Carbon isotopic analysis of methane has become a popular technique in the exploration for oil and gas because it can be used to differentiate between thermogenic and microbial gas and can sometimes be used for gas-source rock correlations. Methane-oxidizing bacteria, however, can significantly change the carbon isotopic composition of methane; the origin of gas that has been partially oxidized by these bacteria could therefore be misinterpreted.
We cultured methane-oxidizing bacteria at two different temperatures and monitored the carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of the residual methane. The residual methane was enriched in both 13C and D. For both isotopic species, the enrichment at equivalent levels of conversion was greater at 26°C than at 11.5°C. The change in δD relative to the change in δ13C was independent of temperature within the range studied. One culture exhibited a change in the fractionation pattern for carbon (but not for hydrogen) midway through the experiment, suggesting that bacterial oxidation of methane may occur via more than one pathway.
The change in the δD value for the residual methane was from 8 to 14 times greater than the change in the δ13C value, indicating that combined carbon and hydrogen isotopic analysis may be an effective way of identifying methane which has been subjected to partial oxidation by bacteria.
Methane concentrations in some sediment cores from the Kodiak Shelf and adjacent continental slope increase with depth by three or four orders of magnitude and exceed the solubility in water at ambient conditions. Acoustic anomalies in seismic-reflection records imply that methane-rich sediment is widespread. Molecular composition of hydrocarbon gases and isotopic composition of methane indicate gas formation by shallow biogenic processes. Stratigraphic positions of acoustic anomalies in Quaternary glacial and posttransgressive sediments suggest that these units are likely sources of gas. A seep along the extension of a fault may be gas venting from a deeper thermogenic source.
","language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02463332","issn":"02760460","usgsCitation":"Hampton, M.A., and Kvenvolden, K., 1981, Geology and geochemistry of gas-charged sediment on Kodiak Shelf, Alaska: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 1, no. 2, p. 141-147, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02463332.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"147","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222691,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kodiak Shelf","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.5341796875,\n 58.876263846088314\n ],\n [\n -156.4892578125,\n 56.65622649350222\n ],\n [\n -157.8076171875,\n 56.00452420115398\n ],\n [\n -156.13769531249997,\n 54.36135760559306\n ],\n [\n -154.940185546875,\n 53.89786522246521\n ],\n [\n -148.853759765625,\n 57.16603560463154\n ],\n [\n -148.0517578125,\n 57.81550367239279\n ],\n [\n -152.5341796875,\n 58.876263846088314\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a22dae4b0c8380cd573c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hampton, M. A.","contributorId":103271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hampton","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kvenvolden, K.A.","contributorId":80674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012047,"text":"70012047 - 1981 - Geochemical evidence for modern sediment accumulation on the continental shelf off southern New England","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-05T10:29:23","indexId":"70012047","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical evidence for modern sediment accumulation on the continental shelf off southern New England","docAbstract":"An area of fine-grained sediment approximately 170 km x 74 km in size, located in water depths between 60 m and 150 m, south of Martha's Vineyard, Mass., is a site of modern sediment deposition. The 14C ages systematically increase with sediment depth from about 1,300 years B.P. at the surface to 8,000-10,000 years B.P. at the depth of maximum core penetration. The old age for the surface sediments probably results from a combination of deposition of old carbon and faunal mixing. In the finest sediments, the sedimentation rates were approximately 130 cm/1,000 yrs when deposition began and have decreased to about 25 cm/1,000 yrs. The decreasing sedimentation rate reflects a diminishing source of fine sediments, which presumably came from the Georges Bank and Nantucket Shoals area. Inventories of excess 210Pb in undisturbed cores average 70 dpm/cm2 (disintegrations per minute per square centimeter), more than two times higher than the flux of 210Pb from the atmosphere and from 226Ra decay in the overlying water. This additional influx of 210Pb either must be with new fine-grained sediment material or from solutions that are stripped of their 210Pb by particulates in the bottom nepheloid layer. Stable Pb concentrations in surface sediments are about 28 ppm, as much as two times higher than concentrations at depth. The high accumulation rates, 210Pb inventories, and trace-metal profiles imply that this area is a modern sink for fine-grained sediments and for pollutants associated with particulate matter in the water column. To our knowledge, this is the only site of present-day natural deposition on the Continental Shelf off the eastern United States, exclusive of the Gulf of Maine. Because the net currents on the outer half of this Continental Shelf flow from northeast to southwest, this fine-grained deposit may receive its sediments and possible contaminants from the Nantucket Shoals and Georges Bank regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"SEPM","doi":"10.1306/212F7C70-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D","issn":"00224472","usgsCitation":"Bothner, M., Spiker, E., Johnson, P.P., Rendigs, R., and Aruscavage, P.J., 1981, Geochemical evidence for modern sediment accumulation on the continental shelf off southern New England: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 51, no. 1, p. 281-292, https://doi.org/10.1306/212F7C70-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"292","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"New England","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.78466796874999,\n 39.308800296002914\n ],\n [\n -71.78466796874999,\n 41.03793062246529\n ],\n [\n -68.258056640625,\n 41.03793062246529\n ],\n [\n -68.258056640625,\n 39.308800296002914\n ],\n [\n -71.78466796874999,\n 39.308800296002914\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1630e4b0c8380cd550a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":362607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spiker, E.C.","contributorId":103275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spiker","given":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, P. P.","contributorId":64807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rendigs, R.R.","contributorId":50506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rendigs","given":"R.