Traditionally, the Iowa Department of Transportation has used the Iowa Runoff Chart and single-variable regional-regression equations (RREs) from a U.S. Geological Survey report (published in 1987) as the primary methods to estimate annual exceedance-probability discharge (AEPD) for small (20 square miles or less) drainage basins in Iowa. With the publication of new multi- and single-variable RREs by the U.S. Geological Survey (published in 2013), the Iowa Department of Transportation needs to determine which methods of AEPD estimation provide the best accuracy and the least bias for small drainage basins in Iowa.
\nTwenty five streamgages with drainage areas less than 2 square miles (mi2) and 55 streamgages with drainage areas between 2 and 20 mi2 were selected for the comparisons that used two evaluation metrics. Estimates of AEPDs calculated for the streamgages using the expected moments algorithm/multiple Grubbs-Beck test analysis method were compared to estimates of AEPDs calculated from the 2013 multivariable RREs; the 2013 single-variable RREs; the 1987 single-variable RREs; the TR-55 rainfall-runoff model; and the Iowa Runoff Chart.
\nFor the 25 streamgages with drainage areas less than 2 mi2, results of the comparisons seem to indicate the best overall accuracy and the least bias may be achieved by using the TR-55 method for flood regions 1 and 3 (published in 2013) and by using the 1987 single-variable RREs for flood region 2 (published in 2013).
\nFor drainage basins with areas between 2 and 20 mi2, results of the comparisons seem to indicate the best overall accuracy and the least bias may be achieved by using the 1987 single-variable RREs for the Southern Iowa Drift Plain landform region and for flood region 3 (published in 2013), by using the 2013 multivariable RREs for the Iowan Surface landform region, and by using the 2013 or 1987 single-variable RREs for flood region 2 (published in 2013). For all other landform or flood regions in Iowa, use of the 2013 single-variable RREs may provide the best overall accuracy and the least bias.
\nAn examination was conducted to understand why the 1987 single-variable RREs seem to provide better accuracy and less bias than either of the 2013 multi- or single-variable RREs. A comparison of 1-percent annual exceedance-probability regression lines for hydrologic regions 1-4 from the 1987 single-variable RREs and for flood regions 1-3 from the 2013 single-variable RREs indicates that the 1987 single-variable regional-regression lines generally have steeper slopes and lower discharges when compared to 2013 single-variable regional-regression lines for corresponding areas of Iowa. The combination of the definition of hydrologic regions, the lower discharges, and the steeper slopes of regression lines associated with the 1987 single-variable RREs seem to provide better accuracy and less bias when compared to the 2013 multi- or single-variable RREs; better accuracy and less bias was determined particularly for drainage areas less than 2 mi2, and also for some drainage areas between 2 and 20 mi2. The 2013 multi- and single-variable RREs are considered to provide better accuracy and less bias for larger drainage areas. Results of this study indicate that additional research is needed to address the curvilinear relation between drainage area and AEPDs for areas of Iowa.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155055","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Transportation and the Iowa Highway Research Board (Project TR-678)","usgsCitation":"Eash, D.A., 2015, Comparisons of estimates of annual exceedance-probability discharges for small drainage basins in Iowa, based on data through water year 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5055, viii, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155055.","productDescription":"viii, 37 p.","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2013-01-01","temporalEnd":"2013-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-058580","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300734,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155055.jpg"},{"id":300732,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5055/pdf/sir2015-5055.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.06 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"SIR 2015-5055"},{"id":300731,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5055/"},{"id":300733,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5055/downloads/","text":"Downloads Directory","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Contains: Table 3, 4, 8, 9, and 10 in XLSX format","linkHelpText":"SIR 2015-5055 Downloads Directory"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.7236328125,\n 43.51668853502906\n ],\n [\n -91.2744140625,\n 43.51668853502906\n ],\n [\n -91.01074218749999,\n 43.29320031385282\n ],\n [\n -91.20849609375,\n 43.11702412135048\n ],\n [\n -91.01074218749999,\n 42.79540065303723\n ],\n [\n -90.703125,\n 42.65012181368022\n ],\n [\n -90.06591796875,\n 42.08191667830631\n ],\n [\n -90.32958984375,\n 41.508577297439324\n ],\n [\n -91.01074218749999,\n 41.37680856570233\n ],\n [\n -90.85693359375,\n 40.896905775860006\n ],\n [\n -91.47216796875,\n 40.29628651711716\n ],\n [\n -91.8017578125,\n 40.58058466412761\n ],\n [\n -95.73486328124999,\n 40.54720023441049\n ],\n [\n -95.97656249999999,\n 40.713955826286046\n ],\n [\n -96.70166015624999,\n 42.73087427928485\n ],\n [\n -96.70166015624999,\n 43.14909399920127\n ],\n [\n -96.7236328125,\n 43.51668853502906\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5560451be4b0afeb70724141","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eash, David A. 0000-0002-2749-8959 daeash@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2749-8959","contributorId":1887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eash","given":"David","email":"daeash@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70141461,"text":"sir20155015 - 2015 - Evaluation of groundwater levels in the South Platte River alluvial aquifer, Colorado, 1953-2012, and design of initial well networks for monitoring groundwater levels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-28T09:27:59","indexId":"sir20155015","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-22T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5015","title":"Evaluation of groundwater levels in the South Platte River alluvial aquifer, Colorado, 1953-2012, and design of initial well networks for monitoring groundwater levels","docAbstract":"The South Platte River and underlying alluvial aquifer form an important hydrologic resource in northeastern Colorado that provides water to population centers along the Front Range and to agricultural communities across the rural plains. Water is regulated based on seniority of water rights and delivered using a network of administration structures that includes ditches, reservoirs, wells, impacted river sections, and engineered recharge areas. A recent addendum to Colorado water law enacted during 2002-2003 curtailed pumping from thousands of wells that lacked authorized augmentation plans. The restrictions in pumping were hypothesized to increase water storage in the aquifer, causing groundwater to rise near the land surface at some locations. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board and the Colorado Water Institute, completed an assessment of 60 years (yr) of historical groundwater-level records collected from 1953 to 2012 from 1,669 wells. Relations of \"high\" groundwater levels, defined as depth to water from 0 to 10 feet (ft) below land surface, were compared to precipitation, river discharge, and 36 geographic and administrative attributes to identify natural and human controls in areas with shallow groundwater.
\nAveraged per decade and over the entire aquifer, depths to groundwater varied between 24 and 32 ft over the 60-yr record. The shallowest average depth to water was identified during 1983-1992, which also recorded the highest levels of decadal precipitation. Average depth to water was greatest (32 ft) during 1953-1962 and intermediate (30 ft) in the recent decade (2003-2012) following curtailment of pumping. Between the decades 1993-2002 and 2003-2012, groundwater levels declined about 2 ft across the aquifer. In comparison, in areas where groundwater levels were within 20 ft of the land surface, observed groundwater levels rose about 0.6 ft, on average, during the same period, which demonstrated preferential rise in areas with shallow groundwater.
\nApproximately 29 percent of water-level observations were identified as high groundwater in the South Platte River alluvial aquifer over the 60-yr record. High groundwater levels were found in 17 to 33 percent of wells examined by decade, with the largest percentages occurring over three decades from 1963 to 1992. The recent decade (2003-2012) exhibited an intermediate percentage (25 percent) of wells with high groundwater levels but also had the highest percentage (30 percent) of high groundwater observations, although results by observations were similar (26-29 percent) over three decades prior, from 1963 to 1992. Major sections of the aquifer from north of Sterling to Julesburg and areas near Greeley, La Salle, and Gilcrest were identified with the highest frequencies of high groundwater levels.
\nChanges in groundwater levels were evaluated using Kendal line and least trimmed squares regression methods using a significance level of 0.01 and statistical power of 0.8. During 2003-2012, following curtailment of pumping, 88 percent of wells and 81 percent of subwatershed areas with significant trends in groundwater levels exhibited rising water levels. Over the complete 60-yr record, however, 66 percent of wells and 57 percent of subwatersheds with significant groundwater-level trends still showed declining water levels; rates of groundwater-level change were typically less than 0.125 ft/yr in areas near the South Platte River, with greater declines along the southern tributaries. In agreement, 58 percent of subwatersheds evaluated between 1963-1972 and 2003-2012 showed net declines in average decadal groundwater levels. More areas had groundwater decline in upgradient sections to the west and rise in downgradient sections to the east, implying a redistribution of water has occurred in some areas of the aquifer.
\nPrecipitation was identified as having the strongest statistically significant correlations to river discharge over annual and decadal periods (Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.5 and 0.8, respectively, and statistical significance defined by p-values less than 0.05). Correlation coefficients between river discharge and frequency of high groundwater levels were statistically significant at 0.4 annually and 0.6 over decadal periods, indicating that periods of high river flow were often coincident with high groundwater conditions. Over seasonal periods in five of the six decades examined, peak high groundwater levels occurred after spring runoff from July to September when administrative structures were most active. Between 1993-2002 and 2003-2012, groundwater levels rose while river discharge decreased, in part from greater reliance on surface water and curtailed pumping from wells without augmentation plans.
\nGeographic attributes of elevation and proximity to streams and rivers showed moderate correlations to high groundwater levels in wells used for observing groundwater levels (correlation coefficients of 0.3 to 0.4). Local depressions and regional lows within the aquifer were identified as areas of potential shallow groundwater. Wells close to the river regularly indicated high groundwater levels, while those within depleted tributaries tended to have low frequencies of high groundwater levels. Some attributes of administrative structures were spatially correlated to high groundwater levels at moderate to high magnitudes (correlation coefficients of 0.3 to 0.7). The number of affected river reaches or recharge areas that surround a well where groundwater levels were observed and its distance from the nearest well field showed the strongest controls on high groundwater levels. Influences of administrative structures on groundwater levels were in some cases local over a mile or less but could extend to several miles, often manifesting as diffuse effects from multiple surrounding structures.
\nA network of candidate monitoring wells was proposed to initiate a regional monitoring program. Consistent monitoring and analysis of groundwater levels will be needed for informed decisions to optimize beneficial use of water and to limit high groundwater levels in susceptible areas. Finalization of the network will require future field reconnaissance to assess local site conditions and discussions with State authorities.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155015","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Colorado Water Institute and Colorado Water Conservation Board","usgsCitation":"Wellman, T., 2015, Evaluation of groundwater levels in the South Platte River alluvial aquifer, Colorado, 1953-2012, and design of initial well networks for monitoring groundwater levels: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5015, viii, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155015.","productDescription":"viii, 68 p.","numberOfPages":"79","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1953-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-057966","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300710,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155015.jpg"},{"id":300708,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5015/pdf/sir2015-5015.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"SIR 2015-5015 Report"},{"id":300709,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5015/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.13818359375,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -109.13818359375,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -101.9970703125,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -101.9970703125,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -109.13818359375,\n 36.98500309285596\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55604523e4b0afeb70724143","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wellman, Tristan 0000-0003-3049-6214 twellman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3049-6214","contributorId":2166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wellman","given":"Tristan","email":"twellman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70147635,"text":"ofr20151089 - 2015 - Geotechnical soil characterization of intact Quaternary deposits forming the March 22, 2014 SR-530 (Oso) landslide, Snohomish County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-22T09:39:22","indexId":"ofr20151089","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-22T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1089","title":"Geotechnical soil characterization of intact Quaternary deposits forming the March 22, 2014 SR-530 (Oso) landslide, Snohomish County, Washington","docAbstract":"During the late morning of March 22, 2014, a devastating landslide occurred near the town of Oso, Washington. The landslide with an estimated volume of 10.9 million cubic yards (8.3 x 106 m3) of both intact glacially deposited and previously disturbed landslide sediments, reached speeds averaging 40 miles per hour (64 kilometers per hour) and crossed the entire 2/3-mile (~1100 m) width of the adjacent North Fork Stillaguamish River floodplain in approximately 60 seconds, resulting in the complete destruction of an entire neighborhood (Iverson and others, 2015). More than 40 homes were destroyed as the debris overran the neighborhood, resulting in the deaths of 43 people.
