The role of pyrogenic carbon (PyC) in the global carbon cycle is still incompletely characterized. Much work has been done to characterize PyC on landforms and in soils where it originates or in “terminal” reservoirs such as marine sediments. Less is known about intermediate reservoirs such as streams and rivers, and few studies have characterized hillslope and in-stream erosion control structures (ECS) designed to capture soils and sediments destabilized by wildfire. In this preliminary study, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (N), and stable isotope parameters, δ13C and δ15N, were compared to assess opportunities for carbon and nitrogen sequestration in postwildfire sediments (fluvents) deposited upgradient of ECS in ephemeral- and intermittent-stream channels. The variability of OC, N, δ13C, and δ15N were analyzed in conjunction with fire history, age of captured sediments, topographic position, and land cover. Comparison of samples in 2 watersheds indicates higher OC and N in ECS with more recently captured sediments located downstream of areas with higher burn severity. This is likely a consequence of (1) higher burn severity causing greater runoff, erosion, and transport of OC (organic matter) to ECS and (2) greater cumulative loss of OC and N in older sediments stored behind older ECS. In addition, C/N, δ13C, and δ15N results suggest that organic matter in sediments stored at older ECS are enriched in microbially processed biomass relative to those at newer ECS. We conservatively estimated the potential mean annual capture of OC by ECS, using values from the watershed with lower levels of OC, to be 3 to 4 metric tons, with a total potential storage of 293 to 368 metric tons in a watershed of 7.7 km2 and total area of 2000 ECS estimated at 2.6 ha (203-255 metric tons/ha). We extrapolated the OC results to the regional level (southwest USA) to estimate the potential for carbon sequestration using these practices. We estimated a potential of 0.01 Pg, which is significant in terms of ecosystem services and regional efforts to promote carbon storage.
The virus that causes COVID‐19 likely evolved in a mammalian host, possibly Old‐World bats, before adapting to humans, raising the question of whether reverse zoonotic transmission to bats is possible. Wildlife management agencies in North America are concerned that the activities they authorize could lead to transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 to bats from humans. A rapid risk assessment conducted in April 2020 suggested that there was a small but significant possibility that SARS‐CoV‐2 could be transmitted from humans to bats during summer fieldwork, absent precautions. Subsequent challenge studies in a laboratory setting have shed new information on these risks, as has more detailed information on human epidemiology and transmission. This inquiry focuses on the risk to bats from winter fieldwork, specifically surveys of winter roosts and handling of bats to test for white‐nose syndrome or other research needs. We use an aerosol transmission model, with parameter estimates both from the literature and from formal expert judgment, to estimate the risk to three species of North American bats, as a function of several factors. We find that risks of transmission are lower than in the previous assessment and are notably affected by chamber volume and local prevalence of COVID‐19. Use of facemasks with high filtration efficiency or a negative COVID‐19 test before field surveys can reduce zoonotic risk by 65 to 88%.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/csp2.410","usgsCitation":"Cook, J., Campbell Grant, E.H., Coleman, J.T., Sleeman, J.M., and Runge, M.C., 2021, Risks posed by SARS‐CoV‐2 to North American bats during winter fieldwork: Conservation Science and Practice, v. 3, no. 6, e410, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.410.","productDescription":"e410, 17 p.","ipdsId":"IP-125933","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452891,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.410","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436429,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9QAID7C","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Decision-Support Tool to Estimate SARS-CoV-2 Human-to-bat Transmission Risk"},{"id":384893,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-03-30","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cook, Jonathan D","contributorId":256954,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cook","given":"Jonathan D","affiliations":[{"id":24700,"text":"Student contractor","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":813577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell Grant, Evan H. 0000-0003-4401-6496 ehgrant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4401-6496","contributorId":150443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell Grant","given":"Evan","email":"ehgrant@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coleman, Jeremy T. H.","contributorId":256955,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coleman","given":"Jeremy","email":"","middleInitial":"T. H.","affiliations":[{"id":36188,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":813579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sleeman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-9910-6125 jsleeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9910-6125","contributorId":128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sleeman","given":"Jonathan","email":"jsleeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":82110,"text":"Midcontinent Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Runge, Michael C. 0000-0002-8081-536X mrunge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8081-536X","contributorId":3358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runge","given":"Michael","email":"mrunge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70219172,"text":"ds1136 - 2021 - Groundwater-quality and select quality-control data from the National Water-Quality Assessment Project, January 2017 through December 2019","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-30T11:57:07.918866","indexId":"ds1136","displayToPublicDate":"2021-03-29T17:42:50","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1136","displayTitle":"Groundwater-Quality and Select Quality-Control Data from the National Water-Quality Assessment Project, January 2017 through December 2019","title":"Groundwater-quality and select quality-control data from the National Water-Quality Assessment Project, January 2017 through December 2019","docAbstract":"Groundwater-quality environmental data were collected from 983 wells as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Project of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Program and are included in this report. The data were collected from six types of well networks: principal aquifer study networks, which are used to assess the quality of groundwater used for public water supply; land-use study networks, which are used to assess land-use effects on shallow groundwater quality; major aquifer study networks, which are used to assess the quality of groundwater used for domestic supply; enhanced trends networks, which are used to evaluate the time scales during which groundwater quality changes; vertical flow-path study networks, which are used to evaluate changes in groundwater quality from shallow to deeper depths; and modeling support studies, which are used to provide data to support groundwater modeling. Groundwater samples were analyzed for many water-quality indicators and constituents, including major ions, nutrients, trace elements, volatile organic compounds, pesticides, radionuclides, microbiological indicators, and some constituents of special interest (arsenic speciation, hexavalent chromium [chromium (VI)], and perchlorate). These groundwater-quality data, along with data from quality-control samples, are tabulated in this report and in an associated data release. Data for microbiological indicators for samples collected in 2016 are included in the companion data release.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds1136","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Project","usgsCitation":"Kingsbury, J.A., Bexfield, L.M., Arnold, T., Musgrove, M., Erickson, M.L., Degnan, J.R., Tesoriero, A.J., Lindsey, B.D., and Belitz, K., 2021, Groundwater-quality and select quality-control data from the National Water-Quality Assessment Project, January 2017 through December 2019: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 1136, 97 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1136.","productDescription":"Report: x, 97 p.; 2 Appendixes; Data Release; Dataset","numberOfPages":"112","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-118835","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science 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This study investigates sedimentary and geomorphic processes in eastern Chuckwalla Valley, Riverside County, California, a region of arid, basin-and-range terrain where extensive solar-energy development is planned. The objectives of this study were to (1) measure local weather parameters and use them to model aeolian sediment-transport potential; (2) identify surface sedimentary characteristics in representative localities; and (3) evaluate long-term landscape evolution rates and processes by analyzing stratigraphy in combination with luminescence geochronology.
