Unoccupied aircraft systems (UAS) increasingly support volcano monitoring and eruption response activities in the United States and abroad (James and others, 2020). Advances in UAS platforms and miniaturization of sensors over the past decade have expanded the use of this technology for a wide range of applications within volcanology (Jordan, 2019; James and others, 2020). UAS can greatly enhance existing ground-, aerial-, and satellite-based observation and in situ monitoring networks at volcanoes by providing new avenues for data collection in terms of access, resolution, and timing. UAS can collect data in difficult and hazardous environments, reducing risk to occupied aircraft and (or) ground crews; support the generation of dense time series of data through frequent, low-cost, high-resolution surveys; and provide real-time, on-demand measurements at volcanic systems for indicators such as gas, thermal output, and topographic change without the need to wait for contracted aerial flight services or satellite orbit intervals.
During the 2018 response to the Kīlauea eruption on the Island of Hawaiʻi, UAS were used extensively and successfully to monitor, track, investigate, and (or) warn of ongoing volcanic activity (fig. L1; Neal and others, 2019). Throughout the eruption, the UAS team was able to provide data products rapidly to emergency managers for situational awareness and to scientists for quantitative hazard assessment (Diefenbach and others, 2018). Over the course of 4 months, more than 1,200 UAS missions were flown and yielded critical data that included (1) live video to emergency operations centers in Hilo and Honolulu for situational awareness; (2) gas emission rates, compositions, and concentrations; (3) repeat nadir videos over sections of the lava channel to support measurements of lava effusion rate; (4) oblique videos for hazards assessment and outreach; and (5) photogrammetry surveys to create very high-resolution topographic models and orthophoto mosaics (Diefenbach and others, 2018). In coming years, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Volcano Hazards Program (VHP) plans to expand its fleet of UAS, associated sensors, and remote pilots to enhance volcano monitoring and response capabilities.
Currently (2023), USGS operational capabilities are restricted to small class UAS (sUAS; less than [<] 55 pounds) that are limited in range, payload capacity, and flight duration. Additionally, USGS-piloted platforms are restricted to the U.S. Department of the Interior Office of Aviation Services approved fleet, which includes a limited number of small and medium multi-rotor aircraft and vertical take-off and landing fixed-wing aircraft (https://www.doi.gov/aviation/uas/fleet). Each type of platform has advantages and disadvantages. Small rotor-wing quadcopters are fast to deploy, can be carried in a backpack, and are highly maneuverable, but are typically only equipped with a small camera and have a minimal flight range. Medium rotor-wing hexacopters can carry larger payloads (< 20 kilograms [kg]) and varied sensors, but, with the drawback of minimal flight time (<30 minutes), they typically have similar range capabilities to their smaller counterparts and are not as easily deployable. Fixed-wing platforms provide relatively long endurance (<60 minutes) and range and, with the vertical take-off and landing capabilities, can launch and land in relatively small spaces; however, they have less maneuverability and hovering capability than the rotor-wing platforms. Although the 2018 Kīlauea response showed the benefit of the current UAS fleet, all platforms have limited range [<10 kilometers (km)], such that operators must be stationed relatively close to the region of interest. To expand UAS monitoring capabilities, VHP staff have been working closely with industry partners and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to develop a next-generation UAS for volcano monitoring (Kern and others, 2020). This ruggedized, mid-range (>20 km), multiparametric (gas and photogrammetry) UAS has been developed to meet volcano monitoring needs, particularly at less accessible, more dangerous stratovolcanoes. It is expected in the coming years that additional UAS platforms with new and smaller sensors will expand our capabilities to meet the Nation’s volcano monitoring objectives.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245062L","usgsCitation":"Diefenbach, A.K., 2024, Special topic—Unoccupied aircraft systems, chap. L of Flinders, A.F., Lowenstern, J.B., Coombs, M.L., and Poland, M.P., eds., Recommended capabilities and instrumentation for volcano monitoring in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5062–L, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245062L.","productDescription":"iii, 5 p.","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-149693","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462411,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5062/l/covrthbl.jpg"},{"id":462412,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5062/l/sir20245062l.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"contact":"Director,
Volcano Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4230 University Drive
Anchorage, AK 99508
Volcanic unrest can trigger appreciable change to surface waters such as streams, springs, and volcanic lakes. Magma degassing produces gases and soluble salts that are absorbed into groundwater that feeds streams and lakes. As magma ascends, the amount of heat and degassing will increase, and so will any related geochemical and thermal signal. Subsurface magma movement can cause pressurization that alters hydrostatic head and may induce groundwater discharge. Fluid-pressure changes have been linked to distal volcano-tectonic earthquakes (White and McCausland, 2016; Coulon and others, 2017) and phreatic eruptions (for example, Yamaoka and others, 2016). Clearly, changes in groundwater and surface waters are both indicators of unrest and clues to how and where magma is rising toward the surface. Where possible, it is prudent to incorporate real-time hydrologic data into multiparameter monitoring of restless volcanoes. Hydrologic dynamics can also be tracked by changes in groundwater levels that are commonly measured in shallow boreholes (see of Flinders, A.F., Lowenstern, J.B., Coombs, M.L., and Poland, M.P., eds., Recommended capabilities and instrumentation for volcano monitoring in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5062–K, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245062k. \">chapter K, this volume, on boreholes; Hurwitz and Lowenstern, 2024).
Although inferred to be common, relatively few volcano-hydrology anomalies are well documented, and many are essentially anecdotal (Newhall and others, 2001), reflecting the fact that high-resolution time series remain rare. Extreme examples include the 2008 eruption of Nevado del Huila, Colombia, where relatively minor phreatomagmatic eruptions were accompanied by expulsion of as much as 300 million cubic meters of groundwater from fissures high on the volcano (Worni and others, 2011), generating large lahars. Substantial decreases in flow rate from springs about 8 kilometers from the summit of Mayon Volcano, Philippines, have been noted before most eruptions in the 20th century (Newhall and others, 2001). Stream monitoring at Redoubt Volcano in 2009 allowed Werner and others (2012) to recognize that groundwater was unable to absorb (or scrub) the high flux of volcanic gas and that a high CO2/SO2 precursor signal had been evident for 5 months prior to the eruption. A key to better interpreting hydrologic anomalies—or even identifying them—is therefore obtaining adequate baseline data.
Most hydrologic monitoring at U.S. volcanoes has been accomplished by intermittent sampling surveys with annual or less frequent sampling (for example, https://hotspringchem.wr.usgs.gov/index.php). More frequent sampling, however, generally is needed to establish reliable baselines. A recent hydrologic and hydrothermal monitoring experiment at 25 sites and 10 of the 12 level 4 (very high threat) volcanoes in the U.S. portion of the Cascade Range demonstrated that there is sufficient temporal variability in hydrothermal fluxes, even during quiescent periods, that one-time measurements will commonly have limited interpretive value (Crankshaw and others, 2018). Thus, surveys are best augmented with data from streamgages (for example, Evans and others, 2004; Bergfeld and others, 2008). Streamflow (water discharge) data allow measured temperature and specific conductance to be converted to heat and solute mass fluxes, which could be insightful parameters for detecting anomalous activity (McCleskey and others, 2012). At the Yellowstone Caldera, long-term monitoring of river solutes has allowed calculation of the chloride flux, a proxy for heat discharge (Hurwitz and others, 2007; McCleskey and others, 2016) from the subsurface magma. This is readily accomplished because data from streamgages are continuously recorded and archived by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water Information System (NWIS) (USGS, 2024).
Similar studies on stratovolcanoes or shield volcanoes would be scientifically useful, and yet are logistically challenging, requiring streamgages on numerous radial drainages complemented by either frequent manual sampling or numerous deployments of equipment to measure water temperature and specific conductance as a proxy for water chemistry. Another challenge is that some volcanic areas, especially shield volcanoes, are characterized by near-surface porous rocks and soils, such that surface streams are rare and replaced by distant, dilute large-volume springs with only a trace of any original volcanically sourced water (Manga, 2001; Hurwitz and others, 2021).
Volcanic lakes are worthy of special attention for monitoring efforts, as their temperature and composition can provide evidence of increased flux of volatile-rich fluids from below. Quantifying changes in volatile and heat release from magma can be simpler in lakes than for volcanoes with radial drainages and no major lakes. Moreover, volcanic lakes pose a range of hazards themselves, including phreatomagmatic eruptions, debris flows, flank collapse, tsunamis, and toxic gas release (Mastin and Witter, 2000; Delmelle and others, 2015; Manville, 2015; Rouwet and others, 2015)—hazards that have historically been responsible for substantial loss of life at many volcanoes worldwide (Manville, 2015). Catastrophic CO2 release at Lake Nyos, Cameroon, in 1986 suffocated about 1,750 people and about 3,500 livestock and was probably triggered by a large landslide into the gas-saturated lake (Kling and others, 1987; Evans and others, 1993). Gas-charged springs in Soda Bay within Clear Lake (California) have caused almost a dozen deaths to bathers in the past hundred years (ABC News, 2000). A 2005 example of lake overturn and abundant gas release was documented at Mount Chiginagak in Alaska (Schaefer and others, 2008) but did not result in any human casualties. Although thermally stratified lakes, which promote trapping of exsolved magmatic gas, tend to develop in tropical regions, the phenomenon can also arise where salinity creates meromixis (a condition in which a lake does not mix completely), as occurs in Mono Lake, California (Jellison and Melack, 1993; Jellison and others, 1998).
If magma erupts or flows into a lake, the interaction between hot magma and cold water can be explosive (Mastin and others, 2004; Zimanowski and others, 2015) and substantially expand the area affected by the eruption. Another hazard is the breaching of crater rims by landslides triggered by volcanic and (or) seismic activity. Under some circumstances, substantial volumes of water can be displaced, leading to large floods and lahars. Late Holocene lake flooding from Aniakchak Crater in the Alaska Peninsula (Waythomas, 2022) and from Paulina Lake in Newberry Crater, Oregon (Chitwood and Jensen, 2000), caused by the failure of outlet sills, testify to the substantial hazards at lake-filled calderas.
Several volcanic systems in the United States host lakes known to receive heat and gas from underlying magma. These lakes vary widely in area, depth, and chemical composition. Lakes are present at level 4 volcanoes, including Crater Lake and Newberry Volcano in Oregon; Yellowstone Caldera in Wyoming; Long Valley Caldera, Clear Lake volcanic field, Medicine Lake, and Salton Buttes in California; and Aniakchak Crater, Mount Katmai, Fisher Caldera, Mount Okmok, and Kaguyak Crater, among others, in Alaska. A water lake was present in Halemaʻumaʻu, the crater of Kīlauea, Hawai‘i (fig. F1), from October 2019 to December 2020. Level 3 volcanoes with lakes include Mono Lake volcanic field (Calif.), Mount Bachelor (Ore.), Ukinrek Maars and Mount Chiginagak (Alaska), and Soda Lake (Nevada). In addition, there are lakes at many levels 1 and 2 volcanoes. In the United States, there are no strongly acidic lakes that receive abundant input of magmatic gas, such as those found at Mount Ruapehu (New Zealand), Ijen and Kelud (Indonesia), and Poás (Costa Rica). Nevertheless, many contain fluids that provide clues to magmatic processes below.
Since publication of a previous report on recommended instrumentation for volcano monitoring (Moran and others, 2008), continuous hydrologic monitoring has become increasingly feasible. However, changes in water pressure, temperature, and chemistry remain, in general, poorly studied phenomena at volcanoes (Sparks, 2003; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2017). Recent efforts by the USGS have included the temporary study of Cascade Range volcanoes, which included frequent (15 minute to hourly) temporal sampling of temperature, depth, and conductivity (Crankshaw and others, 2018; Ingebritsen and Evans, 2019). At Yellowstone Caldera, many streamgages have now added thermistors and specific conductance sensors, allowing estimation of time-dependent chloride flux as a proxy for variations in subsurface heat flux (McCleskey and others, 2012, 2016). Efforts to better understand lakes have also accelerated, with bathymetric mapping and sampling carried out at several locations in the United States. Especially thorough work was done at Yellowstone Lake thanks to the Hydrothermal Dynamics of Yellowstone Lake (HD-YLAKE, https://hdylake.org) project, funded primarily by the National Science Foundation. In addition to geophysical surveys and recovery of cores and other samples, HD-YLAKE investigations included remotely operated vehicle (ROV) investigations of hydrothermal vents on the lake floor (fig. F2). Data collected by the ROV provided a better understanding of the thermal and chemical influx from lake-bottom hydrothermal systems (Sohn and others, 2017).
In this chapter, we focus on detecting changes in the chemistry, temperature, discharge, or water levels of streams, springs, and lakes that can be caused by seismicity, volumetric strains, or increases in gas flux associated with ascending magma. There is unavoidable overlap with other chapters of this report. Samples of water and gas can also be obtained in boreholes (of Flinders, A.F., Lowenstern, J.B., Coombs, M.L., and Poland, M.P., eds., Recommended capabilities and instrumentation for volcano monitoring in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5062–K, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245062k. \">chapter K, this volume; Hurwitz and Lowenstern, 2024), both shallow and deep. Gas monitoring (of Flinders, A.F., Lowenstern, J.B., Coombs, M.L., and Poland, M.P., eds., Recommended capabilities and instrumentation for volcano monitoring in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5062–E, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245062e.\">chapter E, this volume; Lewicki and others, 2024) relies in part on samples from springs and wells, particularly where measurable gas plumes are absent. Water acts as a trigger and lubricant for landslides and sediment-rich floods, and so hydrology has obvious relevance for lahar monitoring, as discussed in of Flinders, A.F., Lowenstern, J.B., Coombs, M.L., and Poland, M.P., eds., Recommended capabilities and instrumentation for volcano monitoring in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5062–H, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245062h. \">chapter H (this volume; Thelen and others, 2024). Shared situational awareness among scientists engaged in geophysical, gas, and hydrologic monitoring will improve overall understanding of the volcanic hazard.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245062F","usgsCitation":"Ingebritsen, S.E., and Hurwitz, S., 2024, Streams, springs, and volcanic lakes for volcano monitoring, chap. F of Flinders, A.F., Lowenstern, J.B., Coombs, M.L., and Poland, M.P., eds., Recommended capabilities and instrumentation for volcano monitoring in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5062–F, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245062F.","productDescription":"iii, 9 p.","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-149695","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462449,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5062/f/covrthbf.jpg"},{"id":462450,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5062/f/sir20245062f.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"contact":"Director,
Volcano Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4230 University Drive
Anchorage, AK 99508
Volcanic eruptions produce acoustic waves when volcanic gases and hot material rapidly expand in the atmosphere. Volcanic activity can produce acoustic signals with a wide range of frequencies, from very long period (>10 seconds) to audible (>20 hertz [Hz]), but the most energetic band is typically in the infrasound from 0.5 to 20 Hz. Studies of volcanic infrasound and the deployment of infrasound for volcano monitoring have increased rapidly in the past two decades as sensors have improved and as analytical tools have become more widely available. Improved sensors and tools have led to a growing diversity of eruptive activity being recorded and characterized, from Hawaiian to Plinian eruption styles at scales from local to global (Johnson and Ripepe, 2011; Fee and Matoza, 2013). Infrasound sensors on volcanoes are most commonly deployed locally with seismic stations, and the combination of co-located seismic and infrasound is more useful for characterizing unrest and detecting changes in activity than either data stream alone (for example, Lyons and others, 2016; Fee and others, 2017a; Matoza and others, 2018). At local (<15 kilometers [km]) to regional (15–250 km) distances from volcanoes, arrays of infrasound sensors are commonly deployed to detect coherent signals, constrain the direction to the source, and provide information on eruption dynamics; thus, infrasound is well suited to regional monitoring of volcanoes when local sensor networks are not feasible. A common usage of infrasound data in an observatory is to provide rapid confirmation that an explosion has occurred (for example, Coombs and others, 2018), although near-real-time eruption intensity quantification is also possible (Fee and others, 2010a; Ripepe and others, 2018; fig. C1). Infrasound is well suited to this task because it is not affected by clouds or precipitation and can propagate long distances with little attenuation. However, wind and ocean noise also produce infrasound, and spatiotemporal variability in the atmosphere can affect the propagation of infrasound, so care must be taken when deploying, analyzing, and interpreting the data. In addition to detecting and monitoring explosive activity, investigations of infrasound records from eruptions help constrain source processes, which in turn enhance syneruptive forecasting capabilities (for example, Fee and others, 2017b; Lyons and others, 2019).