\nLandslides in glacial deposits are common in the Pacific Northwest (for example, Baum and others, 2008), and in fact, the site of the March 22, 2014 SR-530 landslide had experienced significant reactivation several times in past decades, with the most recent event occurring in 2006 (for example, Miller and Sias, 1998). However, these previous landslides were of considerably less volume and mobility (Iverson and others, 2015), and debris had never reached the Steelhead Haven neighborhood. Further, no landslides with the type of mobility that the March 22, 2014 landslide underwent have been recorded in historic times within the North Fork Stillaguamish River valley. However, mapping performed immediately following the landslide indicates that several other slopes in the North Fork Stillaguamish River valley have experienced large-volume landslides exhibiting high mobility in prehistoric times (Haugerud, 2014). The presence of previous high-mobility landslides in the valley, and the now well-documented occurrence of one involving many fatalities, underscores both the hazard and risk for those that live and travel in this and other river valleys in the Pacific Northwest with similar glacial deposits and precipitation patterns.
\nTo understand the hazards posed by highly mobile landslides in the Pacific Northwest, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), together with its project partners, the University of California, Berkeley Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (UCB), and the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), is undertaking a critically needed study to identify the geologic, hydrogeologic, and geotechnical conditions in which these large landslides initiate, as well as the processes responsible for the exceptional mobility of this, and potentially other, landslides in the region. One of the first study activities involves characterizing the stratigraphy and materials from which the landslide deposits are derived, so that the fundamental geotechnical nature of the soils can be understood. This understanding is required to begin identifying possible conditions leading to slope failure and their relation to the landslide's high mobility. In addition, detailed characterization of each stratigraphic unit encountered in initial geotechnical borings is needed to relate stratigraphy between borings for this study and as a part of ongoing investigations by WSDOT and other project partners.
\nThis report provides a description of the methods used to obtain and test the intact soil stratigraphy behind the headscarp of the March 22 landslide. Detailed geotechnical index testing results are presented for 24 soil samples representing the stratigraphy at 19 different depths along a 650 ft (198 m) soil profile. The results include (1) the soil's in situ water content and unit weight (where applicable); (2) specific gravity of soil solids; and (3) each sample's grain-size distribution, critical limits for fine-grain water content states (that is, the Atterberg limits), and official Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) designation. In addition, preliminary stratigraphy and geotechnical relations within and between soil units are presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151089","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of California, Berkeley and the Washington State Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Riemer, M.F., Collins, B.D., Badger, T.C., Toth, C., and Yu, Y.C., 2015, Geotechnical soil characterization of intact Quaternary deposits forming the March 22, 2014 SR-530 (Oso) landslide, Snohomish County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1089, vi, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151089.","productDescription":"vi, 17 p.","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064901","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300694,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151089.jpg"},{"id":300692,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1089/"},{"id":300693,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1089/pdf/ofr20151089.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"OF 2015-1089 Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Snohomish County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.55273437499999,\n 47.010225655683485\n ],\n [\n -121.55273437499999,\n 48.21003212234042\n ],\n [\n -119.5751953125,\n 48.21003212234042\n ],\n [\n -119.5751953125,\n 47.010225655683485\n ],\n [\n -121.55273437499999,\n 47.010225655683485\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55604529e4b0afeb70724147","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riemer, Michael F.","contributorId":140577,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Riemer","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13533,"text":"Univ. of California, Berkeley, Dept. of Civil and Envir. Engineeering","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collins, Brian D. bcollins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Brian","email":"bcollins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":546216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Badger, Thomas C.","contributorId":140578,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Badger","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13534,"text":"Washington State Dept. of Transporation, Geotechnical Office","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Toth, Csilla","contributorId":140579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Toth","given":"Csilla","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13535,"text":"Univ. of California, Berkeley, Dept. of Civil and Envir. Engineering","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yu, Yat Chun","contributorId":140580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yu","given":"Yat","email":"","middleInitial":"Chun","affiliations":[{"id":13535,"text":"Univ. of California, Berkeley, Dept. of Civil and Envir. Engineering","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":546220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70148004,"text":"sir20155072 - 2015 - Simulated effects of Lower Floridan aquifer pumping on the Upper Floridan aquifer at Rincon, Effingham County, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T13:21:04","indexId":"sir20155072","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-22T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5072","title":"Simulated effects of Lower Floridan aquifer pumping on the Upper Floridan aquifer at Rincon, Effingham County, Georgia","docAbstract":"Steady-state simulations using a revised regional groundwater-flow model based on MODFLOW were run to assess the potential long-term effects on the Upper Floridan aquifer (UFA) of pumping the Lower Floridan aquifer (LFA) at well (36S048) near the City of Rincon in coastal Georgia near Savannah. Simulated pumping of well 36S048 at a rate of 1,000 gallons per minute (gal/min; or 1.44 million gallons per day [Mgal/d]) indicated a maximum drawdown of about 6.8 feet (ft) in the UFA directly above the pumped well and at least 1 ft of drawdown within a nearly 400-square-mile area (scenario A). Induced vertical leakage from the UFA provided about 99 percent of the water to the pumped well. Simulated pumping of well 36S048 indicated increased downward leakage in all layers above the LFA, decreased upward leakage in all layers above the LFA, increased inflow to and decreased outflow from lateral specified-head boundaries in the UFA and LFA, and an increase in the volume of induced inflow from the general-head boundary representing outcrop units. Water budgets for scenario A indicated that changes in inflows and outflows through general-head boundaries would compose about 72 percent of the simulated pumpage from well 36S048, with the remaining 28 percent of the pumped water derived from flow across lateral specified-head boundaries.
\nAdditional steady-state simulations were run to evaluate a pumping rate in the UFA of 292 gal/min (0.42 Mgal/d), which would produce the equivalent maximum drawdown in the UFA as pumping from well 36S048 in the LFA at a rate of 1,000 gal/min (called the drawdown offset; scenario B). Simulated pumping in the UFA for the drawdown offset produced about 6.7 ft of drawdown, comparable to 6.8 ft of drawdown in the UFA simulated in scenario A. Water budgets for scenario B also provided favorable comparisons with scenario A, indicating that 69 percent of the drawdown-offset pumpage (0.42 Mgal/d) in the UFA originates as increased inflow and decreased outflow across general-head boundaries from overlying units in the surficial and Brunswick aquifer systems and that the remaining simulated pumpage originates as flow across general- and specified-head boundaries within the UFA.
\nA steady-state simulation representing implementation of drawdown-offset-pumping reductions totaling 292 gal/min at Rincon UFA production wells 36S034 and 36S035 and pumping from the new LFA well 36S048 at 1,000 gal/min (scenario C) resulted in decreased magnitude and areal extent of drawdown in the UFA compared with scenario A. In the latter scenario, the LFA well was pumped without UFA drawdown-offset-pumping reductions. Water budgets for scenario C yielded percentage contributions from flow components that were consistent with those from scenario B. Specifically, 69 percent of the increased pumping in scenario C originated from general-head boundaries from overlying units of the surficial and Brunswick aquifer systems and the balance of flow was derived from general- and specified-head boundaries in the UFA. In all scenarios, the placement of model boundaries and type of boundary exerted the greatest control on overall groundwater flow and interaquifer leakage in the system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155072","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Rincon, Georgia","usgsCitation":"Cherry, G.S., and Clarke, J.S., 2015, Simulated effects of Lower Floridan aquifer pumping on the Upper Floridan aquifer at Rincon, Effingham County, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5072, viii, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155072.","productDescription":"viii, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"47","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054209","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300691,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20155072.jpg"},{"id":300690,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5072/pdf/sir2015-5072.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"SIR 2015-5072 Report"},{"id":300689,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5072/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Effingham County","otherGeospatial":"Rincon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.4251708984375,\n 31.785384226419566\n ],\n [\n -81.4251708984375,\n 32.21396296653795\n ],\n [\n -80.80307006835938,\n 32.21396296653795\n ],\n [\n -80.80307006835938,\n 31.785384226419566\n ],\n [\n -81.4251708984375,\n 31.785384226419566\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5560452ce4b0afeb7072414b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cherry, Gregory S. 0000-0002-5567-1587 gccherry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5567-1587","contributorId":1567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"Gregory","email":"gccherry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clarke, John S. jsclarke@usgs.gov","contributorId":400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clarke","given":"John","email":"jsclarke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156183,"text":"70156183 - 2015 - Modeling apple snail population dynamics on the Everglades landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-25T15:01:35","indexId":"70156183","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-22T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2602,"text":"Landscape Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling apple snail population dynamics on the Everglades landscape","docAbstract":"Context
\nThe Florida Everglades has diminished in size and its existing wetland hydrology has been altered. The endangered snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis) has nearly abandoned the Everglades, and its prey, the apple snail (Pomacea paludosa), has declined.
\nObjective
\nWe developed a population model (EverSnail) to understand apple snail response to inter- and intra-annual fluctuations in water depths over the Everglades landscape. EverSnail was developed as a tool to understand how apple snails respond to different hydrologic scenarios.
\nMethods
\nEverSnail is an age- and size-structured, spatially-explicit landscape model of P. paludosa in the Everglades. Landscape-level inputs are water depth and air temperature. We conducted sensitivity analyses by running EverSnail with ± 20 % the baseline value of eight parameters.
\nResults
\nEverSnail was sensitive to changes in survival and water depth associated with reproduction. The EverSnail population varied with changes and/or differences in depth generally consistent with empirical data; site-specific comparisons to field data proved less reliable. A simulated 3-year wet period resulted in a shift in apple snail distribution, but little change in total abundance over the landscape. In contrast, a simulated 3-year succession of relatively dry years resulted in overall lower snail abundances.