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Aruscavage, P. J.","contributorId":41411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aruscavage","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70012048,"text":"70012048 - 1981 - Flow through fractures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T12:34:17","indexId":"70012048","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flow through fractures","docAbstract":"Flow through fractures is often idealized as flow between two parallel plates (plane Poiseuille flow). The opening or aperture between parallel plates is unambiguous and its relation to flowrate is well known. However, fractures in rock have uneven walls and a variable aperture. A model for flow in a fracture is proposed wherein the fracture is represented by a set of parallel plate openings with different apertures. The model leads to a modified Poiseuille equation for flow which includes an aperture frequency distribution for the fracture. Any arbitrary aperture distribution can be used; in order to simplify computation and demonstrate the properties of the model a log normal form of distribution is assumed. Even when an analytical form of the distribution is assumed, two parameters, rather than a single value representing ‘aperture size’ are required to determine flowrate. Models of aperture change for a fracture undergoing compression (fracture walls deforming) and extension (fracture walls separating) are developed which constrain the additional parameter and allow calculation of flowrate as a function of mean aperture. The theoretical relationships developed between mean aperture and flowrate can be used to interpret published laboratory data for single fractures.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR017i001p00191","usgsCitation":"Neuzil, C., and Tracy, J.V., 1981, Flow through fractures: Water Resources Research, v. 17, no. 1, p. 191-199, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR017i001p00191.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"199","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1255e4b0c8380cd5427d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neuzil, C. E. 0000-0003-2022-4055","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2022-4055","contributorId":81078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuzil","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tracy, James V.","contributorId":52585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tracy","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012057,"text":"70012057 - 1981 - Magneto-stratigraphic studies in Neogene deposits of Taylor Valley and McMurdo Sound, Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-23T15:03:36.677421","indexId":"70012057","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2140,"text":"Journal Royal Society New Zealand","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magneto-stratigraphic studies in Neogene deposits of Taylor Valley and McMurdo Sound, Antarctica","docAbstract":"Magnetic polarity and susceptibility zonations obtained from drill cores have served to refine temporal correlations in glaciogenic sections cored in eastern Taylor Valley. The zonations have led to a better understanding of the glacial and structural history for an interval of time that extends from the late Miocene (about 7 m.y. ago) to perhaps near the end of the Pliocene (- 2.4 to 1.8 m.y.). However polarity data from a core drilled in McMurdo Sound (hole MSSTS-I) were found to be less useful. In this core, normal and reverse polarity deposits of Holocene, Pleistocene, and Pliocene age are nearly 40 m thick and appear to unconformably overlie strata assigned to the middle Miocene on the basis of a reworked fauna and flora. Gaps in the stratigraphic coverage of the Miocene strata, and two intervals in which the magnetisation post-dates deposition, however, have made development of a reliable polarity zonation impossible, and no firm correlation could be made with the magnetic polarity time scale.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/03036758.1981.10423337","usgsCitation":"Elston, D.P., and Bressler, S., 1981, Magneto-stratigraphic studies in Neogene deposits of Taylor Valley and McMurdo Sound, Antarctica: Journal Royal Society New Zealand, v. 11, no. 4, p. 481-486, https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.1981.10423337.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"481","endPage":"486","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487620,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.1981.10423337","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":221924,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b9ee4b0c8380cd6969e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elston, D. P.","contributorId":96334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elston","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bressler, S.L.","contributorId":40221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bressler","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012058,"text":"70012058 - 1981 - Small landslide types and controls in glacial deposits: Lower Skagit river drainage, northern cascade range, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:04","indexId":"70012058","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Small landslide types and controls in glacial deposits: Lower Skagit river drainage, northern cascade range, Washington","docAbstract":"Observations of 167 small, shallow landslides spanning a 22-year period on extensively logged slopes of Quaternary terraces in the lower Skagit and Baker Valleys, Washington, shows that there is a relationship between the common slope failures in this area and the slope angle, stratigraphy, and logging practices. Landslide frequency increases upvalley, as do mean annual precipitation and the frequency of perched water tables. Debris slides are most common, occur on steep slopes (>50%) composed of sand and gravel, and are most abundant in areas previously logged by the clear-cut method. Debris flows occur on shallower slopes (>30%) where the stratigraphy leads to perched water tables. Debris flows larger than 600 m2 in area appear to be unrelated to logging practices. Slump flows, described here for the first time, occur on similar slope angles and stratigraphic situations as debris flows. They differ mainly by the presence of semiconsolidated material, usually till, at the slide head. Where till is breached-commonly along road cuts-water infiltration is increased, saturating underlying fine-grained deposits, which then fail by debris flowage. Secondary slumping of till happens when the slope steepens during debris flow failure. Small landslides surrounding Lake Shannon may contribute up to 80% of the total particulate matter yield to the fluvial system at present, increasing lake sedimentation by a rate of 5 mm/yr. ?? 