n -90.3680419921875,\n 36.00467348670187\n ],\n [\n -90.3131103515625,\n 36.115690180653395\n ],\n [\n -90.0604248046875,\n 36.301845303684345\n ],\n [\n -90.076904296875,\n 36.40359962073253\n ],\n [\n -90.13732910156249,\n 36.43012234551576\n ],\n [\n -90.164794921875,\n 36.49638952000399\n ],\n [\n -94.61975097656249,\n 36.49638952000399\n ],\n [\n -94.43298339843749,\n 35.392408576059616\n ],\n [\n -94.48516845703125,\n 33.637489243170826\n ],\n [\n -94.38629150390624,\n 33.55055114384406\n ],\n [\n -94.0704345703125,\n 33.57572644624357\n ],\n [\n -94.04296874999999,\n 33.5459730276919\n ],\n [\n -94.04296874999999,\n 33.02248191961359\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557951b0e4b032353cc173f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pugh, Aaron L. apugh@usgs.gov","contributorId":2480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pugh","given":"Aaron L.","email":"apugh@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holland, Terrance W.","contributorId":45754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"Terrance","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":545722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70155002,"text":"70155002 - 2015 - Organic carbon burial in lakes and reservoirs of the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-09T12:49:27","indexId":"70155002","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-10T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organic carbon burial in lakes and reservoirs of the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"Organic carbon (OC) burial in lacustrine sediments represents an important sink in the global carbon cycle; however, large-scale OC burial rates are poorly constrained, primarily because of the sparseness of available data sets. Here we present an analysis of OC burial rates in water bodies of the conterminous U.S. (CONUS) that takes advantage of recently developed national-scale data sets on reservoir sedimentation rates, sediment OC concentrations, lake OC burial rates, and water body distributions. We relate these data to basin characteristics and land use in a geostatistical analysis to develop an empirical model of OC burial in water bodies of the CONUS. Our results indicate that CONUS water bodies sequester 20.8 (95% CI: 9.4–65.8) Tg C yr–1, and spatial patterns in OC burial are strongly influenced by water body type, size, and abundance; land use; and soil and vegetation characteristics in surrounding areas. Carbon burial is greatest in the central and southeastern regions of the CONUS, where cultivation and an abundance of small water bodies enhance accumulation of sediment and OC in aquatic environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","publisherLocation":"Easton, PA","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5b00373","usgsCitation":"Clow, D.W., Stackpoole, S.M., Verdin, K.L., Butman, D.E., Zhu, Z., Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Striegl, R.G., 2015, Organic carbon burial in lakes and reservoirs of the conterminous United States: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 49, no. 13, p. 7614-7622, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00373.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"7614","endPage":"7622","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064948","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305957,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-75.867044,36.550754],[-75.536428,35.780118],[-75.723662,36.003139],[-75.85147,36.415785],[-76.019261,36.503506],[-75.793974,36.07171],[-75.922344,36.244122],[-75.904999,36.164188],[-76.184702,36.298166],[-76.064224,36.143775],[-76.447812,36.192514],[-76.298733,36.1012],[-76.514335,36.00564],[-76.676484,36.043612],[-76.693253,36.278357],[-76.7521,36.147328],[-76.667547,35.933509],[-76.024162,35.970891],[-76.04015,35.65131],[-75.947293,35.959835],[-75.80935,35.959308],[-75.71294,35.69849],[-75.775328,35.579335],[-75.895045,35.573152],[-76.149655,35.326411],[-76.485762,35.371375],[-76.586349,35.508957],[-76.471207,35.55742],[-76.634468,35.510332],[-76.580187,35.387113],[-77.023912,35.514802],[-76.467776,35.276951],[-76.60042,35.067867],[-76.801426,34.964369],[-76.982904,35.060607],[-76.762931,34.920374],[-76.463468,35.076411],[-76.395625,34.975179],[-76.288354,35.005726],[-76.524712,34.681964],[-76.604796,34.787482],[-76.673619,34.71491],[-76.523303,34.652271],[-76.038648,35.065045],[-76.535946,34.588577],[-76.726969,34.69669],[-77.169701,34.622023],[-77.740136,34.272546],[-77.970606,33.844517],[-78.276147,33.912364],[-78.772737,33.768511],[-79.084588,33.483669],[-79.18787,33.173712],[-79.359961,33.006672],[-79.55756,33.021269],[-79.576006,32.906235],[-79.999374,32.611851],[-80.472068,32.496964],[-80.455192,32.326458],[-80.858735,32.099581],[-80.862814,31.969346],[-81.203572,31.719448],[-81.133493,31.623348],[-81.260076,31.54828],[-81.177254,31.517074],[-81.288403,31.211065],[-81.493651,30.977528],[-81.403409,30.957914],[-81.447087,30.503679],[-81.163581,29.55529],[-80.525094,28.459454],[-80.606874,28.336484],[-80.566432,28.09563],[-80.031362,26.796339],[-80.127987,25.772245],[-80.154972,25.66549],[-80.197674,25.74437],[-80.296719,25.622195],[-80.31036,25.3731],[-80.418872,25.235532],[-81.079859,25.118797],[-81.352731,25