No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00085a606","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"McKnight, D.M., Feder, G.L., and Stiles, E., 1981, Toxicity of volcanic-ash leachate to a blue-green alga. Results of a preliminary bioassay experiment: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 15, no. 3, p. 362-364, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00085a606.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"362","endPage":"364","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221689,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Richland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.27527640950927,\n 46.366754995561195\n ],\n [\n -119.26771599732572,\n 46.32259344833176\n ],\n [\n -119.29214194437992,\n 46.3081328300195\n ],\n [\n -119.35029896117543,\n 46.30732935029394\n ],\n [\n -119.3636750750384,\n 46.30411531345209\n ],\n [\n -119.33808598764833,\n 46.286434737709214\n ],\n [\n -119.31773103177002,\n 46.264325990490676\n ],\n [\n -119.28981566370814,\n 46.246632570492636\n ],\n [\n -119.20897741036228,\n 46.226519481796004\n ],\n [\n -119.15430981457445,\n 46.217264985444984\n ],\n [\n -119.13918899020763,\n 46.21565534857899\n ],\n [\n -119.13162857802436,\n 46.23295647225717\n ],\n [\n -119.19327501582752,\n 46.2430127585813\n ],\n [\n -119.23107707674471,\n 46.26714032641877\n ],\n [\n -119.25724773430245,\n 46.27678838126897\n ],\n [\n -119.25841087463834,\n 46.28362139252266\n ],\n [\n -119.21479311204172,\n 46.28964981243578\n ],\n [\n -119.23107707674471,\n 46.32018361063953\n ],\n [\n -119.23165864691265,\n 46.34668598746103\n ],\n [\n -119.24677947127947,\n 46.36755760257711\n ],\n [\n -119.27527640950927,\n 46.366754995561195\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-07-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb620e4b08c986b326a93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":361824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feder, G. L.","contributorId":79508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feder","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stiles, E.A.","contributorId":42353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stiles","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011726,"text":"70011726 - 1981 - Strain accumulation in southern California, 1973-1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T16:23:40.126421","indexId":"70011726","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strain accumulation in southern California, 1973-1980","docAbstract":"Frequent surveys of seven trilateration networks in southern California over the interval 1973–1980 suggest that a regional increment in strain may have occurred in 1978–1979. Prior to 1978 and after late 1979 the strain accumulation has been predominantly a uniaxial north-south compression. This secular trend was interrupted sometime in 1978–1979 by an increment in both north-south and east-west extension in five of the seven networks. The onset of this change appears to have occurred first in the networks farthest south. The changes occurred without any unusual seismicity within the networks, but the overall seismicity in southern California was unusually low prior to and has been unusually high since the occurrence. The average principal strain rates for the seven networks in the 1973–1980 interval are 0.17 μstrain/yr north-south contraction and 0.08 μstrain/yr east-west extension. Although the observed increment in strain could be related to unidentified systematic error in the measuring system, a careful review of the measurements and comparisons with three other measuring systems reveal no appreciable cumulative systematic error.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB08p06991","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., Prescott, W., Lisowski, M., and King, N., 1981, Strain accumulation in southern California, 1973-1980: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B8, p. 6991-7001, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB08p06991.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"6991","endPage":"7001","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221686,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9895e4b08c986b31c0ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"King, N.E.","contributorId":29950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70011718,"text":"70011718 - 1981 - Determination of tetraalkyllead compounds in gasoline by liquid chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-10T17:37:45.47589","indexId":"70011718","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of tetraalkyllead compounds in gasoline by liquid chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry","docAbstract":"A liquid chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry (LC-AAS) hybrid analytical technique is presented for metal speciation measurements on complex liquid samples. The versatility and inherent metal selectivity of the technique are Illustrated by the rapid determination of five tetraalkyllead compounds in commercial gasoline. Separation of the individual tetraalkyllead species is achieved by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using an acetonitrile/water mobile phase. The effluent from the liquid Chromatograph is introduced directly into the aspiration uptake capillary of the nebulizer of an air/acetylene flame atomic absorption spectrometer. Spectral interferences due to coeluting hydrocarbon matrix constituents were not observed at the 283.3-nm resonance line of lead used for analysis. Detection limits of this LC-AAS hydrid analytical technique, based on a 20-μL injection, are approximately 10 ng Pb for each tetraalkyllead compound.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac00234a020","usgsCitation":"Messman, J.D., and Rains, T.C., 1981, Determination of tetraalkyllead compounds in gasoline by liquid chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry: Analytical Chemistry, v. 53, no. 11, p. 1632-1636, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00234a020.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1632","endPage":"1636","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221540,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffcde4b0c8380cd4f3e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Messman, J. D.","contributorId":105855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Messman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rains, T. C.","contributorId":38281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rains","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011776,"text":"70011776 - 1981 - Rates and possible causes of neotectonic vertical crustal movements of the emerged southeastern United States Atlantic coastal plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T12:06:39.171354","indexId":"70011776","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rates and possible causes of neotectonic vertical crustal movements of the emerged southeastern United States Atlantic coastal plain","docAbstract":"Emerged Pliocene and Pleistocene shorelines and associated marine deposits were used to determine the magnitude and rate of vertical crustal movement during the past 3 m.y. in the United States Atlantic Coastal Plain of South and North Carolina. On the basis of a new regional ostracode assemblage zonation, planktic biostratigraphic data, and radiometric data, emerged marine deposits were determined to be primarily interglacial and can tentatively be correlated with hemispheric warm intervals in evidence from deep-sea data.