1981 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02473506","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Heller, P., 1981, Small landslide types and controls in glacial deposits: Lower Skagit river drainage, northern cascade range, Washington: Environmental Geology, v. 3, no. 4, p. 221-228, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02473506.","startPage":"221","endPage":"228","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205165,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02473506"},{"id":221925,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9183e4b08c986b31994f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heller, P.L.","contributorId":104131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heller","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012061,"text":"70012061 - 1981 - Fission-track dating of apatite and zircon: An interlaboratory comparison","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-06T20:20:22","indexId":"70012061","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2911,"text":"Nuclear Tracks","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fission-track dating of apatite and zircon: An interlaboratory comparison","docAbstract":"Apatite and zircon separates from the Fish Canyon Tuff (K-Ar age, 27.9??0.7 Myr), San Juan Mtns., Colorado, have been given to over 50 laboratories for fission-track dating. Nineteen laboratories have reported fission-track ages that they have determined for apatites. Nine laboratories have reported their analysis of the zircons. The principal difference between the results reported by the laboratories reflects their choice of the decay constant. The laboratories which use a value of ??f ??? 7.0 ?? 10-17 yr-1 for the spontaneous-fission decay constant of 238U, report an average age for the apatite of 28.5??0.7 Myr, and those using ??f ??? = 8.4 ?? 10-17 yr-1 report an average age of 23.6??1.0 Myr. The average fission-track age for the zircons is 28.4??0.7 Myr. Only laboratories which use ??f ??? 7.0 ?? 10-17 yr-1 reported zircon data. ?? 1981.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nuclear Tracks","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0191-278X(81)90027-5","issn":"0191278X","usgsCitation":"Naeser, C.W., Zimmermann, R., and Cebula, G., 1981, Fission-track dating of apatite and zircon: An interlaboratory comparison: Nuclear Tracks, v. 5, no. 1-2, p. 65-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-278X(81)90027-5.","startPage":"65","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268871,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-278X(81)90027-5"},{"id":221983,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a10c2e4b0c8380cd53dc6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zimmermann, R.A.","contributorId":106265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmermann","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cebula, G. T.","contributorId":11603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cebula","given":"G. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012062,"text":"70012062 - 1981 - An assessment of the accuracy of the geodetic measurements that define the southern California uplift","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T15:32:30.581549","indexId":"70012062","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An assessment of the accuracy of the geodetic measurements that define the southern California uplift","docAbstract":"Examination of the charge that the geodetic measurements which define the southern California uplift are seriously flawed by height-dependent systematic errors indicates that this charge is unfounded. Our review of those factors designed to minimize the effects of rod error shows that systematic errors attributable to rod miscalibration are trivial and would tend to cancel during the particularly pertinent period 1955–1965. Comparisons between the results of measurements in which the correlation between topography and signal is generally poor reveal large aseismic tilts in a number of places within and around the margins of the uplift. Especially significant in this context are the results of preuplift and postuplift levelings over routes characterized by diverse length, topography, and atmospheric conditions that produce closely matching, temporally equivalent heights for a representative bench mark within the uplift. Statistical analyses of the short-wavelength components of uplift signal and elevation along a frequently repeated survey line indicate variable correlations between the two. However, the spatial and temporal patterns of these correlations are inconsistent with their attribution to height-dependent systematic errors. Statistically significant short-wavelength correlations along this survey line are reasonably explained in part as due to real movement associated with differentially subsiding bench marks, and there is a strong likelihood that this movement tends to dominate many of the correlations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB04p02783","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Mark, R.K., Tinsley, J.C., Newman, E.B., Gilmore, T., and Castle, R.O., 1981, An assessment of the accuracy of the geodetic measurements that define the southern California uplift: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B4, p. 2783-2808, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB04p02783.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"2783","endPage":"2808","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":498944,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/jb086ib04p02783","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":221984,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea17e4b0c8380cd48617","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mark, R. K.","contributorId":32159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tinsley, J. C. III","contributorId":39777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinsley","given":"J.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Newman, E. B.","contributorId":52571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"E.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gilmore, T.D.","contributorId":55830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmore","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Castle, R. O.","contributorId":79880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castle","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70012064,"text":"70012064 - 1981 - Map projections for satellite tracking.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:04","indexId":"70012064","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Map projections for satellite tracking.","docAbstract":"New map projections to be used for plotting successive satellite groundtracks show these tracks as straight lines. The map may be made conformal along any 2 parallels of latitude between the limits of latitude reached by the groundtrack, or the 'tracking limits'. If these parallels are equidistant from the Equator, they may both be made true to scale, and a cylindrical projection results. If these parallels are not equidistant from the Equator, only one may be made true to scale, and a conic projection results. The groundtracks generally have sharp breaks at either tracking limit. If the tracking limit is one of the parallels at which the map is conformal, there is no break in the groundtrack, and the conic projection may approach (but cannot become) an azimuthal projection.-Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Snyder, J., 1981, Map projections for satellite tracking.: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 47, no. 2, p. 205-213.","startPage":"205","endPage":"213","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4d98e4b0c8380cd6a45c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, J.P.","contributorId":79235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012065,"text":"70012065 - 1981 - Differentiation of delta-front and barrier lithofacies of the Upper Cretaceous Pictured Cliffs Sandstone, southwest San Juan Basin, New Mexico.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:04","indexId":"70012065","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2789,"text":"Mountain Geologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differentiation of delta-front and barrier lithofacies of the Upper Cretaceous Pictured Cliffs Sandstone, southwest San Juan Basin, New Mexico.","docAbstract":"This Sandstone represents a regressive littoral marine unit deposited during the final retreat of the Cretaceous epeiric sea. Differences in rock type, internal and penecontemporaneous deformation structures, textural sequences, mineral composition and trace fossil content permit recognition of laterally contemporaneous delta-front and barrier lithofacies. The delta-front lithofacies consists of distal bar, distributary mouth bar, and distributary channel deposits. The barrier lithofacies consists of shoreface, beach, washover channel, tidal inlet, tidal channel, and ebb-tidal delta deposits; these lithofacies are coarsening-upward sequences of shale, siltstone and sandstone, locally scoured in the upper part by fining-upward channel deposits.-from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mountain Geologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0027254X","usgsCitation":"Flores, R.M., and Erpenbeck, M.F., 1981, Differentiation of delta-front and barrier lithofacies of the Upper Cretaceous Pictured Cliffs Sandstone, southwest San Juan Basin, New Mexico.: Mountain Geologist, v. 18, no. 2, p. 23-34.","startPage":"23","endPage":"34","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221987,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0109e4b0c8380cd4fa76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flores, R. M.","contributorId":106899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flores","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Erpenbeck, Michael F.","contributorId":46609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erpenbeck","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012071,"text":"70012071 - 1981 - Geodetic analysis of reservoir depletion at the Geyser steam field in northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T15:30:01.841029","indexId":"70012071","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geodetic analysis of reservoir depletion at the Geyser steam field in northern California","docAbstract":"Reservoir depletion at the Geysers from 1974 to 1977 is evident in measured changes in gravity, surface strain, and pore pressure drainage. The drainage area increased about 20%, the maximum gravity decrease was about −120 μGal, and the maximum elevation change was about 6 cm during this period. Since the net mass withdrawal is known, it may be combined with the gravity change to estimate a drainage volume. The maximum drainage volume is 25 km3. Because the depth of the caprock and extent of the pore pressure drainage is known, this volume limit implies that no significant mass withdrawal occurs below a depth of 4 km. The ratios of surface elevation changes to horizontal contraction coinciding with the drainage area imply an equant drainage geometry, assuming that fluid production produces negative dilatation. Using the same cylindrical geometry used to model the gravity, negative dilatational strain rates of 4 to 5 × 10−5/yr were found to produce the observed surface displacements. The likelihood of boiling in the system to produce steam combined with apparent large bulk moduli (from seismic velocities) and small pore pressure declines suggest that most of the reservoir contraction is due to cooling.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB07p06091","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Denlinger, R., Isherwood, W., and Kovach, R.L., 1981, Geodetic analysis of reservoir depletion at the Geyser steam field in northern California: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B7, p. 6091-6096, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB07p06091.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"6091","endPage":"6096","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222459,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1739e4b0c8380cd5542f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denlinger, R.P.","contributorId":49367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Isherwood, W.F.","contributorId":100123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isherwood","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kovach, R. L.","contributorId":21165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kovach","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012072,"text":"70012072 - 1981 - Paleoclimatic implications of Late Pleistocene marine ostracodes from the St. Lawrence lowlands.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-27T15:23:06","indexId":"70012072","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2735,"text":"Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoclimatic implications of Late Pleistocene marine ostracodes from the St. Lawrence lowlands.","docAbstract":"Using modern zoogeographic data and inferred temperature ranges for Champlain Sea ostracode species, bottom water paleotemperatures were estimated for three phases of deposition of this inland sea. The temporal distribution of these and other environmentally diagnostic species in Champlain Sea deposits reveals a significant local climatic change in the Champlain Valley from frigid/subfrigid to cold-temperate marine conditions about 11 000 to 10 600 yr BP. Oceanographic changes in the Champlain Sea are correlated with major deglaciation events recorded in the North Atlantic.