.822015],[-81.527665,25.901531],[-81.68954,25.85271],[-81.868983,26.378648],[-82.105672,26.48393],[-82.181565,26.681712],[-82.093023,26.665614],[-82.063126,26.950214],[-82.175241,26.916867],[-82.147068,26.789803],[-82.259867,26.717398],[-82.745748,27.538834],[-82.65072,27.523115],[-82.393383,27.837519],[-82.478063,27.92768],[-82.47244,27.822559],[-82.553946,27.848462],[-82.553918,27.966998],[-82.678606,27.993715],[-82.720395,27.937199],[-82.566819,27.858002],[-82.733076,27.612972],[-82.846526,27.854301],[-82.654138,28.590837],[-82.804736,29.146624],[-83.053207,29.130839],[-83.686423,29.923735],[-84.000716,30.096209],[-84.256439,30.103791],[-84.358923,30.058224],[-84.349066,29.896812],[-85.344768,29.654793],[-85.413575,29.85294],[-85.353885,29.684765],[-85.302591,29.808094],[-85.405052,29.938487],[-86.2987,30.363049],[-86.750906,30.391881],[-88.028401,30.221132],[-87.755263,30.277292],[-88.008396,30.684956],[-88.136173,30.320729],[-88.841328,30.409598],[-89.291444,30.303296],[-89.335942,30.374016],[-89.461275,30.174745],[-89.857558,30.004439],[-89.660568,29.862909],[-89.481926,30.079128],[-89.372375,30.054729],[-89.433411,29.991205],[-89.368019,29.911491],[-89.218071,29.97275],[-89.322289,29.887333],[-89.236298,29.877081],[-89.383789,29.838928],[-89.271034,29.756355],[-89.651237,29.749479],[-89.485367,29.624357],[-89.688141,29.615055],[-89.700501,29.515967],[-89.508551,29.386168],[-89.189354,29.345061],[-89.000674,29.180091],[-89.41148,28.925011],[-89.354798,29.072543],[-89.482844,29.215053],[-89.850305,29.311768],[-89.849642,29.477996],[-90.01251,29.462775],[-90.009678,29.294785],[-90.096038,29.240673],[-89.949925,29.263154],[-90.174273,29.105301],[-90.348768,29.057817],[-90.234235,29.110268],[-90.271251,29.204639],[-90.332796,29.276956],[-90.472489,29.192688],[-90.510555,29.290925],[-90.803699,29.063709],[-90.637495,29.066608],[-90.839345,29.039167],[-90.961278,29.180817],[-91.278792,29.247776],[-91.33275,29.305816],[-91.221166,29.436421],[-91.531021,29.531543],[-91.553537,29.632766],[-91.648941,29.633635],[-91.632829,29.742576],[-91.88075,29.710839],[-91.889118,29.836023],[-92.149349,29.697052],[-91.712002,29.56474],[-91.782387,29.482882],[-92.046316,29.584362],[-92.61627,29.578729],[-93.267456,29.778113],[-94.056506,29.671163],[-94.778691,29.361483],[-94.495025,29.525031],[-94.779674,29.530533],[-94.735271,29.785433],[-94.893107,29.661336],[-94.965963,29.70033],[-95.018253,29.554885],[-94.909898,29.49691],[-94.893994,29.30817],[-95.16525,29.113566],[-94.72253,29.331446],[-95.38239,28.866348],[-96.378616,28.383909],[-95.978526,28.650594],[-96.228909,28.580873],[-96.222802,28.698431],[-96.487943,28.569677],[-96.648758,28.709627],[-96.403973,28.44245],[-96.672677,28.335579],[-96.775985,28.405809],[-96.800413,28.224128],[-96.934765,28.123873],[-97.037008,28.185528],[-97.214039,28.087494],[-97.022806,28.107588],[-97.186709,27.825453],[-97.379042,27.837867],[-97.253955,27.696696],[-97.401942,27.335574],[-97.532223,27.278577],[-97.501688,27.366618],[-97.639094,27.253131],[-97.42408,27.264073],[-97.563266,26.842188],[-97.295072,26.108342],[-97.216954,25.993838],[-97.152009,26.062108],[-97.145567,25.971132],[-97.422636,25.840378],[-97.649176,26.021499],[-98.197046,26.056153],[-98.807348,26.369421],[-99.085126,26.398782],[-99.268613,26.843213],[-99.446524,27.023008],[-99.512219,27.568094],[-99.841708,27.766464],[-99.931812,27.980967],[-100.293468,28.278475],[-100.333814,28.499252],[-100.797671,29.246943],[-101.254895,29.520342],[-101.415402,29.756561],[-102.315389,29.87992],[-102.386678,29.76688],[-102.670971,29.741954],[-102.866846,29.225015],[-103.115328,28.98527],[-103.28119,28.982138],[-104.507568,29.639624],[-104.924796,30.604832],[-106.207837,31.468188],[-106.451541,31.764808],[-108.208394,31.783599],[-108.208573,31.333395],[-111.074825,31.332239],[-114.813613,32.494277],[-114.719633,32.718763],[-117.124862,32.534156],[-117.469794,33.296417],[-118.132698,33.753217],[-118.411211,33.741985],[-118.519514,34.027509],[-119.130169,34.100102],[-119.559459,34.413395],[-120.471376,34.447846],[-120.637805,34.56622],[-120.644311,35.139616],[-120.856047,35.206487],[-120.884757,35.430196],[-121.284973,35.674109],[-121.503112,36.000299],[-121.888491,36.30281],[-121.978592,36.580488],[-121.814462,36.682858],[-121.862266,36.931552],[-122.105976,36.955951],[-122.405073,37.195791],[-122.514483,37.780829],[-122.398139,37.80563],[-122.378545,37.605592],[-122.111344,37.50758],[-122.430087,37.963115],[-122.273006,38.07438],[-122.489974,38.112014],[-122.438268,37.880974],[-122.505383,37.822128],[-122.882114,38.025273],[-123.024066,37.994878],[-122.977082,38.267902],[-123.725367,38.917438],[-123.851714,39.832041],[-124.363414,40.260974],[-124.408601,40.443201],[-124.137066,40.925732],[-124.063076,41.439579],[-124.147412,41.717955],[-124.255994,41.783014],[-124.214213,42.005939],[-124.410982,42.250547],[-124.401177,42.627192],[-124.552441,42.840568],[-124.233534,43.55713],[-124.067569,44.428582],[-123.927891,46.009564],[-124.024305,46.229256],[-123.854801,46.157342],[-123.547636,46.265595],[-124.080671,46.267239],[-124.068655,46.634879],[-124.026032,46.462978],[-123.943667,46.477197],[-123.960642,46.636364],[-123.84621,46.716795],[-124.092176,46.741624],[-124.138225,46.905534],[-123.86018,46.948556],[-124.122057,47.04165],[-124.180111,46.926357],[-124.425195,47.738434