A bed sediment sample taken from an area impacted by heavy industrial activity was analyzed for organic compounds of environmental significance. Extraction was effected on a Soxhlet apparatus using a freeze-dried sample. The Soxhlet extract was fractionated by silica gel micro-column adsorption chromatography. Separation and identification of the organic compounds was accomplished by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques. More than 50 compounds were identified; these include saturated hydrocarbons, olefins, aromatic hydrocarbons, alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and oxygenated compounds such as aldehydes and ketones. The role of bed sediments as a source or sink for organic pollutants is discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0003-2670(01)84119-2","usgsCitation":"Steinheimer, T.R., Pereira, W.E., and Johnson, S.M., 1981, Application of capillary gas chromatography mass spectrometry/computer techniques to synoptic survey of organic material in bed sediment: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 129, no. C, p. 57-67, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)84119-2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221784,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec97e4b0c8380cd4937d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steinheimer, Thomas R.","contributorId":63943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinheimer","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pereira, Wilfred E.","contributorId":95552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pereira","given":"Wilfred","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Sharon M.","contributorId":42352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011987,"text":"70011987 - 1981 - Crystal growth of calcite from calcium bicarbonate solutions at constant PCO2 and 25°C: a test of a calcite dissolution model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:10:31","indexId":"70011987","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crystal growth of calcite from calcium bicarbonate solutions at constant PCO2 and 25°C: a test of a calcite dissolution model","docAbstract":"A highly reproducible seeded growth technique was used to study calcite crystallization from calcium bicarbonate solutions at 25°C and fixed carbon dioxide partial pressures between 0.03 and 0.3 atm. The results are not consistent with empirical crystallization models that have successfully described calcite growth at low PCO2 (< 10−3 atm). Good agreement was found between observed crystallization rates and those calculated from the calcite dissolution rate law and mechanism proposed by Plummer et al. (1978).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(81)90222-2","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Reddy, M.M., Plummer, N., and Busenberg, E., 1981, Crystal growth of calcite from calcium bicarbonate solutions at constant PCO2 and 25°C: a test of a calcite dissolution model: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, no. 8, p. 1281-1289, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90222-2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1281","endPage":"1289","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcfbe4b0c8380cd4e565","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reddy, Michael M. mmreddy@usgs.gov","contributorId":684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"Michael","email":"mmreddy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":362456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":362458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Busenberg, E.","contributorId":56796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011990,"text":"70011990 - 1981 - The late-Neoglacial histories of the Agassiz and Jackson glaciers, Glacier National Park, Montana.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-04T16:38:58","indexId":"70011990","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":898,"text":"Arctic and Alpine Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The late-Neoglacial histories of the Agassiz and Jackson glaciers, Glacier National Park, Montana.","docAbstract":"Twenty-one tree-ring stations, totaling 116 trees, were sampled at various localities within the forest trimlines fronting the Agassiz and Jackson glaciers, Glacier National Park, Montana. Tree ages within these zones became progressively younger from the region of the maximum late-Neoglacial position to the bases of the bedrock slopes on which these glaciers are now confined. The age of the oldest tree plus 15 yr was used to estimate the date of glacier withdrawal from a given station. It was found that both the Agassiz and Jackson glaciers began to retreat from their maximum late-Neoglacial positions about 1860. Hence, Matthes's (1940) estimate of glacial advances culminating about 1850 to 1855 for many glaciers in the western United States seems reasonable for the Glacier National Park region. Retreat rates, derived from the tree-ring data, appear to have been modest (<7 m yr-1) until about 1910 when they increased reaching more than 40 m yr-1 for the Agassiz Glacier between 1917 and 1926. Retreat rates after the late 1920s could not be monitored by tree-ring analysis as both glaciers had retreated onto bare bedrock dip slopes. However, from various literature descriptions and National Park Service records, both glaciers experienced rapid retreat (>100 m yr-1) from this time until 1932. In addition, while the Agassiz Glacier was monitored by the National Park Service (1932 to 1942) retreat continued at a rapid rate (>90 m yr-1). This period of rapid retreat corresponds with a period of above-average summer temperatures and decreased precipitation in the climatic record of the region. Since the mid-1940s the retreat rate of both glaciers has slowed markedly.