-from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Micropaleontology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","issn":"00262803","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., 1981, Paleoclimatic implications of Late Pleistocene marine ostracodes from the St. Lawrence lowlands.: Micropaleontology, v. 27, no. 4, p. 384-418.","startPage":"384","endPage":"418","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222515,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268481,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://micropal.geoscienceworld.org/content/27/4/384.full.pdf+html"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73c9e4b0c8380cd77246","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":362661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012074,"text":"70012074 - 1981 - Two-mica granites of northeastern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T15:28:04.357453","indexId":"70012074","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Two-mica granites of northeastern Nevada","docAbstract":"The field settings are described and analytical data are presented for six two-mica granites from north-eastern Nevada. High δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr values indicate that all are S-type granites, derived from continental crust. The major element chemistry and accessory mineral contents of these rocks also are characteristic of S-type granites. Chemical, X ray, and other data are presented for the micas recovered from these granites. The muscovites are notably high in Fe2O3, FeO, and MgO. Except for one hydrobiotite, each of the biotites has an MgO content near 6.0 weight percent. Two different types of two-mica granites are recognized in the area of this study. One type is distinguished by the presence of many biotite euhedra within muscovite phenocrysts and by an unusual suite of accessory minerals completely devoid of opaque oxides. This type probably resulted from anatexis of late Precambrian argillites under conditions of relatively low oxygen fugacity, along a line that roughly coincides with the westward disappearance of continental basement. In the other textural type of two-mica granite the micas are equigranular and there is a greater variety of accessory minerals. The magmatic evolution of this type also appears to reflect the influence of late Precambrian argillites; there may be age differences between the two types of two-mica granites.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB11p10607","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lee, D.E., Kistler, R.W., Friedman, I., and Van Loenen, R.E., 1981, Two-mica granites of northeastern Nevada: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B11, p. 10607-10616, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB11p10607.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"10607","endPage":"10616","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222517,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb99ee4b08c986b327cc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, D. E.","contributorId":96705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kistler, R. W.","contributorId":36112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kistler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Friedman, I.","contributorId":95596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Van Loenen, R. E.","contributorId":99130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Loenen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012077,"text":"70012077 - 1981 - Rank of coal beds of the Narragansett basin, Massachusetts and Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-24T01:42:56.756496","indexId":"70012077","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rank of coal beds of the Narragansett basin, Massachusetts and Rhode Island","docAbstract":"Coal of the Narragansett basin generally has been considered to be anthracite and/or meta-anthracite. However, no single reliable method has been used to distinguish these two ranks in this basin. Three methods — chemical, X-ray, and petrographic — have been used with some degree of success on coal of the Narragansett basin, but too often the results are in conflict. Chemical methods have been limited by inadequate sampling on a coal-bed-by-coal-bed basis and by a lack of analyses made according to (American Society for Testing and Materials, 1974) standard specifications.
In addition, when corrections are made by using the Parr formulas, as required by the ASTM (1974) procedures, the generally high to very high ash content of coal from the Narragansett basin causes the fixed-carbon content to appear higher than it actually is. X-ray methods using the degree of graphitization as a measure of rank are not reliable because some of the graphite is related to shearing and brecciation associated with folding and faulting. Petrographic methods using reflectance on vitrinite give results that are generally consistent with results from chemical determinations. However, it is not clear whether the mean maximum reflectance or mean bireflectance is a better indicator of similar rank of such high-rank coals that have been structurally deformed.
Coal from the Cranston Mine, RI, is probably meta-anthracite and coal from the Portsmouth Mine is probably anthracite. These ranks are based on chemical,X-ray, and petrographic data and are supported by associated metamorphic mineral assemblages that indicate that the Cranston Mine is in a higher metamorphic zone than the zone containing the Porthmouth Mine. Interpretation of the rank of Mansfield, MA, coal on the basis of extant chemical data is difficult because it is an impure coal with an ash content of 33 to 50%. Reflectance data indicate that the Mansfield, Foxborough, and Plainville coals in the northern part of the Narragansett basin are meta-anthracite but this is in disagreement with the rank suggested by the low degree of metamorphism of the associated rocks.
Oil exploration commenced onshore adjacent to lower Cook Inlet on the Iniskin Peninsula in 1900, shifted with considerable success to upper Cook Inlet from 1957 through 1965, then returned to lower Cook Inlet in 1977 with the COST well and Federal OCS sale. Lower Cook Inlet COST No. 1 well, drilled to a total depth of 3,775.6 m, penetrated basinwide unconformities at the tops of Upper Cretaceous, Lower Cretaceous, and Upper Jurassic strata at 797.1, 1,540.8, and 2,112.3 m, respectively. Sandstone of potential reservoir quality is present in the Cretaceous and lower Tertiary rocks. All siltstones and shales analyzed are low (0 to 0.5 wt. %) in oil-prone organic matter, and only coals are high in humic organic matter. At total depth, vitrinite readings reached a maximum ave age reflectance of 0.65. Several indications of hydrocarbons were present.
Oil analyses suggest that oils from the major fields of the Cook Inlet region, most of which produce from the Tertiary Hemlock Conglomerate, have a common source. More detailed work on stable carbon isotope ratios and the distribution of gasoline-range and heavy (C12+) hydrocarbons confirms this genetic relation among the major fields. In addition, oils from Jurassic rocks under the Iniskin Peninsula and from the Hemlock Conglomerate at the southwestern tip of the Kenai lowland are members of the same or a very similar oil family. The Middle Jurassic strata of the Iniskin Peninsula are moderately rich in organic carbon (0.5 to 1.5 wt. %) and yield shows of oil and of gas in wells and in surface seeps. Extractable hydrocarbons from this strata are similar in chemi al and isotopic composition to the Cook Inlet oils. Organic matter in Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks is thermally immature in all wells analyzed.