The following is a description of the capabilities recommended for real-time monitoring of eruptive phenomena with infrasound. Infrasound is also beginning to be used for tracking hazardous surface flows that occur on volcanoes, including pyroclastic density currents (Ripepe and others, 2010), lahars (Johnson and Palma, 2015), debris flows (Marchetti and others, 2019), snow avalanches (Havens and others, 2014), and lava flows (Patrick and others, 2019). Please refer to the chapter on lahars (this volume; Thelen and others, 2024a) for more information on this application.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245062C","usgsCitation":"Lyons, J.J., Fee, D., Thelen, W.A., Iezzi, A.M., and Wech, A.G., 2024, Infrasound for volcano monitoring, chap. C of Flinders, A.F., Lowenstern, J.B., Coombs, M.L., and Poland, M.P., eds., Recommended capabilities and instrumentation for volcano monitoring in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5062–C, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245062C.","productDescription":"iii, 11 p.","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-150991","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462455,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5062/c/covrthbc.jpg"},{"id":462456,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5062/c/sir20245062c.pdf","text":"Report","size":"14 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"contact":"Director,
Volcano Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4230 University Drive
Anchorage, AK 99508
Elevated nitrogen loads are pervasive in the Long Island Sound, an estuary that receives freshwater and nutrients from both surface-water and groundwater discharge. Surface-water nitrogen loads to the Long Island Sound are relatively well characterized, but less is known about groundwater-transported nitrogen loads. Prior work on the northern shore of Long Island Sound (Connecticut and areas of New York and Rhode Island) suggested that groundwater travel times are relatively short (median less than 2 years) and that decade-long nutrient legacies are not widespread. Because the travel times are short, groundwater flow and nutrient loads likely vary substantially between months. In the current study, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Long Island Sound Study and the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, developed a set of models to better characterize spatial and temporal patterns of groundwater-transported nitrogen loading from atmospheric deposition, septic systems, and fertilizers within the study area. The models provide an estimate, with uncertainty, of groundwater-transported nitrogen loads in the study area, filling a key gap in the nitrogen budget for Long Island Sound. The models also highlight the spatial and temporal variation in nitrogen loading throughout the study area.
The modeling workflow involved four models. (1) A soil-water-balance model was developed by using the Soil-Water-Balance software to simulate groundwater recharge across the study area for water years 2005 through 2022. The simulated mean monthly recharge from the soil-water-balance model was used as input into a groundwater-flow model. (2) The groundwater-flow model was developed by using the MODFLOW 6 software and data for water years 1993 through 2022 and simulates average monthly hydrologic conditions. The groundwater-flow model was calibrated by using the Iterative Ensemble Smoother method within the PEST++ software. The Iterative Ensemble Smoother method generates an ensemble of sets of parameter values, with each set producing reasonable simulated hydrologic parameter values. (3) An ensemble of MODPATH particle-tracking simulations were run to generate particle flow paths and travel times, with each simulation using a different set of the flow model parameters. (4) A nitrogen load model uses the MODPATH simulation outputs to track nitrogen from the land surface through multiple attenuation zones until it discharges into fresh or saline surface water. As with the groundwater-flow model, the nitrogen model simulated average monthly groundwater-transported nitrogen loads for water years 1993 through 2022. One novel aspect of the nitrogen load model is that the nitrogen attenuation parameters were calibrated to observed nitrogen loads.
Across the ensemble of simulated nitrogen loads, the median study-area-wide monthly simulated nitrogen loads from the aquifer to Long Island Sound throughout the year ranged from 900 to 18,600 kilograms of nitrogen per day, with a median load of 5,100 kilograms of nitrogen per day. The simulated loads were based on average monthly conditions for water years 1993 through 2022. Loads were highest during the winter and early spring and lowest during the late summer. However, simulated travel times for groundwater and nitrogen loads discharged to Long Island Sound during summer were longer than travel times for groundwater and loads discharged during the winter, indicating that, on average, groundwater discharged during summer traveled along different, and longer, flow paths, than groundwater discharged during winter. This indicates that summer loads would respond more slowly to changes in nitrogen inputs at the water table than winter loads. Over the entire study area, approximately 15 percent of the simulated load is from atmospheric deposition sources, 30 to 40 percent is from fertilizer, and 50 to 60 percent is from septic systems.
The final analysis of the study involved simulating the change in groundwater-transported nitrogen load in response to upgrading septic systems or reducing fertilizing inputs to areas of turf grass. Both management interventions reduced the groundwater-transported nitrogen load, and reductions were greater in areas with greater loads from septic systems or turf-grass fertilizers. The delay between management actions and substantial reductions in groundwater-transported nitrogen loads varied seasonally; loads during the late summer months remained elevated longer than the winter loads.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245090","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Long Island Sound Study and the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Barclay, J.R., Holland, M.J., and Mullaney, J.R., 2024, Simulated mean monthly groundwater-transported nitrogen loads in watersheds on the north shore of Long Island Sound, 1993–2022: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5090, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245090.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 63; 3 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"63","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-150246","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462294,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P1HKENGV","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW6 groundwater flow model, MODPATH particle-tracking simulation, and groundwater-transported nitrogen load model of average monthly conditions in coastal Connecticut and adjacent areas of New York and Rhode Island, 1993–2022"},{"id":497952,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_117502.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":462296,"rank":9,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215116","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5116","linkHelpText":"- Simulation of Groundwater Budgets and Travel Times for Watersheds on the North Shore of Long Island Sound, With Implications for Nitrogen-Transport Studies"},{"id":462295,"rank":8,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P1GUC7FE","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Soil-Water-Balance model developed to simulate net infiltration in watersheds on the north shore of the Long Island Sound"},{"id":462293,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P1XEN74S","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Summary simulated groundwater-transported nitrogen loads on the north shore of Long Island Sound and associated data"},{"id":462292,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5090/sir20245090.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2024-5090 XML"},{"id":462291,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5090/images/"},{"id":462290,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20245090/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2024-5090 HTML"},{"id":462289,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5090/sir20245090.pdf","text":"Report","size":"24.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2024-5090 PDF"},{"id":462288,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5090/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Long Island Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.60521599677895,\n 40.99974278286342\n ],\n [\n -71.33663482988541,\n 40.99974278286342\n ],\n [\n -71.33663482988541,\n 41.7908892811372\n ],\n [\n -73.60521599677895,\n 41.7908892811372\n ],\n [\n -73.60521599677895,\n 40.99974278286342\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in partnership with the International Joint Commission installed and operated continuous water-quality monitors at three sites on the Souris River from May 2019 to October 2023. Continuously recorded data included dissolved oxygen (DO), water temperature, and specific conductance at the Souris River near Sherwood, North Dakota (USGS station 05114000), Souris River above Minot, N. Dak. (USGS station 05117500), and Souris River near Westhope, N. Dak (USGS station 05124000). The three sites on the Souris River were chosen for additional DO monitoring because they provided the best opportunity to capture potential effects on DO in areas downstream from major flow control structures and because identifying the connection of streamflow to DO at the international border is a focus of the International Souris River Board (ISRB).
The continuous water-quality monitoring at three sites on the Souris River from May 16, 2019, to October 1, 2023, indicated different patterns in DO among the three sites, and the different patterns indicate different factors affect DO concentrations among the sites. DO concentrations near Sherwood indicated the strong effect of algal dynamics at lower streamflow conditions with large diurnal fluctuations in DO concentration and indicated that streamflow does seem to affect DO concentrations when the streamflow is greater than about 100 cubic feet per second. DO concentrations were also frequently less than the water-quality objective (WQO) of 5 milligrams per liter in the summer and winter months, particularly during relatively low streamflow conditions in 2020 and 2021. DO concentrations above Minot had a different pattern with considerably fewer diurnal fluctuations than near Sherwood, high DO concentrations most winters except for the winter of 2021–22, and fewer instances when the DO was less than the WQO compared to Sherwood. The pattern of DO concentrations near Westhope seemed to be mainly influenced by the water chemistry coming out of J. Clark Salyer Pool 357 rather than streamflow and channel conditions at the site. The Westhope site also had the most days with daily minimum DO concentrations less than the WQO among the three sites, mainly in the winter when concentrations were consistently at or near 0 milligrams per liter for most of the winter months.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20241043","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the International Joint Commission","usgsCitation":"Galloway, J.M., 2024, Dissolved oxygen monitoring on the Souris River, 2019–23: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2024–1043, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20241043.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 13 p.; Dataset","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-167787","costCenters":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497955,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_117500.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":462183,"rank":6,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20241043/full"},{"id":462182,"rank":5,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"USGS National Water Information System database","linkHelpText":"- USGS water data for the Nation"},{"id":462181,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1043/images/"},{"id":462180,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1043/ofr20241043.XML"},{"id":462179,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1043/ofr20241043.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2024–1043"},{"id":462178,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1043/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Souris River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.03302625208204,\n 50.79350866915286\n ],\n [\n -105.03302625208204,\n 47.533599370512235\n ],\n [\n -98.11163953333218,\n 47.533599370512235\n ],\n [\n -98.11163953333218,\n 50.79350866915286\n ],\n [\n -105.03302625208204,\n 50.79350866915286\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Dakota Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
821 East Interstate Avenue
Bismarck, ND 58503
1608 Mountain View Road
Rapid City, SD 57702
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Ecology (Ecology), conducted a study to describe the current understanding of the regional groundwater system of the lower Duwamish River valley and groundwater and surface-water interactions in the lower Duwamish Waterway. The lower Duwamish Waterway is the final 5-mile (mi) reach of the Duwamish River before it empties into Elliott Bay in Puget Sound near Seattle, Washington. A nearshore site (hereinafter referred to as “Nearshore Site” to distinguish the particular site from general discussions of nearshore areas) along the western shoreline of the Duwamish River, about 1.5 mi upstream from the river mouth, was selected for focused groundwater data collection by USGS. Data loggers were deployed in seven groundwater wells and one stilling well in the Duwamish River to measure specific conductance, temperature, and depth at 15-minute intervals for a period of about 2 years.
At the Nearshore Site during 2020–22, water levels in the shallow wells were 3–8 feet (ft) higher than water levels in the deep wells, providing evidence for a low-permeability layer between the shallow and deep aquifers in this area. The shallow wells had a pronounced seasonal variability, with high water levels in winter and low water levels in summer. Data from the deep wells showed far less seasonal variability, with slight increases in winter and a near-constant water level from spring to autumn. The deep wells had a strong hydraulic connection to the Duwamish River, as evidenced by the synchronous water-level variability during the tidal cycle, whereas the shallow wells had minimal to no tidal response. The potentiometric maps developed for the Nearshore Site and surrounding areas indicate large differences in groundwater-flow directions for the shallow and deep aquifers at low and high tides. For the shallow aquifer, flow is toward the lower Duwamish Waterway near the Nearshore Site, regardless of the tidal condition. For the deep aquifer, a potentiometric trough forms parallel to the shoreline during high tide, indicating that groundwater flow converges from the uplands to the west and the Duwamish River to the east. The geometry of the potentiometric surfaces between the nearshore-most well and the shoreline is complex and is further confounded by intermittent shoreline armoring and other buried infrastructure, which could serve as either a barrier or a conduit to flow.
Groundwater and surface-water interactions in the lower Duwamish Waterway are inherently complex as a result of three overarching factors. First, water levels in the lower reaches of the Duwamish River vary daily by 11–16 ft because of tides from Puget Sound, which create large swings in the hydraulic gradient in the nearshore groundwater system. Second, the density and chemical composition of water in the Duwamish River change daily with the tides and seasonally, which constrains how river water entering the nearshore sediments interacts with discharging groundwater. Third, the nearshore subsurface and shoreline conditions are heterogenous because of extensive shoreline armoring over the past century, which governs the flow of groundwater and infiltrating river water. These unique features of groundwater and surface-water interactions in the lower Duwamish Waterway thus govern the transport of terrestrial contaminants to the lower Duwamish Waterway. Furthermore, the heterogenous aquifer properties in the lower Duwamish Waterway contribute to spatially and temporally dynamic contaminant-transport processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245046","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Ecology","usgsCitation":"Mitchell, J.N., and Conn, K.E., 2024, Groundwater and surface-water interactions in the Lower Duwamish Waterway, Seattle, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5046, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245046.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 43 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-158073","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497961,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_117497.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":434877,"rank":6,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5046/sir20245046.XML"},{"id":434876,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5046/images"},{"id":434875,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P1F7QX42","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data in support of groundwater- and surface-water-interactions report— Groundwater and surface-water interactions in the Lower Duwamish Waterway, Seattle, Washington"},{"id":434874,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20245046/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2024-5046"},{"id":434873,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5046/sir20245046.pdf","size":"9.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2024-5046"},{"id":434872,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5046/sir20245046.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Seattle","otherGeospatial":"Lower Duwamish Waterway","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.45687695827122,\n 47.691936104689205\n ],\n [\n -122.45687695827122,\n 47.28\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 47.28\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 47.691936104689205\n ],\n [\n -122.45687695827122,\n 47.691936104689205\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Washington Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
A study was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Ohio Water Development Authority and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, to compute low-flow frequency, flow-duration, and harmonic mean flow statistics for long-term streamflow gages and to develop regression equations to estimate those statistics at unregulated, ungaged stream locations in Ohio. The flow statistics were computed with data collected after the 1974 water year because upward trends and statistically significant step changes (occurring after the late 1960s but before 1975) in annual flow statistics were detected at many candidate gages in Ohio. A total of 180 continuous-record gages in Ohio and bordering States were identified as having at least 10 years of daily flow records during the analytical period (water years 1975–2020). Also identified were five low-flow partial-record gages in Ohio that had instantaneous low flows that correlated strongly with daily streamflows at one of the continuous-record gages (also referred to as index gages). For continuous-record gages, the following flow statistics were computed: annual and seasonal minimum 1-, 7-, 30-, and 90-day flows with 2-, 5-, 10-, 20-, and 50-year recurrence intervals; annual and seasonal 98-, 95-, 90-, 85-, 80-, 75-, 70-, 60-, 50-, 40-, 30-, 20-, and 10-percent duration flows; and the harmonic mean flow. For partial-record gages, estimates were made for annual and seasonal minimum 1-, 7-, 30-, and 90-day low flows with 2-, 10-, and 20-year recurrence intervals and annual and seasonal 98-, 95-, 90-, 85-, and 80-percent duration flows.
The drainage basin of each gage was inspected for anthropogenic or karst features that could appreciably affect or regulate low flows. That inspection resulted in data from 53 of the 180 continuous-record gages and the 5 low-flow partial-record gages being categorized as “unregulated” and subsequently used in regression analyses to develop equations for estimating low-flow statistics. Two hundred and sixty potential explanatory variables were tested for this study. In most cases, a streamflow-variability index (SVI) was chosen as the sole explanatory variable for the regression analyses to predict the harmonic mean and annual and seasonal low-flow yields. The exceptions were for one of the September–November low-flow yield statistics and all the December–February yield statistics. Drainage area, decimal longitude, and usually SVI were chosen as the explanatory variables for those exceptions and to predict the 80-percent duration flows. The SVI values used in the model were estimated from a geospatial grid of SVI values developed for this study by using an empirical Bayesian kriging regression prediction. Observations for continuous-record gages used in the regression analyses were weighted as a function of their record length. Weights for partial-record gages were estimated based on the weights determined for their index gages.
Equations for low-flow yields were developed by using censored regressions with a censoring level of 0.00001 cubic foot per second per square mile. Numerical constraints were placed on the yield equations if they could compute yields less than the yield censoring level or if the yields did not monotonically decrease with increasing SVI. Logistic-regression equations were developed, with SVI and drainage area as explanatory variables, to estimate the probability that the low-flow statistics were greater than the flow censoring level (0.01 cubic foot per second).
