{"pageNumber":"4954","pageRowStart":"123825","pageSize":"25","recordCount":165623,"records":[{"id":70011920,"text":"70011920 - 1981 - Late Cenzoic rhyolites from the Kern Plateau, southern Sierra Nevada, California.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-25T11:14:05","indexId":"70011920","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Cenzoic rhyolites from the Kern Plateau, southern Sierra Nevada, California.","docAbstract":"<p>Four late Cenozoic rhyolite domes lie atop the Kern Plateau, 30 to 40km S-SE of Mount Whitney. K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar dating shows that Monache, Templeton, and Little Templeton Mountains are all about 2.4Ma old; a small dome nearby is approx 0.2Ma old. The three older rhyolites have SiO2 = 73-74% and have steep, fractionated rare earth element (REE) patterns; the youngest has SiO2 = 76% and a concave-upward REE pattern with a large negative Eu anomaly, Monache rhyolite contains the unusual phenocryst assemblage almandine + fayalite + biotite + oligoclase. The 2.4Ma old rocks may be nearly unmodified partial melts of crustal sources, whereas the 0.2Ma old rhyolite may be a product of relatively shallow differentiation. The rhyolites and nearby basalts are coeval with mafic and silicic volcanic rocks in the Coso Range about 40km to the SE. Their generation and eruption may reflect intense tectonic extension at the margin of the Basin and Range province and concomitant relaxation of compressive stress in a W- NW direction, allowing melts to reach the surface in the adjacent Sierra Nevada.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.281.1.1","issn":"00029599","usgsCitation":"Bacon, C., and Duffield, W.A., 1981, Late Cenzoic rhyolites from the Kern Plateau, southern Sierra Nevada, California.: American Journal of Science, v. 281, no. 1, p. 1-34, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.281.1.1.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"34","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480572,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.281.1.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":220798,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Kern Plateau","volume":"281","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44d1e4b0c8380cd66df1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":362287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duffield, W. A.","contributorId":71935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70011923,"text":"70011923 - 1981 - The origin and isotopic composition of dissolved sulfide in groundwater from carbonate aquifers in Florida and Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-06T07:05:00","indexId":"70011923","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The origin and isotopic composition of dissolved sulfide in groundwater from carbonate aquifers in Florida and Texas","docAbstract":"<p>The<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>34</sup><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;</span>values of dissolved sulfide and the sulfur isotope fractionations between dissolved sulfide and sulfate species in Floridan ground water generally correlate with dissolved sulfate concentrations which are related to flow patterns and residence time within the aquifer. The dissolved sulfide derives from the slow<span>&nbsp;</span><i>in situ</i><span>&nbsp;</span>biogenic reduction of sulfate dissolved from sedimentary gypsum in the aquifer. In areas where the water is oldest, the dissolved sulfide has apparently attained isotopic equilibrium with the dissolved sulfate (<i>Δ</i><sup>34</sup><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 65 per mil) at the temperature (28°C) of the system. This approach to equilibrium reflects an extremely slow reduction rate of the dissolved sulfate by bacteria; this slow rate probably results from very low concentrations of organic matter in the aquifer.</p><p>In the reducing part of the Edwards aquifer, Texas, there is a general down-gradient increase in both dissolved sulfide and sulfate concentrations, but neither the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>34</sup><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;</span>values of sulfide nor the sulfide-sulfate isotope fractionation correlates with the ground-water flow pattern. The dissolved sulfide species appear to be derived primarily from biogenic reduction of sulfate ions whose source is gypsum dissolution although upgradient diffusion of H<sub>2</sub>S gas from deeper oil field brines may be important in places. The sulfur isotope fractionation for sulfide-sulfate (about 38 per mil) is similar to that observed for modern oceanic sediments and probably reflects moderate sulfate reduction in the reducing part of the aquifer owing to the higher temperature and significant amount of organic matter present; contributions of isotopically heavy H<sub>2</sub>S from oil field brines are also possible.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(81)90024-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Rye, R.O., Back, W., Hanshaw, B., Rightmire, C., and Pearson, F.J., 1981, The origin and isotopic composition of dissolved sulfide in groundwater from carbonate aquifers in Florida and Texas: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, no. 10, p. 1941-1950, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90024-7.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"1941","endPage":"1950","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220865,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Florida, Texas ","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-81.582923,24.658732],[-81.562917,24.692912],[-81.535323,24.67954],[-81.490962,24.710105],[-81.459043,24.707355],[-81.451267,24.747464],[-81.432032,24.722908],[-81.431009,24.751761],[-81.319282,24.701238],[-81.298028,24.656774],[-81.395096,24.621062],[-81.414187,24.647167],[-81.470411,24.641985],[-81.49858,24.66498],[-81.511165,24.625135],[-81.602998,24.586444],[-81.810333,24.544701],[-81.794057,24.586],[-81.687017,24.592534],[-81.582923,24.658732]]],[[[-82.15068,24.576331],[-82.125268,24.597426],[-82.099417,24.572522],[-82.116787,24.549144],[-82.159439,24.548212],[-82.15068,24.576331]]],[[[-80.909954,24.781154],[-80.912042,24.76505],[-81.078716,24.696557],[-81.108041,24.688592],[-81.124094,24.704873],[-80.909954,24.781154]]],[[[-81.317673,24.75729],[-81.288259,24.720881],[-81.357417,24.756834],[-81.317673,24.75729]]],[[[-80.788263,24.824218],[-80.846191,24.802968],[-80.79278,24.843918],[-80.788263,24.824218]]],[[[-80.729275,24.865361],[-80.691762,24.885759],[-80.766966,24.836158],[-80.729275,24.865361]]],[[[-84.777208,29.707398],[-84.696726,29.76993],[-84.776954,29.692191],[-84.957779,29.612635],[-85.051033,29.586928],[-85.09519,29.62249],[-85.023501,29.597073],[-84.777208,29.707398]]],[[[-85.156415,29.679628],[-85.114268,29.688658],[-85.077237,29.670862],[-85.097218,29.633004],[-85.124913,29.628433],[-85.222546,29.678039],[-85.156415,29.679628]]],[[[-82.255777,26.703437],[-82.166042,26.489679],[-82.088423,26.455182],[-82.062551,26.470131],[-82.015607,26.454858],[-82.082915,26.422059],[-82.177017,26.471558],[-82.268007,26.682791],[-82.255777,26.703437]]],[[[-80.250581,25.34193],[-80.377084,25.130487],[-80.659395,24.897433],[-80.621658,24.944265],[-80.558785,24.971505],[-80.545971,25.01477],[-80.460652,25.078904],[-80.494715,25.102269],[-80.450399,25.088751],[-80.433575,25.106317],[-80.447659,25.147729],[-80.395467,25.150694],[-80.391909,25.19221],[-80.337345,25.231353],[-80.336159,25.261601],[-80.368186,25.282359],[-80.292567,25.314385],[-80.246307,25.398603],[-80.21428,25.416988],[-80.179288,25.518999],[-80.173951,25.482821],[-80.250581,25.34193]]],[[[-83.309455,30.634417],[-82.214839,30.568591],[-82.23582,30.537187],[-82.201416,30.485164],[-82.210291,30.42459],[-82.19294,30.378779],[-82.165192,30.358035],[-82.068533,30.359184],[-82.036825,30.377884],[-82.005477,30.563495],[-82.049507,30.655548],[-82.039634,30.747727],[-82.01266,30.761289],[-82.017051,30.791657],[-81.973856,30.778487],[-81.949787,30.827493],[-81.719927,30.744634],[-81.540923,30.713343],[-81.489537,30.7261],[-81.42742,30.69802],[-81.447087,30.503679],[-81.410809,30.482039],[-81.385505,30.273841],[-81.240924,29.739218],[-80.966176,29.14796],[-80.709725,28.756692],[-80.574868,28.585166],[-80.525094,28.459454],[-80.587813,28.410856],[-80.606874,28.336484],[-80.566432,28.09563],[-80.383695,27.740045],[-80.253665,27.37979],[-80.093909,27.018587],[-80.031362,26.796339],[-80.038863,26.569347],[-80.108995,26.088372],[-80.127987,25.772245],[-80.154972,25.66549],[-80.176916,25.685062],[-80.166241,25.72895],[-80.197674,25.74437],[-80.240376,25.724206],[-80.296719,25.622195],[-80.302057,25.567632],[-80.339421,25.499427],[-80.31036,25.3731],[-80.374116,25.31735],[-80.418872,25.235532],[-80.669236,25.137837],[-80.777499,25.135047],[-80.858167,25.176576],[-80.899459,25.162337],[-80.900559,25.139755],[-81.079859,25.118797],[-81.141024,25.163868],[-81.171978,25.223648],[-81.151916,25.324766],[-81.117265,25.354953],[-81.208201,25.504937],[-81.203175,25.53416],[-81.253951,25.638181],[-81.346078,25.721473],[-81.352731,25.822015],[-81.527665,25.901531],[-81.654493,25.893579],[-81.678287,25.845301],[-81.68954,25.85271],[-81.801663,26.088227],[-81.833142,26.294518],[-81.868983,26.378648],[-82.024604,26.512677],[-82.06715,26.513252],[-82.07175,26.492554],[-82.105672,26.48393],[-82.137869,26.637441],[-82.181565,26.681712],[-82.173516,26.701836],[-82.139019,26.702986],[-82.093023,26.665614],[-82.055076,26.802452],[-82.059101,26.876621],[-82.093023,26.906518],[-82.063126,26.950214],[-82.107972,26.957688],[-82.175241,26.916867],[-82.147068,26.789803],[-82.17869,26.772555],[-82.232193,26.78288],[-82.259867,26.717398],[-82.289086,26.827784],[-82.445718,27.060634],[-82.539719,27.254326],[-82.691821,27.437218],[-82.745748,27.538834],[-82.690421,27.496415],[-82.65072,27.523115],[-82.514265,27.705588],[-82.477638,27.723004],[-82.482305,27.742649],[-82.434635,27.764355],[-82.393383,27.837519],[-82.413915,27.901401],[-82.478063,27.92768],[-82.488057,27.863566],[-82.47244,27.822559],[-82.553946,27.848462],[-82.529918,27.877501],[-82.553918,27.966998],[-82.62959,27.998474],[-82.678606,27.993715],[-82.720122,27.936399],[-82.628063,27.910397],[-82.61002,27.873501],[-82.567919,27.883701],[-82.566819,27.858002],[-82.598443,27.857582],[-82.586519,27.816703],[-82.622723,27.779868],[-82.63362,27.710607],[-82.718822,27.692007],[-82.721622,27.663908],[-82.698091,27.638858],[-82.733076,27.612972],[-82.746223,27.731306],[-82.846526,27.854301],[-82.840882,27.937162],[-82.824875,27.960201],[-82.838484,27.909111],[-82.782724,28.055894],[-82.781324,28.127591],[-82.805097,28.172181],[-82.762643,28.219013],[-82.706322,28.401325],[-82.674787,28.441956],[-82.654138,28.590837],[-82.668889,28.694302],[-82.712373,28.720921],[-82.698281,28.75701],[-82.730245,28.850155],[-82.688864,28.905609],[-82.737872,28.995703],[-82.764055,28.999707],[-82.759704,29.054192],[-82.816925,29.076215],[-82.804736,29.146624],[-82.987162,29.180094],[-83.053207,29.130839],[-83.087839,29.21642],[-83.077265,29.255331],[-83.166091,29.28888],[-83.218075,29.420492],[-83.294747,29.437923],[-83.311546,29.475666],[-83.400252,29.517242],[-83.412278,29.666922],[-83.537645,29.72306],[-83.584716,29.77608],[-83.595493,29.827984],[-83.679219,29.918513],[-83.93151,30.039068],[-84.000716,30.096209],[-84.06299,30.101378],[-84.167881,30.071422],[-84.256439,30.103791],[-84.277168,30.060263],[-84.358923,30.058224],[-84.361962,29.987739],[-84.333746,29.923721],[-84.349066,29.896812],[-84.423834,29.902996],[-84.451705,29.929085],[-84.511996,29.916574],[-84.888031,29.722406],[-84.901781,29.735723],[-84.877111,29.772888],[-84.90413,29.786279],[-84.993264,29.714961],[-85.121473,29.715854],[-85.319215,29.681494],[-85.344768,29.654793],[-85.397871,29.740498],[-85.413575,29.85294],[-85.392469,29.870914],[-85.405907,29.80193],[-85.353885,29.684765],[-85.31139,29.697557],[-85.302591,29.808094],[-85.405052,29.938487],[-85.509148,29.971466],[-85.588242,30.055543],[-85.69681,30.09689],[-85.9226,30.238024],[-86.222561,30.343585],[-86.412076