Oil reservoirs in the major producing fields are of Tertiary age and unconformably overlie Jurassic rocks; the pre-Tertiary unconformity may be significant in exploration for new oil reserves. The unconformable relation between reservoir rocks and likely Middle Jurassic source rocks also implies a delay in the generation and expulsion of oil from Jurassic until late Tertiary when localized basin subsidence and thick sedimentary fill brought older, deeper rocks to the temperature required for petroleum generation. Reservoir porosities, crude oil properties, the type of oil field traps, and the tectonic framework of the oil fields on the west flank of the basin provide evidence used to reconstruct an oil migration route. The route is inferred to commence deep in the truncated Middle Jur ssic rocks and pass through the porous West Foreland Formation in the McArthur River field area to a stratigraphic trap in the Oligocene Hemlock Conglomerate and the Oligocene part of the Tyonek Formation at the end of Miocene time. Pliocene deformation shut off this route and created localized structural traps, into which the oil moved by secondary migration to form the Middle Ground Shoal, McArthur River, and Trading Bay oil fields. Oil generation continued into the Pliocene, but this higher API gravity oil migrated along a different route to the Granite Point field.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","doi":"10.1306/03B59454-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Magoon, L.B., and Claypool, G.E., 1981, Petroleum geology of Cook Inlet basin: An exploration model: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, no. 6, p. 1043-1061, https://doi.org/10.1306/03B59454-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1043","endPage":"1061","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222699,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook Inlet basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.92146829940893,\n 61.57910808828149\n ],\n [\n -154.38862154156922,\n 61.57910808828149\n ],\n [\n -154.38862154156922,\n 59.23558526268536\n ],\n [\n -148.92146829940893,\n 59.23558526268536\n ],\n [\n -148.92146829940893,\n 61.57910808828149\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a77d4e4b0c8380cd785a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Magoon, Leslie B. lmagoon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magoon","given":"Leslie","email":"lmagoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":362708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Claypool, George E.","contributorId":76312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claypool","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012092,"text":"70012092 - 1981 - Downhole measurements and fluid chemistry of a castle rock steam well, the Geysers, Lake County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-19T18:26:09.776274","indexId":"70012092","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Downhole measurements and fluid chemistry of a castle rock steam well, the Geysers, Lake County, California","docAbstract":"Wellbore and reservoir processes in a steam well in the Castle Rock field of The Geysers have been studied by means of down-hole pressure and temperature measurements and analyses of ejected water and steam produced under bleed and full flow. Down-hole measurements show that below a vapor zone there is liquid water in the well in pressure equilibrium with reservoir steam at a depth of 2290 m. The progressive decreases, from 1973 to 1977, of pressure and temperature in the vapor zone indicate that wellbore heat loss is high enough to condense a large fraction of the steam inflow. The chemical composition of water ejected from the well is consistent with an origin from wellbore condensation of steam. Calculations using the differences in gas and isotopic compositions between bleed and full-flow steam show that about half of the full-flow steam originated as liquid water in the reservoir and that about 30% of the steam entering the well under bleed was condensed in the wellbore and drained downward. Heat loss calculations are also consistent with this amount of condensation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(81)90016-X","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Truesdell, A., Nathenson, M., and Frye, G., 1981, Downhole measurements and fluid chemistry of a castle rock steam well, the Geysers, Lake County, California: Geothermics, v. 10, no. 2, p. 103-114, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(81)90016-X.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"114","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480571,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc875700/","text":"External Repository"},{"id":222761,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a03b1e4b0c8380cd505f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Truesdell, A.H.","contributorId":52566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truesdell","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":362711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nathenson, M.","contributorId":46632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nathenson","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frye, G.A.","contributorId":34268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frye","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012093,"text":"70012093 - 1981 - Search for high-calcium limestone in Silurian reefs of northern Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T01:46:11.813694","indexId":"70012093","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Search for high-calcium limestone in Silurian reefs of northern Indiana","docAbstract":"During Silurian time, the Indiana part of the Wabash Platform was a shallow-water area between the proto-lllinois and pro-to-Michigan Basins and a site of growth of hundreds, or perhaps thousands, of reefs. Today, most reefs of northern Indiana are dolomite, but some are dolomitic limestone, and a few are limestone of high purity in deposits that can be mined by open-pit methods.
Four of the five generations of reefs of Silurian age in the Great Lakes area have been recognized in northern Indiana. All known oldest-generation reefs in Indiana (second-generation in the Great Lakes area) are dolomitic. A reef in Carroll County containing commercial amounts of high-calcium limestone is the next oldest (third generation), with roots in basal Louisville limestone, and a limestone reef of similar size in Grant County is of a younger (fourth) generation, with its roots in upper Louisville limestone and dolomite. Numerous slightly younger reefs with mostly mixed dolomitic-calcitic compositions are also of this generation, but all known examples are too small to be commercially important. One small limestone reef has been found in the youngest (fifth) generation, with roots in limestone of the Kokomo Limestone Member of the Salina Formation.
All known limestone reefs are restricted to an area of six counties in north-central Indiana, although no apparent depositional environment as revealed from study of surrounding inter-reef rocks has been found to account for any restriction. Dolomitization is more likely related to the textures and lithologies of the individual reefs.