","language":"English","publisher":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","doi":"10.2307/1551194","usgsCitation":"Carrara, P., and McGimsey, R.G., 1981, The late-Neoglacial histories of the Agassiz and Jackson glaciers, Glacier National Park, Montana.: Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 13, no. 2, p. 183-196, https://doi.org/10.2307/1551194.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"196","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220733,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park","volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad88e4b08c986b323c93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carrara, P. E.","contributorId":33727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrara","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGimsey, R. G.","contributorId":93921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011992,"text":"70011992 - 1981 - Measurement and computation of bed-material discharge in a shallow sand-bed stream, Muddy Creek, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T12:33:30","indexId":"70011992","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measurement and computation of bed-material discharge in a shallow sand-bed stream, Muddy Creek, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Both the measurement and computation of the bed-material discharge of a stream involve large uncertainties because of the difficulties in determining bedload discharge. Measurements of bedload discharge are rare and frequently of unknown accuracy because no bedload sampler has been extensively tested and calibrated over a wide range of hydraulic conditions. Bed-material discharge equations have been derived primarily from laboratory flume data where the effects of channel pattern, alluvial banks, sediment availability, sediment sorting, and unsteady flow upon the sediment discharge of a natural stream have not been simulated. Bed-material discharge equations generally are applicable only within the range of flow conditions and sediment sizes for which the equations were derived. To compare the relative value of measuring versus computing bed-material discharges, the bed-material discharge of Muddy Creek, a shallow sand-bed stream in southwestern Wyoming, was determined on 35 occasions for water discharges ranging from 0.15 to 1.57 m3/s by separately sampling the suspended- and bedload-sediment discharges. Measured bed-material discharges were statistically indistinguishable, at an 0.02 level of significance, from flume data collected under the same flow conditions. This agreement indicates that the measured bed-material discharges are reasonable estimates of the true values. Bed-material discharges computed by Engelund-Hansen, Yang, Shen-Hung, and Ackers-White equations were compared with the measured values and found to be in good agreement. These equations predicted bed-material discharges of between 0.5 to 2 times the observed rates 60% to 79% of the time.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR017i001p00131","usgsCitation":"Andrews, E., 1981, Measurement and computation of bed-material discharge in a shallow sand-bed stream, Muddy Creek, Wyoming: Water Resources Research, v. 17, no. 1, p. 131-141, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR017i001p00131.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"141","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220801,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Muddy Creek","volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a52e8e4b0c8380cd6c757","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, E.D.","contributorId":13922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011997,"text":"70011997 - 1981 - Sudden death at the end of the Mesozoic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-23T15:56:25.992063","indexId":"70011997","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sudden death at the end of the Mesozoic","docAbstract":"A paleoecological analysis of the fossil record before and after the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary indicates that the widespread extinctions and biological stresses around the boundary are best explained in terms of a sudden, significant, but short temperature rise. L. Alvarez and co-authors, having found an enrichment in iridium at the same boundary, postulated that it was associated with the impact of an extraterrestrial body. If this body struck the ocean, the water injected into the atmosphere may have led to a transient increase in the global surface temperature. This temperature pulse may have been primarily responsible for the effects observed in the biosphere. The pattern of extinction of higher plant species suggests that splash down occurred in the northern Pacific-Bering Sea area.
Sulfate reduction during seawater reaction with fayalite and with magnetite was rapid at 350°C, producing equilibrium assemblages of talc-pyrite-hematite-magnetite at low water/rock ratios and talc-pyrite-hematite-anhydrite at higher water/rock ratios. At 250°C, seawater reacting with fayalite produced detectable amounts of dissolved H2S, but extent of reaction of solid phases was minor after 150 days. At 200°C, dissolved H2S was not detected, even after 219 days, but mass balance calculations suggest a small amount of pyrite may have formed. Reaction stoichiometry indicates that sulfate reduction requires large amounts of H+, which, in subseafloor hydrothermal systems is provided by Mg metasomatism. Seawater contains sufficient Mg to supply all the H+ necessary for quantitative reduction of seawater sulfate.
\nSystematics of sulfur isotopes in the 250 and 350°C experiments indicate that isotopic equilibrium is reached, and can be modeled as a Rayleigh distillation process. Isotopic composition of hydrothermally produced H2S in natural systems is strongly dependent upon the seawater/basalt ratio in the geothermal system, which controls the relative sulfide contributions from the two important sulfur sources, seawater sulfate and sulfide phases in basalt. Anhydrite precipitation during geothermal heating severely limits sulfate ingress into high temperature interaction zones. Quantitative sulfate reduction can thus be accomplished without producing strongly oxidized rocks and resultant sulfide sulfur isotope values represent a mixture of seawater and basaltic sulfur.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(81)90054-5","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Shanks, W.C., Bischoff, J.L., and Rosenbauer, R.J., 1981, Seawater sulfate reduction and sulfur isotope fractionation in basaltic systems: interaction of seawater with fayalite and magnetite at 200–350°C: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, no. 11, p. 1977-1995, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90054-5.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1977","endPage":"1995","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220870,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8902e4b08c986b316cb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C. III","contributorId":100527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bischoff, James L. jbischoff@usgs.gov","contributorId":1389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"James","email":"jbischoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":362476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosenbauer, Robert J. brosenbauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"Robert","email":"brosenbauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":362477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011999,"text":"70011999 - 1981 - Gas hydrates (clathrates) causing pore-water freshening and oxygen isotope fractionation in deep-water sedimentary sections of terrigenous continental margins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-12T23:28:32.266075","indexId":"70011999","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas hydrates (clathrates) causing pore-water freshening and oxygen isotope fractionation in deep-water sedimentary sections of terrigenous continental margins","docAbstract":"The occurrence of gas hydrates in deep-water sections of the continental margins predicted from anomalous acoustic reflectors on seismic profiles has been confirmed by recent deep-sea drilling results. On the Pacific continental slope off Guatemala gas hydrates were brought up for the first time from two holes (497, 498A) drilled during Leg 67 of the DSDP in water depths of 2360 and 5500 m, respectively. The hydrates occur in organic matter-rich Pleistocene to Miocene terrigenous sediments. In the hydrate-bearing zone a marked decrease in interstitial water chlorinities was observed starting at about 10–20 m subbottom depth. Pore waters at the bottom of the holes (near 400 m subbottom) have as little as half the chlorinity of seawater (i.e. 9‰). Similar, but less pronounced, trends were observed during previous legs of the DSDP in other hydrate-prone segments of the continental margins where recharge of fresh water from the continent can be excluded (e.g. Leg 11). The crystallization of hydrates, like ice, excludes salt ions from the crystal structure. During burial the dissolved salts are separated from the solids. Subsidence results in a downward motion of the solids (including hydrates) relative to the pore fluids. Thawing of hydrates during recovery releases fresh water which is remixed with the pore fluid not involved in hydrate formation. The volume of the latter decreases downhole thus causing downward decreasing salinity (chlorinity). Hydrate formation is responsible for oxygen isotope fractionation with18O-enrichment in the hydrate explaining increasingly more positive δ18O values in the pore fluids recovered (after hydrate dissociation) with depth.