,30.380346],[-86.750906,30.391881],[-87.518324,30.280435],[-87.452378,30.300201],[-87.50278,30.307301],[-87.502572,30.327405],[-87.459978,30.3363],[-87.431778,30.403198],[-87.366591,30.436648],[-87.425078,30.465596],[-87.447305,30.512629],[-87.397308,30.608728],[-87.396177,30.650454],[-87.406561,30.674019],[-87.532607,30.743489],[-87.545044,30.778666],[-87.634938,30.865886],[-87.592055,30.951492],[-87.599172,30.995722],[-87.571281,30.99787],[-85.002368,31.000682],[-84.983627,30.936986],[-84.936828,30.884683],[-84.914322,30.753591],[-84.864693,30.711542],[-83.309455,30.634417]]],[[[-97.240849,26.411504],[-97.276425,26.521729],[-97.31073,26.556558],[-97.387459,26.820789],[-97.390078,27.156512],[-97.361796,27.359988],[-97.231383,27.632336],[-97.200743,27.650144],[-97.203474,27.684533],[-97.103326,27.789068],[-97.098874,27.82285],[-97.134489,27.825206],[-97.056713,27.842294],[-96.985745,27.954048],[-96.967807,28.020041],[-96.886233,28.084396],[-96.879424,28.131402],[-96.83003,28.111842],[-96.81042,28.126034],[-96.818656,28.17228],[-96.791958,28.188687],[-96.703838,28.198246],[-96.592934,28.296972],[-96.450998,28.337039],[-96.403206,28.371475],[-96.4137,28.327343],[-96.694666,28.18212],[-96.966996,27.950531],[-97.166682,27.676583],[-97.30447,27.407734],[-97.370941,27.161166],[-97.370731,26.909706],[-97.194644,26.306513],[-97.154271,26.066841],[-97.240849,26.411504]]],[[[-97.868235,26.056656],[-98.028759,26.06647],[-98.039239,26.041275],[-98.084755,26.070808],[-98.146622,26.049412],[-98.177897,26.074672],[-98.197046,26.056153],[-98.264514,26.085507],[-98.265698,26.12037],[-98.323828,26.121249],[-98.336837,26.166432],[-98.386694,26.157872],[-98.450976,26.219904],[-98.496684,26.212853],[-98.599154,26.257612],[-98.669397,26.23632],[-98.749054,26.321662],[-98.789822,26.331575],[-98.807348,26.369421],[-98.890965,26.357569],[-99.032316,26.412082],[-99.082002,26.39651],[-99.110855,26.426278],[-99.091635,26.476977],[-99.127782,26.525199],[-99.170704,26.540316],[-99.208907,26.724761],[-99.240023,26.745851],[-99.268613,26.843213],[-99.316753,26.865831],[-99.324684,26.915973],[-99.379149,26.93449],[-99.393748,26.96073],[-99.378435,26.980034],[-99.446524,27.023008],[-99.426348,27.176262],[-99.441549,27.24992],[-99.463309,27.268437],[-99.48791,27.260721],[-99.494604,27.303542],[-99.536443,27.312538],[-99.504837,27.338289],[-99.480419,27.481596],[-99.52582,27.496696],[-99.515978,27.572131],[-99.55495,27.614454],[-99.585148,27.606398],[-99.594038,27.638573],[-99.638929,27.626758],[-99.665948,27.635968],[-99.668942,27.659974],[-99.711511,27.658365],[-99.813086,27.773952],[-99.841708,27.766464],[-99.850877,27.793974],[-99.877677,27.799427],[-99.90008,27.912142],[-99.937142,27.940537],[-99.931812,27.980967],[-99.991447,27.99456],[-100.017914,28.064787],[-100.053123,28.08473],[-100.083393,28.144035],[-100.208059,28.190383],[-100.220284,28.23221],[-100.251634,28.236177],[-100.293468,28.278475],[-100.286471,28.312296],[-100.341869,28.384953],[-100.337797,28.44296],[-100.368288,28.477196],[-100.333814,28.499252],[-100.38886,28.515748],[-100.411414,28.551899],[-100.398385,28.584884],[-100.44732,28.609325],[-100.445529,28.637144],[-100.500354,28.66196],[-100.53583,28.805888],[-100.57051,28.826317],[-100.602054,28.901944],[-100.640568,28.914212],[-100.674656,29.099777],[-100.772649,29.168492],[-100.767059,29.195287],[-100.797671,29.246943],[-101.010614,29.368669],[-101.060151,29.458661],[-101.144337,29.473246],[-101.173821,29.514566],[-101.254895,29.520342],[-101.242023,29.592512],[-101.265347,29.607284],[-101.307332,29.587847],[-101.311219,29.648491],[-101.361756,29.657821],[-101.415402,29.756561],[-101.446502,29.755006],[-101.475269,29.780663],[-101.522695,29.759671],[-101.546797,29.796991],[-101.646418,29.754304],[-101.662453,29.77128],[-101.706636,29.762737],[-101.852604,29.801895],[-102.115682,29.79239],[-102.181894,29.846034],[-102.227553,29.843534],[-102.315389,29.87992],[-102.364542,29.845387],[-102.386678,29.76688],[-102.508313,29.783219],[-102.539417,29.751629],[-102.670971,29.741954],[-102.693466,29.676507],[-102.742031,29.632142],[-102.739991,29.599041],[-102.768341,29.594734],[-102.771429,29.548546],[-102.808692,29.522319],[-102.843021,29.357988],[-102.883722,29.348059],[-102.906296,29.260011],[-102.866846,29.225015],[-102.915866,29.215878],[-102.917805,29.190697],[-102.953475,29.176308],[-102.994653,29.17962],[-103.015028,29.12577],[-103.100266,29.0577],[-103.113922,28.988547],[-103.163865,28.972099],[-103.227801,28.991532],[-103.28119,28.982138],[-103.334819,29.039801],[-103.361998,29.018914],[-103.427754,29.042334],[-103.558679,29.154962],[-103.71377,29.185008],[-103.816642,29.270927],[-104.038282,29.320156],[-104.166563,29.399352],[-104.264155,29.514001],[-104.334811,29.519463],[-104.507568,29.639624],[-104.539761,29.676074],[-104.565688,29.770462],[-104.679772,29.924659],[-104.706874,30.050685],[-104.685003,30.085643],[-104.687296,30.179464],[-104.761634,30.301148],[-104.859521,30.390413],[-104.876787,30.511004],[-104.924796,30.604832],[-104.967167,30.608107],[-105.006801,30.686039],[-105.062334,30.686303],[-105.110682,30.743366],[-105.15764,30.754008],[-105.195144,30.792138],[-105.261361,30.798078],[-105.394242,30.852979],[-105.399609,30.888941],[-105.55743,30.990229],[-105.60333,31.082625],[-105.773257,31.166897],[-105.869353,31.288634],[-105.938452,31.318735],[-105.953943,31.364749],[-106.004926,31.392458],[-106.080258,31.398702],[-106.203969,31.465378],[-106.378039,31.72831],[-106.451541,31.764808],[-106.484642,31.747809],[-106.635926,31.866235],[-106.645296,31.894859],[-106.614346,31.918003],[-106.629747,31.92657],[-106.614702,31.956],[-106.638186,31.97682],[-106.618486,32.000495],[-103.064423,32.000518],[-103.041924,36.500439],[-100.003762,36.499699],[-100.000381,34.560509],[-99.923211,34.574552],[-99.754248,34.421289],[-99.665992,34.374185],[-99.600026,34.374688],[-99.574367,34.418281],[-99.40296,34.373481],[-99.394956,34.442099],[-99.358795,34.455863],[-99.319606,34.408869],[-99.264167,34.405149],[-99.271281,34.381604],[-99.213135,34.340369],[-99.189511,34.214312],[-99.048792,34.198209],[-98.990852,34.221633],[-98.868116,34.149635],[-98.812954,34.158444],[-98.749291,34.124238],[-98.690072,34.133155],[-98.650583,34.163113],[-98.603978,34.160249],[-98.486328,34.062598],[-98.414426,34.085074],[-98.367494,34.156191],[-98.16912,34.114171],[-98.114506,34.154727],[-98.09066,34.12198],[-98.120208,34.072127],[-98.088203,34.005481],[-97.946473,33.990732],[-97.972662,33.944527],[-97.957155,33.914454],[-97.983552,33.904002],[-97.967777,33.88243],[-97.871447,33.849001],[-97.834333,33.857671],[-97.671772,33.99137],[-97.589598,33.953554],[-97.582744,33.900785],[-97.50096,33.919643],[-97.460376,33.903948],[-97.462857,33.841772],[-97.426493,33.819398],[-97.365507,33.823763],[-97.336524,33.872827],[-97.256625,33.863286],[-97.242092,33.906277],[-97.210921,33.916064],[-97.180845,33.895204],[-97.166629,33.847311],[-97.205431,33.801488],[-97.172192,33.737545],[-97.126102,33.716941],[-97.086195,33.743933],[-97.092112,33.804097],[-96.985567,33.886522],[-96.996183,33.941728],[-96.981337,33.956378],[-96.973807,33.935697],[-96.918618,33.958926],[-96.875281,33.860505],[-96.850593,33.847211],[-96.832157,33.874835],[-96.794276,33.868886],[-96.766235,33.825458],[-96.699574,33.839049],[-96.670618,33.914914],[-96.592948,33.895616],[-96.623155,33.841483],[-96.526655,33.820891],[-96.502286,33.77346],[-96.422643,33.776041],[-96.348306,33.686379],[-96.316925,33.698997],[-96.294867,33.764771],[-96.220521,33.74739],[-96.178059,33.760518],[-96.162123,33.79614],[-96.178964,33.810553],[-96.150765,33.816987],[-96.14807,33.837799],[-96.019599,33.840566],[-95.993624,33.866211],[-95.944284,33.859811],[-95.937202,33.884652],[-95.831948,33.835161],[-95.805149,33.861304],[-95.758016,33.85008],[-95.747335,33.895756],[-95.696962,33.885218],[-95.599678,33.934247],[-95.556915,33.92702],[-95.53979,33.879904],[-95.287865,33.874946],[-95.219358,33.961567],[-95.1247,33.934675],[-95.090441,33.89328],[-95.065492,33.899585],[-95.049025,33.86409],[-94.968895,33.860916],[-94.944302,33.812138],[-94.921902,33.811811],[-94.919614,33.786305],[-94.8693,33.745871],[-94.768057,33.753446],[-94.732384,33.700254],[-94.652265,33.690979],[-94.64289,33.668421],[-94.57962,33.677623],[-94.520725,33.616567],[-94.448637,33.642766],[-94.471152,33.601588],[-94.413155,33.569368],[-94.379649,33.580607],[-94.399227,33.559903],[-94.386086,33.544923],[-94.355945,33.54318],[-94.345513,33.567313],[-94.309582,33.551673],[-94.287025,33.58241],[-94.27909,33.557026],[-94.240179,33.589536],[-94.251569,33.558188],[-94.196395,33.555123],[-94.214431,33.583187],[-94.183913,33.594682],[-94.14216,33.58139],[-94.128658,33.550952],[-94.082641,33.575492],[-94.04345,33.552253],[-94.041833,31.992402],[-94.018664,31.990843],[-93.971712,31.920384],[-93.901173,31.885958],[-93.874761,31.821661],[-93.822598,31.773559],[-93.830647,31.745811],[-93.802452,31.693186],[-93.826462,31.666919],[-93.816838,31.622509],[-93.834924,31.586211],[-93.798087,31.534044],[-93.726736,31.5116],[-93.749476,31.46869],[-93.674117,31.397681],[-93.664665,31.357698],[-93.687851,31.309835],[-93.620343,31.271025],[-93.600308,31.176158],[-93.531744,31.180817],[-93.551693,31.097258],[-93.516943,31.032584],[-93.571906,30.987614],[-93.526245,30.939411],[-93.567788,30.888302],[-93.561666,30.807739],[-93.619129,30.742002],[-93.629904,30.67994],[-93.6831,30.640763],[-93.681235,30.596102],[-93.727844,30.57407],[-93.740253,30.539569],[-93.714322,30.518562],[-93.697828,30.443838],[-93.757654,30.390423],[-93.765822,30.333318],[-93.706608,30.281187],[-93.720946,30.209852],[-93.688212,30.141376],[-93.732485,30.088914],[-93.699396,30.05925],[-93.786935,29.99058],[-93.838374,29.882855],[-93.927992,29.80964],[-93.837971,29.690619],[-93.866981,29.673085],[-94.001406,29.681486],[-94.132577,29.646217],[-94.594853,29.467903],[-94.694158,29.415632],[-94.731047,29.369141],[-94.778691,29.361483],[-94.766848,29.393489],[-94.6724,29.476843],[-94.608557,29.483345],[-94.566674,29.531988],[-94.495025,29.525031],[-94.553988,29.573882],[-94.779674,29.530533],[-94.78954,29.546494],[-94.708741,29.625226],[-94.693154,29.694453],[-94.740919,29.787081],[-94.816085,29.75671],[-94.872551,29.67125],[-94.921318,29.658178],[-94.936089,29.692704],[-94.965963,29.70033],[-95.011025,29.650803],[-94.984831,29.604361],[-95.015165,29.539989],[-94.981916,29.511141],[-94.909898,29.49691],[-94.930861,29.450504],[-94.8908,29.433432],[-94.893994,29.30817],[-94.921593,29.281556],[-94.952526,29.290122],[-95.151925,29.151162],[-95.16525,29.113566],[-95.136221,29.084537],[-94.879239,29.285839],[-94.824953,29.306005],[-94.810696,29.353435],[-94.72253,29.331446],[-95.081773,29.111222],[-95.38239,28.866348],[-95.439594,28.859022],[-95.812504,28.664942],[-96.220376,28.491966],[-96.378616,28.383909],[-96.335119,28.437795],[-96.21505,28.509679],[-95.98616,28.606319],[-95.978526,28.650594],[-96.047737,28.649067],[-96.228909,28.580873],[-96.212624,28.622604],[-96.230944,28.641433],[-96.19125,28.69436],[-96.222802,28.698431],[-96.287942,28.683164],[-96.303718,28.644996],[-96.487943,28.569677],[-96.485907,28.607845],[-96.510844,28.61497],[-96.499648,28.635835],[-96.563262,28.644487],[-96.561226,28.696395],[-96.584091,28.722798],[-96.664534,28.696904],[-96.61059,28.638889],[-96.611099,28.585962],[-96.526111,28.557972],[-96.403973,28.44245],[-96.672677,28.335579],[-96.705247,28.348811],[-96.710336,28.406827],[-96.768352,28.410389],[-96.809573,28.290287],[-96.787181,28.255681],[-96.800413,28.224128],[-96.934765,28.123873],[-97.007539,28.136087],[-97.037008,28.185528],[-97.214039,28.087494],[-97.137421,28.057037],[-97.025693,28.11216],[-97.025859,28.041939],[-97.186709,27.825453],[-97.225176,27.825723],[-97.250797,27.876035],[-97.272253,27.881427],[-97.379042,27.837867],[-97.393291,27.782905],[-97.368355,27.741683],[-97.253955,27.696696],[-97.294054,27.5941],[-97.321535,27.571199],[-97.401942,27.335574],[-97.508304,27.275014],[-97.532223,27.278577],[-97.546981,27.290791],[-97.498126,27.308602],[-97.483877,27.338628],[-97.501688,27.366618],[-97.640111,27.270943],[-97.628916,27.242953],[-97.54291,27.229213],[-97.42408,27.264073],[-97.443673,27.116235],[-97.495836,27.094098],[-97.477515,27.066108],[-97.478533,26.999186],[-97.555378,26.99028],[-97.540874,26.90631],[-97.563266,26.842188],[-97.471663,26.758727],[-97.445708,26.609362],[-97.416955,26.553637],[-97.441383,26.455418],[-97.411612,26.447275],[-97.42179,26.417249],[-97.369627,26.394603],[-97.391001,26.332262],[-97.358176,26.356435],[-97.330441,26.350582],[-97.352833,26.318521],[-97.343927,26.267376],[-97.311866,26.273737],[-97.32128,26.228699],[-97.296598,26.200709],[-97.306776,26.159487],[-97.282094,26.120301],[-97.295072,26.108342],[-97.270898,26.086459],[-97.199651,26.077044],[-97.195071,26.04193],[-97.224842,26.027426],[-97.208557,25.991802],[-97.167208,26.007069],[-97.18273,26.053126],[-97.152009,26.062108],[-97.146294,25.955606],[-97.276707,25.952147],[-97.277163,25.935438],[-97.350398,25.925241],[-97.37443,25.907444],[-97.360082,25.868874],[-97.372864,25.840117],[-97.422636,25.840378],[-97.454727,25.879337],[-97.521762,25.886458],[-97.546421,25.934077],[-97.582565,25.937857],[-97.649176,26.021499],[-97.758838,26.032131],[-97.801344,26.060017],[-97.868235,26.056656]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Florida\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","volume":"45","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae63e4b08c986b32406d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Back, W.","contributorId":33839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanshaw, B.B.","contributorId":25928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanshaw","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rightmire, C.T.","contributorId":63822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rightmire","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pearson, F. J. Jr.","contributorId":7696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70011926,"text":"70011926 - 1981 - A distribution-free alternative to least-squares regression and its application to Rb/Sr isochron calculations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:34","indexId":"70011926","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2554,"text":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A distribution-free alternative to least-squares regression and its application to Rb/Sr isochron calculations","docAbstract":"A distribution-free estimator of the slope of a regression line is introduced. This estimator is designated Sm and is given by the median of the set of n(n - 1)/2 slope estimators, which may be calculated by inserting pairs of points (Xi, Yi)and (Xj, Yj)into the slope formula Si = (Yi - Yj)/(Xi - Xj), 1 ??? i < j ??? n Once Sm is determined, outliers may be detected by calculating the \"residuals\" given by Ri = Yi - SmXi where 1 ??? i ??? n, and chosing the median Rm. Outliers are defined as points for which |Ri - Rm| > k (median {|Ri - Rm|}). If no outliers are found, the Y-intercept is given by Rm. Confidence limits on Rm and Sm can be found from the sets of Ri and Si, respectively. The distribution-free estimators are compared with the least-squares estimators now in use by utilizing published data. Differences between the least-squares and distribution-free estimates are discussed, as are the drawbacks of the distribution-free techniques. ?? 1981 Plenum Publishing Corporation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01079647","issn":"00205958","usgsCitation":"Vugrinovich, R., 1981, A distribution-free alternative to least-squares regression and its application to Rb/Sr isochron calculations: Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology, v. 13, no. 5, p. 443-454, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01079647.","startPage":"443","endPage":"454","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205068,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01079647"},{"id":220868,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3c3e4b0c8380cd461ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vugrinovich, R.G.","contributorId":38712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vugrinovich","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011934,"text":"70011934 - 1981 - Geodetic strain measurements in Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T15:59:43.157487","indexId":"70011934","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geodetic strain measurements in Washington","docAbstract":"<p><span>Two new geodetic measurements of strain accumulation in the state of Washington for the interval 1972–1979 are reported. Near Seattle the average principal strain rates are 0.07 ± 0.03 μstrain/yr N 19°W and −0.13 ± 0.02 μstrain/yr N71°E, and near Richland (south central Washington) the average principal strain rates are −0.02 ± 0.01 μstrain/yr N36°W and −0.04 ± 0.01 μstrain/yr N54°E. Extension is taken as positive, and the uncertainties quoted are standard deviations. A measurement of shear strain accumulation (dilatation not determined) in the epoch 1914–1966 along the north coast of Vancouver Island by the Geodetic Survey of Canada indicates a marginally significant accumulation of right-lateral shear (0.06 ± 0.03 μrad/yr) across the plate boundary (N40°W strike). Although there are significant differences in detail, these strain measurements are roughly consistent with a crude dislocation model that represents subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate. The observed accumulation of strain implies that large, shallow, thrust earthquakes should be expected off the coast of Washington and British Columbia. However, this conclusion is not easily reconciled with either observations of elevation change along the Washington coast or the focal mechanism solutions for shallow earthquakes in Washington.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB06p04929","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., Lisowski, M., and Prescott, W., 1981, Geodetic strain measurements in Washington: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B6, p. 4929-4940, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB06p04929.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"4929","endPage":"4940","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221007,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a173fe4b0c8380cd5544a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70011936,"text":"70011936 - 1981 - On the use of the nephelometer in estuarine waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-02T17:44:49.424168","indexId":"70011936","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the use of the nephelometer in estuarine waters","docAbstract":"<p>A study of the problems encountered in nephelometric determinations of suspended sediment loads in the Chesapeake Bay estuary has led to development of a technique which uses nephelometer readings as a guide for sampling at vertical profiles in an estuary. This permits optimum sampling for concentration profiles and allows one to use nephelometer/load ratios to characterize particles.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1352165","issn":"15592723","usgsCitation":"Eaton, A., Grant, V., Bricker, O., and Wells, D., 1981, On the use of the nephelometer in estuarine waters: Estuaries, v. 4, no. 4, p. 379-384, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352165.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"379","endPage":"384","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.88232421875,\n              37.87051721701939\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.56396484375,\n              37.87051721701939\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.56396484375,\n              39.614152077002664\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.88232421875,\n              39.614152077002664\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.88232421875,\n              37.87051721701939\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e0fe4b0c8380cd75484","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eaton, A.","contributorId":69847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eaton","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grant, V.","contributorId":13494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bricker, O.","contributorId":27323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wells, D.","contributorId":35893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70011740,"text":"70011740 - 1981 - The partitioning of copper among selected phases of geologic media of two porphyry copper districts, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-09T15:52:22.453149","indexId":"70011740","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The partitioning of copper among selected phases of geologic media of two porphyry copper districts, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"<p><span>In experiments designed to determine the manner in which copper is partitioned among selected phases that constitute geologic media, we have applied the five-step sequential extraction procedure of Chao and Theobald to the analysis of drill core, soils, and stream sediments of the Rio Vivi and Rio Tanama porphyry copper districts of Puerto Rico. The extraction procedure affords a convenient means of determining the trace-metal content of the following fractions: (1) Mn oxides and “reactive” Fe oxides; (2) “amorphous” Fe oxides; (3) “crystalline” Fe oxides; (4) sulfides and magnetite; and (5) silicates. An additional extraction between steps (1) and (2) was performed to determine organic-related copper in stream sediments.</span></p><p><span>The experimental results indicate that apportionment of copper among phases constituting geologic media is a function of geochemical environment. Distinctive partitioning patterns were derived from the analysis of drill core from each of three geochemical zones: (a) the supergene zone of oxidation; (b) the supergene zone of enrichment; and (c) the hypogene zone; and similarly, from the analysis of; (d) soils on a weakly leached capping; (e) soils on a strongly leached capping; and (f) active stream sediment.</span></p><p><span>The experimental results also show that geochemical contrasts (anomaly-to-background ratios) vary widely among the five fractions of each sampling medium investigated, and that at least one fraction of each medium provides substantially stronger contrast than does the bulk medium. Fraction (1) provides optimal contrast for stream sediments of the district; fraction (2) provides optimal contrast for soils on a weakly leached capping; fraction (3) provides optimal contrast for soils on a strongly leached capping.</span></p><p><span>Selective extraction procedures appear to have important applications to the orientation and interpretive stages of geochemical exploration. Further investigation and testing of a similar nature are recommended.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(81)90087-X","usgsCitation":"Learned, R.E., Chao, T.T., and Sanzolone, R.F., 1981, The partitioning of copper among selected phases of geologic media of two porphyry copper districts, Puerto Rico: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 15, no. 1-3, p. 563-581, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(81)90087-X.