Transient pulse testing has been employed increasingly in the laboratory to measure the hydraulic properties of rock samples with low permeability. Several investigators have proposed a mathematical model in terms of an initial-boundary value problem to describe fluid flow in a transient pulse test. However, the solution of this problem has not been available. In analyzing data from the transient pulse test, previous investigators have either employed analytical solutions that are derived with the use of additional, restrictive assumptions, or have resorted to numerical methods. In Part I of this paper, a general, analytical solution for the transient pulse test is presented. This solution is graphically illustrated by plots of dimensionless variables for several cases of interest. The solution is shown to contain, as limiting cases, the more restrictive analytical solutions that the previous investigators have derived. A method of computing both the permeability and specific storage of the test sample from experimental data will be presented in Part II.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0148-9062(81)90979-7","issn":"01489062","usgsCitation":"Hsieh, P.A., Tracy, J., Neuzil, C., Bredehoeft, J., and Silliman, S.E., 1981, A transient laboratory method for determining the hydraulic properties of 'tight' rocks-I. Theory: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, v. 18, no. 3, p. 245-252, https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(81)90979-7.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"252","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222764,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265947,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(81)90979-7"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e604e4b0c8380cd470d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hsieh, P. A.","contributorId":40596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tracy, J.V.","contributorId":56647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tracy","given":"J.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Neuzil, C. E. 0000-0003-2022-4055","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2022-4055","contributorId":81078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuzil","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bredehoeft, J.D.","contributorId":12836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bredehoeft","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Silliman, Stephen E.","contributorId":72130,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Silliman","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70012096,"text":"70012096 - 1981 - Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to characterize organic matter and its relationship to uranium content of Appalachian Devonian black shales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T10:56:02.915724","indexId":"70012096","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to characterize organic matter and its relationship to uranium content of Appalachian Devonian black shales","docAbstract":"Gas Chromatographic analysis of volatile products formed by stepwise pyrolysis of black shales can be used to characterize the kerogen by relating it to separated, identified precursors such as land-derived vitrinite and marine-source Tasmanites. Analysis of a Tasmanites sample shows exclusively
The morphology and distribution of ridges and scarps on Mars in the ± 30° latitude belt were investigated. Two distinct types of ridges were recognized. The first is long and linear, resembling mare ridges on the Moon; it occurs mostly in plains areas. The other is composed of short, anastomosing segments and occurs mostly in ancient cratered terrain and intervening plateaus. Where ridges are eroded, landscape configurations suggest that they are located along regional structures. The age of ridges is uncertain, but some are as young as the latest documented volcanic activity on Mars. The origins of ridges are probably diverse-they may result from wrinkling due to compression or from buckling due to settling over subsurface structures. The similar morphologic expressions of ridge types of various origins may be related to a similar deformation mechanism caused by two main factors: (1) most ridges are developed in thick layers of competent material and (2) ridges formed under stresses near a free surface.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Moon and the Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00896907","issn":"01650807","usgsCitation":"Lucchitta, B.K., and Klockenbrink, J., 1981, Ridges and scarps in the equatorial belt of Mars: The Moon and the Planets, v. 24, no. 4, p. 415-429, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00896907.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"429","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":205141,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00896907"},{"id":221800,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad62e4b0c8380cd86ebf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucchitta, Baerbel K. blucchitta@usgs.gov","contributorId":3649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchitta","given":"Baerbel","email":"blucchitta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":362721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klockenbrink, J.L.","contributorId":69644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klockenbrink","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012098,"text":"70012098 - 1981 - Strain accumulation across the Denali fault in the Delta River canyon, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T15:34:22.644074","indexId":"70012098","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strain accumulation across the Denali fault in the Delta River canyon, Alaska","docAbstract":"Deformation along the Denali fault in the Delta River canyon was determined from geodetic surveys in 1941/1942, 1970, 1975, and 1979. The data were best for the 1975–1979 interval; in that period the average strain accumulation was essentially pure right lateral shear at a rate of 0.6 ± 0.1 μrad/a (a is years) (engineering shear) across a vertical plane striking N87°E. The plane of maximum shear is rotated about 30° counterclockwise from the local strike of the Denali fault but closely coincides with the strike of a major linear segment of the fault that begins 50 km farther west. The deformation between 1941/1942 and 1970 is consistent with a similar rate of strain accumulation if one removes the coseismic strain step contributed by the 1964 Alaska earthquake. The 1970–1975 deformation is poorly defined owing to uncertainties in the 1970 survey, but the strain accumulation during that period is certainly much less than during the 1975–1979 interval. The 1975–1979 strain accumulation is interpreted by means of a dislocation model which suggests that the Denali fault in the vicinity of the Delta River Canyon behaves as a leaky transform fault (i.e., a source of spreading as well as lateral slip). The block south of the Denali fault appears to be moving westward (parallel to the strike of the Denali fault west of the 147th meridian) at the rate of about 20 mm/a relative to the North American plate. Because the linear segment of the Denali fault east of the 147th meridian (along which the geodetic network is located) strikes N63°W, accommodation of the westward motion of the southern block requires some spreading within the fault zone as well as right lateral slip on the fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB02p01005","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., Lisowski, M., and Prescott, W., 1981, Strain accumulation across the Denali fault in the Delta River canyon, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B2, p. 1005-1014, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB02p01005.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1005","endPage":"1014","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221801,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b988fe4b08c986b31c099","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012104,"text":"70012104 - 1981 - Jasperoid float and stream cobbles as tools in geochemical exploration for hydrothermal ore deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-09T16:24:26.983421","indexId":"70012104","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Jasperoid float and stream cobbles as tools in geochemical exploration for hydrothermal ore deposits","docAbstract":"Fragments of silicified rocks that are associated with deposits of base and precious metals may be transported as cobbles and pebbles in alluvium far downstream from the source outcrop. These rocks commonly exhibit certain characteristics which distinguish them from other detrital siliceous material, and may thus serve as a useful tool in reconnaissance geochemical exploration.