The new stratigraphic and geochronologic data presented in this report demonstrate the varying local significance of aeolian, alluvial fan, lacustrine (playa), and possibly Colorado River influence over a range of time scales. The dominant sand-transport direction in eastern Chuckwalla Valley is toward the northeast, consistent with the recognized regional west-to-east wind direction. However, occasional strong wind events from the north can transport large quantities of sand southward and temporarily reshape local geomorphic features. Influence of a northwest wind direction is also locally dominant around mountain ranges and controls the modern morphology of the Palen dune field. Modeled sand fluxes are on the order of 105 kilograms per meter width per year at the site of weather monitoring, 5 kilometers northwest of the Mule Mountains. Aeolian dunes are locally well developed and actively migrating. Their location and activity are determined largely by sediment supply from playa surfaces and ephemeral stream channels, which also control the dunes’ spatial extent and migration potential; stream channels act as both source and sink for aeolian sediment in this environment.
Excavations at five sites along a northwest-to-southeast transect reveal that playa deposits formed around 266–226 thousand years ago south of the McCoy Mountains and immediately north of the present location of Interstate 10. The playa material is overlain by late Pleistocene to Holocene alluvial fan deposits. To the southeast (south of Interstate 10, but north of the Mule Mountains), we identified rapid accumulation of alluvial sediment around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum (23–20 thousand years ago), unconformably overlain by a locally varying assemblage of recent aeolian material or Holocene alluvial fan sediment. We have used stratigraphic characteristics and luminescence ages to calculate accumulation rates for sites in eastern Chuckwalla Valley, and thereby to identify spatial variation in landscape stability over decadal and longer time scales.
If future solar-energy development plans are to include natural sand-transport corridors, plans would entail retaining the ability for sand to be transported eastward from the ephemeral stream channels and playas that supply sediment to the dunes, sand sheets, and sand ramps of Chuckwalla Valley, and also to allow for southward transport during episodic strong weather events several times per year. The aeolian sediment-transport corridors are dynamic spatially and temporally, reorganizing on the basis of seasonal changes to wind drift potential. Future landscape stability also will be determined by climate-driven changes to vegetation and thereby to aeolian sediment availability. In a warmer, drier climate, aeolian sediment activity is expected to increase, owing to a decrease in stabilizing vegetation cover and more extreme rain that supplies sediment to ephemeral stream channels and playas from which it is remobilized by wind.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215017","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"East, A.E., Gray, H.J., Redsteer, M.H., and Ballmer, M., 2021, Landscape evolution in eastern Chuckwalla Valley, Riverside County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5017, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215017.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 46 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-124276","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384720,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5017/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":384721,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5017/sir20215017.pdf","text":"Report","size":"21 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":384722,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9LZ02E4","linkHelpText":"Luminescence, weather, and grain-size data from eastern Chuckwalla Valley, Riverside County, California"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Riverside County","otherGeospatial":"Eastern Chuckwalla 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Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
2885 Mission St.
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
Multidisciplinary approaches to conservation and wildlife management are often effective in addressing complex, multi-factor problems. Emerging fields such as conservation physiology and conservation behaviour can provide innovative solutions and management strategies for target species and systems. Sensory ecology combines the study of ‘how animals acquire’ and process sensory stimuli from their environments, and the ecological and evolutionary significance of ‘how animals respond’ to this information. We review the benefits that sensory ecology can bring to wildlife conservation and management by discussing case studies across major taxa and sensory modalities. Conservation practices informed by a sensory ecology approach include the amelioration of sensory traps, control of invasive species, reduction of human–wildlife conflicts and relocation and establishment of new populations of endangered species. We illustrate that sensory ecology can facilitate the understanding of mechanistic ecological and physiological explanations underlying particular conservation issues and also can help develop innovative solutions to ameliorate conservation problems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/conphys/coab002","usgsCitation":"Elmer, L.K., Madliger, C.L., Blumstein, D.T., Elvidge, C.K., Fernandex-Juricic, E., Horodysky, A.Z., Johnson, N.S., McGuire, L.P., Swaisgood, R.R., and Cooke, S., 2021, Exploiting common senses: Sensory ecology meets wildlife conservation and management: Conservation Physiology, v. 9, no. 1, coab002, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/coab002.","productDescription":"coab002, 29 p.","ipdsId":"IP-123988","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452893,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/coab002","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":387851,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-03-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elmer, Laura K","contributorId":264140,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elmer","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"K","affiliations":[{"id":17786,"text":"Carleton University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Madliger, Christine L","contributorId":264141,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Madliger","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"L","affiliations":[{"id":17786,"text":"Carleton University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blumstein, Daniel T.","contributorId":150453,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blumstein","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":18023,"text":"Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Elvidge, Chris K","contributorId":264142,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elvidge","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"K","affiliations":[{"id":17786,"text":"Carleton University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fernandex-Juricic, Esteban","contributorId":264143,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fernandex-Juricic","given":"Esteban","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13186,"text":"Purdue University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Horodysky, Andrij