The paleontologic evidence indicates a primary glacio-eustatic component to the local sea-level record and a secondary tectonic component. Net vertical uplift rates averaging 1 to 3 cm/1,000 yr, but perhaps as high as 5 to 10 cm/1,000 yr, are in evidence for the emerged Coastal Plain. Although details of the timing of regional rheological events remain obscure, the trend of net uplift contrasts with general subsidence rates of about 2 to 4 cm/1,000 yr since the Cretaceous in submerged parts of the continental margin near subsiding sedimentary troughs. Hydro-isostatic crustal response to multiple deglaciation events may have periodically uplifted the coast, but long-term lithospheric flexural upwarping in response to sediment loading offshore is a more plausible mechanism to explain the present positions of shorelines above present mean sea level. A eustatic sea-level model is proposed for interglacial high stands of the past 3.0 m.y.
Upper Cretaceous (Campanian and Maestrichtian) marine strata of the Rosario Group in the San Diego area include the Point Loma Formation and overlying Cabrillo Formation. These units contain six facies associations: (1) shelf and lagoonal sandstone, (2) slope and basin-plain(?) mudstone, (3) outer-fan lobe sandstone, (4) middle-fan channel-fill sandstone, (5) middle-and inner-fan interchannel and channel-margin thin-bedded turbidites and mudstone, and (6) inner-fan channel-fill conglomerate and sandstone.
The facies associations define a deep-sea fan deposited by westward-flowing sediment gravity flows that transported sediments derived chiefly from batholithic and prebatholithic metamorphic rocks of the Peninsular Ranges. The sedimentary basin initially deepened abruptly, partly aided by eustatic sea-level rise. The fan then prograded westward into the basin, with a retrogradational phase recorded in the uppermost part of the sequence, which is erosionally truncated by transgressive lower Eocene conglomerate.
The fan was deposited along the eastern edge of a forearc basin similar to that of the Great Valley sequence in northern California. The western part of the fan, which probably contained mostly outer-fan lobe and associated basin-plain deposits, appears to have been truncated by late Cenozoic strike-slip faulting associated with the San Andreas fault system. The fan and remnants of the western part of the basin and associated subduction complex may be present on the northwest in the Channel Islands region or still farther north.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/03B59495-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Nilsen, T.H., and Abbott, P.L., 1981, Paleogeography and sedimentology of Upper Cretaceous turbidites, San Diego, California: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, no. 7, p. 1256-1284, https://doi.org/10.1306/03B59495-16D1-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"1256","endPage":"1284","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221612,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Diego","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.11130817421397,\n 32.67885906592478\n ],\n [\n -117.17918001960804,\n 32.86908391672556\n ],\n [\n -117.31295641053002,\n 32.85503774104116\n ],\n [\n -117.25492106446796,\n 32.652360799582254\n ],\n [\n -117.11130817421397,\n 32.67885906592478\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73f1e4b0c8380cd77337","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nilsen, T. H.","contributorId":93057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nilsen","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abbott, P. L.","contributorId":14115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011759,"text":"70011759 - 1981 - Radial outflow and unsteady retreat of late Wisconsin to early Holocene icecap in the northern Long Range upland, Newfoundland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T12:09:08.176146","indexId":"70011759","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radial outflow and unsteady retreat of late Wisconsin to early Holocene icecap in the northern Long Range upland, Newfoundland","docAbstract":"A swampy very low-relief drift terrain along the medial zone of the northern Long Range Mountains passes outward into fresh glacially eroded bed rock of low to moderate relief. Striations, crescentic gouges, lunate fractures, streamlined stoss-and-ice surfaces, erratics, and other evidence in the upland abundantly reveal radial outflow from a late-glacial icecap that was centered over the Long Range and discharged through peripheral fjord-like valleys to coastal lowlands. A discontinuous belt of moraines and concentrated boulders delineates a still-stand or readvance after the icecap had retreated entirely to the upland and was about 50 km broad. Relatively thick till and an abundance of boulders in the medial low-relief zone suggest that after further contraction to 10 to 15 km wide, the icecap contracted rather slowly. These upland moraines may correlate with cool intervals 11,000 to 9,000 yr ago in the oxygen-isotope record of the ice core from Camp Century, Greenland, or with glacier advances 9,000 to 8,000 yr ago in Greenland and the Canadian Arctic.