],[-124.672427,47.964414],[-124.733174,48.163393],[-124.65894,48.331057],[-124.731828,48.381157],[-123.981032,48.164761],[-123.332699,48.11297],[-123.133445,48.177276],[-122.877641,48.047025],[-122.833173,48.134406],[-122.760448,48.14324],[-122.766648,48.04429],[-122.68724,48.101662],[-122.718082,47.987739],[-122.610341,47.887343],[-122.811929,47.679861],[-122.820178,47.835904],[-123.15598,47.355745],[-122.549072,47.919072],[-122.470333,47.757109],[-122.554454,47.745704],[-122.479089,47.583654],[-122.547521,47.285344],[-122.611464,47.2181],[-122.697378,47.283969],[-122.632463,47.376394],[-122.725738,47.33047],[-122.641802,47.205013],[-122.711997,47.127681],[-122.832799,47.243412],[-122.803688,47.355071],[-122.863732,47.270221],[-122.858735,47.167955],[-122.67813,47.103866],[-122.547747,47.316403],[-122.4442,47.266723],[-122.324833,47.348521],[-122.421139,47.57602],[-122.339513,47.599113],[-122.429841,47.658919],[-122.224979,48.016626],[-122.395499,48.228551],[-122.479008,48.175703],[-122.358375,48.056133],[-122.512031,48.133931],[-122.530996,48.249821],[-122.371693,48.287839],[-122.712322,48.464143],[-122.471832,48.470724],[-122.534719,48.574246],[-122.425271,48.599522],[-122.535803,48.776128],[-122.673472,48.733082],[-122.821631,48.941369],[-122.75802,49.002357],[-95.153711,48.998903],[-95.15335,49.383079],[-94.957465,49.370186],[-94.816222,49.320987],[-94.645083,48.744143],[-93.840754,48.628548],[-93.794454,48.516021],[-92.954876,48.631493],[-92.634931,48.542873],[-92.712562,48.463013],[-92.456325,48.414204],[-92.369174,48.220268],[-92.26228,48.354933],[-92.055228,48.359213],[-91.567254,48.043719],[-90.88548,48.245784],[-90.751608,48.090968],[-89.489226,48.014528],[-90.86827,47.5569],[-92.094089,46.787839],[-91.961889,46.682539],[-90.855874,46.962232],[-90.750952,46.890293],[-90.951476,46.597033],[-90.73726,46.692267],[-90.436512,46.561748],[-88.972802,47.002096],[-88.418841,47.371058],[-87.929672,47.478743],[-87.710471,47.4062],[-87.957058,47.38726],[-88.227552,47.199938],[-88.443901,46.972251],[-88.462349,46.786711],[-88.142807,46.966302],[-88.175197,46.90458],[-87.681561,46.842392],[-87.352448,46.501324],[-87.008724,46.532723],[-86.850111,46.434114],[-86.698139,46.438624],[-86.678182,46.561039],[-86.586168,46.463324],[-86.161681,46.669475],[-84.989497,46.772403],[-85.015211,46.479712],[-84.551496,46.418522],[-84.128925,46.530119],[-84.097766,46.256512],[-84.251424,46.175888],[-83.873147,45.993426],[-83.765277,46.018363],[-83.815826,46.108529],[-83.581315,46.089613],[-83.510623,45.929324],[-84.376429,45.931962],[-84.656567,46.052654],[-84.746985,45.835597],[-85.01399,46.010774],[-85.499422,46.09692],[-85.697203,45.960158],[-86.278007,45.942057],[-86.616893,45.606796],[-86.718191,45.67732],[-86.541464,45.890234],[-86.78208,45.860195],[-86.964275,45.672761],[-87.031435,45.837238],[-87.600796,45.146842],[-87.630298,44.976865],[-87.837647,44.933091],[-88.005518,44.539216],[-87.756048,44.649117],[-87.609784,44.838514],[-87.384821,44.865532],[-87.238426,45.166492],[-86.970355,45.278455],[-87.467089,44.553557],[-87.512903,44.192808],[-87.735436,43.882219],[-87.702685,43.687596],[-87.911787,43.250406],[-87.766675,42.784896],[-87.828569,42.269922],[-87.42344,41.642835],[-87.066033,41.661845],[-86.616978,41.896625],[-86.297168,42.358207],[-86.208654,42.69209],[-86.254646,43.083409],[-86.540916,43.633158],[-86.43114,43.815569],[-86.514704,44.057672],[-86.26871,44.345324],[-86.254996,44.691935],[-85.551072,45.210742],[-85.652355,44.849092],[-85.593833,44.768651],[-85.475204,44.991053],[-85.576566,44.760208],[-85.3958,44.931018],[-85.371593,45.270834],[-84.91585,45.393115],[-85.115479,45.539406],[-84.942636,45.714292],[-85.014509,45.760329],[-84.726192,45.786905],[-84.215268,45.634767],[-84.095905,45.497298],[-83.488826,45.355872],[-83.265896,45.026844],[-83.454168,45.03188],[-83.274747,44.714893],[-83.332533,44.340464],[-83.53771,44.248171],[-83.58409,44.056748],[-83.877047,43.959351],[-83.909479,43.672622],[-83.666052,43.591292],[-83.26153,43.973525],[-82.967439,44.066138],[-82.746255,43.996037],[-82.643166,43.852468],[-82.412965,42.977041],[-82.518782,42.613888],[-82.686417,42.518597],[-82.630851,42.673341],[-82.813518,42.640833],[-82.894013,42.389437],[-83.096521,42.290138],[-83.133511,42.088143],[-83.455626,41.727445],[-82.934369,41.514353],[-82.834101,41.587587],[-82.499099,41.381541],[-82.011966,41.515639],[-81.738755,41.48855],[-81.288892,41.758945],[-80.329976,42.036168],[-79.148723,42.553672],[-78.851355,42.791758],[-79.074467,43.077855],[-79.070469,43.262454],[-78.370221,43.376505],[-77.760231,43.341161],[-77.551022,43.235763],[-76.958402,43.270005],[-76.235834,43.529256],[-76.28272,43.858601],[-76.125023,43.912773],[-76.360306,44.070907],[-76.312647,44.199044],[-74.992756,44.977449],[-71.502487,45.013367],[-71.443882,45.235462],[-71.296509,45.29919],[-71.13943,45.242958],[-71.01081,45.34725],[-70.857042,45.22916],[-70.795009,45.428145],[-70.634661,45.383608],[-70.688214,45.563981],[-70.259117,45.890755],[-70.292736,46.191599],[-70.057061,46.415036],[-69.997086,46.69523],[-69.22442,47.459686],[-69.043947,47.427634],[-69.050334,47.256621],[-68.902425,47.178839],[-68.329879,47.36023],[-67.955669,47.199542],[-67.789461,47.062544],[-67.750422,45.917898],[-67.817892,45.693705],[-67.429716,45.583773],[-67.489464,45.282653],[-67.345585,45.126392