Z","contributorId":264144,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Horodysky","given":"Andrij","email":"","middleInitial":"Z","affiliations":[{"id":54388,"text":"Hampton University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Johnson, Nicholas S. 0000-0002-7419-6013 njohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7419-6013","contributorId":597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Nicholas","email":"njohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":820961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McGuire, Liam P","contributorId":264145,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGuire","given":"Liam","email":"","middleInitial":"P","affiliations":[{"id":6655,"text":"University of Waterloo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Swaisgood, Ronald R.","contributorId":69490,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swaisgood","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12762,"text":"San Diego Zoo Institure for Conservation Research","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Cooke, Steven J.","contributorId":56132,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cooke","given":"Steven J.","affiliations":[{"id":36574,"text":"Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":820964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70220474,"text":"70220474 - 2021 - Optimal allocation of law enforcement patrol effort to mitigate poaching activities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-03T15:19:58.956481","indexId":"70220474","displayToPublicDate":"2021-03-29T07:27:47","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimal allocation of law enforcement patrol effort to mitigate poaching activities","docAbstract":"Poaching is a global problem causing the decline of species worldwide. Optimizing the efficiency of ranger patrols to deter poaching activity at the lowest possible cost is crucial for protecting species with limited resources. We applied decision analysis and spatial optimization algorithms to allocate efforts of ranger patrols throughout a national park. Our objective was to mitigate poaching activity at or below management risk targets for the lowest monetary cost. We examined this trade‐off by constructing a Pareto efficiency frontier using integer linear programming. We used data from a ranger‐based monitoring program in Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda. Our measure of poaching risk is based on dynamic occupancy models that account for imperfect detection of poaching activities. We found that in order to achieve a 5% reduction in poaching risk, 622 ranger patrol events (each corresponding to patrolling 1‐km2 sites) were needed within a year at a cost of US$49,760. In order to attain a 60% reduction in poaching risk, 15,560 patrol events were needed at a cost of US\\$1,244,800. We evaluated the trade‐off between patrol cost and poaching risk based on our model by constructing a Pareto efficiency frontier and park managers found the solution for a 50% risk reduction to be a practical trade‐off based on funding constraints (comparable to recent years) and the diminishing returns between risk mitigation and cost. This expected reduction in risk required 8,558 patrol events per year at a cost of US \\$684,640. Our results suggest that optimal solutions could increase efficiency compared to the actual effort allocations from 2006 to 2016 in Nyungwe National Park (e.g., risk reductions of ~30% under recent budgets compared to ~50% reduction in risk under the optimal strategy). The modeling framework in this study took into account imperfect detection of poaching risk as well as the directional and conditional nature of ranger patrol events given the spatial adjacency relationships of neighboring sites and access points. Our analyses can help to improve the efficiency of ranger patrols, and the modeling framework can be broadly applied to other spatial conservation planning problems with conditional, multilevel, site selection.
The extent and frequency of fire has increased in many arid systems over the last century, with a large proportion of area in some regions undergoing transitions to novel conditions. Portions of the Mojave Desert in southwestern North America have undergone such transitions, most often from woody to herbaceous-dominated systems. These transitions have often been attributed to the proliferation of invasive annual grasses that promote more frequent fire, but recent evidence indicates that transitions can also occur independent of fire frequency if burn severity is high. In addition, high probability of ignition (i.e., potentially high fire frequency) and high burn severity may not always be geographically related. Therefore, our goals were to: (1) map potential burn severity, fire frequency, and probability of ignition across the Mojave; and, (2) evaluate spatial association among predicted burn severity, fire frequency and probability of ignition. We first mapped perimeters of 250 wildfires > 405 ha that occurred from 1972 to 2010, then extracted data on fire frequency (number of times burned from 1972 to 2010), burn severity (the difference Normalized Burn Ratio), and 15 predictor variables representing physiography, climate, ignition, and vegetation. Maximum entropy was used to predict probability of ignition and Random Forest models were used to predict dNBR and fire frequency. Areas with high burn severity and high ignition probability had opposite spatial trends; areas with high burn severity were predicted to predominantly be in the northwest part of the region whereas areas with high ignition probability were predicted to be in the northeast. The models indicate the existence of a number of spatially structured but temporally dynamic fire regimes throughout the Mojave Desert. Two prevalent and ecologically significant regimes include one with frequent fires of low to moderate severity and another with infrequent fire of high severity. Areas with high fire frequency are currently limited in extent (<1% total area). However, cover of invasive grasses can remain high decades after a burn of high or moderate severity, so grass-fire cycles could develop in areas where there may be expectations of infrequent fire as well as those with relatively high fire frequency.
Brittle fragmentation, generating small pyroclasts from magma, is a key process determining eruptive style. How low-viscosity magma fragments within a rising fountain in a brittle manner, however, is not well understood. Here we describe a fragmentation process in Hawaiian fountains on the basis of observations from the 2018 lower East Rift Zone eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai’i. The dominant fragmentation mechanism is inertia driven and produces a population of large fluidal pyroclasts. However, when sufficient volcanic gas is released in the fountain, a subpopulation of smaller and more vesicular pyroclasts is generated and entrained into the gas-dominant convective plume. The size distribution of these pyroclasts is similar to that of brittlely fragmented solid materials. The erupted high-vesicularity pyroclasts sometimes preserve a deformed shape. These observations suggest that late-stage rapid expansion lowers the gas temperature adiabatically and cools the outer surface of liquid pyroclasts below the glass transition temperature. The rigid crust fragments as the hot interior attempts to expand due to further volatile diffusion from the melt into bubbles. Adiabatic expansion of volcanic gas occurs in all eruptions. Brittle fragmentation induced by rapid adiabatic cooling may be a widespread process, although of varying importance, in explosive eruptions.