\nConclusions
\nComparisons of model output to empirical data indicate the need for more data to better understand, and eventually parameterize, several aspects of snail ecology in support of EverSnail. A primary value of EverSnail is its capacity to describe the relative response of snail abundance to alternative hydrologic scenarios considered for Everglades water management and restoration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s10980-015-0205-5","usgsCitation":"Darby, P., DeAngelis, D., Romanach, S.S., Suir, K.J., and Bridevaux, J.L., 2015, Modeling apple snail population dynamics on the Everglades landscape: Landscape Ecology, v. 30, no. 8, p. 1497-1510, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-015-0205-5.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1497","endPage":"1510","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056099","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306812,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.1060791015625,\n 25.199970890386023\n ],\n [\n -83.1060791015625,\n 28.338230147025865\n ],\n [\n -79.8486328125,\n 28.338230147025865\n ],\n [\n -79.8486328125,\n 25.199970890386023\n ],\n [\n -83.1060791015625,\n 25.199970890386023\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-05-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560bb6d5e4b058f706e53d8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darby, Phil","contributorId":146459,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Darby","given":"Phil","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16703,"text":"University of West Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":567951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":138934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":567949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Romanach, Stephanie S. 0000-0003-0271-7825 sromanach@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0271-7825","contributorId":140419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romanach","given":"Stephanie","email":"sromanach@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":567950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Suir, Kevin J. 0000-0003-1570-9648 suirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1570-9648","contributorId":4894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suir","given":"Kevin","email":"suirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":567952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bridevaux, Joshua L.","contributorId":103567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridevaux","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":567953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70159970,"text":"70159970 - 2015 - Automated calculation of surface energy fluxes with high-frequency lake buoy data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-04T16:47:25","indexId":"70159970","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1551,"text":"Environmental Modelling and Software","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Automated calculation of surface energy fluxes with high-frequency lake buoy data","docAbstract":"Lake Heat Flux Analyzer is a program used for calculating the surface energy fluxes in lakes according to established literature methodologies. The program was developed in MATLAB for the rapid analysis of high-frequency data from instrumented lake buoys in support of the emerging field of aquatic sensor network science. To calculate the surface energy fluxes, the program requires a number of input variables, such as air and water temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and short-wave radiation. Available outputs for Lake Heat Flux Analyzer include the surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat and latent heat and their corresponding transfer coefficients, incoming and outgoing long-wave radiation. Lake Heat Flux Analyzer is open source and can be used to process data from multiple lakes rapidly. It provides a means of calculating the surface fluxes using a consistent method, thereby facilitating global comparisons of high-frequency data from lake buoys.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.04.013","usgsCitation":"Woolway, R., Jones, I.D., Hamilton, D., Maberly, S.C., Muroaka, K., Read, J.S., Smyth, R.L., and Winslow, L., 2015, Automated calculation of surface energy fluxes with high-frequency lake buoy data: Environmental Modelling and Software, v. 70, p. 191-198, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.04.013.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"198","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056118","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":472081,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.04.013","text":"External Repository"},{"id":311960,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Esthwaite Water, Lake Mendota, and Rotorua","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -2.989482879638672,\n 54.36975860652543\n ],\n [\n -2.992572784423828,\n 54.366258398299834\n ],\n [\n -2.9920578002929688,\n 54.36015732232432\n ],\n [\n -2.988109588623047,\n 54.35525580165397\n ],\n [\n -2.9863929748535156,\n 54.351454219750096\n ],\n [\n -2.9810714721679688,\n 54.34815256064472\n ],\n [\n -2.9769515991210938,\n 54.34875288203023\n ],\n [\n -2.9791831970214844,\n 54.35325501291539\n ],\n [\n -2.9790115356445312,\n 54.357856681363565\n ],\n [\n -2.985363006591797,\n 54.36805854264686\n ],\n [\n -2.988109588623047,\n 54.36995860941363\n ],\n [\n -2.989482879638672,\n 54.36975860652543\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.40948486328125,\n 43.148593036691636\n ],\n [\n -89.4287109375,\n 43.1430821780996\n ],\n [\n -89.45446014404297,\n 43.112262315469096\n ],\n [\n -89.47952270507812,\n 43.10825208628715\n ],\n [\n -89.48535919189453,\n 43.10399092988393\n ],\n [\n -89.48261260986327,\n 43.09170711357466\n ],\n [\n -89.46784973144531,\n 43.08042388708437\n ],\n [\n -89.44381713867186,\n 43.08293145035439\n ],\n [\n -89.43145751953125,\n 43.08894918346591\n ],\n [\n -89.42665100097656,\n 43.08017312511268\n ],\n [\n -89.41154479980469,\n 43.07766544894908\n ],\n [\n -89.39334869384766,\n 43.0766623497472\n ],\n [\n -89.37103271484375,\n 43.09095496313368\n ],\n [\n -89.36725616455078,\n 43.10875337930414\n ],\n [\n -89.37343597412108,\n 43.12454200781527\n ],\n [\n -89.384765625,\n 43.13406333787913\n ],\n [\n -89.3964385986328,\n 43.12980397869853\n ],\n [\n -89.40467834472655,\n 43.13256006851107\n ],\n [\n -89.40536499023438,\n 43.145837669496494\n ],\n [\n -89.40536499023438,\n 43.1470901245276\n ],\n [\n -89.40948486328125,\n 43.148593036691636\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -183.68865966796872,\n -38.036194062376275\n ],\n [\n -183.73878479003906,\n -38.02970397219199\n ],\n [\n -183.7744903564453,\n -38.0367348772677\n ],\n [\n -183.7847900390625,\n -38.054038845116295\n ],\n [\n -183.78684997558594,\n -38.08485140639173\n ],\n [\n -183.7580108642578,\n -38.10592620640843\n ],\n [\n -183.76419067382812,\n -38.11727165830541\n ],\n [\n -183.7456512451172,\n -38.137256975913346\n ],\n [\n -183.73191833496094,\n -38.14157740624507\n ],\n [\n -183.702392578125,\n -38.12105308397729\n ],\n [\n -183.67218017578125,\n -38.091336607511735\n ],\n [\n -183.67149353027344,\n -38.04863179448705\n ],\n [\n -183.68179321289062,\n -38.03781649506998\n ],\n [\n -183.68865966796872,\n -38.036194062376275\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"70","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5662c742e4b06a3ea36c67ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woolway, R. 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Iestyn","affiliations":[{"id":18007,"text":"Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Ian D.","contributorId":150346,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Ian","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":18007,"text":"Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamilton, David P.","contributorId":18633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":581392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maberly, Stephen C","contributorId":150348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maberly","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"C","affiliations":[{"id":18007,"text":"Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Muroaka, Kohji","contributorId":150347,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Muroaka","given":"Kohji","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18008,"text":"Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Read, Jordan S. 0000-0002-3888-6631 jread@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3888-6631","contributorId":4453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Read","given":"Jordan","email":"jread@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":160,"text":"Center for Integrated Data Analytics","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5054,"text":"Office of Water Information","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Smyth, Robyn L","contributorId":150349,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smyth","given":"Robyn","email":"","middleInitial":"L","affiliations":[{"id":18009,"text":"Center for Environmental Policy, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":581396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Winslow, Luke A. lwinslow@usgs.gov","contributorId":150344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winslow","given":"Luke A.","email":"lwinslow@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":160,"text":"Center for Integrated Data Analytics","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":581397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70186565,"text":"70186565 - 2015 - Testing the depth-differentiation hypothesis in a deepwater octocoral","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T16:00:56","indexId":"70186565","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3174,"text":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing the depth-differentiation hypothesis in a deepwater octocoral","docAbstract":"The depth-differentiation hypothesis proposes that the bathyal region is a source of genetic diversity and an area where there is a high rate of species formation. Genetic differentiation should thus occur over relatively small vertical distances, particularly along the upper continental slope (200–1000 m) where oceanography varies greatly over small differences in depth. To test whether genetic differentiation within deepwater octocorals is greater over vertical rather than geographical distances, Callogorgia delta was targeted. This species commonly occurs throughout the northern Gulf of Mexico at depths ranging from 400 to 900 m. We found significant genetic differentiation (FST = 0.042) across seven sites spanning 400 km of distance and 400 m of depth. A pattern of isolation by depth emerged, but geographical distance between sites may further limit gene flow. Water mass boundaries may serve to isolate populations across depth; however, adaptive divergence with depth is also a possible scenario. Microsatellite markers also revealed significant genetic differentiation (FST = 0.434) between C. delta and a closely related species, Callogorgia americana, demonstrating the utility of microsatellites in species delimitation of octocorals. Results provided support for the depth-differentiation hypothesis, strengthening the notion that factors covarying with depth serve as isolation mechanisms in deep-sea populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Royal Society","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2015.0008","usgsCitation":"Quattrini, A., Baums, I.B., Shank, T.M., Morrison, C., and Cordes, E.E., 2015, Testing the depth-differentiation hypothesis in a deepwater octocoral: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, v. 282, no. 1807, p. 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0008.","productDescription":"Article 20150008; 9 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","ipdsId":"IP-062076","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472082,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0008","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":339269,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"282","issue":"1807","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-05-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60273e4b09da6799ac687","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quattrini, Andrea aquattrini@usgs.gov","contributorId":149599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quattrini","given":"Andrea","email":"aquattrini@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":689599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baums, Iliana B. 0000-0001-6463-7308","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6463-7308","contributorId":190566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baums","given":"Iliana","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":36985,"text":"Penn State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":689600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shank, Timothy M.","contributorId":190567,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shank","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morrison, Cheryl L. cmorrison@usgs.gov","contributorId":3355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"Cheryl L.","email":"cmorrison@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":689598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cordes, Erik E.","contributorId":37623,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cordes","given":"Erik","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":16710,"text":"Temple University, Department of Biology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":689602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70148109,"text":"fs20153040 - 2015 - Tools for discovering and accessing Great Lakes scientific data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-19T14:52:12","indexId":"fs20153040","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-21T13:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-3040","title":"Tools for discovering and accessing Great Lakes scientific data","docAbstract":"The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) is a multidisciplinary and interagency effort focused on the protection and restoration of the Great Lakes (GL) using the best available science and applying lessons learned from previous studies. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) contributes to the GLRI effort by providing resource managers with information and tools needed to meet restoration goals. This includes contributing scientific expertise and delivering findings to the GL community through meaningful information products.
\nOne of the strengths of the GLRI is its interagency approach; however, this can create challenges when coordinating the large number of restoration activities being performed by GL governments, tribes, academics, nonprofits, and industry. There is a vast array of data being produced by both the USGS and its partners, and it is crucial that scientists, managers, policymakers, and the public can easily locate the biological, geological, geospatial, and water-resources data being generated.
\nThe USGS strives to develop data products that are easy to find, easy to understand, and easy to use through Web-accessible tools that allow users to learn about the breadth and scope of GLRI activities being undertaken by the USGS and its partners. By creating tools that enable data to be shared and reused more easily, the USGS can encourage collaboration and assist the GL community in finding, interpreting, and understanding the information created during GLRI science activities.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20153040","usgsCitation":"Lucido, J., and Bruce, J.L., 2015, Tools for discovering and accessing Great Lakes scientific data: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3040, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20153040.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065137","costCenters":[{"id":160,"text":"Center for Integrated Data Analytics","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300655,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20153040.jpg"},{"id":300653,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3040/"},{"id":300654,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3040/pdf/fs2015-3040.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.42 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.6376953125,\n 50.45750402042058\n ],\n [\n -90.68115234375,\n 49.52520834197442\n ],\n [\n -93.31787109374999,\n 47.234489635299184\n ],\n [\n -92.8564453125,\n 46.34692761055676\n ],\n [\n -89.23095703125,\n 46.437856895024204\n ],\n [\n -89.36279296875,\n 43.29320031385282\n ],\n [\n -88.3740234375,\n 42.439674178149424\n ],\n [\n -88.13232421875,\n 41.19518982948959\n ],\n [\n -85.53955078125,\n 41.261291493919884\n ],\n [\n -84.55078125,\n 40.49709237269567\n ],\n [\n -82.28759765625,\n 40.59727063442024\n ],\n [\n -79.013671875,\n 42.16340342422401\n ],\n [\n -76.31103515625,\n 42.08191667830631\n ],\n [\n -74.50927734375,\n 43.691707903073805\n ],\n [\n -74.72900390625,\n 44.29240108529005\n ],\n [\n -76.26708984375,\n 44.5278427984555\n ],\n [\n -80.44189453125,\n 47.87214396888731\n ],\n [\n -83.8037109375,\n 48.60385760823255\n ],\n [\n -87.451171875,\n 50.41551870402678\n ],\n [\n -88.6376953125,\n 50.45750402042058\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555ef3a1e4b0a92fa7eb9664","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucido, Jessica M. jlucido@usgs.gov","contributorId":4695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucido","given":"Jessica M.","email":"jlucido@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":160,"text":"Center for Integrated Data Analytics","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bruce, Jennifer L. 0000-0003-4915-5567 jlbruce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4915-5567","contributorId":132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruce","given":"Jennifer","email":"jlbruce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70144908,"text":"pp1813 - 2015 - Mercury and methylmercury in reservoirs in Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-20T15:39:27","indexId":"pp1813","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-20T16:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1813","title":"Mercury and methylmercury in reservoirs in Indiana","docAbstract":"Mercury (Hg) is an element that occurs naturally, but evidence suggests that human activities have resulted in increased amounts being released to the atmosphere and land surface. When Hg is converted to methylmercury (MeHg) in aquatic ecosystems, MeHg accumulates and increases in the food web so that some fish contain levels which pose a health risk to humans and wildlife that consume these fish. Reservoirs unlike natural lakes, are a part of river systems that are managed for flood control. Data compiled and interpreted for six flood-control reservoirs in Indiana showed a relation between Hg transport, MeHg formation in water, and MeHg in fish that was influenced by physical, chemical, and biological differences among the reservoirs. Existing information precludes a uniform comparison of Hg and MeHg in all reservoirs in the State, but factors and conditions were identified that can indicate where and when Hg and MeHg levels in reservoirs could be highest.