],[-67.157919,45.161004],[-66.950569,44.814539],[-67.293403,44.599265],[-67.308538,44.707454],[-67.405492,44.594236],[-67.551133,44.621938],[-67.568159,44.531117],[-67.839896,44.558771],[-67.855108,44.419434],[-68.049334,44.33073],[-68.117746,44.475038],[-68.261708,44.484062],[-68.173608,44.328397],[-68.317588,44.225101],[-68.430946,44.298624],[-68.3791,44.430049],[-68.565161,44.39907],[-68.525302,44.227554],[-68.827197,44.31216],[-68.783679,44.473879],[-68.927452,44.448039],[-69.100863,44.104529],[-69.031878,44.079036],[-69.214205,43.935583],[-69.398455,43.971804],[-69.838689,43.70514],[-69.884066,43.778035],[-70.041351,43.738053],[-70.009869,43.859315],[-70.190014,43.771866],[-70.196911,43.565146],[-70.361214,43.52919],[-70.810069,42.909549],[-70.778671,42.693622],[-70.594014,42.63503],[-70.871382,42.546404],[-71.01568,42.326019],[-70.722269,42.207959],[-70.63848,42.081579],[-70.710034,41.999544],[-70.552941,41.929641],[-70.471552,41.761563],[-70.024734,41.787364],[-70.095595,42.032832],[-70.245385,42.063733],[-70.058531,42.040363],[-69.935952,41.809422],[-69.998071,41.54365],[-70.007011,41.671579],[-70.351634,41.634687],[-70.948431,41.409193],[-70.658659,41.543385],[-70.623652,41.707398],[-70.718739,41.73574],[-71.19302,41.457931],[-71.240709,41.619225],[-71.24071,41.474872],[-71.337695,41.448902],[-71.19564,41.67509],[-71.350057,41.727835],[-71.449318,41.687401],[-71.483295,41.371722],[-72.916827,41.282033],[-73.643478,41.002171],[-73.781369,40.794907],[-73.485365,40.946397],[-72.585327,40.997587],[-72.278789,41.158722],[-72.317238,41.088659],[-72.10216,40.991509],[-71.856214,41.070598],[-73.23914,40.6251],[-73.934512,40.545175],[-74.024543,40.709436],[-74.186027,40.646076],[-74.261889,40.464706],[-73.978282,40.440208],[-74.096906,39.76303],[-74.864458,38.94041],[-74.971995,38.94037],[-74.887167,39.158825],[-75.136548,39.179425],[-75.536431,39.460559],[-75.509342,39.685313],[-75.587147,39.651012],[-75.402035,39.066885],[-75.089473,38.797198],[-75.048939,38.451263],[-75.195382,38.093582],[-75.514921,37.799149],[-75.906734,37.114193],[-76.018645,37.31782],[-75.663095,37.961195],[-75.892686,37.916848],[-75.812913,38.058932],[-75.843862,38.144599],[-75.958786,38.135572],[-75.848473,38.20934],[-75.970514,38.233668],[-75.973876,38.36585],[-76.032044,38.216684],[-76.258189,38.318373],[-76.33636,38.492235],[-76.147158,38.63684],[-76.238685,38.735434],[-76.347998,38.686234],[-76.271575,38.851771],[-76.19343,38.821787],[-76.203638,38.928382],[-76.376031,38.848777],[-76.311766,39.035257],[-76.164004,38.99953],[-76.145174,39.092824],[-76.231765,39.018518],[-76.274741,39.164961],[-76.170588,39.331954],[-76.002408,39.367501],[-75.970337,39.557637],[-76.096072,39.536912],[-76.060988,39.447775],[-76.281374,39.304531],[-76.341443,39.354217],[-76.425281,39.205708],[-76.535885,39.211008],[-76.394358,39.01216],[-76.557535,38.744687],[-76.321499,38.03805],[-76.920778,38.291529],[-77.016371,38.445572],[-77.250172,38.382781],[-77.263599,38.512344],[-77.12634,38.6177],[-77.246704,38.635217],[-77.279633,38.339444],[-77.043526,38.400548],[-76.962311,38.214075],[-76.613939,38.148587],[-76.236725,37.889174],[-76.339892,37.655966],[-76.28037,37.613715],[-76.36232,37.610368],[-76.784618,37.869569],[-76.542666,37.616857],[-76.300144,37.561734],[-76.360474,37.51924],[-76.265056,37.481365],[-76.275552,37.309964],[-76.415167,37.402133],[-76.349489,37.273963],[-76.50364,37.233856],[-76.292344,37.126615],[-76.304272,37.001378],[-76.428869,36.969947],[-76.649869,37.220914],[-76.802511,37.198308],[-76.685614,37.198851],[-76.662558,37.045748],[-76.469914,36.882898],[-76.297663,36.968147],[-75.996252,36.922047],[-75.867044,36.550754]],[[-77.038598,38.791513],[-76.910795,38.891712],[-77.040999,38.99511],[-77.1199,38.934311],[-77.038598,38.791513]]],[[[-88.124658,30.28364],[-88.075856,30.246139],[-88.313323,30.230024],[-88.124658,30.28364]]],[[[-120.248484,33.999329],[-120.043259,34.035806],[-119.97026,33.944359],[-120.121817,33.895712],[-120.248484,33.999329]]],[[[-119.789798,34.05726],[-119.52064,34.034262],[-119.758141,33.959212],[-119.923337,34.069361],[-119.789798,34.05726]]],[[[-118.524531,32.895488],[-118.605534,33.030999],[-118.353504,32.821962],[-118.524531,32.895488]]],[[[-118.500212,33.449592],[-118.305084,33.310323],[-118.465368,33.326056],[-118.60403,33.47654],[-118.500212,33.449592]]],[[[-81.582923,24.658732],[-81.425483,24.752989],[-81.298028,24.656774],[-81.81289,24.546468],[-81.582923,24.658732]]],[[[-84.777208,29.707398],[-84.696726,29.76993],[-85.097082,29.625215],[-84.777208,29.707398]]],[[[-85.156415,29.679628],[-85.077237,29.670862],[-85.222546,29.678039],[-85.156415,29.679628]]],[[[-82.255777,26.703437],[-82.166042,26.489679],[-82.013913,26.452058],[-82.177017,26.471558],[-82.255777,26.703437]]],[[[-80.250581,25.34193],[-80.659395,24.897433],[-80.174544,25.518406],[-80.250581,25.34193]]],[[[-88.865067,29.752714],[-88.944435,29.658806],[-88.8312,29.878839],[-88.881454,30.053202],[-88.865067,29.752714]]],[[[-70.59628,41.471905],[-70.451084,41.348161],[-70.838777,41.347209],[-70.59628,41.471905]]],[[[-70.092142,41.297741],[-70.049053,41.391702],[-69.960181,41.264546],[-70.275526,41.310464],[-70.092142,41.297741]]],[[[-68.453236,44.189998],[-68.384903,44.154955],[-68.502096,44.152388],[-68.453236,44.189998]]],[[[-68.680773,44.279242],[-68.605906,44.230772],[-68