While wetlands are the largest natural source of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere, they represent a large source of uncertainty in the global CH4 budget due to the complex biogeochemical controls on CH4 dynamics. Here we present, to our knowledge, the first multi-site synthesis of how predictors of CH4 fluxes (FCH4) in freshwater wetlands vary across wetland types at diel, multiday (synoptic), and seasonal time scales. We used several statistical approaches (correlation analysis, generalized additive modeling, mutual information, and random forests) in a wavelet-based multi-resolution framework to assess the importance of environmental predictors, nonlinearities and lags on FCH4 across 23 eddy covariance sites. Seasonally, soil and air temperature were dominant predictors of FCH4 at sites with smaller seasonal variation in water table depth (WTD). In contrast, WTD was the dominant predictor for wetlands with smaller variations in temperature (e.g., seasonal tropical/subtropical wetlands). Changes in seasonal FCH4 lagged fluctuations in WTD by ~17 ± 11 days, and lagged air and soil temperature by median values of 8 ± 16 and 5 ± 15 days, respectively. Temperature and WTD were also dominant predictors at the multiday scale. Atmospheric pressure (PA) was another important multiday scale predictor for peat-dominated sites, with drops in PA coinciding with synchronous releases of CH4. At the diel scale, synchronous relationships with latent heat flux and vapor pressure deficit suggest that physical processes controlling evaporation and boundary layer mixing exert similar controls on CH4 volatilization, and suggest the influence of pressurized ventilation in aerenchymatous vegetation. In addition, 1- to 4-h lagged relationships with ecosystem photosynthesis indicate recent carbon substrates, such as root exudates, may also control FCH4. By addressing issues of scale, asynchrony, and nonlinearity, this work improves understanding of the predictors and timing of wetland FCH4 that can inform future studies and models, and help constrain wetland CH4 emissions.
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lwindham-myers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0281-9581","contributorId":2449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Windham-Myers","given":"Lisamarie","email":"lwindham-myers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":58},{"text":"Poulter, Benjamin 0000-0002-9493-8600","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9493-8600","contributorId":200477,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Poulter","given":"Benjamin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":59},{"text":"Jackson, Robert B. 0000-0001-8846-7147","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8846-7147","contributorId":34252,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jackson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":818140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":60}]}} ,{"id":70219439,"text":"70219439 - 2021 - Effects of long-term cortisol treatment on growth and osmoregulation of Atlantic salmon and brook trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-08T11:47:10.027508","indexId":"70219439","displayToPublicDate":"2021-03-29T06:44:18","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1738,"text":"General and Comparative Endocrinology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of long-term cortisol treatment on growth and osmoregulation of Atlantic salmon and brook trout","docAbstract":"Cortisol is the final product of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis and acts as a gluco- and mineralo-corticoid in fish. Long-term elevations of cortisol have been linked to reduced growth in fishes, but the mechanism(s) and relative sensitivities of species are still unclear. We carried out experiments to examine the relative effects of cortisol on growth and gill NKA activity in two salmonids: Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Treatment with intraperitoneal cortisol implants for 30 days resulted in reduced growth in both species, but with greater sensitivity to cortisol in brook trout. Gill NKA activity was strongly upregulated by cortisol in Atlantic salmon, and weakly upregulated in brook trout but with no statistically significant effect. Cortisol treatment resulted in reduced plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor I and increased plasma growth hormone levels in Atlantic salmon. Our results demonstrate that there are species differences in the sensitivity of growth and osmoregulation to cortisol, even among species in the same family (Salmonidae).
In steep landscapes, wildfire-induced changes to soil and vegetation can lead to extreme and hazardous geomorphic responses, including debris flows. The wildfire-induced mechanisms that lead to heightened geomorphic responses, however, depend on many site-specific factors including regional climate, vegetation, soil texture, and soil burn severity. As climate and land use change drive changes in fire regime, there is an increasing need to understand how fire alters geomorphic responses, particularly in areas where fire has been historically infrequent. Here, we examine differences in the initiation, magnitude, and particle-size distribution of debris flows that initiated within the area burned by the 2019 Woodbury Fire in central Arizona, USA, and those that initiated in a nearby unburned area. Despite similar rainfall intensities, unburned watersheds were less likely to produce debris flows. Debris flows in unburned areas initiated from both runoff and shallow landslides, while debris flows only initiated from runoff-related processes in the burned area. The grain-size distribution making up the matrix of debris-flow deposits within the burned area generally had a lower ratio of sand to silt relative to debris flows that initiated in the unburned area, though there were no systematic differences in the coarse fraction of debris-flow sediment between burned and unburned areas. Results help expand our ability to predict postwildfire debris-flow activity in a wider range of settings, specifically the Sonoran Desert ecoregion, and provide general insight into the impact of wildfire on geomorphic processes in steep terrain.