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"563","endPage":"581","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220855,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-65.3277,18.295843],[-65.337451,18.308308],[-65.327318,18.323666],[-65.342068,18.34529],[-65.335701,18.349535],[-65.329334,18.341955],[-65.321754,18.338316],[-65.309833,18.337973],[-65.304409,18.332054],[-65.298328,18.330529],[-65.255933,18.342117],[-65.221568,18.320959],[-65.222853,18.310464],[-65.249857,18.296691],[-65.260282,18.290823],[-65.283269,18.280214],[-65.3277,18.295843]]],[[[-67.89174,18.11397],[-67.887099,18.112574],[-67.87643,18.114157],[-67.869804,18.118851],[-67.861548,18.122144],[-67.848245,18.10832],[-67.843202,18.094858],[-67.843615,18.085099],[-67.845293,18.081938],[-67.853098,18.078195],[-67.865598,18.06544],[-67.871462,18.0578],[-67.895921,18.052342],[-67.904431,18.05913],[-67.918778,18.063116],[-67.927841,18.068572],[-67.940799,18.079716],[-67.934479,18.111306],[-67.932185,18.113221],[-67.91088,18.119668],[-67.89174,18.11397]]],[[[-65.308717,18.145172],[-65.302295,18.141089],[-65.294896,18.14283],[-65.287962,18.148097],[-65.275165,18.13443],[-65.276214,18.131936],[-65.283248,18.132999],[-65.296036,18.12799],[-65.322794,18.126589],[-65.327184,18.124106],[-65.338506,18.112439],[-65.342037,18.11138],[-65.350493,18.111914],[-65.364733,18.120377],[-65.397837,18.110873],[-65.399791,18.108832],[-65.411767,18.106211],[-65.423765,18.097764],[-65.426311,18.093749],[-65.45138,18.086096],[-65.45681,18.087778],[-65.465849,18.087715],[-65.468768,18.092643],[-65.47979,18.096352],[-65.507265,18.091646],[-65.524209,18.081977],[-65.542087,18.081177],[-65.558646,18.08566],[-65.569305,18.091616],[-65.570628,18.097325],[-65.57686,18.103224],[-65.575579,18.115669],[-65.546199,18.119329],[-65.511712,18.13284],[-65.489829,18.135912],[-65.46791,18.143767],[-65.437058,18.15766],[-65.399517,18.161935],[-65.371373,18.157517],[-65.334289,18.147761],[-65.313476,18.144296],[-65.308717,18.145172]]],[[[-66.438813,18.485713],[-66.420921,18.488639],[-66.410344,18.489886],[-66.394287,18.489748],[-66.377286,18.488044],[-66.37282,18.487726],[-66.349647,18.486335],[-66.337728,18.48562],[-66.315477,18.474724],[-66.31503,18.47468],[-66.291225,18.472347],[-66.283675,18.472203],[-66.276599,18.478129],[-66.269799,18.480281],[-66.258015,18.476906],[-66.251547,18.472464],[-66.241797,18.46874],[-66.220148,18.466],[-66.199032,18.466163],[-66.192664,18.466212],[-66.183886,18.460506],[-66.179218,18.455305],[-66.172315,18.451462],[-66.159796,18.451706],[-66.153037,18.454457],[-66.14395,18.459761],[-66.139572,18.462317],[-66.139451,18.462387],[-66.139443,18.462315],[-66.138532,18.453305],[-66.133085,18.445881],[-66.127938,18.444632],[-66.125198,18.451209],[-66.124284,18.456324],[-66.123188,18.45943],[-66.123343,18.460363],[-66.125015,18.470435],[-66.118338,18.469581],[-66.092098,18.466535],[-66.083254,18.462022],[-66.073987,18.4581],[-66.043272,18.453655],[-66.03944,18.454441],[-66.036559,18.450216],[-66.036491,18.450117],[-66.023221,18.443875],[-66.006523,18.444347],[-65.99718,18.449895],[-65.992935,18.457489],[-65.992793,18.458102],[-65.992349,18.460024],[-65.99079,18.460419],[-65.958492,18.451354],[-65.92567,18.444881],[-65.916843,18.444619],[-65.907756,18.446893],[-65.904988,18.450926],[-65.878683,18.438322],[-65.838825,18.431865],[-65.831476,18.426849],[-65.828457,18.423543],[-65.816691,18.410663],[-65.794556,18.402845],[-65.787666,18.402544],[-65.774937,18.413951],[-65.77053,18.41294],[-65.769749,18.409473],[-65.771695,18.406277],[-65.750455,18.385208],[-65.750179,18.38505],[-65.742154,18.380459],[-65.733567,18.382211],[-65.699069,18.368156],[-65.669636,18.362102],[-65.668845,18.361939],[-65.634431,18.369835],[-65.627246,18.376436],[-65.626527,18.381728],[-65.624975,18.386553],[-65.622761,18.387771],[-65.618229,18.386496],[-65.614891,18.382473],[-65.619068,18.367755],[-65.628198,18.353711],[-65.63419,18.338965],[-65.628047,18.328252],[-65.626456,18.298982],[-65.634389,18.292349],[-65.635826,18.288271],[-65.634893,18.283923],[-65.630833,18.264989],[-65.623111,18.248012],[-65.597618,18.234289],[-65.589947,18.228225],[-65.593795,18.224059],[-65.615981,18.227389],[-65.626731,18.235484],[-65.638181,18.229121],[-65.637565,18.224444],[-65.628414,18.205149],[-65.635281,18.199975],[-65.639688,18.205656],[-65.662185,18.207018],[-65.664127,18.207136],[-65.690749,18.19499],[-65.694515,18.187011],[-65.691021,18.178998],[-65.695856,18.179324],[-65.710895,18.186963],[-65.712533,18.189146],[-65.717999,18.190176],[-65.728471,18.185588],[-65.734664,18.180368],[-65.738834,18.174066],[-65.739125,18.173453],[-65.743632,18.163957],[-65.758728,18.156601],[-65.766919,18.148424],[-65.777584,18.129239],[-65.796711,18.083746],[-65.796289,18.079835],[-65.794686,18.078607],[-65.795028,18.073561],[-65.796711,18.069842],[-65.801831,18.058527],[-65.809174,18.056818],[-65.817107,18.063378],[-65.825848,18.057482],[-65.83109,18.050664],[-65.834274,18.038988],[-65.832429,18.014916],[-65.839591,18.015077],[-65.850913,18.011954],[-65.870335,18.006597],[-65.875122,18.002826],[-65.884937,17.988521],[-65.896102,17.99026],[-65.905319,17.983974],[-65.910537,17.981855],[-65.924738,17.976087],[-65.976611,17.967669],[-65.98455,17.969411],[-65.985358,17.971854],[-65.995185,17.978989],[-66.007731,17.980541],[-66.017308,17.979583],[-66.019539,17.978354],[-66.024,17.975896],[-66.046585,17.954853],[-66.049033,17.954561],[-66.058217,17.959238],[-66.068678,17.966335],[-66.069979,17.966357],[-66.08141,17.966552],[-66.116194,17.949141],[-66.127009,17.946953],[-66.140661,17.94102],[-66.147912,17.933963],[-66.155387,17.929406],[-66.159742,17.928613],[-66.161232,17.931747],[-66.175626,17.933565],[-66.186914,17.935363],[-66.189726,17.933936],[-66.200174,17.929515],[-66.206961,17.932268],[-66.213374,17.944614],[-66.202655,17.944753],[-66.185554,17.940997],[-66.179548,17.943727],[-66.174839,17.948214],[-66.176814,17.950438],[-66.206207,17.96305],[-66.206807,17.963307],[-66.215355,17.959376],[-66.218081,17.95729],[-66.231519,17.943912],[-66.229181,17.934651],[-66.232013,17.931154],[-66.252737,17.934574],[-66.260684,17.936083],[-66.270905,17.947098],[-66.275651,17.94826],[-66.290782,17.946491],[-66.297679,17.959148],[-66.31695,17.976683],[-66.323659,17.978536],[-66.338152,17.976492],[-66.33839,17.976458],[-66.362511,17.968231],[-66.365098,17.964832],[-66.368777,17.957717],[-66.371591,17.951469],[-66.385059,17.939004],[-66.391227,17.945819],[-66.398945,17.950925],[-66.412131,17.957286],[-66.445481,17.979379],[-66.450368,17.983226],[-66.454888,17.986784],[-66.461342,17.990273],[-66.491396,17.990262],[-66.510143,17.985618],[-66.540537,17.975476],[-66.583233,17.961229],[-66.589658,17.969386],[-66.594392,17.970682],[-66.605035,17.969015],[-66.623788,17.98105],[-66.631944,17.982746],[-66.645651,17.98026],[-66.657797,17.974605],[-66.664391,17.968259],[-66.672819,17.966451],[-66.699115,17.977568],[-66.709856,17.982109],[-66.713394,17.987763],[-66.716957,17.990344],[-66.731118,17.991658],[-66.746248,17.990349],[-66.750427,17.995443],[-66.753964,17.99959],[-66.755341,18.001203],[-66.764491,18.006317],[-66.770307,18.005955],[-66.799656,17.99245],[-66.806866,17.983786],[-66.807924,17.979606],[-66.806903,17.976046],[-66.805683,17.975052],[-66.795106,17.977438],[-66.789302,17.980793],[-66.784953,17.978326],[-66.787245,17.972914],[-66.80827,17.965635],[-66.8224,17.954499],[-66.838584,17.949931],[-66.852288,17.955004],[-66.856474,17.956553],[-66.859471,17.954316],[-66.862545,17.952022],[-66.871697,17.952707],[-66.88344,17.952526],[-66.899639,17.948298],[-66.904585,17.950527],[-66.906532,17.955356],[-66.906276,17.963368],[-66.924529,17.972808],[-66.928651,17.970204],[-66.930414,17.963127],[-66.916127,17.959102],[-66.909483,17.952559],[-66.909359,17.94988],[-66.912522,17.947446],[-66.930313,17.943389],[-66.932636,17.939998],[-66.931581,17.9369],[-66.919298,17.932062],[-66.923826,17.926923],[-66.927261,17.926875],[-66.959998,17.940216],[-66.980516,17.951648],[-66.98105,17.952505],[-66.982669,17.9551],[-66.982206,17.961192],[-66.987287,17.970663],[-66.996738,17.972899],[-67.003972,17.970799],[-67.014744,17.968468],[-67.024522,17.970722],[-67.062478,17.973819],[-67.076534,17.967759],[-67.089827,17.951418],[-67.101468,17.946621],[-67.109985,17.945806],[-67.109986,17.945806],[-67.128251,17.948153],[-67.133733,17.951919],[-67.167031,17.963073],[-67.178566,17.964792],[-67.183508,17.962706],[-67.188717,17.950989],[-67.187474,17.946252],[-67.183694,17.937982],[-67.183457,17.931135],[-67.194785,17.932826],[-67.196924,17.935651],[-67.197273,17.937461],[-67.197517,17.941514],[-67.197668,17.943549],[-67.198988,17.94782],[-67.200973,17.949896],[-67.210034,17.953595],[-67.212101,17.956027],[-67.21433,17.962436],[-67.215271,17.983464],[-67.211973,17.992993],[-67.207694,17.998019],[-67.177893,18.008882],[-67.174299,18.011149],[-67.172397,18.014906],[-67.172138,18.021422],[-67.173761,18.024548],[-67.193269,18.03185],[-67.209887,18.035439],[-67.196694,18.066491],[-67.190656,18.064269],[-67.184589,18.06775],[-67.183938,18.069914],[-67.186465,18.074195],[-67.192999,18.076877],[-67.198212,18.076828],[-67.199314,18.091135],[-67.19529,18.096149],[-67.183921,18.103683],[-67.182182,18.108507],[-67.176554,18.151046],[-67.178618,18.159318],[-67.180822,18.168055],[-67.180701,18.168182],[-67.155185,18.195001],[-67.152665,18.203493],[-67.158001,18.216719],[-67.173,18.230666],[-67.175429,18.248008],[-67.187843,18.266671],[-67.187873,18.266874],[-67.189971,18.281015],[-67.196056,18.290443],[-67.209963,18.294974],[-67.225403,18.296648],[-67.226081,18.296722],[-67.235137,18.299935],[-67.267484,18.353149],[-67.27135,18.362329],[-67.268259,18.366989],[-67.260671,18.370197],[-67.23909,18.375318],[-67.226744,18.378247],[-67.216998,18.382078],[-67.202167,18.389908],[-67.160144,18.415587],[-67.159608,18.415915],[-67.156599,18.418983],[-67.155245,18.424401],[-67.156619,18.439562],[-67.161746,18.453462],[-67.169011,18.466352],[-67.169016,18.478488],[-67.164144,18.487396],[-67.14283,18.505485],[-67.138249,18.507776],[-67.125655,18.511706],[-67.103468,18.514523],[-67.093752,18.515757],[-67.07929,18.513256],[-67.020276,18.510603],[-66.988958,18.497724],[-66.95954,18.489878],[-66.957733,18.489129],[-66.957517,18.489171],[-66.944636,18.491693],[-66.906872,18.483556],[-66.90143,18.484552],[-66.867386,18.490785],[-66.849673,18.490745],[-66.83694,18.487659],[-66.836635,18.487701],[-66.79932,18.492775],[-66.780311,18.491411],[-66.764893,18.484097],[-66.749301,18.476701],[-66.742067,18.474681],[-66.733986,18.473457],[-66.710743,18.472611],[-66.683719,18.481367],[-66.679876,18.484944],[-66.664364,18.487809],[-66.645839,18.488777],[-66.624618,18.494199],[-66.586778,18.484948],[-66.584074,18.484287],[-66.565241,18.485523],[-66.562916,18.48845],[-66.563485,18.490512],[-66.558503,18.489987],[-66.53484,18.481253],[-66.533487,18.481663],[-66.529476,18.482877],[-66.511609,18.476848],[-66.470292,18.46907],[-66.456486,18.46892],[-66.449184,18.470991],[-66.441852,18.479751],[-66.439961,18.485525],[-66.438813,18.485713]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Puerto Rico\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","volume":"15","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae7de4b08c986b32412f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Learned, R. E.","contributorId":9638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Learned","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chao, T. T.","contributorId":31900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sanzolone, R. F.","contributorId":64199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanzolone","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70011943,"text":"70011943 - 1981 - Coincident sediment slump/clathrate complexes on the U.S. Atlantic continental slope","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:29","indexId":"70011943","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1742,"text":"Geo-Marine Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coincident sediment slump/clathrate complexes on the U.S. Atlantic continental slope","docAbstract":"High-resolution seismic reflection data recorded on the continental slope off the east coast of the United States have revealed instances of sediment mass movement (slumps) which appear to occur above clathrate accumulations. The slumping is believed to be related to the liberation of free gas by clathrate decomposition and consequent weakening of unconsolidated sediments above the clathrate. Pleistocene sea-level lowering and/or post-Pleistocene bottom water temperature increases may have had a significant role in this process. ?? 