.675056,44.137131],[-68.680773,44.279242]]],[[[-68.785601,44.053503],[-68.944597,44.11284],[-68.825067,44.186338],[-68.785601,44.053503]]],[[[-68.942826,44.281073],[-68.868444,44.38144],[-68.95189,44.218719],[-68.942826,44.281073]]],[[[-88.684434,48.115785],[-88.418244,48.18037],[-88.968903,47.901675],[-88.899698,47.902445],[-89.255202,47.876102],[-88.684434,48.115785]]],[[[-84.612845,45.834528],[-84.35602,45.771895],[-84.484128,45.73071],[-84.612845,45.834528]]],[[[-85.566441,45.760222],[-85.487026,45.621211],[-85.561634,45.572213],[-85.630016,45.598166],[-85.566441,45.760222]]],[[[-88.710719,30.250799],[-88.562067,30.227476],[-88.771991,30.245523],[-88.710719,30.250799]]],[[[-75.753765,35.199612],[-75.529393,35.288272],[-75.533512,35.773577],[-75.458659,35.596597],[-75.52592,35.233839],[-76.013145,35.061855],[-75.753765,35.199612]]],[[[-74.144428,40.53516],[-74.254588,40.502303],[-74.1894,40.642121],[-74.075884,40.648101],[-74.144428,40.53516]]],[[[-97.240849,26.411504],[-97.387459,26.820789],[-97.361796,27.359988],[-96.879424,28.131402],[-96.403206,28.371475],[-96.966996,27.950531],[-97.30447,27.407734],[-97.370731,26.909706],[-97.154271,26.066841],[-97.240849,26.411504]]],[[[-122.519535,48.288314],[-122.668385,48.223967],[-122.54512,48.05255],[-122.376259,48.034457],[-122.380497,47.904023],[-122.770045,48.224395],[-122.664659,48.401508],[-122.519535,48.288314]]],[[[-122.474684,47.511068],[-122.373628,47.388718],[-122.51885,47.33332],[-122.474684,47.511068]]],[[[-122.800217,48.60169],[-122.803521,48.428748],[-122.874135,48.418196],[-123.203026,48.596178],[-122.987296,48.561895],[-123.048652,48.621002],[-122.894599,48.71503],[-122.743049,48.661991],[-122.800217,48.60169]]],[[[-90.572383,46.958835],[-90.508157,46.956836],[-90.654796,46.919249],[-90.572383,46.958835]]],[[[-90.757147,47.03372],[-90.544875,47.017383],[-90.671581,46.948973],[-90.757147,47.03372]]],[[[-86.880572,45.331467],[-86.943041,45.41525],[-86.810055,45.422619],[-86.880572,45.331467]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Alabama\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}\n","volume":"49","issue":"13","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-06-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55b361b5e4b09a3b01b5dab1","chorus":{"doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5b00373","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00373","publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","authors":"Clow David W., Stackpoole Sarah M., Verdin Kristine L., Butman David E., Zhu Zhiliang, Krabbenhoft David P., Striegl Robert G.","journalName":"Environmental Science & Technology","publicationDate":"7/7/2015","auditedOn":"7/24/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clow, David W. 0000-0001-6183-4824 dwclow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6183-4824","contributorId":1671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"David","email":"dwclow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stackpoole, Sarah M. 0000-0002-5876-4922 sstackpoole@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5876-4922","contributorId":3784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stackpoole","given":"Sarah","email":"sstackpoole@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Verdin, Kristine L. 0000-0002-6114-4660 kverdin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6114-4660","contributorId":3070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"Kristine","email":"kverdin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Butman, David E.","contributorId":145535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Butman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":16142,"text":"School of Environmental and Forest Sciences & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":564540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zhu, Zhi-Liang zzhu@usgs.gov","contributorId":3636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Zhi-Liang","email":"zzhu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":564541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":564543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70156781,"text":"70156781 - 2015 - Methylmercury bioaccumulation in stream food webs declines with increasing primary production","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-09T12:47:50","indexId":"70156781","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-10T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methylmercury bioaccumulation in stream food webs declines with increasing primary production","docAbstract":"Opposing hypotheses posit that increasing primary productivity should result in either greater or lesser contaminant accumulation in stream food webs. We conducted an experiment to evaluate primary productivity effects on MeHg accumulation in stream consumers. We varied light for 16 artificial streams creating a productivity gradient (oxygen production =0.048–0.71 mg O2 L–1 d–1) among streams. Two-level food webs were established consisting of phytoplankton/filter feeding clam, periphyton/grazing snail, and leaves/shredding amphipod (Hyalella azteca). Phytoplankton and periphyton biomass, along with MeHg removal from the water column, increased significantly with productivity, but MeHg concentrations