Mössbauer parameters were obtained for four Illinois Basin shales and their corresponding < 2μm clay fractions from wells drilled through the New Albany Shale Group in Henderson, Tazewell, and Effingham counties in Illinois and Christian County in Kentucky. Off-gas analysis indicated that the Illinois cores were in an area of low gas potential, while the Kentucky core was in an area of moderate-to-good potential. Iron-rich dolomite (ankerite) was found in the Kentucky core but not in the Illinois cores. In the Kentucky core, gas content could be correlated with the ankerite in the bulk sample, the Mössbauer M (2) species in the clay fraction, and a ferrous iron species in the clay fraction. The location of the greatest concentration of natural gas in the Kentucky core could be predicted by following the changes in percentage concentration of these iron species when plotted against the depth of burial of the core sample.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-2361(81)90228-3","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Shiley, R., Cluff, R., Dickerson, D.R., Hinckley, C., Smith, G.V., Twardowska, H., and Saporoschenko, M., 1981, Correlation of natural gas content to iron species in the New Albany shale group: Fuel, v. 60, no. 8, p. 732-738, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(81)90228-3.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"732","endPage":"738","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220944,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Kentucky","county":"Christian County, Effingham County, Henderson County, Tazewell County","otherGeospatial":"New Albany Shale 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R.H.","contributorId":44282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shiley","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cluff, R.M.","contributorId":53948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cluff","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dickerson, D. R.","contributorId":66837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hinckley, C.C.","contributorId":50656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinckley","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Gerard V.","contributorId":93629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Gerard","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Twardowska, H.","contributorId":98038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twardowska","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Saporoschenko, Mykola","contributorId":31905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saporoschenko","given":"Mykola","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70012001,"text":"70012001 - 1981 - Stratigraphy of the Caloris basin, Mercury","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-20T13:01:26.381241","indexId":"70012001","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphy of the Caloris basin, Mercury","docAbstract":"Caloris basin, Mercury’s youngest large impact basin, is filled by volcanic plains that are spectrally distinct from surrounding material. Post-plains impact craters of a variety of sizes populate the basin interior, and the spectra of the material they have excavated enable the thickness of the volcanic fill to be estimated and reveal the nature of the subsurface. The thickness of the interior volcanic plains is consistently at least 2.5 km, reaching 3.5 km in places, with thinner fill toward the edge of the basin. No systematic variations in fill thickness are observed with long-wavelength topography or azimuth. The lack of correlation between plains thickness and variations in elevation at large horizontal scales within the basin indicates that plains emplacement must have predated most, if not all, of the changes in long-wavelength topography that affected the basin. There are no embayed or unambiguously buried (ghost) craters with diameters greater than 10 km in the Caloris interior plains. The absence of such ghost craters indicates that one or more of the following scenarios must hold: the plains are sufficiently thick to have buried all evidence of craters that formed between the Caloris impact event and the emplacement of the plains; the plains were emplaced soon after basin formation; or the complex tectonic deformation of the basin interior has disguised wrinkle-ridge rings localized by buried craters. That low-reflectance material (LRM) was exposed by every impact that penetrated through the surface volcanic plains provides a means to explore near-surface stratigraphy. If all occurrences of LRM are derived from a single layer, the subsurface LRM deposit is at least 7.5–8.5 km thick and its top likely once made up the Caloris basin floor. The Caloris-forming impact would have generated a layer of impact melt 3–15 km thick; such a layer could account for the entire thickness of LRM. This material would have been derived from a combination of lower crust and upper mantle.