\nAs part of a statewide monitoring network for Hg and MeHg in Indiana streams, 66 water samples were collected from four reservoir tailwater sites (downstream near the dams) on a quarterly schedule for 5 years. The reservoirs were Brookville Lake, Cagles Mill Lake, J. Edward Roush Lake, and Mississinewa Lake. Particulate-bound Hg concentrations were significantly lower in tailwater samples than in samples from free-flowing streams in the statewide network. (Free-flowing streams were not affected by dams and were not upstream from these reservoirs.) These data indicated the reduced flow velocity of water upstream from dams was allowing particulate-bound Hg to settle out of the water in the reservoir pools. The concentration ratios of MeHg to Hg were significantly higher in the tailwater samples than in samples from free-flowing streams, and the MeHg to Hg ratios were significantly higher in summer than in other seasons.
\nTo evaluate the conditions related to MeHg formation, pools of three reservoirs (Brookville Lake, Monroe Lake, and Patoka Lake) were investigated during summer hydrologic conditions. Water temperature and dissolved oxygen were measured from the water surface to the lake bottom at 10 to 17 transects across each reservoir to identify three thermal strata, defined by water temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, and depth. Depth-specific water samples were collected from these thermal strata throughout each reservoir, from the headwaters to the dam and from the tailwater. Mercury concentrations higher than 0.04 nanogram per liter (ng/L) were detected in all 53 samples, and MeHg concentrations higher than 0.04 ng/L were detected in 53 percent of the samples.
\nThe investigation found a zone of water below 8 or 9 meters, with temperatures less than 18 degrees Celsius and dissolved oxygen less than 3.5 milligrams per liter, extending through nearly half the reservoir area in Monroe Lake and Patoka Lake. This zone had abundant dissolved MeHg and concentration ratios of dissolved MeHg to Hg that ranged from 25 to 82 percent. This zone also had water with pH less than 7 and decreased dissolved sulfate, conditions indicating sulfate reduction by microorganisms that promoted a high potential for the conversion of Hg to MeHg. Reservoir outflow came from this zone at Monroe Lake and contributed to a tailwater concentration ratio for dissolved MeHg to Hg of 56 percent. Reservoir outflow at Patoka Lake was not from this zone, and dissolved MeHg was not detected in the tailwater. In contrast, samples from the summer pool at Brookville Lake had no MeHg detections even though Hg was detected, probably because the water pH higher than 7 inhibited sulfate reduction and did not promote the conversion of Hg to MeHg.
\nMercury and MeHg concentrations and the concentration ratios of MeHg to Hg in water varied among the six reservoirs in Indiana, and the differences were related to a combination of factors that could apply to other reservoirs. In areas with moderate to high rates of atmospheric Hg wet and dry deposition, Hg runoff and transport to streams and reservoirs was potentially highest for reservoirs with heavily forested watersheds in steep terrains of near-surface bedrock. Methylmercury concentrations and concentration ratios of MeHg to Hg were highest for reservoirs with the longest summer pools and highest inflow-to-outflow retention times, where water-chemistry conditions favoring sulfate reduction promoted conversion of Hg to MeHg.
\nMethylmercury (reported as Hg) in fish-tissue samples collected for the State fish consumption advisory program was used to describe MeHg food-web accumulation and magnification in the reservoirs. The highest percentages of fish-tissue samples with Hg concentrations that exceeded the criterion of 0.30 milligram per kilogram for protection of human health were from Monroe Lake (38 percent) and Patoka Lake (33 percent). A review of the number and size of fish species caught from these two reservoirs resulted in two implications for fish consumption by humans. First, the highest numbers of fish harvested for potential human consumption were species more likely to have MeHg concentrations lower than the human-health criterion (crappie, bluegill, and catfish). Second, although largemouth bass were likely to have MeHg concentrations higher than the human-health criterion, they were caught and released more often than they were harvested. However, the average size largemouth bass (in both reservoirs) and above-average size walleye (in Monroe Lake) that were harvested for potential human consumption were likely to have MeHg concentrations higher than the human-health criterion.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1813","usgsCitation":"Risch, M.R., and Fredericksen, A.L., 2015, Mercury and methylmercury in reservoirs in Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1813, vii, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1813.","productDescription":"vii, 57 p.","numberOfPages":"70","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-032724","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300626,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp1813.jpg"},{"id":300624,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1813/pdf/pp1813.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.56 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":300623,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1813/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Brookville Lake, Cagles Mill Lake, J. 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fredericksen, Amanda L. afredericksen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredericksen","given":"Amanda","email":"afredericksen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":543841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70147546,"text":"ofr20151088 - 2015 - California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Tomales Point, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T20:21:42.044949","indexId":"ofr20151088","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-20T15:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1088","title":"California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Tomales Point, California","docAbstract":"In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within the 3-nautical-mile limit of California’s State Waters. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data, acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow (to about 200 m) subsurface geology.
\nTomales Bay, approximately 20-km long and 1- to 2-km wide, formed along a submerged portion of the San Andreas Fault, which forms a right-lateral transform boundary between the North American and Pacific tectonic plates. The fault juxtaposes Cretaceous granitic rock to the southwest (exposed on Tomales Point) with the Jurassic and Cretaceous Franciscan Complex to the northeast (exposed on the northeast coast of the Tomales Bay), and has an estimated slip rate of about 17 to 30 mm/yr in this area. The destructive great 1906 California earthquake (M7.8, 4/18/1906) is thought to have nucleated on the San Andreas Fault about 60 km to the south, offshore of San Francisco, with the rupture extending northward through Tomales Bay and for an additional about 230 km to the south flank of Cape Mendocino.
\nThe northwest coast of Tomales Point is characterized by steep, high (as much as 100 m), barren, granitic cliffs and a rugged shoreline with a few small pocket beaches. There has been as much as 48 m of Tomales Point cliff retreat from 1929–30 to 2002. The granite is overlain by less resistant Tertiary sandstones at Kehoe Beach, the northern end of a continuous, wide, sandy beach backed by a large coastal dune field that extends for about 20 km south to Point Reyes Head. This long beach has a mixed history of accretion and retreat since the late 1800s.
\nTomales Point relief is asymmetrical so that most small coastal watersheds in the map area drain eastward from Inverness Ridge into Tomales Bay. Many of these steep drainages have small sandy beaches at their mouths. The east coast of Tomales Bay is characterized by more gentle, hummocky, hilly relief underlain by the landslide-prone Franciscan Complex. Keys Creek, the most prominent small watershed entering Tomales Bay from the east, has a small subaqueous delta at its mouth. Central Tomales Bay is relatively flat and underlain by fine sand and silt. The mouth of Tomales Bay is characterized by sand waves, dunes, and flats that have formed in response to strong tidal flow.
\nSand Point and Dillon Beach are located at the mouth of Tomales Bay and on the southeasternmost shores of Bodega Bay, respectively. The wide beach in this area is backed by an extensive (4.8 km2) sand-dune complex. The enormous volume of sand on the beach and in the dune field is derived from southward littoral drift. This sediment is trapped by Tomales Bay and Tomales Point, which function as the south end of the Bodega Bay littoral cell.
\nThe continental shelf in California’s State Waters in the Offshore of Tomales Point map area extends to water depths of about 70 m (mean slope of about 0.7°) and is characterized by extensive, rugged, rocky seafloor. Granitic seafloor has a massive and fractured texture, whereas seafloor sedimentary rock outcrops commonly form distinctive “ribs” created by differential seafloor erosion of dipping beds of variable resistance. Direct sediment supply to this shelf is minimal because littoral drift is blocked to the north by Tomales Bay and Tomales Point, and to the south by the Point Reyes headland.
\nCirculation over the continental shelf in the map area (and in the broader northern California region) is dominated by the southward-flowing California Current, the eastern limb of the North Pacific Gyre. Associated upwelling brings cool, nutrient-rich waters to the surface, resulting in high biological productivity. The current flow generally is southeastward during the spring and summer; however, during the fall and winter, the otherwise persistent northwest winds are sometimes weak or absent, causing the California Current to move farther offshore and the Davidson Current, a weaker, northward-flowing countercurrent, to become active. As a result, net flow over the continental shelf can be more southerly during the spring and summer and more northerly during the fall and winter.
\nThroughout the year, this part of the central California coast is exposed to four wave climate regimes—the north Pacific swell, the southern swell, northwest wind waves, and local wind waves. The north Pacific swell dominates in winter months (typically November through March), with wave heights at offshore buoys ranging from 2 to 10 m and wave periods ranging from 10 to 25 s. During summer months, the largest waves come from the southern swell, generated by storms in the south Pacific and offshore Central America. Characteristically, these swells have smaller wave heights (0.3 to 3 m) and similarly long periods (range 10 to 25 s). Northwest wind waves affect the coast throughout the year, while local wind waves are most common from October to April. These two wind-wave regimes typically have wave heights of 1 to 4 m and short periods (3 to 10 s).
\nPotential marine benthic habitats in the Offshore of Tomales Point map area range from unconsolidated continental-shelf sediment, to rocky continental-shelf substrate, to unconsolidated estuary sediments. Rocky-shelf outcrops and rubble are considered to be promising potential habitats for rockfish and lingcod, both of which are recreationally and commercially important species. Dynamic bedforms, such as the sand waves at the mouth of Tomales Bay, are considered potential foraging habitat for juvenile lingcod and possibly migratory fishes, as well as for forage fish such as Pacific sand lance.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151088","usgsCitation":"Johnson, S.Y., Dartnell, P., Golden, N., Hartwell, S., Greene, H., Erdey, M.D., Cochrane, G.R., Watt, J.T., Kvitek, R.G., Manson, M., Endris, C.A., Dieter, B.E., Krigsman, L., Sliter, R.W., Lowe, E.N., and Chinn, J.L., 2015, California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Tomales Point, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1088, Pamphlet: iv, 38 p.; 10 Sheets: 53 x 36 inches or smaller ; Metadata; Data Catalog, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151088.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iv, 38 p.; 10 Sheets: 53 x 36 inches or smaller ; Metadata; Data Catalog","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-055694","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300625,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151088.jpg"},{"id":399000,"rank":16,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_101870.htm"},{"id":300622,"rank":14,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshoreTomalesPoint/data_catalog_OffshoreTomalesPoint.html","text":"Data Catalog—Offshore Tomales Point, California","description":"Data Catalog—Offshore Tomales Point, California","linkHelpText":"Each GIS data file is listed with a brief description, a small image, and links to the metadata files and the downloadable data files."},{"id":300620,"rank":12,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1088/pdf/ofr2015-1088_sheet10.pdf","text":"Sheet 10","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 10","linkHelpText":"Offshore and Onshore Geology and Geomorphology, Offshore of Tomales Point Map Area, California By Stephen R. 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2015 - Status and threats analysis for the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris), 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-04T19:05:07.028529","indexId":"ofr20151083","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-20T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1083","title":"Status and threats analysis for the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris), 2012","docAbstract":"The endangered West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), especially the Florida subspecies (T. m. latirostris), has been the focus of conservation efforts and extensive research since its listing under the Endangered Species Act. On the basis of the best information available as of December 2012, the threats facing the Florida manatee were determined to be less severe than previously thought, either because the conservation efforts have been successful, or because our knowledge of the demographic effects of those threats is increased, or both. Using the manatee Core Biological Model, we estimated the probability of the Florida manatee population on either the Atlantic or Gulf coast falling below 500 adults in the next 150 years to be 0.92 percent. The primary threats remain watercraft-related mortality and long-term loss of warm-water habitat. Since 2009, however, there have been a number of unusual events that have not yet been incorporated into this analysis, including several severely cold winters, a severe red-tide die off, and substantial loss of seagrass habitat in Brevard County, Fla. Further, the version of the Core Biological Model used in 2012 makes a number of assumptions that are under investigation. A revision of the Core Biological Model and an update of this quantitative threats analysis are underway as of 2015.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151083","usgsCitation":"Runge, M.C., Langtimm, C.A., Martin, J., and Fonnesbeck, C.J., 2015, Status and threats analysis for the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris), 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1083, v, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151083.","productDescription":"v, 23 p.","numberOfPages":"33","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2012-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-064691","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300427,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1083/"},{"id":300430,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151083.jpg"},{"id":300428,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1083/pdf/ofr2015-1083.pdf","size":"2.03 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555da21ce4b0a92fa7eb82bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runge, Michael C. 0000-0002-8081-536X mrunge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8081-536X","contributorId":3358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runge","given":"Michael","email":"mrunge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langtimm, Catherine A. 0000-0001-8499-5743 clangtimm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8499-5743","contributorId":3045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langtimm","given":"Catherine","email":"clangtimm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, Julien 0000-0002-7375-129X julienmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7375-129X","contributorId":5785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Julien","email":"julienmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fonnesbeck, Christopher J.","contributorId":83047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fonnesbeck","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":545703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70155240,"text":"70155240 - 2015 - 2013 Survey of Iowa groundwater and evaluation of public well vulnerability classifications for contaminants of emerging concern","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-08T12:03:04","indexId":"70155240","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5415,"text":"Iowa Geological and Water Survey Technical Information Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"57","title":"2013 Survey of Iowa groundwater and evaluation of public well vulnerability classifications for contaminants of emerging concern","docAbstract":"Studies in Iowa have long documented the vulnerability of wells with less than 50 feet (15 meters) of confining materials above the source aquifer to contamination from nitrate and various pesticides. Recent studies in Wisconsin have documented the occurrence of viruses in untreated groundwater, even in wells considered to have little vulnerability to contamination from near-surface activities. In addition, sensitive methods have become available for analyses of pharmaceuticals and pesticides. This study represents the first comprehensive examination of contaminants of emerging concern in Iowa’s groundwater conducted to date, and one of the first conducted in the United States.