The regression equations presented in this report were developed for implementation in the Ohio StreamStats application. The equations are applicable to unregulated streams in Ohio and are not applicable to streams with karst drainage features, diversions, regulation, or other anthropogenic activities that can appreciably affect low flow. The equations were developed by using observations with a range of SVI values from 0.41 to 1.23 log10 cubic foot per second and a range of drainage areas from 0.21 to 540 square miles. The applicability of the equations outside these ranges is not known.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245075","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Ohio Water Development Authority and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"VonIns, B.L., and Koltun, G.F., 2024, Low-flow statistics computed for streamflow gages and methods for estimating selected low-flow statistics for ungaged stream locations in Ohio, water years 1975–2020 (ver. 1.1, October 2024): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5075, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245075.","productDescription":"Report: v, 37 p.; Data Release: 2 Tables","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-155169","costCenters":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462619,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5075/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":462944,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5075/sir20245075.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.17 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2024-5075 PDF"},{"id":497941,"rank":12,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_117489.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":462953,"rank":11,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P92GD1WL","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Supporting data for low-flow statistics computed for streamflow gages and methods for estimating selected low-flow statistics for ungaged stream locations in Ohio, water years 1975–2020 (ver. 1.1, October 2024)"},{"id":462951,"rank":9,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5075/sir20245075_app2_table2.1.csv","text":"Appendix 2 Table 2.1","size":"4.54 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"linkHelpText":"- CSV file"},{"id":462950,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5075/sir20245075_app2_table2.1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 2 Table 2.1","size":"24.1 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"linkHelpText":"- Table 2.1. Selected streamflow duration and low-frequency statistics for partial-record streamflow gages in Ohio"},{"id":462948,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5075/sir20245075_app1_table1.1.csv","text":"Appendix 1 Table 1.1","size":"115 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"linkHelpText":"- CSV file"},{"id":462949,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5075/sir20245075_app1_table1.1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1 Table 1.1","size":"243 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"linkHelpText":"- Table 1.1. Selected streamflow duration and low-frequency statistics for continuous-record streamflow gages in Ohio"},{"id":462947,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5075/images/"},{"id":462946,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5075/sir20245075.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2024-5075 XML"},{"id":462945,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20245075/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2024-5075 HTML"},{"id":462952,"rank":10,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5075/versionHist.txt","size":"2.07 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-82.835118,41.708971],[-82.82572,41.72281],[-82.820409,41.724549],[-82.810487,41.720524],[-82.782719,41.694003],[-82.793069,41.664692],[-82.827011,41.633701],[-82.842099,41.628323],[-82.843602,41.647009],[-82.835118,41.708971]]],[[[-82.700208,41.61219],[-82.691123,41.611331],[-82.68015,41.61897],[-82.677772,41.617986],[-82.680669,41.594611],[-82.686033,41.587246],[-82.702027,41.585437],[-82.735766,41.600982],[-82.735707,41.603361],[-82.718802,41.619629],[-82.70731,41.619609],[-82.703438,41.617734],[-82.700208,41.61219]]],[[[-81.725583,39.215835],[-81.733357,39.205868],[-81.737085,39.193836],[-81.741533,39.189596],[-81.752754,39.184676],[-81.755754,39.180976],[-81.756254,39.177276],[-81.743565,39.141933],[-81.744838,39.130898],[-81.742153,39.116777],[-81.745453,39.098078],[-81.752353,39.089878],[-81.760753,39.084078],[-81.775554,39.078378],[-81.785554,39.078578],[-81.803055,39.083878],[-81.810655,39.083278],[-81.813855,39.079278],[-81.811655,39.059578],[-81.803355,39.047678],[-81.772854,39.026179],[-81.764253,39.015279],[-81.765153,39.002579],[-81.774062,38.993682],[-81.776723,38.985142],[-81.775734,38.980737],[-81.78182,38.964935],[-81.778845,38.955892],[-81.756975,38.937152],[-81.756131,38.933545],[-81.759995,38.925828],[-81.76976,38.92273],[-81.781248,38.924804],[-81.793372,38.930204],[-81.806137,38.942112],[-81.814235,38.946168],[-81.827354,38.945898],[-81.831516,38.943697],[-81.844486,38.928746],[-81.845312,38.910088],[-81.848653,38.901407],[-81.855971,38.892734],[-81.889233,38.874279],[-81.898541,38.874582],[-81.910312,38.879294],[-81.928,38.893492],[-81.926671,38.901311],[-81.90091,38.924338],[-81.89847,38.929603],[-81.900595,38.937671],[-81.933186,38.987659],[-81.941829,38.993295],[-81.951447,38.996032],[-81.967769,38.992955],[-81.979371,38.993193],[-81.982032,38.995697],[-81.987061,39.011978],[-81.994961,39.022478],[-82.002261,39.027878],[-82.017562,39.030078],[-82.035963,39.025478],[-82.041563,39.017878],[-82.045663,39.003778],[-82.051563,38.994378],[-82.091565,38.973778],[-82.094865,38.964578],[-82.109065,38.945579],[-82.111666,38.932579],[-82.128866,38.909979],[-82.143167,38.898079],[-82.145267,38.883479],[-82.139224,38.86502],[-82.144867,38.84048],[-82.16157,38.824632],[-82.179478,38.817376],[-82.191172,38.815137],[-82.20929,38.802672],[-82.217269,38.79568],[-82.221566,38.787187],[-82.220449,38.773739],[-82.216614,38.76835],[-82.198882,38.757725],[-82.195606,38.752441],[-82.193268,38.741182],[-82.188268,38.734082],[-82.182467,38.708782],[-82.190167,38.687382],[-82.190867,38.680383],[-82.186067,38.666783],[-82.185567,38.659583],[-82.179067,38.648883],[-82.172667,38.629684],[-82.172066,38.619284],[-82.177267,38.603784],[-82.188767,38.594984],[-82.205171,38.591719],[-82.222168,38.591384],[-82.245969,38.598483],[-82.26207,38.598183],[-82.27427,38.593683],[-82.291271,38.578983],[-82.293871,38.572683],[-82.293271,38.560283],[-82.295671,38.538483],[-82.303971,38.517683],[-82.304223,38.496308],[-82.310639,38.483172],[-82.318111,38.457876],[-82.323999,38.449268],[-82.330335,38.4445],[-82.34064,38.440948],[-82.381773,38.434783],[-82.389746,38.434355],[-82.404882,38.439347],[-82.529579,38.405182],[-82.549799,38.403202],[-82.569368,38.406258],[-82.588249,38.415489],[-82.596921,38.426705],[-82.600761,38.437425],[-82.604089,38.459841],[-82.610458,38.471457],[-82.618474,38.477089],[-82.637707,38.484449],[-82.657051,38.496816],[-82.675724,38.515504],[-82.689965,38.53592],[-82.700045,38.544336],[-82.730958,38.559264],[-82.763695,38.560399],[-82.779472,38.559023],[-82.800112,38.563183],[-82.820161,38.572703],[-82.844306,38.590862],[-82.854291,38.613454],[-82.856791,38.632878],[-82.856291,38.646078],[-82.859391,38.660378],[-82.863291,38.669277],[-82.874892,38.682827],[-82.877592,38.690177],[-82.870392,38.722077],[-82.871292,38.739376],[-82.879492,38.751476],[-82.889193,38.756076],[-82.894193,38.756576],[-82.923694,38.750076],[-82.943147,38.74328],[-82.968695,38.728776],[-82.979395,38.725976],[-83.011816,38.730057],[-83.030702,38.72572],[-83.053104,38.695831],[-83.064319,38.688976],[-83.084226,38.68109],[-83.102746,38.677316],[-83.112372,38.671685],[-83.122547,38.6592],[-83.128973,38.640231],[-83.135046,38.631719],[-83.142836,38.625076],[-83.156926,38.620547],[-83.202453,38.616956],[-83.211027,38.618578],[-83.232404,38.627569],[-83.245572,38.627936],[-83.254558,38.623403],[-83.264011,38.621535],[-83.26851,38.615104],[-83.286514,38.599241],[-83.294193,38.596588],[-83.307832,38.600824],[-83.317542,38.609242],[-83.322383,38.630615],[-83.327636,38.637489],[-83.356445,38.654009],[-83.384755,38.663171],[-83.420194,38.668428],[-83.446989,38.670143],[-83.468059,38.67547],[-83.493342,38.694187],[-83.504365,38.699256],[-83.520953,38.703045],[-83.533339,38.702105],[-83.569098,38.692842],[-83.615736,38.684145],[-83.626922,38.679387],[-83.636208,38.670584],[-83.642994,38.643273],[-83.649737,38.632753],[-83.663911,38.62793],[-83.679484,38.630036],[-83.704006,38.639724],[-83.713405,38.641591],[-83.720779,38.646704],[-83.74992,38.649613],[-83.769347,38.65522],[-83.775761,38.666748],[-83.78362,38.695641],[-83.787113,38.699489],[-83.798549,38.704668],[-83.821854,38.709575],[-83.836696,38.717857],[-83.841689,38.724264],[-83.846207,38.74229],[-83.852085,38.751433],[-83.859028,38.756793],[-83.873168,38.762418],[-83.926986,38.771562],[-83.928454,38.774583],[-83.943978,38.783616],[-83.962123,38.787384],[-83.978814,38.787104],[-84.044486,38.770572],[-84.071491,38.770475],[-84.108836,38.779247],[-84.135088,38.789485],[-84.155912,38.794909],[-84.198358,38.80092],[-84.212904,38.805707],[-84.2253,38.817665],[-84.231306,38.830552],[-84.233727,38.853576],[-84.232132,38.880483],[-84.234453,38.893226],[-84.25701,38.923208],[-84.279916,38.945168],[-84.288164,38.955789],[-84.295076,38.968295],[-84.297255,38.989694],[-84.304698,39.006455],[-84.31368,39.016981],[-84.326539,39.027463],[-84.346039,39.036963],[-84.360439,39.041362],[-84.38684,39.045162],[-84.406941,39.045662],[-84.42573,39.053059],[-84.429841,39.058262],[-84.432341,39.067561],[-84.432941,39.083961],[-84.434641,39.086861],[-84.432841,39.094261],[-84.435541,39.102261],[-84.445242,39.114461],[-84.455342,39.12036],[-84.470542,39.12146],[-84.476243,39.11916],[-84.487743,39.11076],[-84.496543,39.10026],[-84.509743,39.09366],[-84.524644,39.09216],[-84.541344,39.09916],[-84.550844,39.09936],[-84.572144,39.08206],[-84.607928,39.073238],[-84.620112,39.073457],[-84.632446,39.07676],[-84.657246,39.09546],[-84.684847,39.100459],[-84.718548,39.137059],[-84.732048,39.144458],[-84.744149,39.147458],[-84.754449,39.146658],[-84.766749,39.138558],[-84.78768,39.115297],[-84.820157,39.10548],[-84.819451,39.305152],[-84.814955,39.566251],[-84.814179,39.814212],[-84.803918,40.310094],[-84.804504,40.411555],[-84.802547,40.50181],[-84.803919,41.435531],[-84.806082,41.696089],[-84.360546,41.706621],[-83.453832,41.732647],[-83.455626,41.727445],[-83.446032,41.706847],[-83.409531,41.691247],[-83.39263,41.691947],[-83.37573,41.686647],[-83.357073,41.687763],[-83.341817,41.693518],[-83.337985,41.698682],[-83.337977,41.70341],[-83.326825,41.701562],[-83.293928,41.680846],[-83.29068,41.676794],[-83.238191,41.651167],[-83.23166,41.644218],[-83.194524,41.631008],[-83.145887,41.617904],[-83.103928,41.613558],[-83.086036,41.60668],[-83.066593,41.59534],[-83.043287,41.568205],[-83.028072,41.555656],[-82.999916,41.538534],[-82.96985,41.524327],[-82.934369,41.514353],[-82.897728,41.519241],[-82.875229,41.529684],[-82.85677,41.548262],[-82.855197,41.564114],[-82.859531,41.576371],[-82.852957,41.583327],[-82.834101,41.587587],[-82.820207,41.570664],[-82.794324,41.546486],[-82.785496,41.540675],[-82.77201,41.54058],[-82.749907,41.54647],[-82.717878,41.54193],[-82.711332,41.53695],[-82.711632,41.527201],[-82.721914,41.516677],[-82.713904,41.501697],[-82.710013,41.49759],[-82.687921,41.492324],[-82.658302,41.461878],[-82.617745,41.431833],[-82.616952,41.428425],[-82.55808,41.400005],[-82.513827,41.384257],[-82.499099,41.381541],[-82.481214,41.381342],[-82.460599,41.386316],[-82.431315,41.396866],[-82.398086,41.413945],[-82.361784,41.426644],[-82.334182,41.430243],[-82.29158,41.428442],[-82.268479,41.430842],[-82.254678,41.434441],[-82.193375,41.46454],[-82.184774,41.47404],[-82.181598,41.471634],[-82.165373,41.47444],[-82.094169,41.495039],[-82.011966,41.515639],[-81.994565,41.51444],[-81.964912,41.505446],[-81.958463,41.498642],[-81.937862,41.491443],[-81.87736,41.483445],[-81.860262,41.483841],[-81.810992,41.495592],[-81.794449,41.49663],[-81.782258,41.49605],[-81.744755,41.48715],[-81.738755,41.48855],[-81.710986,41.501734],[-81.664884,41.53143],[-81.633652,41.540458],[-81.599747,41.560649],[-81.529955,41.614374],[-81.50044,41.623448],[-81.48864,41.631348],[-81.466038,41.649148],[-81.441339,41.674074],[-81.353229,41.727743],[-81.301626,41.750543],[-81.286925,41.760243],[-81.264224,41.758143],[-81.248672,41.761291],[-81.112885,41.817571],[-81.092716,41.822988],[-81.05192,41.839557],[-81.024525,41.846469],[-81.01049,41.853962],[-80.936244,41.862352],[-80.900342,41.868912],[-80.814943,41.897694],[-80.799822,41.909749],[-80.784682,41.911525],[-80.782052,41.906635],[-80.757945,41.913352],[-80.720816,41.919744],[-80.581882,41.95761],[-80.519461,41.977513],[-80.518991,40.638801],[-80.551126,40.628847],[-80.56784,40.617552],[-80.576736,40.614224],[-80.583633,40.61552],[-80.592049,40.622496],[-80.598764,40.625263],[-80.627171,40.619936],[-80.634355,40.616095],[-80.651716,40.597744],[-80.662564,40.5916],[-80.667957,40.582496],[-80.666917,40.573664],[-80.652436,40.562544],[-80.633107,40.538705],[-80.627507,40.535793],[-80.618003,40.502049],[-80.609058,40.489506],[-80.599194,40.482566],[-80.595494,40.475266],[-80.596094,40.463366],[-80.612295,40.434867],[-80.612195,40.402667],[-80.615195,40.399867],[-80.632196,40.393667],[-80.633596,40.390467],[-80.631596,40.385468],[-80.619196,40.381768],[-80.609695,40.374968],[-80.607595,40.369568],[-80.612796,40.347668],[-80.610796,40.340868],[-80.602895,40.327869],[-80.599895,40.317669],[-80.602895,40.307069],[-80.614896,40.291969],[-80.616796,40.285269],[-80.616196,40.27227],[-80.619297,40.26517],[-80.622497,40.26177],[-80.644598,40.25127],[-80.652098,40.24497],[-80.661543,40.229798],[-80.6681,40.199671],[-80.6726,40.192371],[-80.686137,40.181607],[-80.704602,40.154823],[-80.710042,40.138311],[-80.710554,40.125271],[-80.706702,40.110872],[-80.709102,40.101472],[-80.713003,40.096872],[-80.730704,40.086472],[-80.738604,40.075672],[-80.737104,40.064972],[-80.733104,40.058772],[-80.730904,40.046672],[-80.731504,40.037472],[-80.737389,40.027593],[-80.741901,40.007929],[-80.738717,39.985113],[-80.740126,39.970793],[-80.758527,39.959241],[-80.764479,39.95025],[-80.761312,39.929098],[-80.756784,39.920586],[-80.756432,39.91393],[-80.759296,39.909466],[-80.762592,39.908906],[-80.772641,39.911306],[-80.782849,39.917162],[-80.795714,39.91969],[-80.806018,39.91713],[-80.809283,39.910314],[-80.809011,39.903226],[-80.802339,39.89161],[-80.793989,39.882787],[-80.790156,39.872252],[-80.790761,39.86728],[-80.799898,39.858912],[-80.821279,39.849982],[-80.826124,39.844238],[-80.826228,39.835802],[-80.82248,39.824971],[-80.822181,39.811708],[-80.826079,39.798584],[-80.835311,39.79069],[-80.863048,39.775197],[-80.869092,39.766364],[-80.869933,39.763555],[-80.865339,39.753251],[-80.854717,39.742592],[-80.846091,39.737812],[-80.831551,39.719475],[-80.829764,39.711839],[-80.831871,39.705655],[-80.839112,39.701033],[-80.854599,39.697473],[-80.863698,39.691724],[-80.86633,39.683167],[-80.866647,39.652616],[-80.876002,39.627084],[-80.88036,39.620706],[-80.892208,39.616756],[-80.91762,39.618703],[-80.925841,39.617396],[-80.936906,39.612616],[-80.970436,39.590127],[-80.993695,39.571253],[-81.020055,39.55541],[-81.030169,39.545211],[-81.044902,39.5363],[-81.070594,39.515991],[-81.100833,39.487175],[-81.114433,39.466275],[-81.132534,39.446275],[-81.138134,39.443775],[-81.152534,39.443175],[-81.170634,39.439175],[-81.185946,39.430731],[-81.190714,39.423562],[-81.208231,39.407147],[-81.211433,39.402031],[-81.211654,39.392977],[-81.217315,39.38759],[-81.223581,39.386062],[-81.24184,39.390276],[-81.270716,39.385914],[-81.281405,39.379258],[-81.297517,39.374378],[-81.347567,39.34577],[-81.375961,39.341697],[-81.384556,39.343449],[-81.393794,39.351706],[-81.406689,39.38809],[-81.412706,39.394618],[-81.435642,39.408474],[-81.446543,39.410374],[-81.456143,39.409274],[-81.473188,39.40017],[-81.489044,39.384074],[-81.503189,39.373242],[-81.542346,39.352874],[-81.557547,39.338774],[-81.565047,39.293874],[-81.565247,39.276175],[-81.570247,39.267675],[-81.585559,39.268747],[-81.59516,39.273387],[-81.608408,39.276043],[-81.621305,39.273643],[-81.656138,39.277355],[-81.678331,39.273755],[-81.689483,39.266043],[-81.69638,39.257035],[-81.696636,39.246123],[-81.691067,39.230139],[-81.692395,39.226443],[-81.700908,39.220844],[-81.725583,39.215835]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Ohio\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","edition":"Version 1.0: September 2024; Version 1.1: October 2024","contact":"Director, Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6460 Busch Blvd, Suite 100
Columbus, OH 43229
Lead Belt, an area of major lead mining from the 1860s until 1972 where more than 8.5 million tons of lead were mined. After active mining ceased, the effects of mining activities persisted in the Big River system because of large mine waste pile erosion, and floodplain sediment and streambank contamination along several tributaries and the main stem of the Big River. Lead-contaminated streambed and floodplain sediments extend more than 90 miles from the Old Lead Belt to the confluence of the Big River with the Meramec River. The waste piles and mine-waste contaminated streambed and floodplain sediments have been sources of high concentrations of several trace elements, primarily cadmium, lead, and zinc. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 7 has made several efforts to prevent further erosion of contaminated sediments into the Big River including the capping of major mine waste piles, reclaiming sediment deposits along the floodplains, and monitoring soil conditions of croplands and residential properties.