“Surges” in magma supply from the mantle can lead to significant changes in eruptive behavior, thus their early identification is critical to long-term eruption forecasting. Here, we document and analyze two order-of-magnitude increases in seismicity in the upper mantle beneath southern Hawaiʻi between 2015 and 2020. We interpret the anomalous seismicity, which involved the rapid formation of new multiplets and a change in fault-plane solution orientations relative to pre-2015 events, as reflecting a substantial increase, or “surge” in mantle-derived magma, and we suggest that the intruded magma has been driving concurrent unrest at Mauna Loa, Kīlauea, and Lōʻihi Volcanoes through mechanical stress transfer.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2020GL091096","usgsCitation":"Burgess, M., and Roman, D., 2021, Ongoing (2015-) magma surge in the upper mantle beneath the Island of Hawaiʻi: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 48, e2020GL091096, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091096.","productDescription":"e2020GL091096, 10 p.","ipdsId":"IP-122333","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":464594,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Island of Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.28390412198456,\n 20.329901209379784\n ],\n [\n -156.28390412198456,\n 18.85680055387806\n ],\n [\n -154.72761987006822,\n 18.85680055387806\n ],\n [\n -154.72761987006822,\n 20.329901209379784\n ],\n [\n -156.28390412198456,\n 20.329901209379784\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burgess, Matthew 0000-0002-2828-8910","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2828-8910","contributorId":215625,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burgess","given":"Matthew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":919858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roman, Diana","contributorId":237832,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roman","given":"Diana","affiliations":[{"id":47620,"text":"Dept. of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington DC 20015","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":919859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70233584,"text":"70233584 - 2021 - Brood provisioning rates and fledgling behavior of Cordilleran Flycatchers in southwestern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-27T12:23:29.395596","indexId":"70233584","displayToPublicDate":"2021-03-27T07:21:58","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brood provisioning rates and fledgling behavior of Cordilleran Flycatchers in southwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"The behavior of young songbirds after fledging is one of the least understood phases of the breeding cycle, although parental provisioning rates and movement of fledglings are key to understanding life history evolution. We studied Cordilleran Flycatchers (Empidonax occidentalis) at two sites in southwestern Colorado, USA, from 2012 to 2017. We banded and sexed breeding adults to determine the relative contributions of males and females to nestling and fledgling care, and attached radio-transmitters to nestlings to facilitate observations of brood behavior after fledging. Females made 60% and 78% of total observed feedings of nestlings and fledglings, respectively. Parental provisioning rates increased with nestling age, and per-nestling provisioning rates increased with brood size. Parental provisioning rates declined just before fledging, then increased just after fledging. Fledging times of individuals in broods were asynchronous and concentrated during the late afternoon and early evening. Males stopped caring for fledglings before females even though this species is single-brooded, with some late-season broods being abandoned by males. Broods spent the first three weeks after fledging within 400 m of nests, after which they began to disperse. Most aspects of the breeding biology of Cordilleran Flycatchers in our study, including the duration of nestling and fledging periods, female-dominated provisioning, and movement patterns of fledglings, were similar to those of other Empidonax species. However, the times when young fledged were not concentrated in the morning as reported in most other songbirds, and this result warrants additional study of the timing of fledging in ecologically and taxonomically similar species. The increased per-nestling provisioning rate with increasing brood size was unexpected, and additional study is needed to determine if this increase results from a trade-off between adult annual survival and productivity favoring increased provisioning of young in larger broods, or from the existence of high-quality individuals where larger clutches and higher provisioning rates are linked.
The malaria parasite Plasmodium relictum (lineage GRW4) was introduced less than a century ago to the native avifauna of Hawaiʻi, where it has since caused major declines of endemic bird populations. One of the native bird species that is frequently infected with GRW4 is the Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi (Chlorodrepanis virens). To achieve a better understanding of the transcriptional activities of this virulent parasite, we performed a controlled challenge experiment of 15 ʻamakihi that were infected with GRW4. Blood samples containing malaria parasites were collected at two time points (intermediate and peak infection stages) from host individuals that were either experimentally infected by mosquitoes or inoculated with infected blood. We then used RNA sequencing to assemble a high‐quality blood transcriptome of P. relictum GRW4, allowing us to quantify parasite expression levels inside individual birds. We found few significant differences (one to two transcripts) in GRW4 expression levels between host infection stages and between inoculation methods. However, 36 transcripts showed differential expression levels among all host individuals, indicating a potential presence of host‐specific gene regulation across hosts. To reduce the extinction risk of the remaining native bird species in Hawaiʻi, genetic resources of the local Plasmodium lineage are needed to enable further molecular characterization of this parasite. Our newly built Hawaiian GRW4 transcriptome assembly, together with analyses of the parasite's transcriptional activities inside the blood of Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi, can provide us with important knowledge on how to combat this deadly avian disease in the future.
Rapid phenotypic stock identification in mixed-stock fisheries can provide a useful alternative to more time-intensive methods (e.g., coded wire tags, genetics) in assessing harvest and informing management decisions. We leveraged local ecological knowledge, existing stock identification methods, and understanding of life history differences to develop rapid stock identification tools for fall-run Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha encountered in the Buoy 10 recreational fishery at the mouth of the Columbia River. Specifically, we sought to differentiate between the fishery’s two dominant genetic lineages: lower river tules and upriver brights. We sampled recreationally landed Chinook Salmon in 2017, 2018, and 2019, assigned sampled individuals to functional reporting groups using a single-nucleotide-polymorphism-based genetic baseline, and collected measurements on phenotypic traits. Using traits including pigmentation patterns (e.g., spotting), fin morphology, characteristics indicative of sexual maturity, and muscle lipid content, random forest classification models provided consistently high classification success across and within genetic groups (i.e., up to 90%). Classification success remained consistent over time within fishery seasons and between years but showed meaningful bias between sexes. Based on observed classification success, we developed and evaluated a categorical visual identification guide capable of facilitating more rapid trait observations and on-site stock identification. The resulting classification key, built using classification trees and visual guide observations from 2019, achieved slightly lower classification success across and within genetic groups and had variable success among samplers. Compared with the existing use of coded wire tags in harvest assessment, phenotypic stock identification methods can provide more rapid and more numerous assignments, albeit with a greater degree of individual assignment error. Applied as a complement to standard methods like coded wire tags, the use of rapid phenotypic stock identification methods offers the potential for increased overall precision and timeliness in harvest assessments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1002/mcf2.10145","usgsCitation":"Jensen, A.J., Schreck, C., and Peterson, J., 2021, Rapid phenotypic stock identification of Chinook Salmon in recreational fishery management: Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science, v. 13, no. 2, p. 99-112, https://doi.org/10.1002/mcf2.10145.