Raw groundwater samples were collected from 66 public supply wells during the spring of 2013, when the state was recovering from drought conditions. Samples were analyzed for 206 chemical and biological parameters; including 20 general water-quality parameters and major ions, 19 metals, 5 nutrients, 10 virus groups, 3 species of pathogenic bacteria, 5 microbial indicators, 108 pharmaceuticals, 35 pesticides and pesticide degradates, and tritium. The wells chosen for this study represent a diverse range of ages, depths, confining material thicknesses, pumping rates, and land use settings.
The most commonly detected contaminant group was pesticide compounds, which were present in 41% of the samples. As many as 6 pesticide compounds were found together in a sample, most of which were chloroacetanilide degradates. While none of the measured concentrations of pesticide compounds exceeded current benchmark levels, several of these compounds are listed on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Contaminant Candidate List and could be subject to drinking water standards in the future. Despite heavy use in the past decade, glyphosate was not detected, and its metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid, was only detected in two of 60 wells tested (3%) at the detection limit of 0.02 μg/L.
Pharmaceutical compounds were detected in 35% of 63 samples. Of the 14 pharmaceuticals detected, six had reported concentrations above the method reporting limit, with the maximum reported concentration of 826 ng/L for acetaminophen. Diphenhydramine was the only pharmaceutical to have two detections above the reporting limit, at 24.5 and 145 ng/L. Eight pharmaceuticals had confirmed detections at concentrations below the method reporting limit. Caffeine was the most frequently detected pharmaceutical compound (25%), followed by the caffeine metabolite, 1,7- dimethylxanthine (16%).
Microorganisms were detected in 21% of the wells using quantitative polymerase chain reaction methodologies. The most frequently detected microorganism was the pepper mild mottle virus (PMMV), a plant pathogen found in human waste. PMMV was detected in 17% of samples at concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 6.38 gene copies per liter. GII norovirus, human polyomavirus, bovine polyomavirus, and Campylobacter were also detected, while adenovirus, enterovirus, GI norovirus, swine hepatitis E, Salmonella, and enterohemmorhagic E. coli were not detected. No correlations were found between viruses or pathogenic bacteria and microbial indicators.
Wells with less than 50 feet (15 meters) of confining material were shown to have greater incidence of surface-related contaminants; however, significant relationships (p<0.05) between confining layer thickness and contaminants were only found for nitrate and herbicides.
Marine geology and geomorphology were mapped along the continental shelf and upper slope between Point Piedras Blancas and Pismo Beach, California. The map area is divided into the following three (smaller) map areas, listed from north to south: San Simeon, Morro Bay, and Point San Luis. Each smaller map area consists of a geologic map and the corresponding geophysical data that support the geologic mapping. Each geophysical data sheet includes shaded-relief multibeam bathymetry, seismic-reflection-survey tracklines, and residual magnetic anomalies, as well as a smaller version of the geologic map for reference. Offshore geologic units were delineated on the basis of integrated analysis of adjacent onshore geology, seafloor-sediment and rock samples, multibeam bathymetry and backscatter imagery, magnetic data, and high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles. Although the geologic maps are presented here at 1:35,000 scale, map interpretation was conducted at scales of between 1:6,000 and 1:12,000.
\nSea level was approximately 120 to 130 m lower during the Last Glacial Maximum (about 21 ka). This approximate depth corresponds to the modern shelf break, a lateral change from the gently dipping (0.8° to 1.0°) outer shelf to the slightly more steeply dipping (about 1.5° to 2.5°) upper slope in the central and northern parts of the map area. South of Point San Luis in San Luis Bay, deltaic deposits offshore of the mouth of the Santa Maria River (11 km south of the map area) have prograded across the shelf break and now form a continuous low-angle (about 0.8°) ramp that extends to water depths of more than 160 m. The shelf break defines the landward boundary of slope deposits. North of Estero Bay, the shelf break is characterized by a distinctly sharp slope break that is mapped as a landslide headscarp above landslide deposits. Multibeam imagery and seismic-reflection profiles across this part of the shelf break show evidence of slope failure, such as slumping, sliding, and soft-sediment deformation, along the entire length of the scarp. Notably, this shelf-break scarp corresponds to a west splay of the Hosgri Fault that dies out just north of the scarp, suggesting that faulting is controlling the location (and instability) of the shelf break in this area.
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Series — Drakes Bay and vicinity, California","docAbstract":"In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within the 3-nautical-mile limit of California’s State Waters. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data, acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow (to about 100 m) subsurface geology.
\nThe Drakes Bay and Vicinity map area is located in northern California, about 30 km north of San Francisco and about 65 km south of Fort Ross. The map area is in the northern part of the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary, and it includes all or parts of four California Marine Protected Areas. The largely undeveloped onshore part of the map area, which occupies much of the southern and southeastern parts of the Point Reyes peninsula, is used primarily for grazing, as well as recreation, as it is home to the Point Reyes National Seashore. The triangular Point Reyes peninsula, which lies completely west of the San Andreas Fault Zone, is bounded by the steep terrain of Inverness Ridge along its northeastern margin, Tomales Point at its northernmost tip, Point Reyes at its southwesternmost point, and Bolinas at its southern end. The landscape in between includes (from southeast to northwest) the sandy beaches along Drakes Bay, the estuaries of Drakes Estero and Estero de Limantour, and the long, windswept Point Reyes Beach, which is backed by an extensive dune field.
\nThe seafloor in the map area generally extends from the shoreline to water depths of about 40 to 50 m, except for the area south of the Point Reyes headland where water depths reach 60 to 70 m. This bathymetric gradient south and west of the Point Reyes headland is related to north-side-up motion along the Point Reyes Fault Zone. Except for the bathymetric gradient across the Point Reyes Fault Zone, the bedrock platform in the nearshore and inner shelf areas (50 to 60 m depth) is relatively flat (less than 1.0°) and is overlain by sand-sized to coarser grained sediment. Finer grained sediments are found in water depths greater than 60 m south of the Point Reyes headland, but they also extend into shallower (less than 40 m) water within Drakes Bay. Surficial and shallow sediments were deposited in the last about 21,000 years during the approximately 125-m sea-level rise that followed the last major lowstand associated with the Last Glacial Maximum, at which time the entire Drakes Bay and Vicinity map area was emergent and the shoreline was about 30 km south and west of the present-day shoreline.
\nTectonic influences that impact the shelf morphology and geology in the map area are related to local faulting, folding, uplift, and subsidence. Offshore of the Point Reyes headland, granitic basement rocks are offset vertically about 1.4 km along the Point Reyes Fault Zone; this uplift, combined with west-side-up offset on the San Andreas Fault Zone, has resulted in uplift of the Point Reyes peninsula and the adjacent shelf. Late Pleistocene uplift of marine terraces on the southern Point Reyes peninsula suggests active deformation of offshore structures west of the San Andreas Fault Zone. Pervasive stratal thinning within inferred uppermost Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits above the west strand of the Point Reyes Fault Zone suggests Quaternary active shortening of the curvilinear, northeast- to north-dipping Point Reyes Fault Zone. Lack of clear deformation in the uppermost Pleistocene and Holocene deposits suggests that activity along the Point Reyes Fault Zone has ceased or slowed since about 21,000 years ago.
\nSeafloor habitats in the Drakes Bay and Vicinity map area range from unconsolidated continental-shelf sediment to hard substrate. Rocky-shelf outcrops and rubble are considered to be promising potential habitats for rockfish and lingcod, both of which are recreationally and commercially important species.
\nCirculation over the continental shelf in the map area is dominated by the southward-flowing California Current, the eastern limb of the North Pacific Gyre. Associated upwelling brings cool, nutrient-rich waters to the surface, resulting in high biological productivity. The current flow generally is southeastward during the spring and summer; however, during the fall and winter, the otherwise persistent northwest winds are sometimes weak or absent, causing the California Current to move farther offshore and the Davidson Current, a weaker, northward-flowing countercurrent, to become active.
\nSediment transport in the map area largely is controlled by surface waves and tidal currents in the nearshore and, at depths greater than 20 to 30 m, by tidal and subtidal currents. In the map area, nearshore littoral drift of sand and coarse sediment is to the south, owing to the dominant west-northwest swell direction, and scour from large waves and tidal currents removes and redistributes sediment over large areas of the inner shelf. Tidal currents are particularly strong over the shelf in the map area, and they dominate the current regime in the nearshore. Further offshore, bottom currents generally flow to the northwest, distributing finer grained sediment accordingly.
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2015 - Use of 2H and 18O stable isotopes to investigate water sources for different ages of Populus euphratica along the lower Heihe River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-03T11:13:10","indexId":"70160655","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1461,"text":"Ecological Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of 2H and 18O stable isotopes to investigate water sources for different ages of Populus euphratica along the lower Heihe River","docAbstract":"Investigation of the water sources used by trees of different ages is essential to formulate a conservation strategy for the riparian tree, P. euphratica. This study addressed the contributions of different potential water sources to P. euphratica based on levels of stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes (δ18O, δ2H) in the xylem of different aged P. euphratica, as well as in soil water and groundwater along the lower Heihe River. We found significant differences in δ18O values in the xylem of different aged P. euphratica. Specifically, the δ18O values of young, mature and over-mature forests were −5.368(±0.252) ‰, −6.033(± 0.185) ‰ and −6.924 (± 0.166) ‰, respectively, reflecting the reliance of older trees on deeper sources of water with a δ18O value closer to that of groundwater. Different aged P. euphratica used different water sources, with young forests rarely using groundwater (mean <15 %) and instead primarily relying on soil water from a depth of 0–50 cm (mean >45 %), and mature and over-mature forests using water from deeper than 100 cm derived primarily from groundwater.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Japan","doi":"10.1007/s11284-015-1270-6","usgsCitation":"Liu, S., Chen, Y., Chen, Y., Friedman, J.M., Fan, G., and Hati, J.H., 2015, Use of 2H and 18O stable isotopes to investigate water sources for different ages of Populus euphratica along the lower Heihe River: Ecological Research, v. 30, no. 4, p. 581-587, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-015-1270-6.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"581","endPage":"587","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059426","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-015-1270-6","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":312929,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","otherGeospatial":"Lower Heihe River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 98.81103515625,\n 38.81403111409755\n ],\n [\n 98.81103515625,\n 42.21224516288584\n ],\n [\n 102.67822265625,\n 42.21224516288584\n ],\n [\n 102.67822265625,\n 38.81403111409755\n ],\n [\n 98.81103515625,\n 38.81403111409755\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-05-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56826b49e4b0a04ef4925bab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Shubao","contributorId":150884,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"Shubao","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18132,"text":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chen, Yaning","contributorId":150885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chen","given":"Yaning","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18132,"text":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chen, Yapeng","contributorId":150886,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chen","given":"Yapeng","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18132,"text":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663 friedmanj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":2473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","email":"friedmanj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":583475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fan, Gonghuan","contributorId":150887,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fan","given":"Gonghuan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18132,"text":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, China","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hati, Jarre Heng A.","contributorId":150888,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hati","given":"Jarre","email":"","middleInitial":"Heng A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70146632,"text":"sim3326 - 2015 - Water-table and potentiometric-surface altitudes in the Upper Glacial, Magothy, and Lloyd aquifers of Long Island, New York, April-May 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-23T16:08:43","indexId":"sim3326","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-18T23:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3326","title":"Water-table and potentiometric-surface altitudes in the Upper Glacial, Magothy, and Lloyd aquifers of Long Island, New York, April-May 2013","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with State and local agencies, systematically collects groundwater data at varying measurement frequencies to monitor the hydrologic conditions on Long Island, New York. Each year during April and May, the USGS conducts a synoptic survey of water levels to define the spatial distribution of the water table and potentiometric surfaces within the three main water-bearing units underlying Long Island—the upper glacial, Magothy, and Lloyd aquifers (Smolensky and others, 1989)—and the hydraulically connected Jameco (Soren, 1971) and North Shore aquifers (Stumm, 2001). These data and the maps constructed from them are commonly used in studies of Long Island's hydrology and are utilized by water managers and suppliers for aquifer management and planning purposes.