The predominant characteristics of jasperoid samples, classified according to genesis, type of host rock, and proximity to base and precious metal deposits have been tabulated from a large master file containing descriptive and analytical information on jasperoid samples representing more than a hundred areas in the United States.
Jasperoid that is genetically and spatially associated with ore deposits is generally dark gray or brown in color, brecciated, phaneritic, and vuggy. Jasperoids associated with lead and zinc deposits exhibit extensive halos of lead and silver anomalies, and more restricted zinc and gold anomalies. Those related to copper deposits show extensive copper, silver, and gold anomalies, and more restricted bismuth and molybdenum anomalies. Jasperoid related to gold deposits tends to exhibit extensive gold and silver anomalies and more restricted titanium, barium, vanadium, molybdenum, and rare-earth element anomalies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(81)90104-7","usgsCitation":"Lovering, T., 1981, Jasperoid float and stream cobbles as tools in geochemical exploration for hydrothermal ore deposits: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 14, p. 69-81, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(81)90104-7.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"81","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221868,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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central New York that is characterized by high algal productivity and concentrated deposits of freshwater manganese nodules. Budgets for Mn in the lake and its tributaries show a net loss of 23 metric tons of manganese within the lake per year with ???95% deposited in manganese nodules and the rest incorporated in the sediments. Erosion of nodules in the shallow well-oxygenated central part of the lake produces fragments of nodules as well as Mn-coated sand grains that are transported to adjacent deeper, more reducing parts of the lake where they sink into the anoxic sediments and MnO2 is reduced to Mn2+. This produces a high concentration of Mn2+ in the pore waters of these sediments and Mn2+ diffuses back into the water column. Growth of manganese nodules in Oneida Lake is characterized by periods of rapid accretion (> 1 mm 100 yr.) alternating with periods of no-growth or erosion. Rapid growth of nodules may be aided by the stripping of Mn from the water column by algae and bacteria. In addition, the high algal productivity of Oneida Lake produces a high-pH high-oxygen environment during the summer months that is maintained throughout the water column in the central part of the lake by almost continuous wind mixing. Thus, the cycle of Mn within the lake involves an interaction of the weather, the biota, the sediments, the nodules, and Mn dissolved in the lake and interstitial waters. ?? 1981.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(81)90071-1","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Dean, W., Moore, W., and Nealson, K., 1981, Manganese cycles and the origin of manganese nodules, Oneida Lake, New York, U.S.A.: Chemical Geology, v. 34, no. 1-2, p. 53-64, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(81)90071-1.","startPage":"53","endPage":"64","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221928,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266124,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(81)90071-1"}],"volume":"34","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4cabe4b0c8380cd69e02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, W.E.","contributorId":97099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, W.S.","contributorId":90875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nealson, K.H.","contributorId":38284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nealson","given":"K.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012106,"text":"70012106 - 1981 - Ne matrix spectra of the sym-C6Br3F3+ radical cation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-12T21:20:50","indexId":"70012106","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1215,"text":"Chemical Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ne matrix spectra of the sym-C6Br3F3+ radical cation","docAbstract":"The electronic absorption and laser excited, wavelength resolved fluorescence spectra of the title cation have been observed in solid Ne matrix and vibrationally analysed. The vibrational structure of the excited B2A2??? state shows close similarity to the parent compound. The X2E??? ground state structure is strongly perturbed and irregular owing to a large Jahn-Teller distortion. The data are analysed in terms of a recently developed, sophisticated multimode Jahn-Teller theoretical model. We have generated the sym-C6Br3F3+ cations in solid Ne matrix and obtained their wavelength resolved emission and absorption spectra. T ground electronic X2E??? state exhibits an irregular and strongly perturbed vibrational structure, which can be successfully modeled using sophisticated multimode Jahn-Teller theory. ?? 1981.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Physics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0301-0104(81)85043-4","issn":"03010104","usgsCitation":"Bondybey, V., Sears, T., Miller, T., Vaughn, C., English, J., and Shiley, R., 1981, Ne matrix spectra of the sym-C6Br3F3+ radical cation: Chemical Physics, v. 61, no. 1-2, p. 9-16, https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0104(81)85043-4.","startPage":"9","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221929,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269232,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0104(81)85043-4"}],"volume":"61","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63c7e4b0c8380cd726b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bondybey, V.E.","contributorId":74879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bondybey","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sears, T.J.","contributorId":51912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sears","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, T.A.","contributorId":49926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vaughn, C.","contributorId":23689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaughn","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"English, J.H.","contributorId":28746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"English","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shiley, R.S.","contributorId":37899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shiley","given":"R.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}