The Fraunhofer line discriminator (FLD), an airborne electro-optical instrument designed to measure solar-stimulated luminescence, has a sensitivity approaching that of current laboratory fluorescence spectrometers. The feasibility of using an airborne FLD for detection of near-coastal and open-ocean phytoplankton was established by using a laboratory fluorescence spectrometer to measure the luminescence of phytoplankton and to determine the minimum concentration detectable with an FLD
\nLaboratory measurements of the excitation spectra of 13 species of phytoplankton (six diatoms, five dinoflagellates and two chrysophytes) were obtained with the emission wavelength held constant at 656.3 nm and the excitation wavelength scanned from 320 to 640 nm. Integrated excitation intensities were normalized to a standard concentration of rhodamine wt dye and the resulting luminescence compared to the minimum detectable FLD level of 0.12 parts per billion (p.p.b.) rhodamine wt. Results demonstrated that all 13 species would be detectable with an FLD at concentrations of 10.0 and 5.0 μg/1 of chlorophyll a and that only one would not be detectable at a chlorophyll a concentration of 1.0 μg/1.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/01431168108948341","issn":"01431161","usgsCitation":"Watson, R.D., Theisen, A.F., and Prezelin, B.B., 1981, Use of laboratory spectrometry to predict the detection of phytoplankton luminescence by an airborne Fraunhofer line discriminator: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 2, no. 1, p. 61-70, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431168108948341.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"70","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-08-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf33e4b08c986b3299fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watson, Robert D.","contributorId":62605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":361892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Theisen, Arnold F.","contributorId":12052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theisen","given":"Arnold","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":361891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prezelin, Barbara B.","contributorId":33057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prezelin","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030355,"text":"70030355 - 1981 - Simulation model of Skeletonema costatum population dynamics in northern San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-12T17:04:25.404413","indexId":"70030355","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Simulation model of Skeletonema costatum population dynamics in northern San Francisco Bay, California","title":"Simulation model of Skeletonema costatum population dynamics in northern San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"A pseudo-two-dimensional model is developed to simulate population dynamics of one dominant phytoplankton species (Skeletonema costatum) in northern San Francisco Bay. The model is formulated around a conceptualization of this estuary as two distinct but coupled subsystems—a deep (10–20 m) central channel and lateral areas with shallow (<2 m) water and slow circulation. Algal growth rates are governed by solar irradiation, temperature and salinity, while population losses are assumed to result from grazing bycalanoid copepods. Consequences of estuarine gravitational circulation are approximated simply by reducing convective-dispersive transport in that section of the channel (null zone) where residual bottom currents are near zero, and lateral mixing is treated as a bulkexchange process between the channel and the shoals.
Model output is consistent with the hypothesis that, because planktonic algae are light-limited, shallow areas are the sites of active population growth. Seasonal variation in the location of the null zone (a response to variable river discharge) is responsible for maintaining the spring bloom of neritic diatoms in the seaward reaches of the estuary (San Pablo Bay) and the summer bloom upstream (Suisun Bay). Model output suggests that these spring and summer blooms result from the same general process—establishment of populations over the shoals, where growth rates are rapid, coupled with reduced particulate transport due to estuarine gravitational circulation. It also suggests, however, that the relative importance of physical and biological processes to phytoplankton dynamics is different in San Pablo and Suisun Bays. Finally, the model has helped us determine those processes having sufficient importance to merit further refinement in the next generation of models, and it has given new direction to field studies.
Although lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were considered extinct in Lake Michigan by the mid 1950's, control of the parasitic sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and extensive restocking resulted in an abundance of hatchery-produced lake trout in the lake by the early 1970's. However, no naturally produced yearling or older lake trout have been found in the lake during nearly a decade of assessment sampling. Among the numerous hypotheses proposed to account for this apparent reproductive failure of the planted lake trout, a frequently suggested cause is the well-documented contamination of the fish by toxic substances such as DDT and its metabolites, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) at concentrations reported as adversely affecting the hatching of eggs and survival of larval fish. However, manually stripped and fertilized eggs of Lake Michigan lake trout have hatched successfully and the fry have survived normally under a variety of hatchery conditions. This observation led to studies at the Great Lakes Fishery Laboratory on the performance and survival of fry hatched from eggs of Lake Michigan lake trout and exposed for 6 months to PCB's (Aroclor 1254) and DDE at concentrations similar to those present in offshore waters and zooplankton of Lake Michigan (10.0 ng/L PCB's and 1.0 ng/L DDE in water; 1.0 μg/g PCB's and 0.1 μg/g DDE in food), and at concentrations 5 and 25 times higher. Cumulative mortality of the fry exposed to simulated Lake Michigan levels of PCB's and DDE for 6 months was 40.7% — nearly twice that of unexposed (control) fry — and mortality at the highest exposure level was 46.5%. Evaluation of the growth, swimming performance, predator avoidance, temperature preference, and metabolism of the fry showed no significant effects attributable to exposure to PCB's and DDE, except for a lowering of preferred temperature at the highest (25x) exposures (the only concentration tested) to each contaminant and (additively) both contaminants combined. Although several factors have undoubtedly contributed to the lack of recruitment of naturally produced lake trout in Lake Michigan, the levels of PCB's and DDE present during the early to mid 1970's were sufficient to significantly reduce survival of any fry produced in the lake and thereby impede restoration of the lake trout population to self-sustainability. The added exposure of the fry to other toxic substances known to be present in the lake could have further reduced survival.