The rate of crystal growth of Mn3O4 (hausmannite) and βMnOOH (feitknechtite) in aerated aqueous manganous perchlorate systems, near 0.01 M in total manganese, was determined at pH levels ranging from 7.00 to 9.00 and at temperatures from 0.5 to 37.4°C. The process is autocatalytic, but becomes psuedo first-order in dissolved Mn2+ activity when the amount of precipitate surface is large compared to the amount of unreacted manganese. Reaction rates determined by titrations using an automated pH-stat were fitted to an equation for precipitate growth. The rates are proportional to surface area of oxide and degree of supersaturation with respect to Mn2+. The oxide obtained at the higher temperature was Mn3O4, but at 0.5° C only βMnOOH was formed. At intermediate temperatures, mixtures of these solids were formed. The rate of precipitation of hausmannite is strongly influenced by temperature, and that of feitknechtite much less so. The difference in activation energy may be related to differences in crystal structure of the oxides and the geometry of polymeric hydroxy ion precursors.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(81)90229-5","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Hem, J., 1981, Rates of manganese oxidation in aqueous systems: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, no. 8, p. 1369-1374, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90229-5.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1369","endPage":"1374","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220946,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9542e4b0c8380cd818db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hem, J.D.","contributorId":54576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012006,"text":"70012006 - 1981 - Identification of kaolins and associated minerals in altered volcanic rocks by infrared spectroscopy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-25T15:16:24","indexId":"70012006","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of kaolins and associated minerals in altered volcanic rocks by infrared spectroscopy","docAbstract":"Mid-infrared spectroscopy (2.5-50 /µm) has been extensively used to identify and characterize clays and associated minerals in rocks and soils, with particular emphasis on the 3-, 10-, and 20-/µm regions (Farmer and Russell, 1967; Farmer, 1968; White, 1971; Van der Marel and Beutelspacher, 1976). However, application of mid-infrared spectroscopy in remote-sensing activities has been restricted because the spectral information occurs only as a small perturbation to the emitted radiation from the earth's surface, and much of that which is especially relevant to clays (e.g., the 3.0-µm region) is obscured by atmospheric absorption.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1981.0290114","usgsCitation":"Hunt, G.R., and Halley, R., 1981, Identification of kaolins and associated minerals in altered volcanic rocks by infrared spectroscopy: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 29, no. 1, p. 76-78, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1981.0290114.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"76","endPage":"78","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a382ee4b0c8380cd61492","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, Graham R.","contributorId":84342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Graham","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halley, Robert B.","contributorId":76244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halley","given":"Robert B.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":362503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012007,"text":"70012007 - 1981 - Aeromagnetic and radio echo ice-sounding measurements over the Dufek intrusion, Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T15:37:43.971318","indexId":"70012007","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aeromagnetic and radio echo ice-sounding measurements over the Dufek intrusion, Antarctica","docAbstract":"A combined aeromagnetic and radio echo ice-sounding survey (4200 km of traverse) made in 1978 in Antarctica over the Dufek layered mafic intrusion of Jurassic age suggests a minimum area of about 50,000 km2, making it comparable in size with the Bushveld Complex of Africa. Comparisons of the magnetic and subglacial topographic profiles illustrate the usefulness of this combination of methods in studying bedrock geology beneath ice-covered areas. Rocks are exposed in only 3% of the inferred area of the intrusion. Magnetic anomalies measured a few hundred meters above outcrops of the intrusion range in peak-to-trough amplitude from ∼50 nT over the lowermost exposed portion of the section in the Dufek Massif to ∼3600 nT over the uppermost part of the section in the Forrestal Range. Theoretical magnetic anomalies, computed from models based on the subice topography fitted to the highest-amplitude observed magnetic anomalies, required normal and reversed magnetizations ranging from 10−4 to 10−2 emu/cm3 having directions and magnetizations consistent with measurements previously made on oriented samples. This result is interpreted as indicating that the Dufek intrusion cooled through the Curie isotherm during one or more reversals of the earth's magnetic field.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB04p03014","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Behrendt, J.C., Drewry, D., Jankowski, E., and Grim, M.S., 1981, Aeromagnetic and radio echo ice-sounding measurements over the Dufek intrusion, Antarctica: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B4, p. 3014-3020, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB04p03014.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"3014","endPage":"3020","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480578,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/jb086ib04p03014","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":222177,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e72ee4b0c8380cd478b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":362505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drewry, D.J.","contributorId":41968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drewry","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jankowski, E.","contributorId":7420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jankowski","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grim, M. S.","contributorId":102884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grim","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012015,"text":"70012015 - 1981 - Seismic amplitude anomalies associated with thick First Leo sandstone lenses, eastern Powder River basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-18T16:37:38.604821","indexId":"70012015","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic amplitude anomalies associated with thick First Leo sandstone lenses, eastern Powder River basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Several new discoveries of oil production in the Leo sandstone, an economic unit in the Pennsylvanian middle member of the Minnelusa formation, eastern Powder River basin, Wyoming-Nebraska-South Dakota, have renewed exploration interest in this area. Vertical seismic profiles (VSP) and model studies suggested that a measurable seismic amplitude anomaly is frequently associated with the thick First Leo sandstone lenses. To test this concept, a surface reflection seismic profile was run between two wells about 12 miles apart. The First Leo was present and productive in one well and thin and barren in the other. The surface profile shows the predicted amplitude anomaly at the well where a thick lens is known to exist. Two other First Leo amplitude anomalies also appear on the surface seismic profile between the two wells, which may indicate the presence of additional lenses.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1441158","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Balch, A.H., Lee, M.W., Miller, J.J., and Ryder, R.T., 1981, Seismic amplitude anomalies associated with thick First Leo sandstone lenses, eastern Powder River basin, Wyoming: Geophysics, v. 46, no. 11, p. 1519-1527, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1441158.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1519","endPage":"1527","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222284,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8aece4b08c986b317475","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balch, A. H.","contributorId":104892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balch","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Myung W.","contributorId":84358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, J. J.","contributorId":54588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ryder, R. T.","contributorId":96673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012017,"text":"70012017 - 1981 - A five-collector system for the simultaneous measurement of argon isotope ratios in a static mass spectrometer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-14T14:59:30.308453","indexId":"70012017","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2056,"text":"International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A five-collector system for the simultaneous measurement of argon isotope ratios in a static mass spectrometer","docAbstract":"A system is described that utilizes five separate Faraday-cup collector assemblies, aligned along the focal plane of a mass spectrometer, to collect simultaneous argon ion beams at masses 36–40. Each collector has its own electrometer amplifier and analog-to-digital measuring channel, the outputs of which are processed by a minicomputer that also controls the mass spectrometer. The mass spectrometer utilizes a 90° sector magnetic analyzer with a radius of 23 cm, in which some degree of z-direction focussing is provided for all the ion beams by the fringe field of the magnet.