1981 A.M. Dowden, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geo-Marine Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02463298","issn":"02760460","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, G., 1981, Coincident sediment slump/clathrate complexes on the U.S. Atlantic continental slope: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 1, no. 1, p. 29-32, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02463298.","startPage":"29","endPage":"32","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221142,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205091,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02463298"}],"volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7a4e4b0c8380cd4cc18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carpenter, G.","contributorId":85722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011945,"text":"70011945 - 1981 - Oxygen isotope thermometry of basic lavas and mantle nodules","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:29","indexId":"70011945","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen isotope thermometry of basic lavas and mantle nodules","docAbstract":"Measurements have been made of the oxygen isotope and chemical composition of glass and phenocrysts in lavas and coexisting minerals in mantle nodules. Temperatures of formation of these assemblages have been estimated from various chemical thermometers and range from 855?? to 1,300?? C. The permil fractionations between coexisting orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene in the lavas and nodules are all near zero. The fractionations between pyroxene and olivine vary from +1.2 to -1.4 and are a smooth function of temperature over the entire range. This function is given by T(?? C)=1151-173?? (px-d)-68??2(px-d) and has an uncertainty of ??60?? (2??). At temperatures above 1,150?? C, olivine in the nodules becomes more18O-rich than coexisting clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, and plagioclase. In combination with the experimental work of Muehlenbachs and Kushiro (1974), the olivine-pyroxene fractionations indicate that olivine also becomes substantially more18O-rich than basaltic liquids above 1,200?? C. Geothermometers based on the oxygen isotope equilibration of basaltic liquid with olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase are presented. ?? 1981 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01161498","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Kyser, T., O’Neil, J.R., and Carmichael, I.S., 1981, Oxygen isotope thermometry of basic lavas and mantle nodules: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 77, no. 1, p. 11-23, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01161498.","startPage":"11","endPage":"23","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205093,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01161498"}],"volume":"77","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a729de4b0c8380cd76be3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kyser, T.K.","contributorId":25585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kyser","given":"T.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carmichael, I. S. E.","contributorId":61558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carmichael","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70011948,"text":"70011948 - 1981 - Chemical composition, stratigraphy, and depositional environments of the Black River Group (Middle Ordovician), southwestern Ohio.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-16T11:16:29","indexId":"70011948","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical composition, stratigraphy, and depositional environments of the Black River Group (Middle Ordovician), southwestern Ohio.","docAbstract":"<p>The chemical composition and stratigraphy of the Black River Group in southwestern Ohio were studied. Chemical analyses were done on two cores of the Black River from Adams and Brown Counties, Ohio. These studies show that substantial reserves of high-carbonate rock are present in the Black River at depths of less than 800 ft, in proximity to Cincinnati and the Ohio River. Stratigraphic studies show that the Black River Group has eight marker beds in its middle and upper portions and three distinct lithologic units in its lower portion; these marker beds and units are present throughout southwestern Ohio. The Black River Group correlates well with the High Bridge Group of Kentucky. Depositional environments of the Black River are similar to those of the High Bridge and to present-day tidal flats in the Bahamas.-Author</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<629:CCSADE>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Stith, D.A., 1981, Chemical composition, stratigraphy, and depositional environments of the Black River Group (Middle Ordovician), southwestern Ohio.: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 92, no. 9 pt 1, p. 629-633, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<629:CCSADE>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"629","endPage":"633","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221206,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"9 pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f56de4b0c8380cd4c206","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stith, David A.","contributorId":86418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stith","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011949,"text":"70011949 - 1981 - Estimation of surface temperature variations due to changes in sky and solar flux with elevation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T01:16:26.948532","indexId":"70011949","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of surface temperature variations due to changes in sky and solar flux with elevation","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Sky and solar radiance are of major importance in determining the ground temperature. Knowledge of their behavior is a fundamental part of surface temperature models. These two fluxes vary with elevation and this variation produces temperature changes. Therefore, when using thermal-property differences to discriminate geologic materials, these flux variations with elevation need to be considered. From a representative set of field observations, it was found that flux variations with elevation can cause changes in the mean diurnal temperature gradient from −4° to −14°C per km evaluated at 2000 m. Changes in the temperature-difference gradient of 1°-2°C per km are also produced which is equivalent to an effective thermal-inertia gradient of 100 W s<sup>1/2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m<sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>K<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>per km. Thus, exposed bedrock on topographic ridges will appear to have a lower thermal inertia due to the additional effect.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/GL008i006p00595","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Hummer-Miller, S., 1981, Estimation of surface temperature variations due to changes in sky and solar flux with elevation: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 8, no. 6, p. 595-598, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL008i006p00595.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"595","endPage":"598","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480580,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/gl008i006p00595","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":221207,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bb1e4b0c8380cd52828","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hummer-Miller, S.","contributorId":53088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hummer-Miller","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011682,"text":"70011682 - 1981 - Hydromythology and ethnohydrology in the New World","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T10:18:24","indexId":"70011682","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydromythology and ethnohydrology in the New World","docAbstract":"<p><span>From mythology, archeology, and chronicles of early explorers we can learn how early Americans viewed the cause and effect relations of hydrologic phenomena. Hopes and fears are the basis of religion, and it was through religion that water management was first practiced. Early people used their water resources to develop diverse civilizations in various parts of the western hemisphere. Not only was the rise of these earlier civilizations hydrologically influenced, but also the downfall of some was related to natural or man-made hydrological crises in which gods and mythology continued to play a role.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR017i002p00257","issn":"00431397","usgsCitation":"Back, W., 1981, Hydromythology and ethnohydrology in the New World: Water Resources Research, v. 17, no. 2, p. 257-287, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR017i002p00257.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"287","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220924,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America, South America","volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3789e4b0c8380cd60f51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Back, William","contributorId":59007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011856,"text":"70011856 - 1981 - Northwest margin of California continental borderland: Marine geology and tectonic evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T11:53:35.159296","indexId":"70011856","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Northwest margin of California continental borderland: Marine geology and tectonic evolution","docAbstract":"<p>The northwest margin of the California continental borderland consists mainly of two northwest-trending pre-Neogene lithologic belts blanketed by Miocene and younger strata. These belts, which are lithologically and structurally correlated with the Franciscan Complex and Great Valley sequence of northern California, are interpreted to represent facies corresponding to the subduction complex and forearc-basin deposits of a late Mesozoic and Paleogene continental-margin arc-trench system. The outer belt, which forms the acoustic basement underlying the continental slope and Patton Ridge, is characterized by: (1) moderately high compressional velocities (5.1 to 6.2 km/sec), (2) discordant and discontinuous seismic reflectors, and (3) nonfossiliferous and diverse rock types t at range in metamorphic grade from zeolite-bearing arkosic sandstone to blueschist. Landward, the inner Great Valley sequence belt underlies Santa Rosa-Cortes Ridge and Santa Cruz and San Nicolas Basins; in contrast to the outer belt, this belt is characterized by: (1) intermediate compressional velocities (4.5 to 4.6 km/sec), (2) concordant and relatively continuous reflectors, and (3) a thick turbidite sequence of relatively undeformed and unmetamorphosed fossiliferous Cretaceous and Paleogene strata. The inner belt overlies a 6.6-km/sec layer that is probably oceanic crust, a relation consistent with the hypothesis that trapped old oceanic crust underlies the forearc basins along parts of some convergent margins.</p><p>Well-developed wrench-fault structures in overlying Miocene strata record a transition from Paleogene subduction to Neogene transform faulting. Related events include widespread andesitic to dacitic volcanism and concurrent uplift and erosion of Miocene and older rocks. The proximity of these Miocene silicic volcanic rocks to the paleotrench (&lt; 20 km) is best explained as resulting from passage of the southward-migrating Rivera ridge-fault-trench triple junction along the margin. On the basis of the age of the adjacent sea floor, passage of this triple junction occurred about 17 m.y. ago, a date that corresponds closely to the inception of volcanism and uplift in the northwest margin of the borderland. A widespread unconformity that separates highly deformed lower and lower middle iocene strata from relatively undeformed younger strata is assumed to mark the subsequent onset of wrench faulting.</p><p>The timing of volcanism and uplift, and of the slightly younger wrenching event, closely matches the plate-tectonic model of Atwater and Molnar if the northwest margin of the borderland is restored to an earlier tectonic setting off Baja California, approximately 260 km southeast of its present position.