A cooperative effort began in 2011 between the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 7 to characterize suspended sediment quantity and quality in the Big River downstream from the Old Lead Belt as reclamation activities in the drainage basin progressed. The study was completed in two phases, and each phase included continuous stage, turbidity, and water temperature monitoring at the Big River below Bonne Terre, Missouri, streamgage and sampling station. Periodic suspended sediment samples also were collected manually (discrete samples) during base flow and selected stormflow events. Continuous streamflow, turbidity, and discrete suspended sediment data were used to develop regression models to compute daily suspended sediment concentrations and loads. During both phases, the discrete stormflow event samples were also evaluated to determine particle size distribution and concentrations of select trace elements. Phase one was completed from October 2011 through September 2013, and phase two, which is the primary focus of this report, was completed from October 2018 through September 2021. Phase two also included time-integrated suspended sediment samples collected using passive samplers. Discrete samples (collected during stormflow events) and passive samples were analyzed for concentrations of barium, cadmium, lead, and zinc in two sediment size fractions (when possible) to estimate trace element loads. Suspended sediment concentrations and loads and select trace element concentration results computed during phase one were compared to those computed during phase two to identify trends in the Big River Basin during the full study period.
The concentrations of cadmium, lead, and zinc in nearly all discrete stormflow event suspended sediment samples and passive suspended sediment samples exceeded the threshold effect concentrations and the probable effect concentrations, which are two sediment quality guidelines. Most samples also exceeded the toxic effect threshold, the level at which sediment is considered to be heavily contaminated and problematic for sediment-dwelling organisms. Bulk cadmium concentrations (median of 7.90 milligrams per kilogram [mg/kg]) exceeded the toxic effect threshold (3.0 mg/kg) in 17 discrete stormflow event samples, and bulk lead concentrations (median of 1,070 mg/kg) exceeded the toxic effect threshold (170 mg/kg) in all 18 discrete stormflow event samples. Bulk zinc concentrations (median of 500 mg/kg) exceeded the toxic effect threshold (540 mg/kg) in eight discrete stormflow event samples. Bulk concentrations of these trace elements in passive suspended sediment samples were slightly greater, with concentrations of cadmium (median of 14.0 mg/kg) and lead (median of 1,860 mg/kg) exceeding the toxic effect threshold in all 18 samples. Bulk concentrations of zinc (median of 733 mg/kg) exceeded the toxic effect threshold in 15 passive samples. Compared to phase one (water years 2012–13), phase two (water years 2019–21) concentrations of lead and cadmium in the fine fraction of discrete suspended sediment samples collected at Big River below Bonne Terre were statistically similar; concentrations of barium and zinc were statistically smaller in samples collected during phase two (water years 2018–21).
Sediment quality data from passive samples and daily mean suspended sediment loads from the regression model were used to calculate annual oads of barium, cadmium, lead, and zinc at the Bonne Terre streamgage. Water year 2019 had the largest loads of barium, cadmium, lead, and zinc (58.6, 1.43, 194, and 76.5 tons, respectively). The total loads of barium, cadmium, lead, and zinc for phase two (water years 2019–21) were 149, 4.00, 520, and 213 tons, respectively. Less than 5 percent of the total lead load calculated for the study period was transported when daily mean streamflow was less than 455 cubic feet per second, which is the approximate flow at which the passive samplers were inundated and began sampling. This highlights that most of the lead load is transported during stormflow events and the effectiveness of using passive samplers for ongoing monitoring of the Big River.
Annual suspended sediment loads at the Bonne Terre streamgage computed using the regression model were 113,000 tons in water year 2019, 83,400 tons in water year 2020, and 96,500 tons in water year 2021. The event-based suspended sediment loads for the eight sampled stormflow events ranged from 45.3 to 32,500 tons. Although only a portion of all stormflow events during phase two were sampled, the loads accounted for during these eight stormflow events represented approximately 30.9 percent of the total suspended sediment load calculated for the study period, confirming that a large part of suspended sediments continue to be transported in the Big River during stormflow events. Event-based loads of barium, cadmium, lead, and zinc were greatest during the stormflow events sampled in January 2020 (event 4) and March 2021 (event 8). Event-based loads calculated for event 4 for barium, cadmium, lead, and zinc were 17.1, 0.206, 27.2, and 14.5 tons, respectively. During event 8, an estimated 15.6 tons of barium, 0.239 tons of cadmium, 34.0 tons of lead, and 13.6 tons of zinc were transported in suspended sediments. The continued high concentrations of lead in suspended sediments in the Big River, despite reclamation activities, is likely because of the continual transport from streambed and stream banks of lead-enriched sediment, which remain in the system from historical mining activities.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245085","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Markland, K.M., and Buckley, C.E., 2024, Suspended sediment and trace element transport in the Big River downstream from the Old Lead Belt in southeastern Missouri, 2018–21: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5085, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245085.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 45 p.; 2 Appendixes; Data Release; Dataset","numberOfPages":"60","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-153957","costCenters":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":433616,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P1B8YS78","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geochemical analyses of water, mine tailings, fluvial suspended sediments, fluvial bed sediments, and fluvial flood deposit sediments from the Big River and Meramec River drainage basins, Missouri"},{"id":433610,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5085/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":433611,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5085/sir20245085.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2024–5085"},{"id":433612,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5085/sir20245085.XML"},{"id":433613,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5085/downloads/","text":"Appendixes 1–2","linkHelpText":"- Model Archives Summaries for Regression Models"},{"id":433614,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5085/images/"},{"id":499482,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_117311.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":433617,"rank":8,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"UGSS National Water Information System database","linkHelpText":"- USGS water data for the Nation"},{"id":433615,"rank":6,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20245085/full"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.28892432173701,\n 38.3\n ],\n [\n -91.28892432173701,\n 37.29246138824874\n ],\n [\n -89.90464697798724,\n 37.29246138824874\n ],\n [\n -89.90464697798724,\n 38.3\n ],\n [\n -91.28892432173701,\n 38.3\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
400 South Clinton Street, Suite 269
Iowa City, IA 52240
This publication describes the U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Science Center (VSC) Response Plan for Significant Volcanic Events (hereinafter referred to as “the plan”) that has been developed for U.S volcano observatories over the past several years in consultation with the lead scientist, or Scientist-in-Charge (SIC), of each of the five U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) volcano observatories. The goal of the plan is to define a standardized management system that ensures the VSC can achieve the following during a volcanic crisis:
The plan addresses situations in which the scale of a response at least temporarily eclipses the response capabilities of a single observatory. The plan features two integrated response structures for managing and carrying out operations within the VSC during a crisis: the Observatory Volcanic Event Response Team (OVERT) and the Center Volcanic Event Response Team (CVERT). The design of these structures reflects lessons learned from past volcanic responses and is influenced by the Incident Command System used by the U.S. Federal Government for managing emergency responses. The plan clarifies expectations regarding the flow of information during a response, summarizes required tasks of the responding observatory and VSC to ensure a successful response, defines response-team roles and responsibilities, and describes the internal communication practices critical for an effective and coordinated response.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1518","usgsCitation":"Moran, S.C., Neal, C.A., and Murray, T.L., 2024, The U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Science Center’s Response Plan for Significant Volcanic Events: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1518, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1518.","productDescription":"v, 65 p.","numberOfPages":"65","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-143031","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":433419,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1518/circ1518.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":433418,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1518/covrthb.jpg"}],"country":"Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -147.11713420288632,\n 61.002142023255914\n ],\n [\n -149.98540899170055,\n 63.04244518393395\n ],\n [\n -155.50779067376675,\n 61.49623318483353\n ],\n [\n -163.75816043675115,\n 56.14684556104572\n ],\n [\n -181.00143715585634,\n 52.48269604532007\n ],\n [\n -179.43766066935802,\n 49.56517123226905\n ],\n [\n -161.45364658708968,\n 53.202707628643395\n ],\n [\n -150.28015443637352,\n 56.59536969182122\n ],\n [\n -147.11713420288632,\n 61.002142023255914\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.04098501277775,\n 18.310791613598795\n ],\n [\n -154.27974725488383,\n 19.999127121481195\n ],\n [\n -156.13858195798778,\n 21.6642146784459\n ],\n [\n -160.5190347101758,\n 22.913848569868435\n ],\n [\n -160.89532419064514,\n 21.555359696802086\n ],\n [\n -155.04098501277775,\n 18.310791613598795\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.13805709963371,\n 32.80221941212619\n ],\n [\n -114.68347246965284,\n 32.75317958295028\n ],\n [\n -109.91889194502293,\n 31.908789770860224\n ],\n [\n -103.41968841512762,\n 32.15190215555489\n ],\n [\n -104.81753636115526,\n 44.92966193095208\n ],\n [\n -110.83268320595475,\n 45.05113861610195\n ],\n [\n -112.79654476340819,\n 44.84983806584674\n ],\n [\n -116.08121402894493,\n 49.009671497489734\n ],\n [\n -123.2819295472598,\n 48.98733781992226\n ],\n [\n -122.97762463880268,\n 48.07800384577902\n ],\n [\n -124.77196722296571,\n 48.35892442461622\n ],\n [\n -124.02527687101941,\n 46.40252508317741\n ],\n [\n -124.43207521869675,\n 42.518614030953046\n ],\n [\n -123.96606882815117,\n 40.245733159142105\n ],\n [\n -121.02446730458165,\n 35.789849150485125\n ],\n [\n -120.3490991587176,\n 34.53564829828612\n ],\n [\n -117.13805709963371,\n 32.80221941212619\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 145.87594127125067,\n 15.351997445662661\n ],\n [\n 145.47515460820574,\n 15.351997445662661\n ],\n [\n 145.47515460820574,\n 14.851891090064058\n ],\n [\n 145.87594127125067,\n 14.851891090064058\n ],\n [\n 145.87594127125067,\n 15.351997445662661\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Volcano Science Center
Cascades Volcano Observatory
U.S. Geological Survey
1300 SE Cardinal Court
Vancouver, WA, 98683
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP), began a study in 2018 to develop a water-quality monitoring strategy (WQMS) for Mount Hope Bay and the Taunton River Estuary in southeastern Massachusetts. MassDEP is interested in water-quality data in Mount Hope Bay and the Taunton River Estuary to characterize current water-quality conditions, assess nutrient-related effects, and capture conditions before and after planned upgrades to wastewater treatment facilities. The WQMS provides an overview of the environmental setting of Mount Hope Bay and the Taunton River Estuary and of dissolved oxygen and nutrient-related water-quality issues, reviews historical and existing monitoring data, and provides recommendations for future monitoring designed to meet five MassDEP management objectives: (1) support MassDEP’s review of coastal and marine dissolved oxygen criteria, (2) assess conditions within MassDEP waterbody assessment units in Mount Hope Bay and the Taunton River Estuary with respect to selected criteria in the Massachusetts Surface Water Quality Standards, (3) assess conditions along the freshwater/saltwater interface (salt wedge) of the Taunton River Estuary and delineate the boundary between the freshwater and saltwater waterbody assessment units, (4) estimate data requirements needed to determine nutrient loads flowing into Mount Hope Bay and the Taunton River Estuary, and (5) evaluate data requirements needed to support hydrodynamic and water-quality models for Mount Hope Bay and the Taunton River Estuary. This WQMS may be used by MassDEP to develop a statewide approach for monitoring estuaries in Massachusetts.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245049","isbn":"978-1-4113-4582-9","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Armstrong, D.S., 2024, Water-quality monitoring strategy for Mount Hope Bay and the Taunton River Estuary, southeastern Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5049, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245049","productDescription":"Report: ix, 48 p.; 2 Tables","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-143071","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":433311,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5049/sir20245049_table1.1.xlsx","text":"Table 1.1","size":"30.3 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2024-5049, Table 1.1","linkHelpText":"- Water-resource and environmental monitoring and sample collection programs in the greater Mount Hope Bay and Taunton River Estuary, southeastern Massachusetts"},{"id":499469,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_117312.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":433310,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5049/images"},{"id":433306,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5049/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":433309,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5049/sir20245049.XML","description":"SIR 2024-5049 XML"},{"id":433308,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20245049/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2024-5049 HTML"},{"id":433307,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5049/sir20245049.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2024-5049 PDF"},{"id":433390,"rank":7,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5049/sir20245049_table1.1.csv","text":"Table 1.1","size":"12.1 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"description":"SIR 2024-5049, Table 1.1 (csv)"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Mount Hope Bay, Taunton River Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.38907759427538,\n 42.148684709184096\n ],\n [\n -71.38907759427538,\n 41.46079492189094\n ],\n [\n -70.51569507946306,\n 41.46079492189094\n ],\n [\n -70.51569507946306,\n 42.148684709184096\n ],\n [\n -71.38907759427538,\n 42.148684709184096\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
The 2018 Carr Fire burned more than 90 percent of Whiskeytown National Recreation Area, with much of the park burning at high severity. California yellow pine and mixed conifer forests are not well adapted to large, high-severity fires, and forest recovery after these events may be problematic. Large, high-severity fire patches pose difficulties for recruitment with interiors that are long distances from potential seed trees and may develop fuel structures that can promote further high-severity fire. This report details patterns of forest structure derived from field plots measured 2–3 years after the Carr Fire, providing a characterization of immediate fire effects. We coupled these observations with remotely sensed information, including data collected from unoccupied aircraft system surveys. The remotely sensed data were used to depict erosion after the Carr Fire as well as to create a high-resolution land cover classification map, a debris flow risk map and hazard assessment, and a post-fire canopy vegetation loss map. Results indicated high levels of tree mortality after the Carr Fire, including high-value old growth forest stands, supporting remotely sensed assessments of fire severity. The high-resolution tree mortality model also aligned well with other remotely sensed estimates of immediate burn severity. Results of the land cover classification illustrated the high percentage of dead vegetation remaining in the understory and canopy 8 months post-fire. Changes in vegetation height identified areas with canopy vegetation loss from 1- to 8-months post-fire. Pairing the post-fire debris accumulation with debris flow probabilities may identify high-risk debris flow areas. The results of this study will help inform future decisions concerning wildland fire and vegetation management strategies at Whiskeytown National Recreation Area and are broadly relevant for management in the aftermath of large, high-severity fires in mixed, dry coniferous forests in the western United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231053","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","programNote":"Ecosystems Mission Area—Land Change Science Program","usgsCitation":"van Mantgem, P.J., Wright, M.C., Thorne, K.M., Beckmann, J., Buffington, K., Rankin, L.L., Colley, A., and Engber, E.A., 2024, Learning from a high-severity fire event—Conditions following the 2018 Carr Fire at Whiskeytown National Recreation Area: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1053, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231053.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 52 p.; 2 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-145882","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499189,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_117307.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":432970,"rank":7,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20231053/full"},{"id":432965,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P97Y21L1","text":"USGS Data Release","description":"Wright, M.C., Engber, E., and van Mantgem, P.J., 2024, Forest conditions following the 2018 Carr Fire at Whiskeytown National Recreation Area: U.S. Geological Survey data release, available at https://doi.org/10.5066/P97Y21L1.","linkHelpText":"Forest conditions following the 2018 Carr Fire at Whiskeytown National Recreation Area"},{"id":432964,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9GS9V1J","text":"USGS Data Release","description":"Thorne, K.M., Freeman, C.M., and Rankin, L.L., 2024, UAS imagery at Whiskeytown National Recreation Area in 2018 and 2019 following the Carr Fire: U.S. Geological Survey data release, available at https://doi.org/10.5066/P9GS9V1J.","linkHelpText":"UAS imagery at Whiskeytown National Recreation Area in 2018 and 2019 following the Carr Fire"},{"id":432969,"rank":6,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1053/images"},{"id":432968,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1053/ofr20231053.xml"},{"id":432967,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1053/ofr20231053.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":432966,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1053/covrthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Whiskeytown National Recreation Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.82661214645721,\n 40.425804364692084\n ],\n [\n -122.42999478567339,\n 40.425804364692084\n ],\n [\n -122.42999478567339,\n 40.713227651132485\n ],\n [\n -122.82661214645721,\n 40.713227651132485\n ],\n [\n -122.82661214645721,\n 40.425804364692084\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
The Shinnecock Indian Nation on Long Island, New York, faces challenges of shoreline retreat, saltwater intrusion, and flooding of the Tribal lands under changing climate and rising sea level. However, understanding of the dynamics of tidal circulation and waves and their impacts on the Shinnecock Indian Nation’s shoreline remains limited. This numerical study employs the integrated modeling capabilities of the hydrodynamic model Delft3D-FLOW and the spectral-wave model Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) to investigate the circulation and wave dynamics along the shoreline of Shinnecock Indian Nation. The results of the 1-year long simulation indicate the majority of wind waves approach the Shinnecock Nation shorelines at normal wave angles, with yearly averaged offshore wave height of around 0.2 meter, maximum wave height reaching 0.65 meter, and yearly averaged offshore wave power of approximately 50 watts per meter. Boulders, acting as natural barriers, have been placed along the shoreline to reduce erosive wave forcing. Simulation results indicate the boulders to the north end effectively attenuate wave energy and reduce annual wave power, while the boulders near the two tidal ponds adjacent to the Tribal cemetery only have a slight influence on wave energy. There are large spatial variabilities in wave attenuation and current velocity reduction by the boulders. The model framework developed in this study can be utilized for the optimal design of nature-based solutions, guiding decisions on the placement of living shoreline structures and determining their optimal size. This study further identifies data and knowledge gaps as well as future research opportunities that can enhance the performance of numerical models and contribute to the scientific understanding of coastal processes and facilitate the optimal design of hybrid living shorelines in the future to achieve the maximum protective efficacy. This research can help to inform strategies for safeguarding vulnerable coastal communities and promoting resilience and sustainability of shoreline along the Shinnecock Indian Nation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20241050","issn":"2331-1258","collaboration":"Prepared in collaboration with Northeastern University","usgsCitation":"Zhu, L., Wang, H., Chen, Q., Capurso, W., and Noll, M., 2024, Numerical modeling of circulation and wave dynamics along the shoreline of Shinnecock Indian Nation in Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2024–1050, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20241050.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 32 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-163925","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":434899,"rank":5,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20241050/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2024-1050 HTML"},{"id":433221,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9OG0AAO","text":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Three-dimensional point cloud data collected with a scanning total station on the western shoreline of the Shinnecock Nation Tribal lands, Suffolk County, New York, 2022"},{"id":433217,"rank":2,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1050/images"},{"id":433215,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1050/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":433218,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1050/ofr20241050.pdf","size":"3.53 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2024-1050"},{"id":433219,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1050/ofr20241050.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"OFR 2024-1050 XML"},{"id":499260,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_117308.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Shinnecock Indian Nation relative to Shinnecock Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.53273633004311,\n 40.90389205501435\n ],\n [\n -72.53273633004311,\n 40.82631366731101\n ],\n [\n -72.40468479043905,\n 40.82631366731101\n ],\n [\n -72.40468479043905,\n 40.90389205501435\n ],\n [\n -72.53273633004311,\n 40.90389205501435\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