Simultaneous measurement of the ion beams helps to eliminate mass-spectrometer memory as a significant source of measurement error during an analysis. Isotope ratios stabilize between 7 and 9 s after sample admission into the spectrometer, and thereafter changes in the measured ratios are linear, typically to within ±0.02%. Thus the multi-collector arrangement permits very short extrapolation times for computation of initial ratios, and also provides the advantages of simultaneous measurement of the ion currents in that errors due to variations in ion beam intensity are minimized. A complete analysis takes less than 10 min, so that sample throughput can be greatly enhanced. In this instrument, the factor limiting analytical precision now lies in short-term apparent variations in the interchannel calibration factors.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0020-7381(81)80031-9","issn":"00207381","usgsCitation":"Stacey, J.S., Sherrill, N., Dalrymple, G.B., Lanphere, M.A., and Carpenter, N., 1981, A five-collector system for the simultaneous measurement of argon isotope ratios in a static mass spectrometer: International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Physics, v. 39, no. 2, p. 167-180, https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7381(81)80031-9.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"180","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222286,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3dce4b0c8380cd46274","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stacey, J. S.","contributorId":72785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stacey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sherrill, N.D.","contributorId":100691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrill","given":"N.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dalrymple, G. B.","contributorId":10407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalrymple","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Carpenter, N.V.","contributorId":32407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"N.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70012019,"text":"70012019 - 1981 - Seismic evidence for an extensive gas-bearing layer at shallow depth, offshore from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12740,"text":"ofr80809 - 1980 - Seismic evidence for an extensive gas-bearing layer at shallow depth, offshore from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska","indexId":"ofr80809","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Seismic evidence for an extensive gas-bearing layer at shallow depth, offshore from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70012019,"text":"70012019 - 1981 - Seismic evidence for an extensive gas-bearing layer at shallow depth, offshore from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska","indexId":"70012019","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Seismic evidence for an extensive gas-bearing layer at shallow depth, offshore from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-07T11:06:49","indexId":"70012019","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1264,"text":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic evidence for an extensive gas-bearing layer at shallow depth, offshore from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska","docAbstract":"High-resolution seismic reflection data, recorded offshore from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, were processed digitally to determine the reflectivity structure of the uppermost layers of the seafloor. A prominent reflector, found at 27 m below the mud line (water depths 7-9 m), has a negative reflection coefficient greater than 0.5. The large acoustic impedance contrast, coupled with a report of gas encountered at a corresponding depth in a nearby drillhole, shows that the reflector is the upper boundary of a zone containing gas. The gas exists in sandy gravel capped by stiff, silty clay. Analysis of unprocessed conventional high-resolution records from the region indicates that the gas-bearing layer may extend over an area of at least 50 km2 at a depth of 20-35 m below the mud line. Similar-appearing reflectors (Reimnitz, 1972), previously unexplained, occur in patches over wide regions of the shelf where offshore oil development is beginning at a rapid pace. This suggests the exercise of caution with respect to possible hazards from shallow gas pockets.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0165-232X(81)90031-8","issn":"0165232X","usgsCitation":"Boucher, G., Reimnitz, E., and Kempema, E., 1981, Seismic evidence for an extensive gas-bearing layer at shallow depth, offshore from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska: Cold Regions Science and Technology, v. 4, no. 1, p. 63-71, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232X(81)90031-8.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"71","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":267107,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-232X(81)90031-8"},{"id":222333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prudhoe Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.5,51.2 ], [ 172.5,71.4 ], [ -130.0,71.4 ], [ -130.0,51.2 ], [ 172.5,51.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b0ee4b08c986b31755d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boucher, G.","contributorId":19290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boucher","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reimnitz, E.","contributorId":61557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimnitz","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kempema, E.","contributorId":53395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kempema","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012021,"text":"70012021 - 1981 - Dating of Archean basement in northeastern Wyoming and southern Montana.