\nWater-level measurements made in 502 monitoring wells (observation and supply wells) and 16 streamgage locations across Long Island during April–May 2013 were used to prepare the maps in this report. Groundwater measurements were made by the wetted-tape method to the nearest hundredth of a foot. Contours of water-table and potentiometric-surface altitudes were created by using the groundwater measurements. The water-table contours were interpreted by using water-level data collected from 16 streamgages, 334 observation wells, and 1 supply well screened in the upper glacial aquifer or the shallow Magothy aquifer; the Magothy aquifer's potentiometric-surface contours were interpreted from measurements at 70 observation wells and 31 supply wells screened in the middle to deep Magothy aquifer and the contiguous and hydraulically connected Jameco aquifer. The Lloyd aquifer's potentiometric-surface contours were interpreted from measurements at 58 observation wells and 8 supply wells screened in the Lloyd aquifer and the contiguous and hydraulically connected North Shore aquifer. Many of the supply wells are in continuous operation and therefore, were turned off for a minimum of 24 hours before measurements were made to allow the water levels in the wells to recover to ambient (non-pumping) conditions. Full recovery time at some of these supply wells can exceed 24 hours; therefore, water levels measured at these wells are assumed to be less accurate than those measured at observation wells, which are not pumped (Busciolano, 2002). In addition to pumping stresses, elevated chloride concentrations (saline water) also lower the water levels measured in certain wells. This reduction in water level is the result of saline water being denser than freshwater (Lusczynski, 1961). In this report, all water-level altitudes are referenced to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29).
\nThe land surface or topography was downloaded from the National Map portal (http://nationalmap.gov), which represents the most currently available terrain representation as a 10-meter digital elevation model (DEM). The National Map terrain representation was combined with additional land surface terrain models of Suffolk County and New York City, which were collected using lidar to produce a high accuracy three-dimensional land surface altitude model based on the geospatial product for coastal flood mapping. The datum for land surface altitude is North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88). On Long Island NAVD 88 is approximately 1-foot lower than NGVD 29.
\nHydrographs are included on these maps for selected wells that have digital recording equipment. These hydrographs are representative of the 2013 water year to show the changes that have occurred throughout that period. The synoptic survey water level measured at the well is included on each hydrograph.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3326","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Long Island Water Conference, Nassau County Department of Public Works, New York City Department of Environmental Protection, Port Washington Water District, Suffolk County Department of Health Services, Towns of North Hempstead and Shelter Island, Manhasset-Lakeville Water District, Nassau Suffolk Water Commissioners Association, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Sands Point Water Department, Suffolk County Water Authority, Water Authority of Great Neck North","usgsCitation":"Como, M.D., Noll, M.L., Finkelstein, J.S., Monti, J., and Busciolano, R., 2015, Water-table and potentiometric-surface altitudes in the Upper Glacial, Magothy, and Lloyd aquifers of Long Island, New York, April-May 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3326, Pamphlet: 8 p.; 4 Plates: 72.0 x 34.0 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3326.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: 8 p.; 4 Plates: 72.0 x 34.0 inches","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2013-04-01","temporalEnd":"2013-05-31","ipdsId":"IP-060337","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300539,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim3326.JPG"},{"id":300535,"rank":3,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3326/pdf/sim3326_s1p.pdf","text":"Sheet 1 (Water table)","size":"11.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"72\" X 34\" Print size (11.3 MB)","linkHelpText":"SIM 3326 Sheet 1"},{"id":300533,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3326/"},{"id":300538,"rank":6,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3326/pdf/sim3326_s4p.pdf","text":"Sheet 4 (Depth to water table)","size":"11.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"72\" X 34\" Print size (11.1 MB)","linkHelpText":"SIM 3326 Sheet 4"},{"id":300534,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3326/pdf/sim3326.pdf","text":"Text Pamphlet","size":"78 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"SIM 3326 Text"},{"id":300536,"rank":4,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3326/pdf/sim3326_s2p.pdf","text":"Sheet 2 (Potentiometric surface in the Magothy and Jameco aquifers)","size":"11.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"72\" X 34\" Print size (11.2 MB)","linkHelpText":"SIM 3326 Sheet 2"},{"id":300537,"rank":5,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3326/pdf/sim3326_s3p.pdf","text":"Sheet 3 (Potentiometric surface in the Lloyd and North Shore aquifers)","size":"17.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"72\" X 34\" Print size (17.8 MB)","linkHelpText":"SIM 3326 Sheet 3"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.80615234375,\n 40.80965166748856\n ],\n [\n -73.9434814453125,\n 40.78054143186031\n ],\n [\n -74.014892578125,\n 40.730608477796636\n ],\n [\n -74.0643310546875,\n 40.61812224225511\n ],\n [\n -74.0093994140625,\n 40.56389453066509\n ],\n [\n -73.9324951171875,\n 40.53050177574321\n ],\n [\n -73.2843017578125,\n 40.60561205826018\n ],\n [\n -72.8668212890625,\n 40.72644570551446\n ],\n [\n -71.8011474609375,\n 41.075210270566636\n ],\n [\n -71.949462890625,\n 41.08763212467916\n ],\n [\n -72.125244140625,\n 41.13729606112276\n ],\n [\n -72.257080078125,\n 41.15797827873605\n ],\n [\n -72.333984375,\n 41.166249339091976\n ],\n [\n -72.6251220703125,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -73.1524658203125,\n 40.98819156349393\n ],\n [\n -73.4051513671875,\n 40.95915977213492\n ],\n [\n -73.7127685546875,\n 40.89275342420696\n ],\n [\n -73.80615234375,\n 40.80965166748856\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Road
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5600
http://ny.water.usgs.gov
In the second year of 2 years of study, the movements of juvenile spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and juvenile summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) through Detroit Reservoir, passing Detroit Dam, and migrating downstream to Portland, Oregon, were studied during a 1-year-long period beginning in February 2013. The primary purpose of the study was to provide empirical data to inform decisions about future alternatives for improving downstream passage of salmonids at Detroit Dam. A secondary purpose was to design and assess the performance of a system to detect juvenile salmonids implanted with acoustic transmitters migrating in the Willamette River. Inferences about fish migration were made from detections of juvenile fish of hatchery origin at least 95 millimeters in fork length surgically implanted with an acoustic transmitter and released during the spring (March–May) and fall (September–November) of 2013. Detection sites were placed throughout the reservoir, near the dam, and at two sites in the North Santiam River and at three sites in the Willamette River culminating at Portland, Oregon. We based most inferences on an analysis period up to the 90th percentile of tag life (68–78 days after release, depending on species and season), although a small number of fish passed after that period as late as April 8, 2014. Chinook salmon migrated from the tributaries of release to the reservoir in greater proportion than steelhead, particularly in the fall. The in-reservoir migration behaviors and dam passage of the two species were similar during the spring study, but during the fall study, few steelhead reached the reservoir and none passed the dam within the analysis period. Migrations in the reservoir were directed and non-random, except in the forebay. Depths of fish within 25 meters of the dam were deeper in the day than at night for Chinook salmon and similar in the day and night for steelhead; steelhead generally were at shallower depths than Chinook salmon. The primary factors affecting dam passage rates were seasonal dam operating conditions and diel period. Fish passage rates were much greater during the spring and summer than in the fall and winter, and the difference was attributed to the availability and use of the spillway near the top of the dam during the spring and summer. The flood-control purpose of the reservoir prevented spillway use during much of the fall and winter because of the low forebay elevation. Passage rates at night were greater than in the day during spring and summer (4.2 times) and during the fall and winter (14.9 times). Fish length, dam discharge, and forebay elevation also affected dam passage rates. Travel times from Detroit Dam passage to the downstream sites were shorter during the fall and winter than during the spring and summer, and were less than a median of 8.68 days to Portland. The estimated survival in the 11 kilometers (km) between Detroit Dam and the Minto Dam forebay was lower than in the remaining 241 km to the Portland site. Estimated survival per 100 km in the free-flowing reach from Minto Dam to Portland was 0.675–0.836, depending on species and season, and was similar to other free-flowing rivers in the Western United States. The high probability of fish in the reservoir reaching the dam, the chance for repeated presence near the dam, the fish depths, and the factors known to affect passage rates suggest that a properly designed surface passage route could be a viable downstream passage alternative for juvenile Chinook salmon and steelhead at Detroit Dam.
\nAs part of the evaluations conducted at Detroit Dam, we continued to refine and improve methods for monitoring fish movements in the Willamette River. The goal was to develop stable, cost-effective, long-term monitoring arrays suitable for detection of any Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System (JSATS)-tagged fish in the Willamette River. These data then could be used to estimate timing, migration rates, and survival of JSATS-tagged fish from various studies in the Willamette River Basin. The challenge, however, is that acoustic telemetry generally performs poorly in shallow, turbulent water, like that found in the Willamette River. We successfully designed, deployed, and maintained a series of monitoring sites near the Oregon cities of Salem, Wilsonville, and Portland. In the spring, detection probabilities at these sites ranged from 0.900 to 1.000. In the fall, the detection probabilities decreased and ranged from 0.526 to 1.000. The lower detection probabilities, particularly at the Salem site (0.526), were owing to loss of data caused by abnormally high flows as well as the 2013 Federal government shutdown, which prevented us from servicing the equipment. The monitoring sites that we installed seem to be robust and enable the efficient use of acoustic-tagged fish for studies of migration or survival in the Willamette River and similar environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151090","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Beeman, J.W., and Adams, N.S., 2015, In-reservoir behavior, dam passage, and downstream migration of juvenile Chinook salmon and juvenile steelhead from Detroit Reservoir and Dam to Portland, Oregon, February 2013-February 2014: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1090, ix, 92 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151090.","productDescription":"ix, 92 p.","numberOfPages":"105","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2013-02-01","temporalEnd":"2014-02-28","ipdsId":"IP-060688","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300475,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151090.jpg"},{"id":300473,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1090/"},{"id":300474,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1090/pdf/ofr2015-1090.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Detroit Reservoir, North Santiam River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.44125366210936,\n 44.66865287227321\n ],\n [\n -122.44125366210936,\n 44.76184913125266\n ],\n [\n -122.06909179687501,\n 44.76184913125266\n ],\n [\n -122.06909179687501,\n 44.66865287227321\n ],\n [\n -122.44125366210936,\n 44.66865287227321\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555aff21e4b0a92fa7eac5cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeman, John W. jbeeman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeman","given":"John","email":"jbeeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adams, Noah S. 0000-0002-8354-0293 nadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8354-0293","contributorId":3521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Noah","email":"nadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70145686,"text":"ofr20151068 - 2015 - California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of San Francisco, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T20:08:37.146111","indexId":"ofr20151068","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-18T14:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1068","title":"California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of San Francisco, California","docAbstract":"In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within California’s State Waters. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data, acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow (to about 100 m) subsurface geology.