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chlorinated hydrocarbons as a factor in the reproduction and survival of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Michigan","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Willford, W.A., Bergstedt, R.A., Berlin, W.H., Foster, N.R., Hesselberg, R.J., Mac, M.J., Passino, D.R., Reinert, R.E., and Rottiers, D.V., 1981, Introduction and summary: Chlorinated hydrocarbons as a factor in the reproduction and survival of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Michigan, chap. of Chlorinated hydrocarbons as a factor in the reproduction and survival of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Michigan, p. 1-7.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321642,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5746ccbde4b07e28b662dcea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willford, Wayne A.","contributorId":67446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willford","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergstedt, Roger A. rbergstedt@usgs.gov","contributorId":4174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergstedt","given":"Roger","email":"rbergstedt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berlin, William H.","contributorId":15574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berlin","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foster, Neal R.","contributorId":67451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Neal","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hesselberg, Robert J.","contributorId":36074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hesselberg","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Passino, Dora R. May","contributorId":23877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Passino","given":"Dora","email":"","middleInitial":"R. May","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Reinert, Robert E.","contributorId":101214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reinert","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Rottiers, Donald V.","contributorId":10754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rottiers","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":7117,"text":"ofr81604 - 1981 - Estimated oil and gas reserves, Gulf of Mexico outer continental shelf and continental slope, December 31, 1980","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":7117,"text":"ofr81604 - 1981 - Estimated oil and gas reserves, Gulf of Mexico outer continental shelf and continental slope, December 31, 1980","indexId":"ofr81604","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Estimated oil and gas reserves, Gulf of Mexico outer continental shelf and continental slope, December 31, 1980"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":7119,"text":"ofr8234 - 1982 - Estimated oil and gas reserves, Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf and Continental Slope, December 31, 1981","indexId":"ofr8234","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Estimated oil and gas reserves, Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf and Continental Slope, December 31, 1981"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":48624,"text":"ofr801312 - 1980 - Estimated oil and gas reserves, Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf, December 31, 1979","indexId":"ofr801312","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Estimated oil and gas reserves, Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf, December 31, 1979"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":7117,"text":"ofr81604 - 1981 - Estimated oil and gas reserves, Gulf of Mexico outer continental shelf and continental slope, December 31, 1980","indexId":"ofr81604","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Estimated oil and gas reserves, Gulf of Mexico outer continental shelf and continental slope, December 31, 1980"},"id":2}],"supersededBy":{"id":7119,"text":"ofr8234 - 1982 - Estimated oil and gas reserves, Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf and Continental Slope, December 31, 1981","indexId":"ofr8234","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Estimated oil and gas reserves, Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf and Continental Slope, December 31, 1981"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-14T22:05:45.492971","indexId":"ofr81604","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-604","title":"Estimated oil and gas reserves, Gulf of Mexico outer continental shelf and continental slope, December 31, 1980","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81604","usgsCitation":"Hewitt, J.E., Brooke, J., Knipmeyer, J., and Roy, P., 1981, Estimated oil and gas reserves, Gulf of Mexico outer continental shelf and continental slope, December 31, 1980: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-604, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81604.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142120,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0604/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":466318,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0604/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.82442282720518,\n 30.474473013397755\n ],\n [\n -98.31285831169694,\n 30.474473013397755\n ],\n [\n -98.31285831169694,\n 25.15511748695546\n ],\n [\n -88.82442282720518,\n 25.15511748695546\n ],\n [\n -88.82442282720518,\n 30.474473013397755\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"Seventy-five years ago on April 18, 1906, the most devastating earthquake in United States history occurred in northern California. This earthquake, which occurred at 5:2 in the morning just as the dawn was breaking, came from rupture of the San Andreas fault from San Juan Bautista (near Hollister) northqard for 270 miles to the coast near Eureka. Buildings were damaged everywhere in this region, for a north-south distance of 370 miles, from Arcata to Salinas, and an east-west width of 50 miles inland from the coast. The larger cities of San Francisco, Sna Jose, and Santa Rosa suffered the msot severe damage.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Nason, R.D., 1981, The great San Francisco earthquake: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 13, no. 2, p. 40-42.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"40","endPage":"42","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319283,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.81616210937499,\n 38.843986129756615\n ],\n [\n -121.1407470703125,\n 37.32648861334206\n ],\n [\n -120.94299316406249,\n 36.71687068791304\n ],\n [\n -120.69580078125001,\n 36.20439070158873\n ],\n [\n -121.6241455078125,\n 36.071302299422406\n ],\n [\n -123.48632812499999,\n 38.749799358878526\n ],\n [\n -122.81616210937499,\n 38.843986129756615\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be54e4b0f59b85e02f3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nason, R. D.","contributorId":167740,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nason","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168594,"text":"70168594 - 1981 - Seismology program; California Division of Mines and Geology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-22T15:16:12","indexId":"70168594","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismology program; California Division of Mines and Geology","docAbstract":"The year 1980 marked the centennial of the California Division of Mines and Geology (CDMG) and a decade of the Division's involvement in seismology. Factors which contributed to the formation of a Seismology Group within CDMG included increased concerns for environmental and earthquake safety, interest in earthquake prediction, the 1971 San Fernando earthquake and the 1973 publication by CDMG of an urban geology master plan for California. Reasons to be concerned about California's earthquake problem are demonstrated by the accompanying table and the figures. Recent seismicity in California, the Southern California uplift reflecting changes in crustal strain, and other possible earthquake precursors have heightened concern among scientific and governmental groups about the possible occurrence of a major damaging earthquake )M>7) in California.