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T08:44:50","indexId":"70012021","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dating of Archean basement in northeastern Wyoming and southern Montana.","docAbstract":"Rb-Sr whole-rock and U-Pb zircon ages of granite and gneiss cores from three deep drill holes extend known occurrences of Archean rocks in the subsurface of NE Wyoming and S Montanta. Rb-Sr and K- Ar mineral ages are discordant and reflect early or middle Proterozoic disturbance. Highly altered rocks occur in a thin zone immediately below the sub-Cambrian unconformity. Samples from a few metres deeper in the basement are much fresher but show the effects of this alteration in filled fractures and thin adjacent alteration haloes. Whole-rock Rb-Sr systems have retaioned a fair degree of integrity in spite of increased susceptibility to modification because of the disturbed mineral systems. Interaction of the rocks with water a few metres below the sub-Cambrian unconformity probably occurred for only a relatively short time. Fractures filled rapidly with secondary minerals such as chlorite, anhydrite, and carbonate to maintain a relatively impermeable crystalline basement in which the silicates and their contained isotopic systems were preserved.- Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<139:DOABIN>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Peterman, Z.E., 1981, Dating of Archean basement in northeastern Wyoming and southern Montana.: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 92, no. 3 pt 1, p. 139-146, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<139:DOABIN>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"139","endPage":"146","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268108,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<139:DOABIN>2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"92","issue":"3 pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fde1e4b0c8380cd4e9b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterman, Z. E.","contributorId":63781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Z.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012022,"text":"70012022 - 1981 - Discrimination of a chestnut-oak forest unit for geologic mapping by means of a principal component enhancement of Landsat multispectral scanner data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T01:09:32.738559","indexId":"70012022","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discrimination of a chestnut-oak forest unit for geologic mapping by means of a principal component enhancement of Landsat multispectral scanner data","docAbstract":"A principal component image enhancement has been effective in applying Landsat data to geologic mapping in a heavily forested area of eastern Virginia. A chestnut-oak forest unit, which occurs on metavolcanic rocks and some metaclastic rocks in the western Piedmont and on highly weathered upland gravel deposits in the eastern Piedmont, can be discerned on a digitally enhanced Landsat winter image. The image enhancement procedure consists of a principal component transformation, a histogram normalization, and the inverse principal component transformation. The enhancement preserves the independence of the principal components, yet produces a more readily interpretable image than does a single principal component transformation.
To determine how the chestnut-oak forest unit was being enhanced, average Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) values were extracted for four sample forest types and were calculated through the inverted principal component transformation. Slope and intercept values for the linear histogram normalization were chosen to keep the scale between the raw MSS bands and the inverted principal component (PC) bands constant. Plots of the inverted principal component data show that the most separation between forest types is in inverted PC band 5. The chestnut-oak forest unit is characterized by a high value for inverted PC band 5 as opposed to a low value for inverted PC band 4. In contrast, raw MSS band 4 is greater than MSS band 5 for the four forest types sampled in the winter image. Such observations cannot be readily deduced from analysis of only the principal component rotation matrix. They may ultimately provide a means to map the distribution of chestnut-oak forest from Landsat.
Fluxes of metals to the top and bottom surfaces of a manganese nodule were determined by combining radiochemical (230Th,231Pa,232Th,238U,234U) and detailed chemical data. The top of the nodule had been growing in its collected orientation at 4.7 mm Myr−1 for at least 0.5 Myr and accreting Mn at 200 μg cm−2 kyr−1. The bottom of the nodule had been growing in its collected orientation at about 12 mm Myr−1 for at least 0.3 Myr and accreting Mn at about 700 μg cm−2 yr−1. Although the top of the nodule was enriched in iron relative to the bottom, the nodule had been accreting Fe 50% faster on the bottom.232Th was also accumulating more rapidly in the bottom despite a 20-fold enrichment of230Th on the top.
The distribution of alpha-emitting nuclides calculated from detailed radiochemical measurements matched closely the pattern revealed by 109-day exposures of alpha-sensitive film to the nodule. However, the shape and slope of the total alpha profile with depth into the nodule was affected strongly by226Ra and222Rn migrations making the alpha-track technique alone an inadequate method of measuring nodule growth rates.
Diffusion of radium in the nodule may have been affected by diagenetic reactions which produce barite, phillipsite and todorokite within 1 mm of the nodule surface; however, our sampling interval was too broad to document the effect. We have not been able to resolve the importance of nodule diagenesis on the gross chemistry of the nodule.
Sand waves and current ripples occupy the crests and flanks of a series of large linear sand ridges (20 km × 5 km × 10 m high) lying in an open-marine setting in the northern Bering Sea. The sand wave area, which lies west of Seward Peninsula and southeast of Bering Strait, is exposed to the strong continuous flow of coastal water northward toward Bering Strait. A hierarchy of three sizes of superimposed bedforms, all facing northward, was observed in successive cruises in 1976 and 1977. Large sand waves (height 2 m; spacing 200 m) have smaller sand waves (height 1 m; spacing 20 m) lying at a small oblique angle on their stoss slopes. The smaller sand waves in turn have linguoid ripples on their stoss slopes.