\nThe Offshore of San Francisco map area is centered on the City of San Francisco and the Golden Gate channel, a waterway that connects the Pacific Ocean to the San Francisco Bay between the Marin Headlands and San Francisco Peninsula. The San Francisco Bay Area is the second-largest urban area on the U.S. West Coast with a combined population of over seven million. The bay supports several major cargo ports and the Port of San Francisco’s Fisherman’s Wharf is a major center for Northern California’s commercial and sport fishing fleets. The coastal part of the map area predominantly consists of high bluffs and vertical sea cliffs shaped by uplift and erosion of the Marin Headlands and San Francisco Peninsula east of the San Andreas and San Gregorio Fault Zones.
\nThe seafloor in the map area extends from the shoreline and western end of the Golden Gate channel to water depths of about 30 to 50 m, except for the San Andreas graben area, where water depths reach 75 m. Sea-level rise, tidal currents, and tectonics have shaped bathymetry in the map area. During the Last Glacial Maximum, Sea level was about 125 m lower than present day and the shoreline was more than 45 km west of San Francisco near the Farallon Islands. At that time, the map area was part of a large alluvial plain connected to a drainage basin that included much of California’s Central Valley. A river system flowed westward through the narrows of the Golden Gate channel and an alluvial valley bounded to the north and south by bedrock highlands, including the present-day Pacifica-Pescadero and Bolinas shelves. Rising seas entered the Golden Gate about 11,000 to 10,000 years ago and subsequent marine flooding led to progressive growth of the San Francisco Bay. Strong tidal currents, accelerating through the relatively narrow Golden Gate, have scoured the bedrock channel to a depth of 113 m. East and west of the channel, tidal currents decelerate and form large fields of sand waves. Offshore of the Marin Headlands, eastward transfer of right-lateral fault slip in a complex of faults northwest of the map area has caused extension and the formation of a sediment basin called the San Andreas graben on the continental shelf. The accommodation space created by extension on the shelf and the proximity to sediment transported to the ocean through San Francisco Bay results in a sand-dominated offshore shelf environment.
\nSeafloor habitats in the Offshore of San Francisco map area comprise significant sand-dominated sediment habitat with sand wave and ripple bedforms indicative of high wave and current energy. North of the Golden Gate, biological productivity resulting from coastal upwelling supports populations of Sooty Shearwater, Western Gull, Common Murre, Cassin’s Auklet, and many other less populous bird species. In addition, an observable recovery of Humpback and Blue Whales has occurred in the area; both species are dependent on coastal upwelling to provide nutrients. For the first time in 65 years, Pacific Harbor Porpoise returned to San Francisco Bay in 2009. On the coast north of the Golden Gate, the large extent of exposed inner shelf bedrock supports large forests of “bull kelp,” which is well adapted for high wave-energy environments. Common fish species found in the kelp beds and rocky reefs include painted greenling, kelp greenling, lingcod, and several varieties of rockfish.
\nCirculation over the continental shelf in the Offshore of San Francisco map area is dominated by the southward-flowing California Current, an eastern limb of the North Pacific Gyre that flows from Oregon to Baja California. At its midpoint offshore of central California, the California Current transports subarctic surface waters southeastward, about 150 to 1,300 km from shore. Seasonal northwesterly winds that are, in part, responsible for the California Current, generate coastal upwelling. Ocean temperatures offshore of central California have increased over the past 50 years, driving an ecosystem shift from the productive subarctic regime towards a depopulated subtropical environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151068","usgsCitation":"Cochrane, G.R., Johnson, S.Y., Dartnell, P., Greene, H., Erdey, M.D., Golden, N., Hartwell, S., Endris, C.A., Manson, M., Sliter, R.W., Kvitek, R.G., Watt, J.T., Ross, S.L., and Bruns, T.R., 2015, California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of San Francisco, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1068, Pamphlet: iv, 39 p.; 10 Sheets: 52.0 x 36.0 inches or smaller; Metadata; Data Catalog, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151068.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iv, 39 p.; 10 Sheets: 52.0 x 36.0 inches or smaller; Metadata; Data Catalog","numberOfPages":"43","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-052334","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300503,"rank":13,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151068.jpg"},{"id":398998,"rank":16,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_101859.htm"},{"id":300502,"rank":15,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshoreSanFrancisco/data_catalog_OffshoreSanFrancisco.html","text":"Data Catalog: Offshore of San Francisco, California (Data Series 781)","description":"Data Catalog: Offshore of San Francisco, California (Data Series 781)","linkHelpText":"Each GIS data file is listed with a brief description, a small image, and links to the metadata files and the downloadable data files."},{"id":300496,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1068/pdf/ofr2015-1068_sheet6.pdf","text":"Sheet 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 6","linkHelpText":"Ground-Truth Studies, Offshore of San Francisco Map Area, California By Nadine E. 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Bretz"},{"id":300492,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1068/pdf/ofr2015-1068_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 2","linkHelpText":"Shaded-Relief Bathymetry, Offshore of San Francisco Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell, Rikk G. Kvitek, and Carrie K. Bretz"},{"id":300491,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1068/pdf/ofr2015-1068_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 1","linkHelpText":"Colored Shaded-Relief Bathymetry, Offshore of San Francisco Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell, Rikk G. Kvitek, and Carrie K. 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Our investigation was motivated by the observation that the surface elevation of the lake during the 2010 spawning season was the lowest in 38 years. Irrigation withdrawals in 2009 that were not replenished by subsequent winter-spring inflows caused a reduction in available shoreline spawning habitat in 2010. We compared metrics of skipped spawning, movement among spawning areas, and spawning duration across 8 years (2006-2013) that had contrasting spring water levels. Some aspects of sucker spawning were similar in all years, including few individuals straying from the shoreline areas to spawning locations in lake tributaries and consistent effects of increasing water temperatures on the accumulation of fish at the spawning areas. During the extreme low water year of 2010, 14% fewer female and 8% fewer male suckers joined the shoreline spawning aggregation than in the other years. Both males and females visited fewer spawning areas within Upper Klamath Lake in 2010 than in other years, and the median duration at spawning areas in 2010 was at least 36% shorter for females and 20% shorter for males relative to other years. Given the imperiled status of the species and the declining abundance of the population in Upper Klamath Lake, any reduction in spawning success and egg production could negatively impact recovery efforts. Our results indicate that lake surface elevations above 1,262.3-1,262.5 m would be unlikely to limit the number of spawning fish and overall egg production.
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The Pressure Water Level Data Logger (Infinities Logger) is a submersible, sealed, water-level sensing device with an operating pressure range of 0 to 11.5 feet of water over a temperature range of −18 to 49 degrees Celsius. For the pressure range tested, the manufacturer’s accuracy specification of 0.1 percent of full scale pressure equals an accuracy of ±0.138 inch of water. Three Infinities Loggers were evaluated, and the testing procedures followed and results obtained are described in this report. On the basis of the test results, the device is poorly compensated for temperature. For the three Infinities Loggers, the mean pressure differences varied from –4.04 to 5.32 inches of water and were not within the manufacturer’s accuracy specification for pressure measurements made within the temperature-compensated range. The device did not meet the manufacturer’s stated accuracy specifications for pressure within its temperature-compensated operating range of –18 to 49 degrees Celsius or the USGS accuracy requirements of no more than 0.12 inch of water (0.01 foot of water) or 0.10 percent of reading, whichever is larger. The USGS accuracy requirements are routinely examined and reported when instruments are evaluated at the Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility. The estimated combined measurement uncertainty for the pressure cycling test was ±0.139 inch of water, and for temperature, the cycling test was ±0.127 inch of water for the three Infinities Loggers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151049","usgsCitation":"Carnley, M.V., 2015, Laboratory evaluation of the pressure water level data logger manufactured by Infinities USA, Inc.: results of pressure and temperature tests: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1049, iv, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151049.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p.","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059926","costCenters":[{"id":339,"text":"Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300469,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151049.jpg"},{"id":300467,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1049/"},{"id":300468,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1049/pdf/ofr2015-1049.pdf","text":"Report","size":"974 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555aff21e4b0a92fa7eac5ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carnley, Mark V. mcarnley@usgs.gov","contributorId":2723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carnley","given":"Mark","email":"mcarnley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70146518,"text":"fs20143123 - 2015 - Groundwater quality in the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-19T08:46:36","indexId":"fs20143123","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-18T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-3123","title":"Groundwater quality in the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau, California","docAbstract":"Groundwater provides more than 40 percent of California’s drinking water. To protect this vital resource, the State of California created the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The Priority Basin Project of the GAMA Program provides a comprehensive assessment of the State’s groundwater quality and increases public access to groundwater-quality information. The Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau area constitutes one of the study units being evaluated.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20143123","collaboration":"U.S. Geological Survey and the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Fram, M.S., and Shelton, J.L., 2015, Groundwater quality in the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau, California: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2014-3123, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20143123.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-033358","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300445,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3123/"},{"id":300458,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3123/pdf/fs2014-3123.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":300459,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20143123.JPG"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Range, Modoc Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.58544921875,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -122.54150390625,\n 41.85319643776675\n ],\n [\n -122.67333984374999,\n 41.672911819602085\n ],\n [\n -122.2119140625,\n 41.22824901518532\n ],\n [\n -122.40966796874999,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -122.29980468749999,\n 40.76390128094589\n ],\n [\n -122.36572265625,\n 40.54720023441049\n ],\n [\n -122.2119140625,\n 40.26276066437183\n ],\n [\n -121.75048828124999,\n 39.67337039176558\n ],\n [\n -121.22314453124999,\n 40.04443758460859\n ],\n [\n -120.65185546875,\n 40.111688665595956\n ],\n [\n -120.25634765624999,\n 39.99395569397331\n ],\n [\n -120.0146484375,\n 39.707186656826565\n ],\n [\n -120.03662109374999,\n 41.983994270935625\n ],\n [\n -122.58544921875,\n 42.00032514831621\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555aff20e4b0a92fa7eac5c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fram, Miranda S. 0000-0002-6337-059X mfram@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6337-059X","contributorId":1156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fram","given":"Miranda","email":"mfram@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shelton, Jennifer L. 0000-0001-8508-0270 jshelton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8508-0270","contributorId":1155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelton","given":"Jennifer","email":"jshelton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70148060,"text":"70148060 - 2015 - Diel cycling of trace elements in streams draining mineralized areas: a review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-09T12:41:06","indexId":"70148060","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-18T09:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diel cycling of trace elements in streams draining mineralized areas: a review","docAbstract":"
Many trace elements exhibit persistent diel, or 24-h, concentration cycles in streams draining mineralized areas. These cycles can be caused by various physical and biogeochemical mechanisms including streamflow variation, photosynthesis and respiration, as well as reactions involving photochemistry, adsorption and desorption, mineral precipitation and dissolution, and plant assimilation. Iron is the primary trace element that exhibits diel cycling in acidic streams. In contrast, many cationic and anionic trace elements exhibit diel cycling in near-neutral and alkaline streams. Maximum reported changes in concentration for these diel cycles have been as much as a factor of 10 (988% change in Zn concentration over a 24-h period). Thus, monitoring and scientific studies must account for diel trace-element cycling to ensure that water-quality data collected in streams appropriately represent the conditions intended to be studied.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.05.008","usgsCitation":"Gammons, C.H., Nimick, D.A., and Parker, S.R., 2015, Diel cycling of trace elements in streams draining mineralized areas: a review: Applied Geochemistry, v. 57, p. 35-44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.05.008.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-041373","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300462,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555aff1fe4b0a92fa7eac5c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gammons, Chris","contributorId":140801,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gammons","given":"Chris","affiliations":[{"id":13574,"text":"Montana Tech of the University of Montana, Butte, MT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimick, David A. dnimick@usgs.gov","contributorId":421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"David","email":"dnimick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parker, Stephen R.","contributorId":140802,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parker","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":13574,"text":"Montana Tech of the University of Montana, Butte, MT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70138888,"text":"sir20145238 - 2015 - Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau study unit, 2010: California GAMA Priority Basin Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-18T09:11:07","indexId":"sir20145238","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-18T08:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5238","title":"Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau study unit, 2010: California GAMA Priority Basin Project","docAbstract":"Groundwater quality in the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau study unit was investigated as part of the California State Water Resources Control Board’s Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program Priority Basin Project. The study was designed to provide a statistically unbiased assessment of untreated groundwater quality in the primary aquifer system. The depth of the primary aquifer system for the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau study unit was delineated by the depths of the screened or open intervals of wells in the State of California’s database of public-supply wells. Two types of assessments were made: a status assessment that described the current quality of the groundwater resource, and an understanding assessment that made evaluations of relations between groundwater quality and potential explanatory factors representing characteristics of the primary aquifer system. The assessments characterize the quality of untreated groundwater, not the quality of treated drinking water delivered to consumers by water distributors.