in these primary producers declined. Methylmercury concentrations in clams and snails also declined with productivity, and consumer concentrations were strongly correlated with MeHg concentrations in primary producers. Heterotroph biomass on leaves, MeHg in leaves, and MeHg in Hyalella were unrelated to stream productivity. Our results support the hypothesis that contaminant bioaccumulation declines with stream primary production via the mechanism of bloom dilution (MeHg burden per cell decreases in algal blooms), extending patterns of contaminant accumulation documented in lakes to lotic systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","publisherLocation":"Easton, PA","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5b00911","usgsCitation":"Walters, D., D.F. Raikow, C.R. Hammerschmidt, Mehling, M., Kovach, A., and J.T. Oris, 2015, Methylmercury bioaccumulation in stream food webs declines with increasing primary production: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 49, no. 13, p. 7762-7769, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00911.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"7762","endPage":"7769","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063132","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307717,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"13","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-06-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e57ab1e4b05561fa2086a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walters, David 0000-0002-4237-2158 waltersd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4237-2158","contributorId":147135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"David","email":"waltersd@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"D.F. Raikow","contributorId":147136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"D.F. Raikow","affiliations":[{"id":7237,"text":"NPS, Olympic National Park","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"C.R. Hammerschmidt","contributorId":147137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"C.R. Hammerschmidt","affiliations":[{"id":13420,"text":"Wright State Univ.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mehling, M.G.","contributorId":147138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mehling","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16790,"text":"Chatham Univ.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kovach, A.","contributorId":147139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kovach","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16791,"text":"GEI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"J.T. Oris","contributorId":147140,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"J.T. Oris","affiliations":[{"id":16792,"text":"Miami Univ.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70148501,"text":"70148501 - 2015 - Lake Ontario water quality during the 2003 and 2008 intensive field years and comparison with long-term trends","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-20T11:06:34","indexId":"70148501","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-10T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":865,"text":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lake Ontario water quality during the 2003 and 2008 intensive field years and comparison with long-term trends","docAbstract":"Phosphorus loading declined between the 1970s and the 1990s, leading to oligotrophication of the offshore waters of Lake Ontario during that time period. Using lake-wide data from the intensive field years of 2003 and 2008 and from available long-term data sets on several trophic state indicators (total phosphorus [TP], soluble reactive silica [SRSi], chlorophyll a and Secchi disc transparency [SDT]), we tested the hypothesis that oligotrophication of the offshore waters of Lake Ontario has continued in the 2000s. Significant differences between 2003 and 2008 include higher spring (April) TP, SRSi, and SDT in 2008, lower summer (July–August) SDT in 2008, higher summer chlorophyll a in 2008, and lower fall (September) TP, SRSi, and chlorophyll a in 2008. The decline in SRSi from spring to summer was greater in 2008 than in 2003. Change point and regression analyses on the long-term data revealed no trend in spring TP since 1996, in summer chlorophyll a since 1994, in spring SDT since 1998, in spring SRSi or SRSi decline from spring to summer since 1999, or in summer SDT since 2001. Neither the comparison of the 2003 and 2008 surveys nor the analysis of the long-term data supported our hypothesis of continued oligotrophication of the offshore of Lake Ontario in the 2000s.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/14634988.2015.1000787","usgsCitation":"Holeck, K., Rudstam, L.G., Watkins, J., Luckey, F.J., Lantry, J.R., Lantry, B.F., Trometer, E.S., Koops, M., and Johnson, T.B., 2015, Lake Ontario water quality during the 2003 and 2008 intensive field years and comparison with long-term trends: Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, v. 18, no. 1, p. 7-17, https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2015.1000787.