Repeated studies of the sand wave fields were made both years with high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, side-scan sonographs, underwater photographs, current-meter stations, vibracores, and suspended-sediment samplers. Comparison of seismic and side-scan data collected along profile lines run both years showed changes in sand wave shape that indicate significant bedload transport within the year. Gouge marks made in sediment by keels of floating ice also showed significantly different patterns each year, further documenting modification to the bottom by sediment transport.
During calm sea conditions in 1977, underwater video and camera observations showed formation and active migration of linguoid and straight-crested current ripples. Current speeds 1 m above the bottom were between 20 and 30 cm/s. Maximum current velocities and sand wave migration apparently occur when strong southwesterly winds enhance the steady northerly flow of coastal water. Many cross-stratified sand bodies in the geologic record are interpreted as having formed in a tidal- or storm-dominated setting. This study provides an example of formation and migration of large bedforms by the interaction of storms with strong uniform coastal currents in an open-marine setting.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0070-4571(08)70301-7","usgsCitation":"Field, M.E., Nelson, C.H., Cacchione, D.A., and Drake, D.E., 1981, Sand waves on an epicontinental shelf: Northern Bering Sea: Marine Geology, v. 32, p. 233-258, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0070-4571(08)70301-7.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"258","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222454,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b869fe4b08c986b316043","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Field, Michael E. mfield@usgs.gov","contributorId":2101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Michael","email":"mfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":362562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, C. Hans","contributorId":34909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Hans","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cacchione, David A.","contributorId":37327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Drake, David E.","contributorId":74752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012030,"text":"70012030 - 1981 - Interaction between diapirism and sediment loading at the shelf-slope boundary, northwest Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:10","indexId":"70012030","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1742,"text":"Geo-Marine Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interaction between diapirism and sediment loading at the shelf-slope boundary, northwest Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"During the last low stand of sea level, rivers and streams drained across the present northwestern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf depositing sediments in several shallow-water deltas near the present shelf-slope boundary. The weight of these wedges of prograded sediments triggered or augmented both subsidence of local depositional basins and upward movement of diapiric material around the basin edges. A depositional basin off the southwestern Louisiana coast records migration of the basinal axis during late Pleistocene and Holocene time indicating relative growth of diapirs along the basin margin throughout the most recent geological record. ?? 1981 A.M. Dowden, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geo-Marine Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02463327","issn":"02760460","usgsCitation":"Trippet, A., 1981, Interaction between diapirism and sediment loading at the shelf-slope boundary, northwest Gulf of Mexico: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 1, no. 2, p. 111-114, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02463327.","startPage":"111","endPage":"114","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205252,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02463327"},{"id":222510,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3caae4b0c8380cd62f1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trippet, A. R.","contributorId":105377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trippet","given":"A. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012033,"text":"70012033 - 1981 - Morphology and processes associated with the accumulation of the fine-grained sediment deposit on the southern New England shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-13T14:31:59","indexId":"70012033","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphology and processes associated with the accumulation of the fine-grained sediment deposit on the southern New England shelf","docAbstract":"A 13,000 km2 area of the southern New England Continental Shelf which is covered by anomalously fine-grained sediment has been surveyed by means of high-resolution, seismic-reflection and side-scan sonar techniques to map its morphology and structure, and a near-bottom instrument system contributed to understanding present activity of the deposit. Seismic-reflection profiles show that the fine-grained deposit, which is as much as 13 m thick, has accumulated during the last transgression because it rests on a reflector that is geomorphically similar to and continuous with the Holocene transgressive sand sheet still exposed on the shelf to the west. The ridge and swale topography comprising the sand sheet on the shelf off New Jersey and Long Island are relict in origin as these same features are found buried under the fine sediment deposit. Southwestward migrating megaripples observed on the sonographs in the eastern part of the deposit are evidence that sediment is still actively accumulating in this area. In the western part of the deposit, where surface sediment is composed of silt plus clay, evidence of present sediment mobility consists of changes in the near-bottom, suspended-matter concentrations primarily associated with storms. Nantucket Shoals and Georges Bank are thought to be the sources for the fine-textured sediment. Storms and strong tidal currents in these shoal areas may still erode available fine-grained material, which then is transported westward by the mean drift to the southern New England Shelf, where a comparatively tranquil environment permits deposition of the fine material.