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/2F9197A1-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Crouch, J., 1981, Northwest margin of California continental borderland: Marine geology and tectonic evolution: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, no. 2, p. 191-218, https://doi.org/10.1306/2F9197A1-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220725,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.19125226917674,\n              33.86449981604767\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.63224634312732,\n              33.86449981604767\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.63224634312732,\n              32.238222576392715\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.19125226917674,\n              32.238222576392715\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.19125226917674,\n              33.86449981604767\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a684ee4b0c8380cd73726","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crouch, J.K.","contributorId":107694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crouch","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011854,"text":"70011854 - 1981 - Blast dynamics at Mount St Helens on 18 May 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:33","indexId":"70011854","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Blast dynamics at Mount St Helens on 18 May 1980","docAbstract":"At 8.32 a.m. on 18 May 1980, failure of the upper part of the north slope of Mount St Helens triggered a lateral eruption ('the blast') that devastated the conifer forests in a sector covering ???500 km2 north of the volcano. I present here a steady flow model for the blast dynamics and propose that through much of the devastated area the blast was a supersonic flow of a complex multiphase (solid, liquid, vapour) mixture. The shape of the blast zone; pressure, temperature, velocity (Mach number) and density distributions within the flow; positions of weak and strong internal shocks; and mass flux, energy flux, and total energy are calculated. The shape of blast zone was determined by the initial areal expansion from the reservoir, by internal expansion and compression waves (including shocks), and by the density of the expanding mixture. The pressure within the flow dropped rapidly away from the source of the blast until, at a distance of ???11 km, the flow became underpressured relative to the surrounding atmosphere. Weak shocks within the flow subparallel to the east and west margins coalesced at about this distance into a strong Mach disk shock, across which the flow velocities would have dropped from supersonic to subsonic as the pressure rose back towards ambient. The positions of the shocks may be reflected in differences in the patterns of felled trees. At the limits of the devastated area, the temperature had dropped only 20% from the reservoir temperature because the entrained solids thermally buffered the flow (the dynamic and thermodynamic effects of the admixture of the surrounding atmosphere and the uprooted forest and soils into the flow are not considered). The density of the flow decreased with distance until, at the limits of the blast zone, 20-25 km from the volcano, the density became comparable with that of the surrounding (dirty) atmosphere and the flow became buoyant and ramped up into the atmosphere. According to the model, the mass flux per unit area at the source was 0.6 ?? 104 g s-1 cm-2 and the energy flux per unit area was 2.5 MW cm-2. From the measured total ejected mass, 0.25 ?? 1015 g, the total energy released during the eruption was 1024 erg or 24 megatons. The model, triggering of the eruption and the transition from unsteady to steady flow, and applications to eyewitness observations and atmospheric effects are discussed in ref. 1. ?? 1981 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/291568a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Kieffer, S.W., 1981, Blast dynamics at Mount St Helens on 18 May 1980: Nature, v. 291, no. 5816, p. 568-570, https://doi.org/10.1038/291568a0.","startPage":"568","endPage":"570","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205060,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/291568a0"},{"id":220723,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"291","issue":"5816","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1e0e4b0c8380cd4ae95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kieffer, S. W.","contributorId":19186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kieffer","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011852,"text":"70011852 - 1981 - Factors affecting the partitioning of Cu, Zn and Pb in boulder coatings and stream sediments in the vicinity of a polymetallic sulfide deposit","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T09:38:41","indexId":"70011852","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors affecting the partitioning of Cu, Zn and Pb in boulder coatings and stream sediments in the vicinity of a polymetallic sulfide deposit","docAbstract":"A sequential extraction scheme is utilized to determine the geochemical partitioning of Cu, Zn and Pb among hydrous Mn- and Fe-oxides, organics and residual crystalline silicates and oxides in the minus-80-mesh (< 0.18 mm) sediments and in boulder coatings from a stream in Lincoln County, Georgia (U.S.A.). The stream drains an area containing a CuZnPb-sulfide deposit (Magruder Mine). The boulder coatings contain mainly Mn-oxides and organics, with minor hydrous Fe-oxides. In the sediment, the chemically active phases are mainly hydrous Fe-oxides and organics, probably because Mn is leaching out of the sediments and precipitating on the exposed surfaces of boulders. In the boulder coatings, competition among Fe- and Mn-oxides and organics for Cu, Zn and Pb follows the order: Cu, organics > Fe-oxides > Mn-oxides; Zn, Mn-oxides {reversed tilde equals} organics > Fe-oxides; Pb, Fe-oxides > organics > Mn-oxides. In the sediments, organics are the most efficient scavengers of all three ore metals. These results emphasize the importance of organics as sinks for the ore metals, even in environments with high concentrations of Mn- and Fe-oxides. Of the ore metals, Zn appears to be the most mobile, and is partitioned most strongly into the coatings. However, anomaly contrast for hydromorphic Zn, normalized to the MnFe-oxide or organic content, is similar in sediments and coatings. Cu shows the highest anomaly on the boulder coatings, probably due to precipitation of a secondary Cu mineral. In contrast, detrital Pb in the pan concentrates shows a better anomaly than any hydromorphic Pb component. ?? 1981.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(81)90084-X","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Filipek, L., Chao, T.T., and Carpenter, R., 1981, Factors affecting the partitioning of Cu, Zn and Pb in boulder coatings and stream sediments in the vicinity of a polymetallic sulfide deposit: Chemical Geology, v. 33, no. 1-4, p. 45-64, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(81)90084-X.","startPage":"45","endPage":"64","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266122,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(81)90084-X"},{"id":221779,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0eace4b0c8380cd5357f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Filipek, L.H.","contributorId":58392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Filipek","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chao, T. T.","contributorId":31900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carpenter, R.H.","contributorId":24913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70011851,"text":"70011851 - 1981 - Molecular carbon isotopic evidence for the origin of geothermal hydrocarbons","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:05","indexId":"70011851","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molecular carbon isotopic evidence for the origin of geothermal hydrocarbons","docAbstract":"Previous interest in light hydrocarbons from geothermal systems has focused principally on the origin of the methane1 and the estimation of subsurface temperatures from the carbon isotopic content of coexisting methane and carbon dioxide1-3. Higher molecular weight hydrocarbons were first reported in gases from Yellowstone National Park4, and have since been found to occur commonly in geothermal emanations in the western United States5. Isotopic measurements of individual geothermal hydrocarbons are now reported which help to explain the origin of these hydrocarbons. The thermal decomposition of sedimentary or groundwater organic matter is a principal source of hydrocarbons in four geothermal areas in western North America. ?? 1981 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/292826a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Des Marais, D., Donchin, J., Nehring, N., and Truesdell, A., 1981, Molecular carbon isotopic evidence for the origin of geothermal hydrocarbons: Nature, v. 292, no. 5826, p. 826-828, https://doi.org/10.1038/292826a0.","startPage":"826","endPage":"828","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205137,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/292826a0"},{"id":221699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"292","issue":"5826","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5cf9e4b0c8380cd7008b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Des Marais, D.J.","contributorId":84075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Des Marais","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donchin, J.H.","contributorId":49518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donchin","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nehring, N.L.","contributorId":21157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nehring","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Truesdell, A.H.","contributorId":52566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truesdell","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address:  TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":362116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70011850,"text":"70011850 - 1981 - A review of regional mineral resource assessment methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-12T17:11:09.746558","indexId":"70011850","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A review of regional mineral resource assessment methods","docAbstract":"<p><span>Over 100 papers on regional mineral resource assessment of nonfuels are classified according to method(s) used and form(s) of product in order to help identify possible methods for future assessments. Types of products that have been used include: tons of metal; tons of rock and associated grade; gross value; potential; number of deposits; probability of one or more deposits; tons of rock, grade, and number of deposits by type; potential supply; and net value. Assessment methods considered are: time-rate, crustal abundance, cumulative tonnage versus grade, simple subjective, complex subjective, Bayesian, frequency, trend, geometric probability, multiple regression, discriminant analysis, modified component, multivariate logistic, cluster analysis or pattern recognition, and simulation.Selection of a method to be employed in an assessment should be based on: (1) appropriateness of the product to the problem, (2) limitations in resources, such as information or time available for the assessment, (3) the level of uncertainty and acceptability of biases in the assessment, and (4) the need for verification of results and acceptance of the method.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.76.5.1006","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Singer, D., and Mosier, D., 1981, A review of regional mineral resource assessment methods: Economic Geology, v. 76, no. 5, p. 1006-1015, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.76.5.1006.