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057587","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301109,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.85412597656249,\n 43.257205668363206\n ],\n [\n -79.31579589843749,\n 43.185152509372955\n ],\n [\n -79.090576171875,\n 43.25320494908846\n ],\n [\n -78.5302734375,\n 43.369119087738554\n ],\n [\n -78.057861328125,\n 43.37311218382002\n ],\n [\n -77.71728515624999,\n 43.329173667843904\n ],\n [\n -77.5634765625,\n 43.213183300738876\n ],\n [\n -77.3492431640625,\n 43.265206318396025\n ],\n [\n -77.0965576171875,\n 43.28520334369384\n ],\n [\n -76.893310546875,\n 43.25320494908846\n ],\n [\n -76.7010498046875,\n 43.33316939281735\n ],\n [\n -76.387939453125,\n 43.52465500687185\n ],\n [\n -76.201171875,\n 43.52863784832998\n ],\n [\n -76.1572265625,\n 43.691707903073805\n ],\n [\n -76.22863769531249,\n 43.84245116699036\n ],\n [\n -76.124267578125,\n 43.93350594453702\n ],\n [\n -76.0198974609375,\n 44.000717834282774\n ],\n [\n -76.1517333984375,\n 44.08758502824518\n ],\n [\n -76.2890625,\n 44.08363928284644\n ],\n [\n -76.3055419921875,\n 44.13885576756881\n ],\n [\n -76.00341796875,\n 44.308126684886126\n ],\n [\n -75.83862304687499,\n 44.457309801319305\n ],\n [\n -75.926513671875,\n 44.50434127765394\n ],\n [\n -76.13525390624999,\n 44.731125592643274\n ],\n [\n -76.497802734375,\n 44.731125592643274\n ],\n [\n -76.695556640625,\n 44.731125592643274\n ],\n [\n -76.761474609375,\n 44.63739123445585\n ],\n [\n -76.541748046875,\n 44.308126684886126\n ],\n [\n -76.728515625,\n 44.18220395771566\n ],\n [\n -77.431640625,\n 44.213709909702054\n ],\n [\n -77.662353515625,\n 44.040218713142146\n ],\n [\n -78.134765625,\n 44.000717834282774\n ],\n [\n -78.804931640625,\n 43.9058083561574\n ],\n [\n -79.134521484375,\n 43.8503744993026\n ],\n [\n -79.508056640625,\n 43.6599240747891\n ],\n [\n -79.73876953125,\n 43.476840397778915\n ],\n [\n -79.903564453125,\n 43.25320494908846\n ],\n [\n -79.85412597656249,\n 43.257205668363206\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557951b3e4b032353cc173f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holeck, K. T.","contributorId":53751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holeck","given":"K. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rudstam, L. G.","contributorId":24720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rudstam","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watkins, J. M.","contributorId":93846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watkins","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luckey, F. J.","contributorId":141110,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Luckey","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6914,"text":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lantry, J. R.","contributorId":141111,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lantry","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":13678,"text":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lantry, Brian F. 0000-0001-8797-3910 bflantry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8797-3910","contributorId":3435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lantry","given":"Brian","email":"bflantry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Trometer, E. S.","contributorId":141112,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trometer","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6678,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Koops, M. A.","contributorId":141113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koops","given":"M. A.","affiliations":[{"id":13677,"text":"Fisheries and Oceans Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":548466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Johnson, Terry B.","contributorId":115694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70142463,"text":"ds925 - 2015 - Hydrogeologic data and water-quality data from a thick unsaturated zone at a proposed wastewater-treatment facility site, Yucca Valley, San Bernardino County, California, 2008-11","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-10T09:04:49","indexId":"ds925","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-10T09:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"925","title":"Hydrogeologic data and water-quality data from a thick unsaturated zone at a proposed wastewater-treatment facility site, Yucca Valley, San Bernardino County, California, 2008-11","docAbstract":"The Hi-Desert Water District, in the community of Yucca Valley, California, is considering constructing a wastewater-treatment facility and using the reclaimed water to recharge the aquifer system through surface spreading. The Hi-Desert Water District is concerned with possible effects of this recharge on water quality in the underlying groundwater system; therefore, an unsaturated-zone monitoring site was constructed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to characterize the unsaturated zone, monitor a pilot-scale recharge test, and, ultimately, to monitor the flow of reclaimed water to the water table once the treatment facility is constructed.