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Sherburne, R.W., 1981, Seismology program; California Division of Mines and Geology: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 13, no. 2, p. 65-68.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"68","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318212,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c99c53e4b059daa47c9aee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherburne, R. W.","contributorId":167096,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sherburne","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011728,"text":"70011728 - 1981 - Two oil types on North slope of Alaska: Implications for exploration","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10147,"text":"ofr791649 - 1979 - Two oil types on the North Slope of Alaska: implications for future exploration","indexId":"ofr791649","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Two oil types on the North Slope of Alaska: implications for future exploration"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70011728,"text":"70011728 - 1981 - Two oil types on North slope of Alaska: Implications for exploration","indexId":"70011728","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Two oil types on North slope of Alaska: Implications for exploration"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-11T16:39:06.616045","indexId":"70011728","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Two oil types on North slope of Alaska: Implications for exploration","docAbstract":"Forty oil samples from across the North Slope of Alaska have been analyzed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines and the U.S. Geological Survey. Results of these analyses suggest two separate genetic oil types. The first, the Simpson-Umiat oil type, occurs in reservoir rocks of Cretaceous and Quaternary age and includes oil from seeps in the Skull Cliff, Cape Simpson, Manning Point, and Ungoon Point areas, and oils from Wolf Creek test 3, and the Cape Simpson and Umiat oil fields. These are higher gravity, low-sulfur oils with no, or slight, odd-numbered n-alkane predominance and pristane to phytane ratios greater than 1.5. Also, these oils have ^dgr13C values ranging from -29.1 to -27.8 parts per thousand (ppt) and ^dgr34S values from -10.3 to -4.9 ppt. The s cond type, the Barrow-Prudhoe oil type, occurs in reservoir rocks of Carboniferous to Cretaceous age and includes oils from South Barrow gas field, Prudhoe Bay oil field, and the Fish Creek test well 1. Physical properties of Barrow-Prudhoe oils are variable, but in general the oils are medium-gravity, high-sulfur oils with slight even-numbered n-alkane predominance and pristane to phytane ratios less than 1.5. Also these oils have ^dgr13C values of -30.3 to -29.8 ppt and ^dgr34S values from -30.0 to +2.1 ppt. The two types are believed to originate from different source rocks; the Barrow-Prudhoe type may have originated from a carbonate or other iron-deficient source rock, and the Simpson-Umiat type from a siliciclastic source rock. Occurrences of the two oil types when outlined on a map, indicate at least two areas for additional exploration: for the Barrow-Prudhoe type, in stratigraphic traps along and adjacent to the Barrow arch, and for the Simpson-Umiat type, in Cretaceous rocks along the trend between the Simpson and Umiat oil fields and in Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks from Prudhoe Bay field to the William O. Douglas Arctic Wildlife Range.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/2F91999F-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Magoon, L.B., and Claypool, G., 1981, Two oil types on North slope of Alaska: Implications for exploration: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, no. 4, p. 644-652, https://doi.org/10.1306/2F91999F-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"644","endPage":"652","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221688,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"North Slope","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -171.36099631312058,\n 72\n ],\n [\n -171.36099631312058,\n 67.60836941407425\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 67.60836941407425\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 72\n ],\n [\n -171.36099631312058,\n 72\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb967e4b08c986b327bfe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Magoon, L. 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The material has been organized by major drainage regions in the conterminous United States, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and foreign. There is also a section on Research and Other Activities.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Office of Water Data Coordination","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"U.S. Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data- Subcommittee on Sedimentation, 1981, Notes on sedimentation activities calendar year 1980, viii, 284 p.","productDescription":"viii, 284 p.","temporalStart":"1980-01-01","temporalEnd":"1980-12-01","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":270684,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70045308/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":272707,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70045308/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5165386ee4b077fa94dadfd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data- Subcommittee on Sedimentation","contributorId":127893,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data- Subcommittee on Sedimentation","id":535467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000393,"text":"1000393 - 1981 - Environmental and genetic contributions to morphological differentiation in ciscoes (Coregoninae) of the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T08:57:12","indexId":"1000393","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental and genetic contributions to morphological differentiation in ciscoes (Coregoninae) of the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"Laboratory-produced progeny of Coregonus alpenae, C. zenithicus, C. hoyi, and C. kiyi and their wild parents were used to examine the contributions of genotype and environment to morphology. Morphological differences between parents and offspring were generally greater than those between species, indicating strong environmental effects. The phenotypic effects on most characters can probably be attributed to different developmental temperatures and perhaps to stresses in the hatchery not encountered in the Great Lakes. Genetic differences were inferred from morphological differences between offspring of different species raised under identical conditions. Genetic differences were demonstrated between C. hoyi and C. kiyi but not betweenC. alpenae and C. zenithicus which suggested that our samples of C. alpenae and C. zenithicusrepresented only a single species. The presence of unique stocks of coregonines in the Great Lakes, as well as of several species, suggests that management strategies should focus on both levels of diversity.Key words: Salmonidae, Coregoninae, Coregonus, morphology, Great Lakes, development, stocks