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"112","ipdsId":"IP-120670","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mcf2.10145","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":396565,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.19219970703125,\n 46.07894655768008\n ],\n [\n -123.42041015624999,\n 46.07894655768008\n ],\n [\n -123.42041015624999,\n 46.4056700993737\n ],\n [\n -124.19219970703125,\n 46.4056700993737\n ],\n [\n -124.19219970703125,\n 46.07894655768008\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-03-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jensen, Alexander J.","contributorId":286918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jensen","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":25426,"text":"OSU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schreck, Carl B.","contributorId":286917,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schreck","given":"Carl B.","affiliations":[{"id":25426,"text":"OSU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":836359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peterson, James T. 0000-0002-7709-8590 james_peterson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7709-8590","contributorId":2111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"James","email":"james_peterson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":836358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70260135,"text":"70260135 - 2021 - Glacial dust surpasses both volcanic ash and desert dust in its iron fertilization potential","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-30T22:14:58.994186","indexId":"70260135","displayToPublicDate":"2021-03-26T09:21:10","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1836,"text":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Glacial dust surpasses both volcanic ash and desert dust in its iron fertilization potential","docAbstract":"The subarctic Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea comprise the second-largest high nitrate, low chlorophyll region in the world, where primary production is limited by the availability of iron (Fe). To estimate the potential impact of different terrestrial aerosol Fe sources on marine ecosystems, we performed a suite of laboratory assessments following established protocols, including: (1) leaching with Milli-Q water, (2) sequential extractions, (3) complete acid digestions, (4) X-ray diffraction, and (5) grain size analysis. Measurements were performed on 20 fine-grained (<5 μm) glacier-derived sediments from Alaska and the Yukon, two fresh, never-wetted volcanic ashes (Redoubt 2009 and Pavlof 2016), and six weathered ashes (Redoubt and Augustine) which span the past ~8,700 years. We compared results to published data on Asian desert-derived sediments, finding that the glacier-derived sediments have five times higher easily reducible Fe (median 2.3 ± 0.6 wt.%) than desert-derived samples (0.49 ± 0.1 wt.%) and fourteen times higher easily reducible Fe than fresh ash (0.16 ± 0.1 wt.%). In addition, fractional Fe solubility was higher in glacial sediment (median cumulative 0.31 ± 0.11% FeS) than volcanic ash (0.04 ± 0.02% FeS). Glacial sediments contained higher concentrations of other bioactive metals including Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd, and Pb. Results suggest that glacier-derived dust may provide the subarctic Pacific with more bioavailable iron per unit mass than either volcanic ash or Asian desert-derived dust.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2020GB006821","usgsCitation":"Koffman, B., Yoder, M.F., Methven, T., Hanschka, L., Sears, H.B., Saylor, P.L., and Wallace, K.L., 2021, Glacial dust surpasses both volcanic ash and desert dust in its iron fertilization potential: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 35, no. 4, e2020GB006821, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006821.","productDescription":"e2020GB006821, 29 p.","ipdsId":"IP-123039","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":463334,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -141.37301895851397,\n 64.07015039411576\n ],\n [\n -162.65841833672906,\n 64.07015039411576\n ],\n [\n -162.65841833672906,\n 54.60514707536916\n ],\n [\n -152.20807617114912,\n 57.01723754847467\n ],\n [\n -141.75773400556918,\n 59.429328021580176\n ],\n [\n -141.37301895851397,\n 64.07015039411576\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-04-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koffman, Bess G.","contributorId":345626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koffman","given":"Bess G.","affiliations":[{"id":82662,"text":"1Department of Geology, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":917136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yoder, Meg F.","contributorId":345627,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yoder","given":"Meg","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":82663,"text":"Department of Geology, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":917137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Methven, Taylor","contributorId":345628,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Methven","given":"Taylor","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":82663,"text":"Department of Geology, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":917138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hanschka, Lena","contributorId":345629,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanschka","given":"Lena","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":82663,"text":"Department of Geology, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":917139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sears, Helen B.","contributorId":345630,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sears","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":82663,"text":"Department of Geology, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":917140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Saylor, Patrick L.","contributorId":345631,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Saylor","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":82664,"text":"Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755, and Earth Science Department, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":917141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wallace, Kristi L. 0000-0002-0962-048X kwallace@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0962-048X","contributorId":3454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"Kristi","email":"kwallace@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":917142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70219151,"text":"ofr20211004 - 2021 - Field methods, quality-assurance, and data management plan for water-quality activities and water-level measurements, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-26T22:38:36.027139","indexId":"ofr20211004","displayToPublicDate":"2021-03-26T09:07:01","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-1004","displayTitle":"Field Methods, Quality-Assurance, and Data Management Plan for Water-Quality Activities and Water-Level Measurements, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho","title":"Field methods, quality-assurance, and data management plan for water-quality activities and water-level measurements, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho","docAbstract":"Water-quality activities and water-level measurements conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Idaho National Laboratory (INL) Project Office coincide with the USGS mission of appraising the quantity and quality of the Nation’s water resources. The activities are conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Idaho Operations Office. Results of water-quality and hydraulic head investigations are presented in various USGS publications or in refereed scientific journals, and the data are stored in the National Water Information System (NWIS) database. The results of the studies are used by researchers, regulatory and managerial agencies, and civic groups.