700 Cajundome Blvd.
Lafayette, LA 70506–3152
Contact Us- USGS Publications Warehouse
","tableOfContents":"Genetic diversity is essential for maintaining healthy populations and ecosystems. Several approaches have recently been developed to evaluate population genetic trends without necessarily collecting new genetic data. Such “genetic diversity indicators” enable rapid, large-scale evaluation across dozens to thousands of species. Empirical genetic studies, when available, provide detailed information that is important for management, such as estimates of gene flow, inbreeding, genetic erosion and adaptation. In this article, we argue that the development and advancement of genetic diversity indicators is a complementary approach to genetic studies in conservation biology, but not a substitute. Genetic diversity indicators and empirical genetic data can provide different information for conserving genetic diversity. Genetic diversity indicators enable affordable tracking, reporting, prioritization and communication, although, being proxies, do not provide comprehensive evaluation of the genetic status of a species. Conversely, genetic methods offer detailed analysis of the genetic status of a given species or population, although they remain challenging to implement for most species globally, given current capacity and resourcing. We conclude that indicators and genetic studies are both important for genetic conservation actions and recommend they be used in combination for conserving and monitoring genetic diversity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10592-024-01632-8","usgsCitation":"Hoban, S.M., Paz-Vinas, I., Shaw, R.E., Castillo-Reina, L., da Silva, J.M., DeWoody, J., Ekblom, R., Fedorca, A., Forester, B.R., Funk, W., Geue, J.C., Heuertz, M., Hollingsworth, P.M., Hughes, A.C., Hunter, M., Hvilsom, C., Ishihama, F., Jordan, R., Kalamujic Stroil, B., Kershaw, F., Khoury, C.K., Koppa, V., Laikre, L., MacDonald, A.J., Mastretta-Yanes, A., Meek, M.H., Mergeay, J., Millette, K.L., O'Brien, D., Rincon-Parra, V.J., Rodriguez-Morales, M., Schuman, M.C., Segelbacher, G., Sunnucks, P., Taylor, R., Thurfjell, H., Vernesi, C., and Grueber, C.E., 2024, DNA-based studies and genetic diversity indicator assessments are complementary approaches to conserving evolutionary potential: Conservation Genetics, v. 25, p. 1147-1153, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-024-01632-8.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1147","endPage":"1153","ipdsId":"IP-160562","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":439203,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-024-01632-8","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":433496,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoban, Sean M. 0000-0002-0348-8449","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0348-8449","contributorId":206582,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoban","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37343,"text":"The Morton Arboretum","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paz-Vinas, Ivan","contributorId":239614,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paz-Vinas","given":"Ivan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":47934,"text":"Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shaw, Robyn E.","contributorId":260838,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shaw","given":"Robyn","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":52690,"text":"Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Castillo-Reina, Luis","contributorId":340272,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Castillo-Reina","given":"Luis","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":81533,"text":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, KU Leuven","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"da Silva, Jessica M.","contributorId":290139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"da Silva","given":"Jessica","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":62352,"text":"South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Rhodes Drive, Private Bag X7, 7735 Cape Town, South Africa","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"DeWoody, J. Andrew","contributorId":340886,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DeWoody","given":"J. Andrew","affiliations":[{"id":13186,"text":"Purdue University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ekblom, Robert","contributorId":290140,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ekblom","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":62353,"text":"Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, SE, 106 48, Stockholm, Sweden","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Fedorca, Ancuta 0000-0001-5828-5422","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5828-5422","contributorId":343900,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fedorca","given":"Ancuta","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":82251,"text":"Department of Wildlife, National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry “Marin Dracea”, Closca 13, Brasov, Romania","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Forester, Brenna R.","contributorId":261215,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Forester","given":"Brenna","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Funk, W. Chris 0000-0002-9254-6718","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9254-6718","contributorId":189580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Funk","given":"W. Chris","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":912319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Geue, Julia C. 0000-0002-1038-8614","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1038-8614","contributorId":343901,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Geue","given":"Julia","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":82252,"text":"Biology Department, Trent University \nPeterborough, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Heuertz, Myriam","contributorId":239920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heuertz","given":"Myriam","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48049,"text":"INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Hollingsworth, Peter M. 0000-0003-0602-0654","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0602-0654","contributorId":343902,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hollingsworth","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":82253,"text":"Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, EH3 5LR","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Hughes, Alice C.","contributorId":329501,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hughes","given":"Alice","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":78621,"text":"University of Hong Kong, China","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Hunter, Margaret 0000-0002-4760-9302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-9302","contributorId":215041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"Margaret","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":912324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Hvilsom, Christina","contributorId":260829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hvilsom","given":"Christina","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":52684,"text":"Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Ishihama, Fumiko","contributorId":305344,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ishihama","given":"Fumiko","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":66216,"text":"Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Jordan, Rebecca","contributorId":201914,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jordan","given":"Rebecca","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36292,"text":"Rutgers University, Human Ecology & Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, 59 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Kalamujic Stroil, Belma","contributorId":334957,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kalamujic Stroil","given":"Belma","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":80293,"text":"University of Sarajevo-Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Kershaw, Francine","contributorId":260831,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kershaw","given":"Francine","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":52686,"text":"Natural Resources Defense Council, New York","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Khoury, Colin K.","contributorId":260832,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Khoury","given":"Colin","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":52687,"text":"International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia and Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Koppa, Viktoria","contributorId":305345,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koppa","given":"Viktoria","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":66217,"text":"Department of Zoology, Division of Population Genetics, Stockholm University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Laikre, Linda","contributorId":261151,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laikre","given":"Linda","affiliations":[{"id":24562,"text":"Stockholm University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"MacDonald, Anna J.","contributorId":260834,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacDonald","given":"Anna","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":52688,"text":"The Australian National University, John Curtin School of Medical Research and Research School of Biology, Canberra, Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Mastretta-Yanes, Alicia","contributorId":301222,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mastretta-Yanes","given":"Alicia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":65333,"text":"Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Meek, Mariah H.","contributorId":289676,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meek","given":"Mariah","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Mergeay, Joachim","contributorId":261158,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mergeay","given":"Joachim","affiliations":[{"id":52758,"text":"Research Institute for Nature and Forest","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Millette, Katie L.","contributorId":301223,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Millette","given":"Katie","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":65334,"text":"Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON), McGill University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28},{"text":"O'Brien, David","contributorId":192192,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O'Brien","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":912338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29},{"text":"Rincon-Parra, Victor J.","contributorId":343903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rincon-Parra","given":"Victor","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":82256,"text":"Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":30},{"text":"Rodriguez-Morales, M. Alejandra","contributorId":343904,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodriguez-Morales","given":"M. Alejandra","affiliations":[{"id":82257,"text":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":31},{"text":"Schuman, Meredith C. 0000-0003-3159-3534","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3159-3534","contributorId":343905,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schuman","given":"Meredith","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":82258,"text":"Spatial Genetics, Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":32},{"text":"Segelbacher, Gernot","contributorId":206584,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Segelbacher","given":"Gernot","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37345,"text":"University of Freiburg, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":33},{"text":"Sunnucks, Paul 0000-0002-8139-7059","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8139-7059","contributorId":333555,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sunnucks","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27950,"text":"School of Biological Sciences, Monash University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":34},{"text":"Taylor, Rebecca S. 0000-0002-8916-4858","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8916-4858","contributorId":343906,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"Rebecca S.","affiliations":[{"id":82259,"text":"Landscape Science and Technology Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":35},{"text":"Thurfjell, Henrik","contributorId":305348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thurfjell","given":"Henrik","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":66219,"text":"Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":36},{"text":"Vernesi, Cristiano","contributorId":239922,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vernesi","given":"Cristiano","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48051,"text":"Dept. of Sustainable Agroecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre - Fondazione Edmund Mach","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":37},{"text":"Grueber, Catherine E.","contributorId":239927,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grueber","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":48055,"text":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":912347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":38}]}} ,{"id":70257626,"text":"ofr20241036 - 2024 - Airborne lidar accuracy analysis for dual photogrammetric and lidar sensor pilot project in Colorado, 2019","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-29T19:50:12.601231","indexId":"ofr20241036","displayToPublicDate":"2024-08-20T16:19:54","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2024-1036","displayTitle":"Airborne Lidar Accuracy Analysis for Dual Photogrammetric and Lidar Sensor Pilot Project in Colorado, 2019","title":"Airborne lidar accuracy analysis for dual photogrammetric and lidar sensor pilot project in Colorado, 2019","docAbstract":"This report presents accuracy assessment results of the light detection and ranging (lidar) data collected in Colorado during a pilot project in fall 2019. The purpose of the pilot project was to assess the accuracy of lidar and imagery data collected simultaneously for the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Agriculture Imagery Program and the U.S. Geological Survey National Geospatial Program 3D Elevation Program (3DEP). A multiagency group consisting of U.S. Department of the Interior agencies and USDA agencies participated in the effort. Department of the Interior agencies included Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, and U.S. Geological Survey; USDA agencies included the Farm Services Agency, the Natural Resource Conservation Service, and U.S. Forest Service. This pilot project was designed to help determine if a lidar sensor system has the potential to meet future 3DEP topographic lidar collection requirements, ideally at the same altitudes and leaf-on times that National Agriculture Imagery Program is flown.
The airborne sensor system from Leica Geosystems (part of Hexagon) (hereafter referred to as dual sensor system) was used in the pilot project and can collect imagery and three-dimensional point cloud data concurrently. This report examines the characteristics of lidar data from a geometric accuracy perspective. Field surveys were performed to evaluate the three-dimensional absolute and relative accuracy of the airborne lidar data and to determine if the data met 3DEP specifications.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20241036","usgsCitation":"Sampath, A., Irwin, J., and Kim, M., 2024, Airborne lidar accuracy analysis for dual photogrammetric and lidar sensor pilot project in Colorado, 2019: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2024–1036, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20241036.","productDescription":"Report: v, 22 p.; Data Release","ipdsId":"IP-145014","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499258,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_117220.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":432948,"rank":6,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20241036/full"},{"id":432946,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1036/ofr20241036.XML"},{"id":432945,"rank":3,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1036/images/"},{"id":432944,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1036/ofr20241036.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2024–1036"},{"id":432943,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1036/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":432947,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CPDWUU","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Hybrid lidar/imagery sensor validation survey data, 2019"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.41673062084341,\n 40.689427754445916\n ],\n [\n -105.41673062084341,\n 40.45990268267724\n ],\n [\n -104.91983118255482,\n 40.45990268267724\n ],\n [\n -104.91983118255482,\n 40.689427754445916\n ],\n [\n -105.41673062084341,\n 40.689427754445916\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.24129047491809,\n 40.22901702069382\n ],\n [\n -106.24129047491809,\n 39.9645466499631\n ],\n [\n -105.60981370231355,\n 39.9645466499631\n ],\n [\n -105.60981370231355,\n 40.22901702069382\n ],\n [\n -106.24129047491809,\n 40.22901702069382\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Earth Resources Observation and Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
47914 252nd Street
Sioux Falls, SD 57198
In 2016, the U.S. Geological Survey began a multiyear cooperative study with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation to evaluate the sustainability of Long Island’s sole-source aquifer system through hydrogeologic mapping, compilation of groundwater chloride concentrations, and groundwater flow modeling. In the initial phase of the islandwide study, the hydrogeologic framework and extent of saltwater intrusion in aquifers in Kings, Queens, and Nassau Counties on western Long Island, N.Y., were investigated. The aquifer system underlying western Long Island has been under stress from pumping of public, irrigation (golf course), and industrial supply wells. Saltwater intrusion has occurred from surrounding embayments (East River, Long Island Sound, Jamaica Bay, and the Atlantic Ocean) due to pumping.
Eighteen boreholes were drilled and cores taken during 2019–21 to collect hydrogeologic, geochemical, and geophysical data to delineate the complex subsurface hydrogeology and extent of saltwater intrusion within the study area. Evaluation of the new cores, reexamination of legacy core descriptions, and analysis of borehole geophysical logs was used to refine the previously published hydrogeologic framework of Pleistocene and Cretaceous unconsolidated sediments in the area, including delineation of a previously undefined hydrogeologic unit between the Magothy aquifer and the Raritan confining unit, herein named the “upper Raritan aquifer.” The upper Raritan aquifer was first recognized in southeastern Nassau County from an analysis of about 50 closely spaced boreholes with high-resolution core descriptions and gamma-ray (gamma) logs. Further analysis of borehole logs across the study area indicated that the upper Raritan aquifer was also present in Kings and Queens Counties.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging was used for the first time on Long Island to provide estimates of the hydraulic properties of the major aquifer and confining units. Unlike other geophysical logs that record responses to the rock matrix and fluid properties and are strongly dependent on mineralogy, NMR logs record responses to the presence of hydrogen protons in the formation fluid to determine water fraction and pore-size distribution. NMR log analysis provided estimates of the clay-bound, capillary-bound, and mobile water fractions and hydraulic conductivity of aquifers and confining units penetrated by five wells in Nassau County.