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f81-008","usgsCitation":"Todd, T.N., Smith, G.R., and Cable, L.E., 1981, Environmental and genetic contributions to morphological differentiation in ciscoes (Coregoninae) of the Great Lakes: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 38, no. 1, p. 59-67, https://doi.org/10.1139/f81-008.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"67","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133232,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602526","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Todd, Thomas N.","contributorId":42547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Gerald R.","contributorId":36496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cable, Louella E.","contributorId":99919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cable","given":"Louella","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1001697,"text":"1001697 - 1981 - Use of 35-mm color aerial photography to acquire mallard sex ratio data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-20T11:40:12","indexId":"1001697","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of 35-mm color aerial photography to acquire mallard sex ratio data","docAbstract":"A conventional 35-mm camera equipped with an f2.8 135-mm lens and ASA 64 color film was used to acquire sex ratio data on mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) wintering in the Platte River Valley of south-central Nebraska. Prelight focusing for a distance of 30.5 metres and setting of shutter speed at 1/2000 of a second eliminated focusing and reduced image motion problems and resulted in high-resolution, large-scale aerial photography of small targets. This technique has broad application to the problem of determining sex ratios of various species of waterfowl concentrated on wintering and staging areas. The aerial photographic method was cheaper than the ground ocular method when costs were compared on a per-100 bird basis.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Ferguson, E.L., Jorde, D., and Sease, J.L., 1981, Use of 35-mm color aerial photography to acquire mallard sex ratio data: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 47, no. 6, p. 823-827.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"823","endPage":"827","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337020,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.asprs.org/1981_jun_823-827"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Platte River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.40777587890625,\n 41.272129916452585\n ],\n [\n -96.27937316894531,\n 41.272129916452585\n ],\n [\n -96.27937316894531,\n 41.343824581185686\n ],\n [\n -96.40777587890625,\n 41.343824581185686\n ],\n [\n -96.40777587890625,\n 41.272129916452585\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605239","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferguson, Edgar L.","contributorId":77210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferguson","given":"Edgar","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jorde, Dennis G. djorde@usgs.gov","contributorId":12804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorde","given":"Dennis G.","email":"djorde@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":311537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sease, John L.","contributorId":61009,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sease","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2002143,"text":"2002143 - 1981 - Erosion control techniques used in Redwood National Park, northern California, 1978-1979","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T14:53:20","indexId":"2002143","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":206,"text":"Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"132","title":"Erosion control techniques used in Redwood National Park, northern California, 1978-1979","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of a Symposium on Erosion and Sediment Transport in Pacific Rim Steeplands,, Christchurch, New Zealand.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Hydrological Sciences","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Weaver, W., and Madej, M.A., 1981, Erosion control techniques used in Redwood National Park, northern California, 1978-1979: Publication 132, p. 640-645.","productDescription":"p. 640-645","startPage":"640","endPage":"645","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdf44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weaver, W.","contributorId":39094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Madej, Mary Ann 0000-0003-2831-3773 mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2831-3773","contributorId":40304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madej","given":"Mary","email":"mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":326055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2002331,"text":"2002331 - 1981 - Growth and mortality of fry of Lake Michigan lake trout during chronic exposure to PCB's and DDE","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:00","indexId":"2002331","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":89,"text":"Technical Paper","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"105","title":"Growth and mortality of fry of Lake Michigan lake trout during chronic exposure to PCB's and DDE","docAbstract":"Fry hatched from eggs of Lake Michigan lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were exposed (beginning about 1 week after hatching) to contaminant concentrations of PCB's and DDE similar to those in water and plankton in southeastern Lake Michigan (1X level), and to concentrations about 5 (5X) and 25 (25X) times greater. Body concentrations of contaminants in fry (I?g/g) decreased at 1X levels of PCB's and at 1X and 5X levels of DDE, but generally increased at all other contaminant exposure levels. Uptake of PCB's and DDE was evident from increases in body burden (I?g/fish) of the contaminants at all exposure levels and the controls. Growth was not significantly affected by any of the contaminant exposures. Mortalities of fry exposed to the lower concentrations (1X and 5X) were significantly less than those of control fry before day 56; however, between days 57 and 136, mortality rates increased dramatically and were significantly higher in all nine exposed groups than in the control group. For the last 40-day period (days 137-176), mortality was low and leveled off, but continued to be significantly higher in all exposed fry (except those in 1X and 5X PCB's) than in control fry. By the end of the 176-day study, the total cumulative mortality ranged from 30.5 to 46.5% in the exposed groups and was 21.7% in the control group.