In its broadest sense, “quality assurance” refers to doing the job right the first time. It includes the functions of planning for products, review and acceptance of the products, and an audit designed to evaluate the system that produces the products. Quality control and quality assurance differ in that quality control ensures that things are done correctly given the “state-of-the-art” technology, and quality assurance ensures that quality control is maintained within specified limits.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211004","collaboration":"DOE/ID-22253Director, Idaho Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
230 Collins Rd
Boise, Idaho 83702-4520
The U.S Geological Survey (USGS) conducts natural hazard and resource assessments of the Earth’s ecosystems and the response of those ecosystems to environmental change, human activities, and land use. Arctic regions of Alaska are important for cultural and economic sustainability and host a wide variety of wildlife species, many of which are of conservation and management interest to the U.S. Department of the Interior. The USGS and collaborators provide information about Arctic ecosystems that are used by Arctic residents, management agencies, and industry. This fact sheet describes recent USGS assessments on focal species and important topic areas in the Arctic.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20213016","usgsCitation":"Pearce, J.M. and Van Hemert, C.R., 2021, U.S. Geological Survey Arctic ecosystem assessments: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2021-3016, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20213016.","productDescription":"2 p.","ipdsId":"IP-126328","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384684,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2021/3016/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":384685,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2021/3016/fs20213016.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2021-3016"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161.54296875,\n 64.47279382008166\n ],\n [\n -140.44921875,\n 65.14611484756372\n ],\n [\n -140.9765625,\n 70.19999407534661\n ],\n [\n -157.67578125,\n 71.58053179556501\n ],\n [\n -166.640625,\n 69.16255790810501\n ],\n [\n -165.234375,\n 67.06743335108298\n ],\n [\n -162.7734375,\n 66.51326044311185\n ],\n [\n -168.75,\n 65.29346780107583\n ],\n [\n -161.54296875,\n 64.47279382008166\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Alaska Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4210 University Drive
Anchorage, Alaska 99508
Spatiotemporally continuous estimates of the hydrologic cycle are often generated through hydrologic modeling, reanalysis, or remote sensing (RS) methods and are commonly applied as a supplement to, or a substitute for, in situ measurements when observational data are sparse or unavailable. This study compares estimates of precipitation (P), actual evapotranspiration (ET), runoff (R), snow water equivalent (SWE), and soil moisture (SM) from 87 unique data sets generated by 47 hydrologic models, reanalysis data sets, and remote sensing products across the conterminous United States (CONUS). Uncertainty between hydrologic component estimates was shown to be high in the western CONUS, with median uncertainty (measured as the coefficient of variation) ranging from 11 % to 21 % for P, 14 % to 26 % for ET, 28 % to 82 % for R, 76 % to 84 % for SWE, and 36 % to 96 % for SM. Uncertainty between estimates was lower in the eastern CONUS, with medians ranging from 5 % to 14 % for P, 13 % to 22 % for ET, 28 % to 82 % for R, 53 % to 63 % for SWE, and 42 % to 83 % for SM. Interannual trends in estimates from 1982 to 2010 show common disagreement in R, SWE, and SM. Correlating fluxes and stores against remote-sensing-derived products show poor overall correlation in the western CONUS for ET and SM estimates. Study results show that disagreement between estimates can be substantial, sometimes exceeding the magnitude of the measurements themselves. The authors conclude that multimodel ensembles are not only useful but are in fact a necessity for accurately representing uncertainty in research results. Spatial biases of model disagreement values in the western United States show that targeted research efforts in arid and semiarid water-limited regions are warranted, with the greatest emphasis on storage and runoff components, to better describe complexities of the terrestrial hydrologic system and reconcile model disagreement.
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0000-0003-1151-8908","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1151-8908","contributorId":215753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saxe","given":"Samuel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farmer, William H. 0000-0002-2865-2196","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2865-2196","contributorId":223181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farmer","given":"William H.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Driscoll, Jessica M. 0000-0003-3097-9603 jdriscoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3097-9603","contributorId":167585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driscoll","given":"Jessica","email":"jdriscoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hogue, Terri S.","contributorId":205175,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hogue","given":"Terri","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6606,"text":"Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":814840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70219422,"text":"70219422 - 2021 - Mammal species composition and habitat associations in a commercial forest and mixed-plantation landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-05T13:10:25.140287","indexId":"70219422","displayToPublicDate":"2021-03-26T08:08:51","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mammal species composition and habitat associations in a commercial forest and mixed-plantation landscape","docAbstract":"Commercial forest plantations of fast-growing species have been established globally to meet increasing demands for timber, pulpwood, and other wood products. Industrial plantations may contribute to tropical forest conservation by reducing exploitation of primary and secondary natural forests. Whether such plantations can support critical elements of biodiversity, including provision of habitat and movement corridors for species of conservation concern, is an important question in Southeast Asia. Our objectives were to investigate relationships between habitat gradients and community attributes of medium-sized to large mammals in a mixed plantation mosaic in Bengkoka Peninsula, Sabah, East Malaysia. Data on mammals were collected using 59 remote camera stations deployed for a minimum of 21 days (24-hour sampling occasions) in three major land-use types: natural forest, Acacia plantations, and non-Acacia plantations (oil palm, rubber, young Eucalyptus pellita). We used sample-based rarefaction to evaluate variation in species richness with land use. We used generalized linear models and ordination analyses to evaluate whether variation in mammal detections and species composition was associated with habitat gradients. We recorded >22 mammal species over 1572 sampling occasions. Natural forest area was positively associated with mammal species richness and detections of threatened mammals. Overall detections of mammals increased with decreasing elevation, but decreased within, and close to, Acacia plantations. Detections of threatened mammals increased with greater proportions of natural forest and Acacia and increasing proximity to roads. Sample-based rarefaction indicated that species richness of mammals in Acacia and natural forest was considerably higher than observed. Both natural forest and Acacia plantations shared similar values for species richness and diversity, but non-Acacia plantations scored lower in both metrics. Mammal species composition differed among different types of land use. Smaller generalists used non-Acacia plantation forests. A variety of other mammals including some threatened species used natural forest, Acacia, or a combination of the two. Acacia plantations possess attributes supporting a diversity of mammal species, including those we defined as threatened based on IUCN criteria. However, this is likely a function of the habitat mosaic with natural forest in the study area and the mangrove forests on the fringes of the peninsula serving as refuges of mammal diversity. Retention and restoration of natural and mangrove forests may therefore enhance the conservation potential of industrial Acacia plantations. Additionally, controlled road access in conjunction with anti-poaching operations and strengthening public awareness are essential to reduce the threat of overexploitation.