Pumpage for public-supply and industrial wells on Long Island began in the 1870s with small, localized suppliers of populated areas in Kings and Queens Counties. By 1904–16, pumpage for public water supply in Kings County averaged 21 million gallons per day, and averaged 37 million gallons per day in Queens County, mostly from the upper glacial aquifer. Saltwater intrusion was reported as early as the beginning of the 20th century and included the upper glacial-Jameco-Magothy and Lloyd-North Shore aquifer systems. By 1936, pumping in central Kings County created a major cone of depression in the water table extending to the south shore of much of Kings County and into southwestern Queens County. Saltwater intrusion has caused the shutdown of public-supply wells in Kings, Queens, and Nassau Counties. A large saltwater intrusion wedge in the Lloyd aquifer was indicated in southern Queens County in the early part of the 20th century, and the saltwater interface may have been onshore predevelopment. Most of Kings and Queens Counties are intruded with saltwater in both the upper glacial-Jameco-Magothy and Lloyd-North Shore aquifers systems. Saltwater increased during the 20th century and continues to increase to the present (2023) in the Lloyd-North Shore aquifer system in Great Neck and Manhasset Neck in northern Nassau County. A major wedge of saltwater intrusion in the upper glacial-Jameco-Magothy aquifer in southwestern Nassau County appears to be increasing.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245048","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Stumm, F., Finkelstein, J.S., Williams, J.H., and Lange, A.D., 2024, Hydrogeologic framework and extent of saltwater intrusion in Kings, Queens, and Nassau Counties, Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5048, 83 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245048.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 83 p.; 3 Data Releases; Interactive Geospatial Data Viewer","numberOfPages":"83","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-147125","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":431252,"rank":8,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P97WN72B","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Hydrogeologic framework and chloride data for Kings, Queens, and Nassau Counties, Long Island, New York"},{"id":497945,"rank":13,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_117221.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":431510,"rank":9,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P14TRKUB","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW 6 Model Used to Simulate Groundwater Flow in the Long Island, New York Regional Aquifer System for 1900–2019 Pumping and Recharge Conditions"},{"id":431449,"rank":6,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://ny.water.usgs.gov/maps/lisustainabilityphase1viewer","text":"Interactive geospatial data viewer","linkHelpText":"- Western Long Island Hydrogeologic Framework and Chloride Concentrations Viewer"},{"id":431250,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5048/sir20245048.pdf","text":"Report","size":"14.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2024-5048 PDF"},{"id":432433,"rank":12,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5048/figures/","text":"Full-size figures"},{"id":431516,"rank":11,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245044","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5044","linkHelpText":"- Simulation of Groundwater Flow in the Long Island, New York Regional Aquifer System for Pumping and Recharge Conditions From 1900 To 2019"},{"id":431511,"rank":10,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P13OHFKP","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Simulations of the Long Island Aquifer System Response to Potential Changes in Future Hydrologic Conditions, Long Island, New York"},{"id":431254,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5048/images/"},{"id":431253,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5048/sir20245048.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2024-5048 XML"},{"id":431251,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20245048/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2024-5048 HTML"},{"id":431249,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5048/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":431515,"rank":7,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://ny.water.usgs.gov/maps/lisustainabilitysimulationoutputs/","text":"Interactive geospatial data viewer","linkHelpText":"- Long Island Groundwater Sustainability - Phase 1 Simulation Outputs"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Kings County, Nassau County, Queens County","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":1848,\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Kings\",\"state\":\"NY\"},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-73.9195,40.7105],[-73.9082,40.7022],[-73.8987,40.693],[-73.8958,40.6862],[-73.8861,40.6838],[-73.8794,40.6883],[-73.869,40.6927],[-73.862,40.6794],[-73.8538,40.6671],[-73.8601,40.6581],[-73.855,40.6511],[-73.8558,40.6511],[-73.8564,40.6517],[-73.8564,40.6522],[-73.8567,40.6525],[-73.8578,40.6522],[-73.8581,40.6519],[-73.8576,40.6516],[-73.8572,40.6508],[-73.8572,40.6501],[-73.8574,40.6497],[-73.8578,40.6475],[-73.858,40.6464],[-73.8578,40.6459],[-73.8571,40.644],[-73.8575,40.6436],[-73.858,40.6433],[-73.8587,40.6431],[-73.86,40.6429],[-73.8606,40.6427],[-73.8623,40.6424],[-73.8666,40.6398],[-73.8677,40.6399],[-73.8684,40.6404],[-73.8688,40.6409],[-73.8697,40.6426],[-73.8701,40.6436],[-73.8706,40.6444],[-73.872,40.645],[-73.8723,40.6448],[-73.8727,40.6437],[-73.8725,40.6434],[-73.8712,40.6418],[-73.8691,40.6389],[-73.8681,40.6376],[-73.8685,40.6372],[-73.869,40.6369],[-73.8707,40.6362],[-73.8713,40.6363],[-73.8724,40.636],[-73.8732,40.6359],[-73.8746,40.6362],[-73.8752,40.6366],[-73.8758,40.6372],[-73.8775,40.6385],[-73.8781,40.6383],[-73.8782,40.6377],[-73.8775,40.6367],[-73.8776,40.6361],[-73.8789,40.6344],[-73.8792,40.634],[-73.8797,40.6337],[-73.8802,40.6336],[-73.8831,40.6322],[-73.8828,40.6286],[-73.8828,40.6283],[-73.8825,40.6281],[-73.8833,40.6272],[-73.8836,40.6272],[-73.8842,40.6278],[-73.8844,40.6278],[-73.8882,40.6286],[-73.8914,40.627],[-73.8922,40.6264],[-73.8928,40.6258],[-73.8931,40.6258],[-73.8939,40.6253],[-73.8944,40.6247],[-73.8947,40.6247],[-73.8953,40.6242],[-73.8956,40.6242],[-73.896,40.6239],[-73.9015,40.6247],[-73.9037,40.6258],[-73.9049,40.6264],[-73.9056,40.6266],[-73.906,40.627],[-73.9066,40.6272],[-73.9072,40.6276],[-73.9076,40.6278],[-73.9079,40.6282],[-73.9106,40.6308],[-73.9108,40.6311],[-73.9117,40.6311],[-73.9119,40.6308],[-73.9122,40.6308],[-73.9125,40.6311],[-73.9131,40.6311],[-73.914,40.6307],[-73.9145,40.6299],[-73.9145,40.6295],[-73.9143,40.629],[-73.9133,40.6278],[-73.911,40.6269],[-73.9075,40.6259],[-73.9069,40.6259],[-73.9031,40.6244],[-73.8972,40.6217],[-73.8967,40.6213],[-73.8959,40.6203],[-73.8956,40.6186],[-73.8961,40.6167],[-73.8958,40.6161],[-73.8951,40.6151],[-73.8945,40.6147],[-73.8933,40.6142],[-73.8926,40.6143],[-73.8913,40.6142],[-73.8903,40.6134],[-73.8898,40.613],[-73.8895,40.6125],[-73.8893,40.6117],[-73.8903,40.6107],[-73.8909,40.6105],[-73.893,40.6087],[-73.8945,40.6069],[-73.9006,40.6056],[-73.9007,40.6055],[-73.9041,40.6049],[-73.9053,40.605],[-73.9075,40.6052],[-73.9087,40.6037],[-73.9091,40.6035],[-73.9093,40.6032],[-73.9093,40.6027],[-73.9056,40.6023],[-73.9043,40.6026],[-73.9034,40.6028],[-73.9014,40.6031],[-73.9008,40.6031],[-73.9006,40.6033],[-73.899,40.6036],[-73.8969,40.6033],[-73.8961,40.6033],[-73.8951,40.6034],[-73.8946,40.6033],[-73.8941,40.6034],[-73.89,40.6038],[-73.8843,40.6051],[-73.8831,40.6047],[-73.8823,40.604],[-73.8826,40.603],[-73.8825,40.6024],[-73.8822,40.6019],[-73.8819,40.6006],[-73.8817,40.6003],[-73.8814,40.5993],[-73.8807,40.5974],[-73.8801,40.5938],[-73.8794,40.5919],[-73.8792,40.5912],[-73.8786,40.5892],[-73.8784,40.5885],[-73.8778,40.5873],[-73.8775,40.5867],[-73.8764,40.5853],[-73.8764,40.585],[-73.8761,40.5847],[-73.8769,40.5839],[-73.8769,40.5836],[-73.8775,40.5831],[-73.8783,40.5821],[-73.8791,40.5801],[-73.8797,40.5793],[-73.8814,40.5789],[-73.8839,40.5783],[-73.8844,40.5783],[-73.8847,40.5781],[-73.8858,40.5781],[-73.8861,40.5778],[-73.8864,40.5779],[-73.8869,40.5778],[-73.8877,40.5778],[-73.8885,40.5779],[-73.8889,40.5777],[-73.8897,40.5778],[-73.8903,40.5777],[-73.8922,40.5772],[-73.8942,40.5767],[-73.8948,40.5768],[-73.8959,40.5773],[-73.8964,40.5778],[-73.8976,40.5801],[-73.8972,40.5806],[-73.8969,40.5812],[-73.8964,40.5819],[-73.8975,40.5839],[-73.8975,40.5842],[-73.8981,40.5847],[-73.8981,40.585],[-73.8986,40.586],[-73.8996,40.5857],[-73.9014,40.5856],[-73.9017,40.5856],[-73.9025,40.5858],[-73.9117,40.5847],[-73.9117,40.5839],[-73.9111,40.5833],[-73.9111,40.5828],[-73.9108,40.5825],[-73.9108,40.5822],[-73.9108,40.5817],[-73.9117,40.5811],[-73.9119,40.5808],[-73.9128,40.5808],[-73.9131,40.5806],[-73.9147,40.5806],[-73.915,40.5808],[-73.9156,40.5811],[-73.9161,40.5811],[-73.9164,40.5814],[-73.9176,40.5828],[-73.9198,40.5819],[-73.9216,40.5825],[-73.9221,40.5828],[-73.9231,40.583],[-73.9243,40.583],[-73.9267,40.5832],[-73.9273,40.5833],[-73.9289,40.5835],[-73.9299,40.5832],[-73.9336,40.5828],[-73.9347,40.5828],[-73.935,40.5831],[-73.9358,40.5831],[-73.9364,40.5825],[-73.9369,40.5825],[-73.9372,40.5822],[-73.9378,40.5822],[-73.9381,40.5819],[-73.9383,40.5822],[-73.9392,40.5822],[-73.9394,40.5825],[-73.9397,40.5825],[-73.94,40.5828],[-73.9406,40.5828],[-73.9459,40.5829],[-73.9469,40.583],[-73.9486,40.5829],[-73.9485,40.5825],[-73.947,40.5818],[-73.9464,40.5817],[-73.9447,40.5811],[-73.9428,40.5811],[-73.9425,40.5808],[-73.9403,40.5808],[-73.94,40.5811],[-73.9386,40.5811],[-73.9383,40.5808],[-73.9375,40.5808],[-73.9372,40.5811],[-73.9367,40.5811],[-73.9364,40.5814],[-73.9356,40.5814],[-73.9353,40.5817],[-73.9344,40.5817],[-73.9342,40.5814],[-73.9339,40.5814],[-73.9336,40.5811],[-73.9331,40.5811],[-73.9326,40.5807],[-73.9314,40.5772],[-73.9311,40.5769],[-73.9311,40.5761],[-73.9319,40.5753],[-73.9328,40.5753],[-73.9352,40.5758],[-73.9356,40.5759],[-73.9375,40.5753],[-73.9388,40.5755],[-73.9395,40.5753],[-73.9401,40.5753],[-73.9425,40.5754],[-73.943,40.5757],[-73.9435,40.5758],[-73.9453,40.5754],[-73.9459,40.5753],[-73.9476,40.5747],[-73.9482,40.5746],[-73.9519,40.5738],[-73.9564,40.5748],[-73.957,40.5749],[-73.9576,40.5748],[-73.9593,40.5745],[-73.9617,40.5742],[-73.9623,40.5742],[-73.9671,40.574],[-73.9687,40.5739],[-73.9706,40.5728],[-73.9711,40.573],[-73.9727,40.5733],[-73.9737,40.573],[-73.9762,40.5719],[-73.9772,40.5719],[-73.9783,40.5717],[-73.9789,40.5717],[-73.9799,40.5714],[-73.9805,40.5714],[-73.9822,40.5715],[-73.9832,40.5717],[-73.9887,40.5714],[-73.9892,40.5712],[-73.9905,40.5709],[-73.991,40.5711],[-73.9914,40.5711],[-73.9928,40.5709],[-74.0003,40.5714],[-74.0003,40.5717],[-74.0006,40.5717],[-74.0025,40.5719],[-74.0028,40.5722],[-74.0031,40.5722],[-74.0033,40.5725],[-74.0039,40.5725],[-74.0043,40.5727],[-74.0052,40.5731],[-74.0064,40.5736],[-74.0072,40.5736],[-74.0075,40.5739],[-74.008,40.5739],[-74.0086,40.5742],[-74.0097,40.5742],[-74.01,40.5739],[-74.0111,40.5739],[-74.0114,40.5742],[-74.0117,40.5742],[-74.0122,40.575],[-74.0122,40.5756],[-74.0125,40.576],[-74.0126,40.5766],[-74.0129,40.5771],[-74.013,40.5781],[-74.0127,40.5785],[-74.0073,40.5808],[-74.0044,40.5813],[-74.0036,40.5813],[-74,40.5808],[-73.9991,40.5808],[-73.9978,40.5807],[-73.9976,40.5802],[-73.9962,40.5802],[-73.9959,40.58],[-73.9953,40.58],[-73.995,40.5797],[-73.9946,40.5797],[-73.994,40.5795],[-73.992,40.5794],[-73.9919,40.5795],[-73.9913,40.5798],[-73.9911,40.5808],[-73.9916,40.582],[-73.9943,40.582],[-73.995,40.5816],[-73.9958,40.5816],[-73.9959,40.5819],[-73.9968,40.5819],[-73.9968,40.5821],[-73.9973,40.5821],[-73.9973,40.5826],[-73.998,40.5826],[-73.9995,40.5833],[-73.9996,40.5874],[-73.9992,40.5881],[-73.999,40.5886],[-73.9994,40.5889],[-73.9995,40.5893],[-73.9995,40.5911],[-73.9997,40.5928],[-74,40.5925],[-74.0006,40.5924],[-74.0009,40.5926],[-74.012,40.6012],[-74.0131,40.6017],[-74.0142,40.6019],[-74.0181,40.6025],[-74.0186,40.6027],[-74.0207,40.6034],[-74.0232,40.6036],[-74.0238,40.6037],[-74.0249,40.6037],[-74.0255,40.6038],[-74.029,40.6044],[-74.0305,40.605],[-74.0321,40.6058],[-74.0326,40.6061],[-74.0335,40.6068],[-74.0354,40.6089],[-74.0358,40.6094],[-74.0373,40.6111],[-74.0377,40.6116],[-74.04,40.6145],[-74.0405,40.6156],[-74.0404,40.6168],[-74.04,40.6175],[-74.0399,40.6181],[-74.0401,40.6187],[-74.0405,40.6191],[-74.0415,40.6206],[-74.0418,40.6243],[-74.0417,40.6273],[-74.042,40.6284],[-74.0417,40.6288],[-74.0407,40.6301],[-74.0405,40.6306],[-74.0388,40.6347],[-74.0383,40.6358],[