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chlorinated hydrocarbons as a factor in the reproduction and survival of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Michigan","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Berlin, W.H., Hesselberg, R.J., and Mac, M.J., 1981, Growth and mortality of fry of Lake Michigan lake trout during chronic exposure to PCB's and DDE: Technical Paper 105, p. 11-22.","productDescription":"p. 11-22","startPage":"11","endPage":"22","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":94536,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31822009785353?urlappend=%3Bseq=43"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688155","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berlin, William H.","contributorId":15574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berlin","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hesselberg, Robert J.","contributorId":36074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hesselberg","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2002126,"text":"2002126 - 1981 - The status and distribution of ants in the Crater District of Haleakala National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-01T18:52:02.375946","indexId":"2002126","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":91,"text":"Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"CPSU/UH 40","title":"The status and distribution of ants in the Crater District of Haleakala National Park","docAbstract":"The Crater District of Haleakala National Park was surveyed for ants. Three species were found. Argentine ants (Iridomyrmex humilis) occurred only within I km of the park headquarters and the nearby research facility. Hypoponera opaciceps was found in small numbers throughout the Crater District. Cardiocondyla emeryi was present only at the head of Kaupo Gap. Possible impacts of these ant species on the endemic, flightless insects of the park are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Hawaii","usgsCitation":"Fellers, J.H., and Fellers, G.M., 1981, The status and distribution of ants in the Crater District of Haleakala National Park: Technical Report CPSU/UH 40, iv, 14 p.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":378970,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/476"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Haleakala National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.25717163085938,\n 20.580081709180345\n ],\n [\n -156.01547241210938,\n 20.580081709180345\n ],\n [\n -156.01547241210938,\n 20.78693059257028\n ],\n [\n -156.25717163085938,\n 20.78693059257028\n ],\n [\n -156.25717163085938,\n 20.580081709180345\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635e07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fellers, Joan H.","contributorId":38931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellers","given":"Joan","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fellers, Gary M. 0000-0003-4092-0285 gary_fellers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-0285","contributorId":3150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellers","given":"Gary","email":"gary_fellers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":326013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2002134,"text":"2002134 - 1981 - Bighorn habitat evaluation and management guidelines for the Grapevine Mountains, Death Valley National Monument","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:57","indexId":"2002134","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":91,"text":"Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"CPSU/UNLV 023/01","title":"Bighorn habitat evaluation and management guidelines for the Grapevine Mountains, Death Valley National Monument","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Douglas, C.L., and Kingsley, K., 1981, Bighorn habitat evaluation and management guidelines for the Grapevine Mountains, Death Valley National Monument: Technical Report CPSU/UNLV 023/01, 39 p.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"39","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199039,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db626251","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Douglas, C. L.","contributorId":64586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kingsley, K.J.","contributorId":20039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kingsley","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011711,"text":"70011711 - 1981 - The earliest seeds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:32","indexId":"70011711","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The earliest seeds","docAbstract":"Lagenostomalean-type seeds in bifurcating cupule systems have been discovered in the late Devonian Hampshire Formation of Randolph County, West Virginia, USA (Fig. 1). The associated megaflora, plants from coal balls, and vertebrate and invertebrate faunas demonstrate that the material is Famennian; the microflora indicates a more specific Fa2c age. Consequently, these seeds predate Archaeosperma arnoldii1 from the Fa2d of northeastern Pennsylvania, the oldest previously reported seed. By applying precision fracture, transfer, de??gagement, and thin-section techniques to selected cupules from the more than 100 specimens on hand, we have determined the three-dimensional morphology and histology of the seeds (Fig. 2a-h, k) and cupule systems. A comparison with known late Devonian to early Carboniferous seeds reveals that ours are more primitively organized than all except Genomosperma2,3. ?? 1981 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/293462a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Gillespie, W., Rothwell, G., and Scheckler, S., 1981, The earliest seeds: Nature, v. 293, no. 5832, p. 462-464, https://doi.org/10.1038/293462a0.","startPage":"462","endPage":"464","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221460,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205125,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/293462a0"}],"volume":"293","issue":"5832","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baaece4b08c986b322ad7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gillespie, W.H.","contributorId":10804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillespie","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rothwell, G.W.","contributorId":89283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rothwell","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scheckler, S.E.","contributorId":82847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scheckler","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011938,"text":"70011938 - 1981 - New maps of Federal coal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T01:48:12.113669","indexId":"70011938","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New maps of Federal coal","docAbstract":"Compilation and analysis of publicly available data on Federal coal are resulting in voluminous map sets showing coal isopachs, structure contours, and overburden isopachs on each known minable coal bed. As of the spring of 1981, there are available from the U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Services Section in Denver map sets at 1:24,000 scale or microfiche sets covering approximately 470 of the ultimately 1,400 quadrangles in the program. Because Congress in 1976 mandated the prompt “inventorying” of all unleased Federal coal for Government land-use planning, and because dollars but not employee positions were provided for the work, the U.S. Geological Survey was obliged to contract for the compilations.