\nIn June and July 2008, a borehole (YVUZ-5) was drilled by the USGS through the unsaturated zone in the vicinity of the proposed wastewater-treatment facility site by using an overburden drilling method. In addition to a variety of unsaturated-zone instrumentation, an observation well screened near the water table was installed in the borehole. The drilling procedures, lithologic and geophysical data, construction details, physical properties of unsaturated alluvial deposits, and instrumentation installed in YVUZ-5 are described in this report. Core material was analyzed for bulk-density, porosity, effective porosity, volumetric water content, residual water content, saturation, effective saturation, matric-potential, and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Concentrations of soluble anions, including bromide, chloride, fluoride, sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and orthophosphate, in unsaturated-zone sediment and dissolved in unsaturated-zone water were determined by analyzing water extracted from drill-cutting material. A 0.1-acre pilot-scale infiltration pond was constructed in the vicinity of YVUZ-5. Water was applied to the pond over a period of about 8 months and allowed to infiltrate into the underlying unsaturated zone. Data were collected on chemical and isotopic composition of the groundwater, unsaturated-zone water, and infiltration pond water before, during, and after infiltration of water from the constructed pond. Selected drill cuttings and core samples collected during drilling were analyzed for the presence or absence of denitrifying and nitrate-reducing bacteria.
\nWater levels in the observation well ranged from about 367 to 370 feet below land surface during the period of the study. Measured saturated hydraulic conductivity of core material ranged from 2.1 to 11.0 feet per day. Average vertical infiltration rates in the pilot-scale infiltration pond ranged from 0.7 to 2.4 feet per day. Both denitrifying and nitrate-reducing bacteria were present in drill cutting material in most probable numbers ranging from below detection limits to 2,400,000 for denitrifying and to 93,000 for nitrate-reducing bacteria.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds925","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Hi-Desert Water District","usgsCitation":"O’Leary, D., Clark, D.A., and Izbicki, J., 2015, Hydrogeologic data and water-quality data from a thick unsaturated zone at a proposed wastewater-treatment facility site, Yucca Valley, San Bernardino County, California, 2008-11: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 925, x, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds925.","productDescription":"x, 68 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2008-06-01","temporalEnd":"2011-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-010954","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301106,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds925.jpg"},{"id":301105,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0925/pdf/ds925.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.3 MB","description":"Report"},{"id":301103,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0925/"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.4121627807617,\n 34.13511003175254\n ],\n [\n -116.40117645263673,\n 34.13979877188829\n ],\n [\n -116.39173507690428,\n 34.14164577990677\n ],\n [\n -116.38074874877931,\n 34.14235615685566\n ],\n [\n -116.37662887573241,\n 34.14406103716462\n ],\n [\n -116.37096405029297,\n 34.14420310897081\n ],\n [\n -116.36392593383789,\n 34.14292445411448\n ],\n [\n -116.36341094970702,\n 34.12388441525915\n ],\n [\n -116.36787414550781,\n 34.117205176698675\n ],\n [\n -116.36959075927736,\n 34.11024115351507\n ],\n [\n -116.36924743652344,\n 34.10498222546687\n ],\n [\n -116.36804580688475,\n 34.093468295940426\n ],\n [\n -116.36838912963867,\n 34.08550713253843\n ],\n [\n -116.38675689697266,\n 34.082094976194774\n ],\n [\n -116.40289306640624,\n 34.08323237692003\n ],\n [\n -116.40907287597656,\n 34.09034078531726\n ],\n [\n -116.42829895019531,\n 34.10000726293642\n ],\n [\n -116.4466667175293,\n 34.10341869733246\n ],\n [\n -116.46091461181639,\n 34.10498222546687\n ],\n [\n -116.46915435791016,\n 34.10810919505794\n ],\n [\n -116.4712142944336,\n 34.11663670650332\n ],\n [\n -116.46486282348631,\n 34.120189582533065\n ],\n [\n -116.46142959594725,\n 34.12331598996403\n ],\n [\n -116.45421981811522,\n 34.12502125438493\n ],\n [\n -116.43945693969727,\n 34.128715875972134\n ],\n [\n -116.4224624633789,\n 34.13042103147612\n ],\n [\n -116.41422271728514,\n 34.133831239293684\n ],\n [\n -116.4121627807617,\n 34.13511003175254\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557951b2e4b032353cc173f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Leary, David 0000-0001-9888-1739 doleary@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9888-1739","contributorId":139900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Leary","given":"David","email":"doleary@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Dennis A. daclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":1477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Dennis","email":"daclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":548434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":1375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John A.","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":548436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}