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1006","endPage":"1015","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221698,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e556e4b0c8380cd46cc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, D.A.","contributorId":69128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mosier, D.L.","contributorId":21965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosier","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70011997,"text":"70011997 - 1981 - Sudden death at the end of the Mesozoic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-23T15:56:25.992063","indexId":"70011997","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sudden death at the end of the Mesozoic","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"ab1\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id7\"><p>A paleoecological analysis of the fossil record before and after the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary indicates that the widespread extinctions and biological stresses around the boundary are best explained in terms of a sudden, significant, but short temperature rise. L. Alvarez and co-authors, having found an enrichment in iridium at the same boundary, postulated that it was associated with the impact of an extraterrestrial body. If this body struck the ocean, the water injected into the atmosphere may have led to a transient increase in the global surface temperature. This temperature pulse may have been primarily responsible for the effects observed in the biosphere. The pattern of extinction of higher plant species suggests that splash down occurred in the northern Pacific-Bering Sea area.</p></div></div></div><ul id=\"issue-navigation\" class=\"issue-navigation u-margin-s-bottom u-bg-grey1\"></ul>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(81)90161-8","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Emiliani, C., Kraus, E., and Shoemaker, E., 1981, Sudden death at the end of the Mesozoic: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 55, no. 3, p. 317-334, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(81)90161-8.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"334","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220869,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9daee4b08c986b31d9d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emiliani, C.","contributorId":41139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emiliani","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kraus, E.B.","contributorId":35071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraus","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shoemaker, E.M.","contributorId":81499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70011702,"text":"70011702 - 1981 - Estimating usable resources from historical industry data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-12T17:00:35.779734","indexId":"70011702","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating usable resources from historical industry data","docAbstract":"<p><span>Historical production statistics are used to predict the quantity of remaining usable resources. The commodities considered are mercury, copper and its byproducts gold and silver, and petroleum; the production and discovery data are for the United States. The results of the study indicate that the cumulative return per unit of effort, herein measured as grade of metal ores and discovery rate of recoverable petroleum, is proportional to a negative power of total effort expended, herein measured as total ore mined and total exploratory wells or footage drilled. This power relationship can be extended to some limiting point (a lower ore grade or a maximum number of exploratory wells or footage), and the apparent quantity of available remaining resource at that limit can be calculated. For mercury ore of grades at and above 0.1 percent, the remaining usable resource in the United States is calculated to be 54 million kg (1,567,000 flasks). For copper ore of grades at and above 0.2 percent, the remaining usable copper resource is calculated to be 270 million metric tons (298 million short tons); remaining resources of its by-products gold and silver are calculated to be 3,656 metric tons (118 million troy ounces) and 64,676 metric tons (2,079 million troy ounces), respectively. The undiscovered recoverable crude oil resource in the conterminous United States, at 3 billion feet of additional exploratory drilling, is calculated to be nearly 37.6 billion barrels; the undiscovered recoverable petroleum resource in the Permian basin of western Texas and southeastern New Mexico, at 300 million feet of additional exploratory drilling or 50,000 additional exploratory wells, is calculated to be about 6.2 billion BOE (barrels of oil equivalent).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.76.5.1081","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Cargill, S., Root, D.H., and Bailey, E.H., 1981, Estimating usable resources from historical industry data: Economic Geology, v. 76, no. 5, p. 1081-1095, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.76.5.1081.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1081","endPage":"1095","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221250,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b6ce4b0c8380cd526fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cargill, S.M.","contributorId":64776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cargill","given":"S.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Root, D. H.","contributorId":74019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Root","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bailey, E. H.","contributorId":44509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70011839,"text":"70011839 - 1981 - Comparison of automated segmented-flow and discrete analyzers for the determination of nutrients in water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-13T20:38:31","indexId":"70011839","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of automated segmented-flow and discrete analyzers for the determination of nutrients in water","docAbstract":"Water samples with specific conductances ranging from 66 to 6950 ??mho/cm at 25 ??C were analyzed for ammonia-N (NH3-N), nitrate plus nitrite-N (NO3 + NO2-N), nitrite-N (NO2-N), and phosphate-P (PO4-P) by using both a \"segmented-flow\" analyzer and a \"discrete\" analyzer. Plots of the discrete vs. the segmented-flow results showed linear correlation coefficients of 0.9980 for NH3-N, 0.9997 for NO3 + NO2-N, 0.9998 for NO2-N, and 0.9950 for PO4-P. The significances of the slope and the y intercept of each plot are discussed in terms of possible biases which may exist between the two systems. Data concerning precision and accuracy for both analyzers are presented. For the four analytes, the rate of sample analysis was 60 samples per hour on the discrete analyzer and 40 samples per hour on the segmented-flow analyzer. ?? 1981 American Chemical Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00088a012","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Marti, V., and Hale, D., 1981, Comparison of automated segmented-flow and discrete analyzers for the determination of nutrients in water: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 15, no. 6, p. 711-713, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00088a012.","startPage":"711","endPage":"713","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269295,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00088a012"}],"volume":"15","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f851e4b0c8380cd4d004","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marti, V.C.","contributorId":57596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marti","given":"V.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hale, D.R.","contributorId":15346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hale","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012002,"text":"70012002 - 1981 - Rates of manganese oxidation in aqueous systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-18T14:02:12.549861","indexId":"70012002","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rates of manganese oxidation in aqueous systems","docAbstract":"<p><span>The rate of crystal growth of Mn</span><sub>3</sub><span>O</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;(hausmannite) and βMnOOH (feitknechtite) in aerated aqueous manganous perchlorate systems, near 0.01 M in total manganese, was determined at pH levels ranging from 7.00 to 9.00 and at temperatures from 0.5 to 37.4°C. The process is autocatalytic, but becomes psuedo first-order in dissolved Mn</span><sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;activity when the amount of precipitate surface is large compared to the amount of unreacted manganese. Reaction rates determined by titrations using an automated pH-stat were fitted to an equation for precipitate growth. The rates are proportional to surface area of oxide and degree of supersaturation with respect to Mn</span><sup>2+</sup><span>. The oxide obtained at the higher temperature was Mn</span><sub>3</sub><span>O</span><sub>4</sub><span>, but at 0.5° C only βMnOOH was formed. At intermediate temperatures, mixtures of these solids were formed. The rate of precipitation of hausmannite is strongly influenced by temperature, and that of feitknechtite much less so. The difference in activation energy may be related to differences in crystal structure of the oxides and the geometry of polymeric hydroxy ion precursors.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(81)90229-5","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Hem, J., 1981, Rates of manganese oxidation in aqueous systems: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, no. 8, p. 1369-1374, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90229-5.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1369","endPage":"1374","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220946,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9542e4b0c8380cd818db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hem, J.D.","contributorId":54576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011836,"text":"70011836 - 1981 - Geology of central Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T11:54:00.260751","indexId":"70011836","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of central Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"<p>The geology beneath Lake Michigan between 43°00' and 44°00' N and between 86°30' and 87°40' W is interpreted from a synthesis of 1,700 km of continuous seismic reflection profile data, bathymetry, grab samples, and onshore surface and subsurface information.</p><p>The continuous seismic reflection profiles and bathymetry provided information for maps of unconsolidated sediment thickness and Paleozoic bedrock topography. The map of unconsolidated sediment (primarily Pleistocene) shows thicknesses ranging from 180 m in a steep-walled, northeast-trending valley to less than 10 m over a mid-lake topographic high. This valley and the mid-lake high are the dominant topographic features developed on the gently eastward-dipping Paleozoic rocks along this part of the western flank of the Michigan basin.</p><p>Two structural-stratigraphic cross sections of the study area were constructed by utilizing a composite subsurface-surface section for eastern Wisconsin and two control wells in western Michigan. The cross sections, grab samples previously described in the literature, the bedrock topographic map, and published maps were used to construct a Paleozoic geologic map for central Lake Michigan. Rocks from Middle Silurian through Early Mississippian age form subcrops beneath the study area, whereas rocks of Early Silurian, Ordovician, and Late Cambrian age are present at greater depth. The Upper Cambrian rocks unconformably overlie Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks.</p><p>The structural-stratigraphic cross sections also allow us to speculate about the petroleum potential beneath Lake Michigan. The possibility of oil occurrences within the Silurian is enhanced by major east-west facies changes, and other horizons with promise are present in Devonian and Ordovician rocks. Although Michigan and Wisconsin laws currently prohibit petroleum exploration in Lake Michigan, it is an area with future potential.