-74.0379,40.6362],[-74.0376,40.6368],[-74.0375,40.6374],[-74.0376,40.638],[-74.0382,40.6395],[-74.038,40.6399],[-74.0376,40.6403],[-74.0345,40.6439],[-74.0333,40.6445],[-74.0301,40.6456],[-74.0294,40.6454],[-74.027,40.6454],[-74.0268,40.6458],[-74.0269,40.6463],[-74.0273,40.6468],[-74.0278,40.6479],[-74.0276,40.6484],[-74.027,40.6487],[-74.0265,40.6493],[-74.0263,40.6501],[-74.0265,40.6507],[-74.0264,40.6519],[-74.026,40.6524],[-74.0254,40.6527],[-74.0237,40.6535],[-74.0233,40.654],[-74.0231,40.6545],[-74.0216,40.6564],[-74.0202,40.6575],[-74.0157,40.6603],[-74.0146,40.6605],[-74.0097,40.66],[-74.0094,40.6594],[-74.0086,40.6597],[-74.0083,40.66],[-74.0083,40.6606],[-74.0085,40.6607],[-74.0098,40.6618],[-74.0099,40.6622],[-74.0096,40.6626],[-74.0091,40.6629],[-74.0085,40.6631],[-74.0081,40.6635],[-74.0075,40.6645],[-74.0065,40.665],[-74.005,40.6653],[-74.0045,40.6658],[-74.0043,40.6664],[-74.0045,40.6668],[-74.0064,40.6679],[-74.0072,40.6677],[-74.0078,40.6679],[-74.0083,40.6683],[-74.0088,40.6685],[-74.0092,40.6689],[-74.0094,40.6688],[-74.0125,40.6644],[-74.0153,40.6642],[-74.0156,40.6644],[-74.0161,40.6644],[-74.0164,40.6647],[-74.0167,40.6647],[-74.0169,40.665],[-74.0181,40.6661],[-74.0181,40.6667],[-74.0183,40.6669],[-74.0183,40.6681],[-74.0181,40.6683],[-74.0186,40.6692],[-74.0186,40.6708],[-74.0183,40.6711],[-74.0178,40.6711],[-74.0172,40.6706],[-74.0167,40.67],[-74.0167,40.6692],[-74.0164,40.6689],[-74.0164,40.6681],[-74.0167,40.6678],[-74.0167,40.6675],[-74.0164,40.6672],[-74.0164,40.6669],[-74.0156,40.6661],[-74.0153,40.6661],[-74.015,40.6664],[-74.0147,40.6661],[-74.0133,40.6658],[-74.0131,40.6661],[-74.0136,40.6667],[-74.0141,40.6668],[-74.0142,40.6672],[-74.0142,40.669],[-74.0155,40.6708],[-74.0166,40.6717],[-74.0169,40.6717],[-74.0178,40.6728],[-74.0178,40.6731],[-74.018,40.6739],[-74.0181,40.6746],[-74.0183,40.6756],[-74.0191,40.6762],[-74.0192,40.6764],[-74.02,40.6769],[-74.02,40.6786],[-74.0197,40.6789],[-74.0197,40.6792],[-74.0194,40.6794],[-74.0194,40.6797],[-74.0183,40.6808],[-74.0181,40.6808],[-74.0175,40.6811],[-74.0172,40.6814],[-74.0169,40.6814],[-74.0167,40.6817],[-74.0164,40.6817],[-74.0158,40.6822],[-74.0156,40.6825],[-74.0141,40.6834],[-74.0128,40.6839],[-74.0117,40.685],[-74.0119,40.6853],[-74.0117,40.6856],[-74.0117,40.6861],[-74.0111,40.6867],[-74.0111,40.6869],[-74.0103,40.6872],[-74.01,40.6869],[-74.0097,40.6869],[-74.0083,40.6875],[-74.0048,40.6911],[-74.0037,40.6926],[-74.0036,40.6934],[-74,40.6958],[-73.9997,40.6953],[-73.9992,40.6958],[-73.9994,40.6969],[-73.9994,40.6989],[-73.9989,40.6994],[-73.9989,40.7003],[-73.9986,40.7008],[-73.9984,40.7014],[-73.998,40.7018],[-73.9958,40.7039],[-73.995,40.7039],[-73.9942,40.7047],[-73.9939,40.7047],[-73.9924,40.7038],[-73.9915,40.7036],[-73.9906,40.704],[-73.9884,40.7051],[-73.988,40.705],[-73.9843,40.7056],[-73.982,40.7058],[-73.9808,40.7061],[-73.9789,40.706],[-73.9783,40.7056],[-73.9781,40.7053],[-73.9774,40.7042],[-73.9758,40.7039],[-73.9758,40.7036],[-73.9753,40.7031],[-73.9752,40.7024],[-73.9746,40.7021],[-73.9742,40.7023],[-73.9728,40.7025],[-73.9728,40.7031],[-73.9731,40.7033],[-73.9731,40.7044],[-73.9733,40.7047],[-73.9733,40.7058],[-73.9735,40.7064],[-73.9737,40.7073],[-73.9734,40.7077],[-73.9724,40.7068],[-73.9722,40.7075],[-73.9724,40.708],[-73.9722,40.7089],[-73.9717,40.7086],[-73.9705,40.7073],[-73.97,40.7072],[-73.9697,40.7075],[-73.9697,40.7078],[-73.97,40.7092],[-73.97,40.71],[-73.9697,40.7102],[-73.9668,40.7116],[-73.96,40.7188],[-73.9574,40.7251],[-73.9547,40.7382],[-73.954,40.7396],[-73.9468,40.7381],[-73.9241,40.7233],[-73.9236,40.7174],[-73.9195,40.7105]]],[[[-73.8653,40.6275],[-73.865,40.6272],[-73.865,40.6269],[-73.8656,40.6267],[-73.8656,40.6256],[-73.8661,40.6253],[-73.8658,40.625],[-73.8658,40.6244],[-73.8669,40.6242],[-73.8669,40.6236],[-73.8664,40.6233],[-73.8664,40.6225],[-73.8658,40.6219],[-73.8658,40.6217],[-73.8656,40.6214],[-73.8656,40.6206],[-73.8658,40.6203],[-73.8658,40.6194],[-73.8661,40.6192],[-73.8661,40.6186],[-73.8669,40.6183],[-73.8669,40.6178],[-73.8672,40.6178],[-73.8672,40.6181],[-73.8675,40.6181],[-73.87,40.6172],[-73.8706,40.6169],[-73.8714,40.6167],[-73.8719,40.6164],[-73.8733,40.6161],[-73.8742,40.6158],[-73.8742,40.6156],[-73.8747,40.6156],[-73.8747,40.6158],[-73.875,40.6158],[-73.8761,40.6156],[-73.8761,40.6153],[-73.8764,40.6153],[-73.8764,40.6156],[-73.8781,40.6158],[-73.8792,40.6161],[-73.8794,40.6164],[-73.8794,40.6167],[-73.88,40.6172],[-73.8797,40.6175],[-73.8797,40.6178],[-73.88,40.6181],[-73.88,40.6186],[-73.8797,40.6189],[-73.8797,40.6197],[-73.8794,40.62],[-73.8794,40.6206],[-73.8786,40.6208],[-73.8786,40.6211],[-73.8781,40.6217],[-73.8772,40.6219],[-73.8767,40.6222],[-73.8767,40.6225],[-73.8758,40.6228],[-73.8758,40.6231],[-73.8753,40.6233],[-73.8744,40.6236],[-73.8739,40.6239],[-73.8736,40.6242],[-73.8736,40.6244],[-73.8733,40.6247],[-73.8728,40.625],[-73.8725,40.6253],[-73.8722,40.6253],[-73.8722,40.625],[-73.8719,40.625],[-73.8719,40.6256],[-73.8714,40.6258],[-73.8697,40.6264],[-73.8692,40.6267],[-73.8689,40.6269],[-73.8689,40.6272],[-73.8681,40.6275],[-73.8681,40.6278],[-73.8678,40.6278],[-73.8678,40.6275],[-73.8675,40.6275],[-73.8675,40.6278],[-73.8672,40.6281],[-73.8661,40.6281],[-73.8658,40.6278],[-73.8653,40.6275]]],[[[-74.0144,40.6931],[-74.0142,40.6928],[-74.0136,40.6928],[-74.0133,40.6925],[-74.0131,40.6925],[-74.0122,40.6917],[-74.0122,40.6889],[-74.0125,40.6886],[-74.0125,40.6883],[-74.0128,40.6881],[-74.0131,40.6881],[-74.0139,40.6872],[-74.0147,40.6872],[-74.015,40.6869],[-74.0153,40.6869],[-74.0156,40.6867],[-74.0161,40.6867],[-74.0164,40.6864],[-74.0169,40.6864],[-74.0172,40.6861],[-74.0178,40.6861],[-74.0181,40.6858],[-74.0183,40.6858],[-74.0194,40.6847],[-74.0197,40.6847],[-74.02,40.6844],[-74.0203,40.6844],[-74.0206,40.6842],[-74.0222,40.6842],[-74.0225,40.6839],[-74.0239,40.6839],[-74.0242,40.6842],[-74.0247,40.6842],[-74.025,40.6844],[-74.0253,40.6844],[-74.0256,40.6847],[-74.0256,40.685],[-74.0258,40.6853],[-74.0258,40.6858],[-74.0256,40.6861],[-74.0256,40.6864],[-74.025,40.6869],[-74.025,40.6872],[-74.0247,40.6875],[-74.0247,40.6878],[-74.0244,40.6881],[-74.0242,40.6881],[-74.0219,40.6903],[-74.0217,40.6903],[-74.0194,40.6925],[-74.0192,40.6925],[-74.0189,40.6928],[-74.0186,40.6928],[-74.0183,40.6931],[-74.0144,40.6931]]]]}},{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":1854,\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Nassau\",\"state\":\"NY\"},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-73.5189,40.9142],[-73.5172,40.9139],[-73.5169,40.9136],[-73.5075,40.9078],[-73.5075,40.9072],[-73.5078,40.9058],[-73.5081,40.9056],[-73.5081,40.904],[-73.5092,40.9011],[-73.5094,40.9014],[-73.5142,40.9014],[-73.5178,40.8983],[-73.5181,40.8981],[-73.5192,40.8961],[-73.5192,40.8958],[-73.52,40.8933],[-73.5203,40.8931],[-73.5206,40.8911],[-73.5203,40.8908],[-73.5206,40.8886],[-73.5214,40.8864],[-73.5222,40.8864],[-73.5253,40.8858],[-73.5256,40.8856],[-73.5269,40.8856],[-73.5272,40.8858],[-73.5292,40.8858],[-73.5294,40.8856],[-73.5308,40.8853],[-73.5317,40.8853],[-73.5319,40.885],[-73.5339,40.89],[-73.5328,40.8911],[-73.5325,40.8911],[-73.5297,40.8914],[-73.5275,40.8931],[-73.5272,40.8931],[-73.5258,40.8947],[-73.5236,40.8972],[-73.5236,40.8986],[-73.5233,40.8989],[-73.5222,40.9056],[-73.5219,40.9058],[-73.5222,40.9081],[-73.5225,40.9083],[-73.5267,40.9117],[-73.526,40.9117],[-73.526,40.9122],[-73.5272,40.9133],[-73.5275,40.9133],[-73.5384,40.906],[-73.5399,40.9055],[-73.5398,40.9047],[-73.545,40.9036],[-73.5461,40.9036],[-73.5464,40.9033],[-73.5506,40.9041],[-73.56,40.9019],[-73.5749,40.9028],[-73.5756,40.9023],[-73.5771,40.902],[-73.5773,40.9017],[-73.576,40.9011],[-73.5739,40.8997],[-73.5736,40.9],[-73.5722,40.8969],[-73.5725,40.8967],[-73.5683,40.8911],[-73.5683,40.8906],[-73.5675,40.8897],[-73.5669,40.8883],[-73.5669,40.8876],[-73.5689,40.8842],[-73.5683,40.8836],[-73.5664,40.8833],[-73.5661,40.8831],[-73.5647,40.8819],[-73.5639,40.8828],[-73.5628,40.8864],[-73.5642,40.8878],[-73.5642,40.8881],[-73.5658,40.89],[-73.5658,40.8908],[-73.5664,40.8919],[-73.5678,40.8947],[-73.5675,40.895],[-73.555,40.9],[-73.5544,40.9006],[-73.5522,40.9017],[-73.5517,40.9017],[-73.5494,40.9022],[-73.5492,40.9019],[-73.5483,40.902],[-73.5481,40.9017],[-73.5481,40.8858],[-73.5478,40.8854],[-73.5462,40.8836],[-73.5456,40.8831],[-73.5441,40.881],[-73.5433,40.8792],[-73.5422,40.8778],[-73.5397,40.8778],[-73.5383,40.8778],[-73.5382,40.8776],[-73.5361,40.878],[-73.5356,40.8781],[-73.5339,40.8778],[-73.5253,40.8772],[-73.5249,40.877],[-73.5214,40.8739],[-73.5197,40.8739],[-73.5194,40.8736],[-73.5169,40.8736],[-73.5167,40.8739],[-73.5142,40.8744],[-73.5136,40.8744],[-73.5103,40.875],[-73.51,40.8747],[-73.5089,40.8742],[-73.5056,40.8758],[-73.5047,40.8786],[-73.505,40.8789],[-73.5076,40.8809],[-73.5085,40.8911],[-73.4916,40.8906],[-73.4872,40.8761],[-73.4858,40.8753],[-73.4853,40.8747],[-73.4808,40.8731],[-73.4631,40.8606],[-73.4631,40.8608],[-73.4633,40.8647],[-73.4608,40.8669],[-73.4604,40.8592],[-73.4547,40.8482],[-73.4536,40.8423],[-73.4482,40.8177],[-73.443,40.7877],[-73.4321,40.7258],[-73.4231,40.6803],[-73.4224,40.6616],[-73.4322,40.66],[-73.4364,40.6596],[-73.4426,40.657],[-73.4469,40.6534],[-73.4481,40.6533],[-73.4483,40.6536],[-73.4485,40.6548],[-73.449,40.6549],[-73.4502,40.6546],[-73.4541,40.6522],[-73.4547,40.652],[-73.4548,40.6515],[-73.4554,40.6501],[-73.4689,40.6528],[-73.4697,40.6554],[-73.47,40.6554],[-73.4719,40.655],[-73.4721,40.6534],[-73.4726,40.6518],[-73.4746,40.6498],[-73.4814,40.65],[-73.4828,40.6506],[-73.4986,40.6383],[-73.5008,40.6383],[-73.5011,40.6381],[-73.5012,40.6371],[-73.5003,40.6367],[-73.4997,40.6372],[-73.4999,40.6287],[-73.5004,40.6283],[-73.5002,40.6278],[-73.4992,40.627],[-73.4986,40.6203],[-73.4992,40.6197],[-73.4992,40.6192],[-73.4997,40.6178],[-73.5003,40.6167],[-73.5003,40.6158],[-73.5017,40.6144],[-73.5019,40.6144],[-73.5044,40.6172],[-73.5047,40.6175],[-73.5047,40.6183],[-73.5044,40.6186],[-73.5211,40.6393],[-73.5306,40.6389],[-73.5336,40.6389],[-73.5339,40.6392],[-73.5347,40.6414],[-73.535,40.6417],[-73.5356,40.6428],[-73.5378,40.6431],[-73.5386,40.6422],[-73.5392,40.6422],[-73.5414,40.6444],[-73.5417,40.6447],[-73.5425,40.6458],[-73.5448,40.6446],[-73.5478,40.6379],[-73.5549,40.6425],[-73.5568,40.6421],[-73.5569,40.6415],[-73.56,40.63],[-73.5606,40.626],[-73.5603,40.625],[-73.5583,40.6219],[-73.5578,40.6218],[-73.56,40.6161],[-73.5606,40.6167],[-73.5614,40.6167],[-73.5619,40.6172],[-73.5636,40.6183],[-73.5639,40.6183],[-73.5669,40.6203],[-73.5683,40.6206],[-73.5697,40.6211],[-73.5725,40.6236],[-73.5717,40.6236],[-73.5714,40.6239],[-73.5706,40.6258],[-73.5678,40.6286],[-73.5667,40.6289],[-73.5661,40.6294],[-73.565,40.6356],[-73.565,40.6389],[-73.5653,40.6392],[-73.5656,40.6408],[-73.5667,40.6403],[-73.5664,40.64],[-73.5664,40.6386],[-73.5667,40.6382],[-73.5678,40.6342],[-73.5672,40.6328],[-73.5667,40.6328],[-73.5661,40.6311],[-73.5667,40.6306],[-73.5678,40.63],[-73.5683,40.6294],[-73.5689,40.6294],[-73.5694,40.6289],[-73.57,40.6289],[-73.5717,40.6258],[-73.5736,40.6247],[-73.5794,40.6275],[-73.5825,40.6269],[-73.5856,40.6264],[-73.5858,40.6267],[-73.5858,40.6286],[-73.5861,40.6289],[-73.5861,40.63],[-73.5864,40.6303],[-73.5906,40.6325],[-73.5908,40.6328],[-73.5928,40.6331],[-73.5944,40.6336],[-73.5956,40.6331],[-73.5953,40.6317],[-73.5933,40.6283],[-73.5942,40.6249],[-73.5948,40.6244],[-73.5953,40.6232],[-73.6005,40.6235],[-73.6015,40.6236],[-73.6171,40.6226],[-73.627,40.6125],[-73.6394,40.6125],[-73.6343,40.609],[-73.6439,40.6014],[-73.6436,40.6017],[-73.6436,40.6025],[-73.6433,40.6028],[-73.6425,40.6039],[-73.6431,40.6044],[-73.6456,40.6031],[-73.6456,40.6025],[-73.6453,40.6011],[-73.6456,40.6008],[-73.6447,40.5992],[-73.6496,40.597],[-73.6528,40.5958],[-73.6531,40.5961],[-73.655,40.5958],[-73.6563,40.5961],[-73.6572,40.5961],[-73.6703,40.5986],[-73.6703,40.5995],[-73.6698,40.5999],[-73.6675,40.5983],[-73.6662,40.5978],[-73.6678,40.6],[-73.6681,40.6],[-73.6694,40.6014],[-73.6694,40.6022],[-73.6697,40.6025],[-73.6689,40.6047],[-73.6689,40.605],[-73.6592,40.6064],[-73.6564,40.6233],[-73.6567,40.6233],[-73.6578,40.6233],[-73.6589,40.6233],[-73.6611,40.6233],[-73.6639,40.6228],[-73.6642,40.6225],[-73.665,40.6225],[-73.6653,40.6228],[-73.6667,40.6228],[-73.6669,40.6231],[-73.6669,40.6247],[-73.6672,40.625],[-73.6672,40.6258],[-73.6675,40.6261],[-73.6689,40.6275],[-73.6694,40.6275],[-73.6722,40.6281],[-73.6725,40.6283],[-73.6765,40.6285],[-73.6782,40.6281],[-73.6808,40.6258],[-73.6828,40.6253],[-73.6831,40.6256],[-73.6844,40.6256],[-73.6847,40.6253],[-73.6858,40.6256],[-73.6861,40.6253],[-73.6878,40.6242],[-73.6878,40.6203],[-73.687,40.6201],[-73.6859,40.6204],[-73.6842,40.62],[-73.6822,40.6183],[-73.6797,40.6175],[-73.6794,40.6178],[-73.6761,40.6172],[-73.6764,40.6167],[-73.6772,40.6122],