The New World Jerusalem crickets currently consist of 4 genera: Stenopelmatus Burmeister, 1838, with 33 named entities; Ammopelmatus Tinkham, 1965, with 2 described species; Viscainopelmatus Tinkham, 1970, with 1 described species, and Stenopelmatopterus Gorochov, 1988, with 3 described species. We redefine the generic boundaries of these 4 genera, synonymize Stenopelmatopterus under Stenopelmatus, and synonymize Viscainopelmatus under Ammopelmatus. We then discuss, and illustrate, all the types of the species of Stenopelmatus, all of which only occur south of the United States’ border.
We recognize as valid the following 5 described Mexican and Central American species: S. ater, S. piceiventris, S. sartorianus, S. talpa, and S. typhlops. We declare the following 13 described Mexican and Central American Stenopelmatus taxa as nomen dubium: S. calcaratus, S. erythromelus, S. guatemalae, S. histrio, S. lessonae, S. lycosoides, S. mexicanus, S. minor, S. nieti, S. sallei, S. sumichrasti, S. toltecus, and S. vicinus. We designate a neotype for S. talpa and lectotypes for S. ater, S. guatemalae, S. histrio, S. lessonae, S. mexicanus, S. minor, S. nieti, S. sallei, S. sumichrasti, and S. toltecus. We assign a type locality for S. piceiventris. We concur with the previous synonymy of S. politus under S. sartorianus. We describe 14 new species of Stenopelmatus from Mexico, Honduras and Ecuador, based on a combination of adult morphology, DNA, calling song drumming pattern, distribution, and karyotype: S. chiapas sp. nov., S. cusuco sp. nov., S. diezmilpies sp. nov., S. durango sp. nov., S. ecuadorensis sp. nov., S. faulkneri sp. nov., S. honduras sp. nov., S. hondurasito sp. nov., S. mineraldelmonte sp. nov., S. nuevoleon sp. nov., S. perote sp. nov., S. saltillo sp. nov., S. sanfelipe sp. nov., and S. zimapan sp. nov.
We transfer the following 16 described United States taxa, plus S. cephalotes from the “west coast of North America”, from Stenopelmatus to Ammopelmatus: A. cahuilaensis, A. californicus, A. cephalotes, A. fasciatus, A. fuscus, A. hydrocephalus, A. intermedius, A. irregularis, A. longispinus, A. mescaleroensis, A. monahansensis, A. navajo, A. nigrocapitatus, A. oculatus, A. pictus, and A. terrenus, along with the Mexican taxon A. comanchus: these species will be discussed in a subsequent paper (Weissman et al. in prep).
We believe that all new Jerusalem cricket species descriptions should include, at a minimum, calling drum (most important) and DNA information.
","language":"English","publisher":"Magnolia Press","doi":"10.11646/zootaxa.4917.1.1","usgsCitation":"Weissman, D., Vandergast, A.G., Song, H., Shin, S., McKenna, D., and Ueshima, N., 2021, Generic relationships of New World Jerusalem crickets (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatoidea: Stenopelmatinae), including all known species of Stenopelmatus: Zootaxa, v. 4917, no. 1, https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4917.1.1.","ipdsId":"IP-124483","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384800,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4917","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-01-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weissman, David B","contributorId":195222,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weissman","given":"David B","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":813389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vandergast, Amy G. 0000-0002-7835-6571 avandergast@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7835-6571","contributorId":3963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vandergast","given":"Amy","email":"avandergast@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":813390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Song, Hojun","contributorId":256903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Song","given":"Hojun","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13321,"text":"Texas A & M University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":813391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shin, Seunggwan","contributorId":256907,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shin","given":"Seunggwan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17864,"text":"University of Memphis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":813392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McKenna, Duane D","contributorId":256910,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKenna","given":"Duane D","affiliations":[{"id":17864,"text":"University of Memphis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":813393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ueshima, Norihiro","contributorId":195226,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ueshima","given":"Norihiro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":813394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70220391,"text":"70220391 - 2021 - The changes in species composition mediate direct effects of climate change on future fire regimes of boreal forests in northeastern China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-30T18:52:00.689412","indexId":"70220391","displayToPublicDate":"2021-03-26T07:18:47","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2163,"text":"Journal of Applied Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The changes in species composition mediate direct effects of climate change on future fire regimes of boreal forests in northeastern China","docAbstract":"Animals often exhibit distinct microbial communities when maintained in captivity as compared to when in the wild. Such differentiation may be significant in headstart and reintroduction programs where individuals spend some time in captivity before release into native habitats. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we (i) assessed differences in gut microbial communities between captive and wild Fijian crested iguanas (Brachylophus vitiensis) and (ii) resampled gut microbiota in captive iguanas released onto a native island to monitor microbiome restructuring in the wild. We used both cloacal swabs and fecal samples to further increase our understanding of gut microbial ecology in this IUCN Critically Endangered species. We found significant differentiation in gut microbial community composition and structure between captive and wild iguanas in both sampling schemes. Approximately two months postrelease, microbial communities in cloacal samples from formerly captive iguanas closely resembled wild counterparts. Interestingly, microbial communities in fecal samples from these individuals remained significantly distinct from wild conspecifics. Our results indicate that captive upbringings can lead to differences in microbial assemblages in headstart iguanas as compared to wild individuals even after host reintroduction into native conditions. This investigation highlights the necessity of continuous monitoring of reintroduced animals in the wild to ensure successful acclimatization and release.