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/03B59634-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Wood, R.J., Paull, R.A., Wolosin, C.A., and Friedel, R.J., 1981, Geology of central Lake Michigan: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, no. 9, p. 1621-1632, https://doi.org/10.1306/03B59634-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1621","endPage":"1632","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221474,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.00416700452574,\n              43.03076292816351\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.28947402219616,\n              43.03076292816351\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.28947402219616,\n              44.05660529042555\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.00416700452574,\n              44.05660529042555\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.00416700452574,\n              43.03076292816351\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a24bde4b0c8380cd58345","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, R. J.","contributorId":33844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paull, R. A.","contributorId":78471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paull","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolosin, C. A.","contributorId":63166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolosin","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Friedel, R. J.","contributorId":51911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70011787,"text":"70011787 - 1981 - The Lasky cumulative tonnage-grade relationship; a reexamination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-12T17:02:33.411154","indexId":"70011787","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Lasky cumulative tonnage-grade relationship; a reexamination","docAbstract":"<p><span>The need for interdisciplinary research on resource appraisal techniques was recognized by Samuel G. Lasky, a U.S. Geological Survey geologist, more than 30 years ago. His efforts to devise an appraisal technique that incorporated many attributes of mineral resources resulted in a cumulative tonnage-grade relationship that has been referred to as \"the arithmetic-geometric (A/G) ratio\" or \"Lasky's law\" by later writers. A review of subsequent studies of the increases in available metal to be expected as grade decreases indicates that Lasky's work has at times been misinterpreted. Lasky's relationship is shown to be consistent with studies of the correlation between average grades and tonnages of mineralized material in ore deposits. The projection of Lasky's analysis to lower grades is limited because the mathematical formulation predicts physically impossible situations below some limiting grade.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.76.5.1067","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"DeYoung, J.H., 1981, The Lasky cumulative tonnage-grade relationship; a reexamination: Economic Geology, v. 76, no. 5, p. 1067-1080, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.76.5.1067.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1067","endPage":"1080","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221778,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba7abe4b08c986b321705","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeYoung, J. H.","contributorId":75908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeYoung","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011780,"text":"70011780 - 1981 - Estimation of accumulation parameters for urban runoff quality modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T12:31:37","indexId":"70011780","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of accumulation parameters for urban runoff quality modeling","docAbstract":"<p><span>Many recently developed watershed models utilize accumulation and washoff equations to simulate the quality of runofffrom urban impervious areas. These models often have been calibrated by trial and error and with little understanding of model sensitivity to the various parameters. Methodologies for estimating best fit values of the washoff parameters commonly used in these models have been presented previously. In this paper, parameter identification techniques for estimating the accumulation parameters from measured runoff quality data are presented along with a sensitivity analysis of the parameters. Results from application of the techniques and the sensitivity analysis suggest a need for data quantifying the magnitude and identifying the shape of constituent accumulation curves. An exponential accumulation curve is shown to be more general than the linear accumulation curves used in most urban runoff quality models. When determining accumulation rates, attention needs to be given to the effects of residual amounts of constituents remaining after the previous period of storm runoff or street sweeping.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR017i006p01657","usgsCitation":"Alley, W.M., and Smith, P.E., 1981, Estimation of accumulation parameters for urban runoff quality modeling: Water Resources Research, v. 17, no. 6, p. 1657-1664, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR017i006p01657.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1657","endPage":"1664","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b6fe4b0c8380cd5270c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alley, William M. walley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"William","email":"walley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":361944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Peter E.","contributorId":50609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70011776,"text":"70011776 - 1981 - Rates and possible causes of neotectonic vertical crustal movements of the emerged southeastern United States Atlantic coastal plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T12:06:39.171354","indexId":"70011776","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rates and possible causes of neotectonic vertical crustal movements of the emerged southeastern United States Atlantic coastal plain","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15238284\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Emerged Pliocene and Pleistocene shorelines and associated marine deposits were used to determine the magnitude and rate of vertical crustal movement during the past 3 m.y. in the United States Atlantic Coastal Plain of South and North Carolina. On the basis of a new regional ostracode assemblage zonation, planktic biostratigraphic data, and radiometric data, emerged marine deposits were determined to be primarily interglacial and can tentatively be correlated with hemispheric warm intervals in evidence from deep-sea data.</p><p>The paleontologic evidence indicates a primary glacio-eustatic component to the local sea-level record and a secondary tectonic component. Net vertical uplift rates averaging 1 to 3 cm/1,000 yr, but perhaps as high as 5 to 10 cm/1,000 yr, are in evidence for the emerged Coastal Plain. Although details of the timing of regional rheological events remain obscure, the trend of net uplift contrasts with general subsidence rates of about 2 to 4 cm/1,000 yr since the Cretaceous in submerged parts of the continental margin near subsiding sedimentary troughs. Hydro-isostatic crustal response to multiple deglaciation events may have periodically uplifted the coast, but long-term lithospheric flexural upwarping in response to sediment loading offshore is a more plausible mechanism to explain the present positions of shorelines above present mean sea level. A eustatic sea-level model is proposed for interglacial high stands of the past 3.0 m.y.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<812:RAPCON>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., 1981, Rates and possible causes of neotectonic vertical crustal movements of the emerged southeastern United States Atlantic coastal plain: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 92, no. 11 pt 1, p. 812-833, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<812:RAPCON>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"812","endPage":"833","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221614,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"11 pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a953ce4b0c8380cd818af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":361936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011774,"text":"70011774 - 1981 - Paleogeography and sedimentology of Upper Cretaceous turbidites, San Diego, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-11T16:42:28.979136","indexId":"70011774","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleogeography and sedimentology of Upper Cretaceous turbidites, San Diego, California","docAbstract":"<p>Upper Cretaceous (Campanian and Maestrichtian) marine strata of the Rosario Group in the San Diego area include the Point Loma Formation and overlying Cabrillo Formation. These units contain six facies associations: (1) shelf and lagoonal sandstone, (2) slope and basin-plain(?) mudstone, (3) outer-fan lobe sandstone, (4) middle-fan channel-fill sandstone, (5) middle-and inner-fan interchannel and channel-margin thin-bedded turbidites and mudstone, and (6) inner-fan channel-fill conglomerate and sandstone.</p><p>The facies associations define a deep-sea fan deposited by westward-flowing sediment gravity flows that transported sediments derived chiefly from batholithic and prebatholithic metamorphic rocks of the Peninsular Ranges. The sedimentary basin initially deepened abruptly, partly aided by eustatic sea-level rise. The fan then prograded westward into the basin, with a retrogradational phase recorded in the uppermost part of the sequence, which is erosionally truncated by transgressive lower Eocene conglomerate.</p><p>The fan was deposited along the eastern edge of a forearc basin similar to that of the Great Valley sequence in northern California. The western part of the fan, which probably contained mostly outer-fan lobe and associated basin-plain deposits, appears to have been truncated by late Cenozoic strike-slip faulting associated with the San Andreas fault system. The fan and remnants of the western part of the basin and associated subduction complex may be present on the northwest in the Channel Islands region or still farther north.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/03B59495-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Nilsen, T.H., and Abbott, P.L., 1981, Paleogeography and sedimentology of Upper Cretaceous turbidites, San Diego, California: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, no. 7, p. 1256-1284, https://doi.org/10.1306/03B59495-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"1256","endPage":"1284","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221612,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Diego","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.11130817421397,\n              32.67885906592478\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.17918001960804,\n              32.86908391672556\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.31295641053002,\n              32.85503774104116\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.25492106446796,\n              32.652360799582254\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.11130817421397,\n              32.67885906592478\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73f1e4b0c8380cd77337","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nilsen, T. H.","contributorId":93057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nilsen","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abbott, P. L.","contributorId":14115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}