\nThe status assessment was based on water-quality data collected in 2010 by the U.S. Geological Survey from 90 wells and springs (USGS-grid wells) and on water-quality data compiled from the State of California’s regulatory compliance database for samples collected from 240 public-supply wells between September 2007 and September 2010. To provide context, the water-quality data discussed in this report were compared to California and Federal drinking-water regulatory and non-regulatory benchmarks for treated drinking water. Groundwater quality is defined in terms of relative concentrations (RCs), which are calculated by dividing the concentration of a constituent in groundwater by the concentration of the benchmark for that constituent. The RCs for inorganic constituents (major ions, trace elements, nutrients, and radioactive constituents) were classified as “high” (the RC is greater than 1.0, indicating that the concentration is above the benchmark), “moderate” (the RC is from 1.0 to greater than 0.5), or “low” (the RC is less than or equal to 0.5). For organic constituents (volatile organic compounds and pesticides) and special-interest constituents (perchlorate), the boundary between moderate and low RCs was set at 0.1. All benchmarks used for organic constituents were health-based. For inorganic constituents, health-based and aesthetic-based benchmarks were used. Constituents without benchmarks were not considered in the status assessment.
\nThe primary metric used for quantifying regional-scale groundwater quality was the aquifer-scale proportion—the areal percentages of the primary aquifer system with high, moderate, and low RCs for a given constituent or class of constituents. The study unit was divided into six study areas on the basis of geologic differences (Eastside Sacramento Valley, Honey Lake Valley groundwater basin, Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau Low Use Basins, Quaternary Volcanic Areas, Shasta Valley and Mount Shasta Volcanic Area, and Tertiary Volcanic Areas), and each study area was divided into equal-area grid cells. Aquifer-scale proportions were calculated for individual constituents and constituent classes for each of the six study areas and for the study unit as a whole by using grid-based (one well per cell) and spatially weighted (many wells per cell) statistical methods.
\nThe status assessment showed that inorganic constituents were present at high and moderate RCs in greater proportions of the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau study unit than were organic constituents. One or more inorganic constituents with health-based benchmarks were present at high RCs in 9.4 percent, and at moderate RCs in 14.7 percent of the primary aquifer system. Arsenic was present at high RCs in approximately 3 percent of the primary aquifer system; boron, molybdenum, uranium, and vanadium each were present at high RCs in approximately 2 percent of the primary aquifer system. One or more inorganic constituents with aesthetic-based benchmarks were present at high RCs in 15.1 percent of the primary aquifer system and at moderate RCs in 4.9 percent. Manganese, iron, and total dissolved solids were present at high RCs in approximately 12 percent, 5 percent, and 2 percent, respectively, of the primary aquifer system.
\nOrganic constituents were not detected at high or moderate RCs in the primary aquifer system, and one or more organic constituents were detected at low RCs in approximately 40 percent of the primary aquifer system.
\nTwo classes of organic constituents were detected in more than 10 percent of the primary aquifer system: trihalomethanes (chloroform only) and herbicides. The special interest constituent perchlorate was not detected at high RCs, but was detected at moderate RCs in approximately 2 percent of the primary aquifer system.
\nThe understanding assessment relied on statistical tests to evaluate relations between concentrations of constituents and values of potential explanatory factors representing geology, land use, well construction, hydrologic conditions, groundwater age, and geochemical conditions.
\nThe majority of the high and moderate RCs of arsenic, boron, molybdenum, uranium, and total dissolved solids were in samples from the Honey Lake Valley groundwater basin study area. Groundwater mixing with hydrothermal fluids present in the study area, evaporative concentration of groundwater in the Honey Lake playa, presence of uranium-bearing sediment derived from the adjacent Sierra Nevada, and release of arsenic and other trace elements from sediments under high pH and low dissolved oxygen conditions all appeared to contribute to these elevated concentrations. Thermal springs are in many parts of the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau study unit and could account for locally elevated concentrations of arsenic, boron, molybdenum, and total dissolved solids in samples from the other study areas. Vanadium concentrations were greater in oxic samples than in anoxic samples, but were not correlated with pH, contrary to expectations from previous studies.
\nOrganic constituents were not detected at high or moderate RCs, and the occurrence of low organic constituents at low RCs ranged from 27 percent to 73 percent of the primary aquifers system in the six study areas. The Shasta Valley and Mount Shasta Volcanic study area had significantly greater occurrence of low RCs of herbicides compared to all of the other study areas, which could reflect the greater prevalence of modern groundwater in the Shasta Valley and Mount Shasta Volcanic study area and the presence of potential sources of herbicides, including applications to timberlands and roadside rights-of-way. The Eastside Sacramento Valley study area had the greatest occurrence of low concentrations of chloroform, and chloroform occurrence was most strongly associated with the combination of septic-tank density greater than two tanks per square kilometer and urban land use greater than 10 percent within a radius of 500 meters of the well. These conditions were most prevalent in the Eastside Sacramento Valley study area. The detection frequency of low concentrations of perchlorate was consistent with the probability of occurrence expected under natural conditions, except in the Eastside Sacramento Valley study area, where detection frequencies were much higher than expected and could not be explained by known anthropogenic sources of perchlorate.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145238","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Fram, M.S., and Shelton, J.L., 2015, Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau study unit, 2010: California GAMA Priority Basin Project: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5238, xii, 131 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145238.","productDescription":"xii, 131 p.","numberOfPages":"147","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-033356","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300460,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145238.jpg"},{"id":300457,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5238/pdf/sir2014-5238.pdf","text":"Report","size":"28.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":300444,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5238/"}],"projection":"Albers Equal Area Projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Range, Modoc Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.99954223632812,\n 41.99522219923445\n ],\n [\n -122.57720947265624,\n 42.00695837037897\n ],\n [\n -122.50236511230467,\n 41.8322234439287\n ],\n [\n -122.66716003417969,\n 41.75543440328294\n ],\n [\n -122.66166687011719,\n 41.679066225164114\n ],\n [\n -122.55935668945312,\n 41.61492897332632\n ],\n [\n -122.60261535644531,\n 41.53839396783225\n ],\n [\n -122.57377624511719,\n 41.484405435611926\n ],\n [\n -122.48382568359374,\n 41.448902743309674\n ],\n [\n -122.45361328124999,\n 41.32732632036622\n ],\n [\n -122.200927734375,\n 41.244772343082076\n ],\n [\n -122.09381103515624,\n 41.20552261955812\n ],\n [\n -121.80816650390625,\n 41.18278832811288\n ],\n [\n -121.805419921875,\n 41.135227480564936\n ],\n [\n -121.92352294921874,\n 41.11660732012894\n ],\n [\n -122.01141357421875,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -121.9757080078125,\n 40.863679665481676\n ],\n [\n -122.11303710937499,\n 40.72228267283148\n ],\n [\n -122.2174072265625,\n 40.697299008636755\n ],\n [\n -122.12677001953124,\n 40.214538129296336\n ],\n [\n -121.68182373046875,\n 39.67125632523974\n ],\n [\n -121.56921386718751,\n 39.69450749856091\n ],\n [\n -121.0748291015625,\n 40.17467622056341\n ],\n [\n -121.01303100585938,\n 40.287906612507406\n ],\n [\n -120.97183227539061,\n 40.29209669470104\n ],\n [\n -120.904541015625,\n 40.27428705136608\n ],\n [\n -120.96908569335938,\n 40.395718433470364\n ],\n [\n -120.948486328125,\n 40.42499671108253\n ],\n [\n -120.68206787109375,\n 40.408267826445226\n ],\n [\n -120.36621093749999,\n 40.14633904771964\n ],\n [\n -120.24261474609374,\n 40.10538669840983\n ],\n [\n -120.00091552734375,\n 39.902362098539705\n ],\n [\n -119.99954223632812,\n 41.99522219923445\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"A product of the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555aff21e4b0a92fa7eac5d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fram, Miranda S. 0000-0002-6337-059X mfram@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6337-059X","contributorId":1156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fram","given":"Miranda","email":"mfram@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shelton, Jennifer L. 0000-0001-8508-0270 jshelton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8508-0270","contributorId":1155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelton","given":"Jennifer","email":"jshelton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70147454,"text":"sir20155068 - 2015 - Hydrogeologic framework, groundwater movement, and water budget in the Puyallup River Watershed and vicinity, Pierce and King Counties, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-18T08:51:00","indexId":"sir20155068","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-18T08:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-5068","title":"Hydrogeologic framework, groundwater movement, and water budget in the Puyallup River Watershed and vicinity, Pierce and King Counties, Washington","docAbstract":"This report presents information used to characterize the groundwater-flow system in the Puyallup River Watershed and vicinity, and includes descriptions of the geology and hydrogeologic framework; groundwater recharge and discharge; groundwater levels and flow directions; seasonal groundwater level fluctuations; interactions between aquifers and the surface-water system; and a water budget. The study area covers about 1,220 square miles in northern Pierce and southern King Counties, Washington; extends north to the Green River and Auburn Valley and southwest to the Puyallup River and adjacent uplands; and is bounded on the south and east by foothills of the Cascade Range and on the west by Puget Sound. The area is underlain by a northwest-thickening sequence of unconsolidated glacial and interglacial deposits, which overlie sedimentary and volcanic bedrock units that crop out in the foothills along the southern and eastern margin of the study area. Geologic units were grouped into 13 hydrogeologic units consisting of aquifers, confining units, and an underlying bedrock unit. A surficial hydrogeologic unit map was developed and used with well information from 1,012 drillers’ logs to construct 8 hydrogeologic sections, and unit extent and thickness maps.
\nGroundwater in unconsolidated glacial and interglacial aquifers generally flows to the northwest towards Puget Sound, and to the north and northeast towards the Puyallup River, White River, and Green River valleys. These generalized flow patterns are complicated by the presence of low permeability confining units and bedrock that separate discontinuous bodies of aquifer material and act as local groundwater-flow barriers. Water levels in wells completed in the unconsolidated hydrogeologic units show seasonal variations ranging from less than 1 to about 32 feet during the monitoring period (March 2011–March 2013).
\nSynoptic streamflow measurements made in October 2011 and October 2012 indicated a total groundwater discharge to streams in the water-budget area (520 square miles located within the larger study area) of at least 349,000 and 280,000 acre-feet per year, respectively. Annual groundwater discharge to streams likely exceeds these values because streamflow measurements were made during the dry, late-summer and early-autumn period when groundwater levels typically are at annual lows. Most stream reaches in the study area either gain flow from groundwater discharge or exhibit near-neutral conditions with no substantial gain or loss of flow. Groundwater discharge occurs at numerous springs in the area; the total reported discharge of springs in the area is approximately 80,300 acre-feet per year.
\nThe water-budget area received about 1,428,000 acre-feet or about 52 inches of precipitation per year (January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2012). About 41 percent of precipitation enters the groundwater system as recharge. Seven percent of this recharge is withdrawn from wells and the remainder leaves the groundwater system as discharge to rivers, discharge to springs, or submarine discharge to Puget Sound, or exits the study area through subsurface flow in the Green River valley.
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