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1306/212F7C6B-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D","issn":"00224472","usgsCitation":"Twichell, D.C., McClennen, C.E., and Butman, B., 1981, Morphology and processes associated with the accumulation of the fine-grained sediment deposit on the southern New England shelf: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 51, no. 1, p. 269-280, https://doi.org/10.1306/212F7C6B-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"280","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.66333007812499,\n 39.93501296038254\n ],\n [\n -69.85107421874999,\n 39.93501296038254\n ],\n [\n -69.85107421874999,\n 41.6154423246811\n ],\n [\n -73.66333007812499,\n 41.6154423246811\n ],\n [\n -73.66333007812499,\n 39.93501296038254\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e50e4b0c8380cd70955","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twichell, David C.","contributorId":37730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":362573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McClennen, Charles E.","contributorId":67891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McClennen","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Butman, Bradford 0000-0002-4174-2073 bbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-2073","contributorId":943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"Bradford","email":"bbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":362572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012034,"text":"70012034 - 1981 - A numerical inversion of the Laplace transform solution to radial dispersion in a porous medium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T12:34:07","indexId":"70012034","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A numerical inversion of the Laplace transform solution to radial dispersion in a porous medium","docAbstract":"A special form of the numerical inversion of the Laplace transform described by Stehfest (1970) is applied to the transformed solution of dispersion in a radial flow system in a porous medium. The inversion is extremely simple to use because the weighting coefficients depend only on the number of terms used in the computation and not upon the transform solution as required by most numerical inversion techniques. The result obtained by use of this approximate inversion of the radial dispersion problem reproduced the curves obtained previously by Hoopes and Harleman (1967) with a finite difference scheme.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR017i001p00250","usgsCitation":"Moench, A., and Ogata, A., 1981, A numerical inversion of the Laplace transform solution to radial dispersion in a porous medium: Water Resources Research, v. 17, no. 1, p. 250-252, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR017i001p00250.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"250","endPage":"252","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4c8e4b0c8380cd46918","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moench, A.F.","contributorId":91495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ogata, A.","contributorId":94040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogata","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012035,"text":"70012035 - 1981 - The Georgia Embayment continental shelf: stratigraphy of a submergence.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T08:48:10","indexId":"70012035","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Georgia Embayment continental shelf: stratigraphy of a submergence.","docAbstract":"The Holocene-Pleistocene sediment veneer is thin, generally less than 4m thick. Lagoon sediments deposited during the last regression or the Holocene transgression occur in patches on the inner and central shelf. During each transgression or submergence, the surficial sand sheet is recharged with a new biogenic carbonate fraction along with the addition of small amounts of clastic sediments derived from 'overrun' estuaries and erosion of underlying Tertiary sediments. The stratigraphy based on the vibracores supports the concept of cross-shelf migration of the shore face-barrier island systems in response to rising sea level. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<52:TGECSS>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pilkey, O.H., Blackwelder, B.W., Knebel, H., and Ayers, M., 1981, The Georgia Embayment continental shelf: stratigraphy of a submergence.: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 92, no. 1, p. 52-63, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<52:TGECSS>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"52","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268109,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<52:TGECSS>2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"92","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba754e4b08c986b3214e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pilkey, O. H.","contributorId":107406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilkey","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blackwelder, B. W.","contributorId":104136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackwelder","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knebel, H.J.","contributorId":79092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ayers, M.W.","contributorId":97772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayers","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012040,"text":"70012040 - 1981 - Heavy metals and manganese oxides in the genesee watershed, New York state: Effects of geology and land use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T13:35:27.878189","indexId":"70012040","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heavy metals and manganese oxides in the genesee watershed, New York state: Effects of geology and land use","docAbstract":"Manganese oxide coatings on gravels from 255 sites on tributary streams in the Genesee River Watershed were analyzed for Mn, Fe, Zn, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb, and Cu. The results were compared with data on bedrock geology, surficial geology and land use, using factor analysis and stepwise multiple regression. All metals except Pb show strong positive correlation with Mn. This association results from the well-known tendency of Mn oxide precipitates to adsorb and incorporate dissolved trace metals. Pb may be present in a separate phase on the gravel surfaces; alternatively Pb abundance may be so strongly influenced by environmental factors that the effect of varying abundance of the carrier phase becomes relatively unimportant. When the effects of varying Mn abundance are allowed for, Pb and to a lesser extent Zn and Cu abundances are seen to be related to commercial, industrial and residential land use. In addition to this pollution effect, all the trace metals, Cd and Ni most strongly, tend to be more abundant in oxide coatings from streams in the forested uplands in the southern part of the area. This probably reflects increased geochemical mobility of the metals in the more acid soils and groundwater of the southern region.
A strong Zn anomaly is present in streams draining areas underlain by the Lockport Formation. Oxide coatings in these streams contain up to 5% Zn, originating from disseminated sphalerite in the Lockport and secondary Zn concentrations in the overlying muck soils.
The same group of metals, plus calcium and loss on ignition, were determined in the silt and clay (minus 230 mesh) fraction of stream sediments from 129 of the same sites, using a hot nitric acid leach. The amounts of manganese in the sediments are low (average 1020 ppm) and manganese oxides are, at most, of relatively minor significance in the trace-metal geochemistry of these sediments. The bulk of the trace metals in sediment appears to be associated with iron oxides, clays and organic matter.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(81)90106-0","usgsCitation":"Whitney, P., 1981, Heavy metals and manganese oxides in the genesee watershed, New York state: Effects of geology and land use: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 14, p. 95-117, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(81)90106-0.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"117","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222630,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New 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