A typical map set has a short text and about 20 plates, including a data sheet; a Federal mineral ownership map; and correlation charts. For each coal bed, there are isopachs, structure contours, stripping limits, and mining ratios extending as far as the data will permit, regardless of coal ownership. Reserve base tonnages and relative development potentials are calculated, but only for unleased Federal coal areas.
Termed “minable” are coal beds at least 1.524 m (5 ft) thick and less than 914.4 m (3,000 ft) deep. For conventional underground mining methods, beds dipping more than 15° are excluded; also excluded are all but 3.66 m (12 ft) of thick beds. For in situ conversion methods, the minimum dip is 15° except for the deep thick beds in the Powder River Basin.
Arbitrary parameters classify the development potential of each unleased 16.19-hectare (40-acre) tract as high, moderate, low, unknown, or negative. The former Secretary of the Interior announced his intention to restrict leasing in general to tracts classified as having high to moderate potential for development.
Many geologists will find these systematic map compilations to be useful bases for adding new data points and making their own interpretations, correlations, extrapolations, and reserve estimates.
On a stormy night in October 1836, H.M.S Beagle hove to and dropped anchor at Falmouth, a remote harbor in southwest England. Charles Darwin, the ship's naturalist, came ashore to take the mail coach to Shrewsbury. This was inauspicious end to an epic 5-year voyage around the coast of South America, the results of which were to have a tumultuous impact on scientific thought that has lasted to this day.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Spall, H., 1981, Charles Darwin and the 1835 earthquake at Concepcion, Chile: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 13, no. 1, p. 13-17.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":316631,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Chile","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.223876953125,\n -36.5670120564234\n ],\n [\n -72.8668212890625,\n -36.60891366719366\n ],\n [\n -72.94647216796874,\n -36.9806150652861\n ],\n [\n -73.27606201171875,\n -36.93891618281858\n ],\n [\n -73.223876953125,\n -36.5670120564234\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b5d5d0e4b0cc799981716a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spall, H.","contributorId":99290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spall","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70164469,"text":"70164469 - 1981 - The 1906 earthquake at Palo Alto, California; an interview with Birge M. Clark","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-22T11:54:39","indexId":"70164469","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1906 earthquake at Palo Alto, California; an interview with Birge M. Clark","docAbstract":"Mr.Birge M. Clark, an architect in Palo Alto, Calif., was living in Palo Alto at the time of the 1906 earthquake. his father-in-law was Professor S. D. Townley, well known for his 1939 compilation, with Maxwell W. Allen, of earthquakes along the Pacific coast from 1769 to 1928.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Spall, H., 1981, The 1906 earthquake at Palo Alto, California; an interview with Birge M. Clark: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 13, no. 2, p. 43-48.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"48","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":316630,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Palo Alto","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.16659545898438,\n 37.50073805642874\n ],\n [\n -122.25414276123047,\n 37.4356124041315\n ],\n [\n -122.09175109863281,\n 37.338227037373784\n ],\n [\n -122.04883575439453,\n 37.42934208958977\n ],\n [\n -122.11029052734374,\n 37.47649287472636\n ],\n [\n -122.13226318359375,\n 37.50836412665648\n ],\n [\n -122.15080261230469,\n 37.50427882876826\n ],\n [\n -122.16659545898438,\n 37.50073805642874\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b5d65de4b0cc79998173a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spall, H.","contributorId":99290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spall","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70169170,"text":"70169170 - 1981 - Earthquakes, March-April 1981","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-24T16:53:31","indexId":"70169170","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes, March-April 1981","docAbstract":"There was on major earthquake (7.0-7.9) during this reporting period on April 24 in the Vanuatu Islands (formerly the New Hebrides islands). the series of strong earthquakes continued in Greece and caused additional casualties and damage, and Peru expereinced a moderate earthquake that caused fatalities and damage on April 18.
\nIn the United States, a damaging shock struck southern California on April 26.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1981, Earthquakes, March-April 1981: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 13, no. 5, p. 195-198.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"198","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319325,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be34e4b0f59b85e02dee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}