[-73.6775,40.6119],[-73.6778,40.6106],[-73.6781,40.6103],[-73.6789,40.6072],[-73.6808,40.6072],[-73.6811,40.607],[-73.6842,40.6047],[-73.6847,40.6047],[-73.6894,40.605],[-73.6897,40.6047],[-73.6911,40.6082],[-73.6908,40.6114],[-73.6917,40.6122],[-73.6928,40.6136],[-73.6931,40.6139],[-73.6947,40.6164],[-73.6947,40.6169],[-73.6956,40.6178],[-73.6956,40.6194],[-73.6953,40.6197],[-73.6953,40.6206],[-73.6947,40.6211],[-73.6953,40.6231],[-73.6961,40.6222],[-73.6964,40.6222],[-73.6966,40.6206],[-73.6969,40.6203],[-73.6993,40.6196],[-73.7006,40.6181],[-73.7008,40.6172],[-73.7014,40.6167],[-73.7014,40.6161],[-73.7033,40.6147],[-73.7053,40.6139],[-73.7069,40.6128],[-73.7079,40.6124],[-73.7076,40.6117],[-73.707,40.6113],[-73.7065,40.6105],[-73.7073,40.6097],[-73.7071,40.6091],[-73.7056,40.6089],[-73.7053,40.6086],[-73.7044,40.6086],[-73.7039,40.6081],[-73.7039,40.6072],[-73.7056,40.6036],[-73.7031,40.6022],[-73.7028,40.6025],[-73.6986,40.6],[-73.7003,40.6031],[-73.6986,40.6039],[-73.6981,40.6039],[-73.6975,40.6044],[-73.6961,40.605],[-73.6956,40.605],[-73.695,40.6044],[-73.6944,40.6044],[-73.6933,40.6033],[-73.6889,40.6011],[-73.6886,40.6008],[-73.6875,40.6008],[-73.6864,40.5997],[-73.6862,40.5992],[-73.6946,40.5921],[-73.7098,40.5928],[-73.7103,40.5931],[-73.7372,40.6015],[-73.7438,40.6075],[-73.7425,40.6084],[-73.7455,40.6121],[-73.7546,40.6099],[-73.7564,40.611],[-73.7564,40.6114],[-73.7575,40.6119],[-73.7614,40.6128],[-73.763,40.613],[-73.7636,40.6136],[-73.7636,40.6144],[-73.7633,40.6147],[-73.7622,40.6153],[-73.7619,40.6156],[-73.7581,40.6175],[-73.7589,40.6183],[-73.7592,40.6181],[-73.7606,40.6178],[-73.7629,40.6165],[-73.7642,40.6158],[-73.7692,40.6156],[-73.77,40.6164],[-73.7703,40.6175],[-73.7697,40.6181],[-73.7686,40.62],[-73.7672,40.6206],[-73.7633,40.6236],[-73.7631,40.6236],[-73.7623,40.623],[-73.762,40.6226],[-73.7613,40.6225],[-73.7607,40.6231],[-73.7597,40.6239],[-73.7592,40.6244],[-73.7578,40.6244],[-73.7564,40.6258],[-73.7558,40.6258],[-73.7517,40.6272],[-73.7514,40.6275],[-73.7503,40.6281],[-73.75,40.6292],[-73.7497,40.6306],[-73.7494,40.6308],[-73.7483,40.6311],[-73.7467,40.6322],[-73.7467,40.6325],[-73.7423,40.6406],[-73.741,40.6469],[-73.7251,40.6517],[-73.7248,40.6649],[-73.7256,40.6808],[-73.7267,40.7103],[-73.7288,40.7239],[-73.7079,40.7336],[-73.7042,40.7358],[-73.7057,40.7499],[-73.7467,40.7813],[-73.7464,40.7817],[-73.7464,40.7825],[-73.7469,40.7831],[-73.7476,40.7832],[-73.7489,40.7842],[-73.7492,40.7842],[-73.7528,40.7878],[-73.7536,40.7906],[-73.7534,40.7923],[-73.7542,40.795],[-73.7543,40.7974],[-73.7538,40.7979],[-73.7532,40.798],[-73.7521,40.7983],[-73.7577,40.8019],[-73.7606,40.805],[-73.7614,40.8058],[-73.7617,40.8058],[-73.7636,40.8067],[-73.7636,40.8069],[-73.7636,40.8086],[-73.7634,40.8093],[-73.7637,40.8099],[-73.765,40.811],[-73.7656,40.8116],[-73.7647,40.8139],[-73.7619,40.8172],[-73.7613,40.8174],[-73.758,40.8179],[-73.7533,40.8244],[-73.7536,40.8247],[-73.7539,40.8267],[-73.7544,40.8272],[-73.7556,40.8286],[-73.7569,40.83],[-73.7566,40.8343],[-73.7554,40.8343],[-73.7538,40.8369],[-73.7535,40.8382],[-73.7529,40.8382],[-73.7488,40.834],[-73.7486,40.8336],[-73.7431,40.8321],[-73.7424,40.8316],[-73.7411,40.8306],[-73.7394,40.8283],[-73.7386,40.8276],[-73.735,40.8275],[-73.7319,40.8266],[-73.7264,40.824],[-73.726,40.8239],[-73.7195,40.8199],[-73.718,40.8178],[-73.7181,40.8172],[-73.7175,40.815],[-73.7178,40.8147],[-73.7172,40.8136],[-73.715,40.8089],[-73.7153,40.8075],[-73.7136,40.8014],[-73.7136,40.8011],[-73.7111,40.7978],[-73.7103,40.8],[-73.7111,40.8022],[-73.7114,40.8025],[-73.7114,40.806],[-73.7103,40.8075],[-73.71,40.8081],[-73.7092,40.8119],[-73.7089,40.8122],[-73.705,40.8147],[-73.7047,40.8144],[-73.7039,40.8144],[-73.7025,40.8133],[-73.7006,40.8117],[-73.7003,40.8117],[-73.7003,40.8142],[-73.7006,40.8142],[-73.7026,40.8145],[-73.7033,40.8149],[-73.7039,40.8175],[-73.7038,40.8184],[-73.7047,40.8184],[-73.7053,40.8247],[-73.705,40.825],[-73.705,40.8272],[-73.7044,40.8292],[-73.7019,40.8331],[-73.7006,40.8336],[-73.7003,40.835],[-73.7008,40.835],[-73.7031,40.8364],[-73.705,40.8347],[-73.7067,40.8336],[-73.7072,40.8336],[-73.7089,40.8325],[-73.7131,40.8384],[-73.7138,40.8382],[-73.7175,40.8375],[-73.7181,40.8369],[-73.72,40.8367],[-73.7203,40.8367],[-73.7228,40.8367],[-73.7267,40.8386],[-73.7269,40.8383],[-73.7278,40.8358],[-73.7272,40.8353],[-73.7278,40.8339],[-73.7281,40.8339],[-73.738,40.8491],[-73.7319,40.8514],[-73.7285,40.8541],[-73.7282,40.8548],[-73.728,40.858],[-73.7289,40.8606],[-73.7294,40.8633],[-73.7297,40.8664],[-73.7283,40.8663],[-73.7124,40.8703],[-73.6871,40.8609],[-73.6867,40.8605],[-73.6757,40.8555],[-73.6746,40.8531],[-73.6743,40.8525],[-73.6697,40.8466],[-73.6676,40.8424],[-73.6663,40.8416],[-73.6639,40.8393],[-73.6599,40.8349],[-73.6581,40.8319],[-73.6578,40.8317],[-73.6564,40.83],[-73.6508,40.8283],[-73.6547,40.8256],[-73.6544,40.8253],[-73.6531,40.8203],[-73.6528,40.82],[-73.6539,40.8139],[-73.6539,40.8122],[-73.6542,40.8119],[-73.6542,40.8111],[-73.6533,40.8111],[-73.6528,40.8106],[-73.6514,40.8094],[-73.6528,40.8044],[-73.6504,40.8057],[-73.6497,40.8062],[-73.6483,40.8064],[-73.6481,40.8067],[-73.6481,40.8081],[-73.6472,40.8101],[-73.6471,40.8145],[-73.647,40.8185],[-73.6472,40.8189],[-73.6486,40.8278],[-73.6497,40.8294],[-73.6497,40.8297],[-73.6526,40.8352],[-73.6531,40.8369],[-73.6483,40.855],[-73.6524,40.8579],[-73.6555,40.8643],[-73.6558,40.8649],[-73.6558,40.8661],[-73.6556,40.8664],[-73.6553,40.8694],[-73.6558,40.8731],[-73.6557,40.8749],[-73.6553,40.8755],[-73.6546,40.8782],[-73.6431,40.8892],[-73.6323,40.9025],[-73.6125,40.9025],[-73.5889,40.9092],[-73.58,40.9098],[-73.5464,40.909],[-73.5458,40.9091],[-73.5422,40.9103],[-73.5403,40.9114],[-73.5399,40.9114],[-73.5322,40.9131],[-73.5261,40.9172],[-73.5208,40.9178],[-73.5189,40.9142]]],[[[-73.4216,40.6184],[-73.4208,40.61],[-73.4219,40.6097],[-73.4224,40.6097],[-73.4228,40.6095],[-73.4247,40.6093],[-73.4261,40.6088],[-73.4278,40.6085],[-73.4298,40.6083],[-73.4309,40.6082],[-73.4314,40.6081],[-73.4324,40.6078],[-73.4331,40.6075],[-73.4338,40.6074],[-73.4344,40.6072],[-73.435,40.6071],[-73.4371,40.6067],[-73.4379,40.6066],[-73.4391,40.6064],[-73.4402,40.6061],[-73.4412,40.6058],[-73.4421,40.6055],[-73.4425,40.6055],[-73.4431,40.6053],[-73.4435,40.6051],[-73.4439,40.605],[-73.4444,40.6048],[-73.4456,40.6047],[-73.446,40.6047],[-73.4469,40.6043],[-73.45,40.6038],[-73.4508,40.6038],[-73.4514,40.6033],[-73.4519,40.6034],[-73.4528,40.6031],[-73.4534,40.603],[-73.4539,40.6028],[-73.4553,40.6025],[-73.4566,40.6025],[-73.4569,40.6024],[-73.4584,40.6022],[-73.4593,40.6021],[-73.4608,40.6017],[-73.4611,40.6014],[-73.4614,40.6014],[-73.4617,40.6011],[-73.4619,40.6011],[-73.4625,40.6011],[-73.4629,40.6011],[-73.4636,40.601],[-73.4644,40.6008],[-73.4656,40.6003],[-73.4661,40.6003],[-73.4664,40.6],[-73.4668,40.5999],[-73.4669,40.5998],[-73.4678,40.5998],[-73.4689,40.5996],[-73.4703,40.5992],[-73.4712,40.5989],[-73.472,40.5988],[-73.4723,40.5988],[-73.473,40.5986],[-73.474,40.5986],[-73.4767,40.5981],[-73.4769,40.5978],[-73.4772,40.5978],[-73.4775,40.5975],[-73.4783,40.5975],[-73.4786,40.5972],[-73.4792,40.5972],[-73.4794,40.5969],[-73.4814,40.5969],[-73.4817,40.5967],[-73.4825,40.5967],[-73.4828,40.5964],[-73.4836,40.5964],[-73.4839,40.5961],[-73.4844,40.5961],[-73.4847,40.5958],[-73.4853,40.5958],[-73.4856,40.5961],[-73.4861,40.5961],[-73.4864,40.5958],[-73.4867,40.5959],[-73.4875,40.5959],[-73.4881,40.5958],[-73.4886,40.5956],[-73.489,40.5955],[-73.49,40.5954],[-73.4914,40.5952],[-73.4925,40.5948],[-73.494,40.5947],[-73.4956,40.5942],[-73.4959,40.5942],[-73.497,40.5939],[-73.4986,40.594],[-73.4992,40.5936],[-73.4999,40.5936],[-73.502,40.5933],[-73.5033,40.5935],[-73.5044,40.5934],[-73.506,40.5929],[-73.5071,40.5927],[-73.5088,40.5922],[-73.5096,40.5921],[-73.51,40.5922],[-73.5103,40.5919],[-73.5109,40.592],[-73.5115,40.5918],[-73.5122,40.5917],[-73.5125,40.5919],[-73.5128,40.5919],[-73.5133,40.5914],[-73.5144,40.5914],[-73.5148,40.5916],[-73.5151,40.5911],[-73.5155,40.591],[-73.5167,40.5908],[-73.5172,40.5906],[-73.5178,40.5906],[-73.5181,40.5903],[-73.5194,40.5903],[-73.5197,40.59],[-73.5208,40.59],[-73.5211,40.5897],[-73.5214,40.5897],[-73.5217,40.5894],[-73.5222,40.5894],[-73.5225,40.5892],[-73.5231,40.5892],[-73.5233,40.5889],[-73.5239,40.5889],[-73.5242,40.5886],[-73.5269,40.5886],[-73.5272,40.5883],[-73.5275,40.5881],[-73.5286,40.5881],[-73.5289,40.5878],[-73.5292,40.5879],[-73.5297,40.5878],[-73.53,40.5875],[-73.5306,40.5875],[-73.5308,40.5872],[-73.5311,40.5872],[-73.5313,40.587],[-73.5315,40.5869],[-73.532,40.5868],[-73.5326,40.5865],[-73.5333,40.5864],[-73.5339,40.5864],[-73.5347,40.5861],[-73.5366,40.5858],[-73.537,40.5856],[-73.5377,40.5855],[-73.5384,40.5855],[-73.5403,40.5853],[-73.5406,40.585],[-73.5414,40.585],[-73.5417,40.5847],[-73.5422,40.5847],[-73.5428,40.5842],[-73.5431,40.5842],[-73.5438,40.584],[-73.5442,40.584],[-73.5455,40.5839],[-73.5465,40.5835],[-73.5478,40.5833],[-73.5481,40.5831],[-73.5486,40.5831],[-73.5489,40.5828],[-73.5492,40.5828],[-73.5494,40.5825],[-73.5497,40.5825],[-73.55,40.5822],[-73.5503,40.5822],[-73.5506,40.5819],[-73.5508,40.5819],[-73.5511,40.5817],[-73.5517,40.5817],[-73.5519,40.5819],[-73.5522,40.5819],[-73.5525,40.5817],[-73.5528,40.5817],[-73.5531,40.5814],[-73.5542,40.5814],[-73.5544,40.5811],[-73.555,40.5811],[-73.5556,40.5806],[-73.5564,40.5806],[-73.5567,40.5803],[-73.5575,40.5803],[-73.5578,40.58],[-73.5583,40.58],[-73.5585,40.5799],[-73.5586,40.5797],[-73.5592,40.5797],[-73.5594,40.5794],[-73.5597,40.5794],[-73.5611,40.5792],[-73.5628,40.5783],[-73.5634,40.5783],[-73.5653,40.5781],[-73.5656,40.5778],[-73.5661,40.5778],[-73.5664,40.5775],[-73.5669,40.5775],[-73.5672,40.5772],[-73.5675,40.5772],[-73.5678,40.5769],[-73.5681,40.5769],[-73.5683,40.5767],[-73.5686,40.5767],[-73.5689,40.5764],[-73.5706,40.5764],[-73.5708,40.5761],[-73.5714,40.5761],[-73.5717,40.5758],[-73.5725,40.5758],[-73.5728,40.5756],[-73.5741,40.575],[-73.5754,40.5748],[-73.5751,40.5765],[-73.5747,40.5772],[-73.5748,40.5775],[-73.5744,40.5778],[-73.5747,40.5781],[-73.5747,40.5783],[-73.5742,40.5789],[-73.5739,40.5792],[-73.5742,40.5794],[-73.5733,40.5803],[-73.5731,40.5806],[-73.5731,40.5808],[-73.5728,40.5811],[-73.5728,40.5817],[-73.5719,40.5825],[-73.5719,40.5828],[-73.5703,40.5844],[-73.5697,40.5844],[-73.5692,40.585],[-73.5689,40.5853],[-73.5686,40.5853],[-73.5683,40.5856],[-73.5683,40.5858],[-73.5681,40.5858],[-73.5681,40.5861],[-73.5675,40.5867],[-73.5672,40.5869],[-73.5672,40.5872],[-73.5656,40.5889],[-73.5653,40.5889],[-73.5647,40.5894],[-73.5639,40.5894],[-73.5636,40.5897],[-73.5631,40.5897],[-73.5628,40.59],[-73.5622,40.59],[-73.5619,40.5903],[-73.5617,40.5903],[-73.5614,40.5906],[-73.5608,40.5906],[-73.5606,40.5908],[-73.5597,40.5908],[-73.5594,40.5911],[-73.5586,40.5911],[-73.5583,40.5914],[-73.5581,40.5914],[-73.5578,40.5911],[-73.5564,40.5911],[-73.5561,40.5914],[-73.5558,40.5914],[-73.5556,40.5911],[-73.5553,40.5911],[-73.555,40.5908],[-73.5547,40.5908],[-73.5544,40.5906],[-73.5531,40.5906],[-73.5528,40.5903],[-73.5517,40.5903],[-73.5511,40.5903],[-73.5508,40.5906],[-73.5506,40.5906],[-73.5503,40.5909],[-73.5492,40.5908],[-73.5492,40.5912],[-73.5494,40.5917],[-73.5494,40.5919],[-73.5489,40.5925],[-73.5486,40.5925],[-73.5483,40.5928],[-73.5481,40.5928],[-73.5475,40.5933],[-73.5469,40.5933],[-73.5467,40.5936],[-73.5461,40.5936],[-73.5458,40.5939],[-73.5447,40.5939],[-73.5444,40.5942],[-73.5439,40.5952],[-73.5436,40.5954],[-73.5425,40.5961],[-73.5422,40.5964],[-73.5417,40.5964],[-73.5414,40.5967],[-73.541,40.5968],[-73.5406,40.5966],[-73.5403,40.5967],[-73.5383,40.5967],[-73.5381,40.5969],[-73.5378,40.5969],[-73.5375,40.5972],[-73.5367,40.5972],[-73.5364,40.5969],[-73.5353,40.5969],[-73.535,40.5972],[-73.5347,40.5972],[-73.5344,40.5975],[-73.5342,40.5975],[-73.5339,40.5978],[-73.5336,40.5978],[-73.5333,40.5981],[-73.5331,40.5981],[-73.5328,40.5983],[-73.5325,40.5983],[-73.5322,40.5986],[-73.5314,40.5986],[-73.5311,40.5989],[-73.5303,40.5989],[-73.53,40.5992],[-73.5297,40.5992],[-73.5294,40.5994],[-73.5292,40.5994],[-73.5289,40.5992],[-73.5269,40.5992],[-73.5267,40.5989],[-73.5261,40.5989],[-73.5228,40.5992],[-73.5206,40.5992],[-73.5203,40.5994],[-73.5194,40.5994],[-73.5192,40.5997],[-73.5186,40.5997],[-73.5183,40.6],[-73.5178,40.6],[-73.5173,40.6005],[-73.5155,40.6021],[-73.515,40.6031],[-73.5144,40.6031],[-73.5142,40.6028],[-73.5136,40.6028],[-73.5133,40.6025],[-73.5128,40.6025],[-73.5125,40.6022],[-73.5123,40.6021],[-73.5111,40.6019],[-73.5105,40.6025],[-73.5102,40.6028],[-73.5102,40.603],[-73.51,40.6034],[-73.51,40.6036],[-73.5104,40.604],[-73.5106,40.6044],[-73.5111,40.605],[-73.5111,40.6053],[-73.5108,40.6056],[-73.5108,40.6058],[-73.5106,40.6061],[-73.5106,40.6064],[-73.5103,40.6067],[-73.5097,40.6072],[-73.5094,40.6072],[-73.5092,40.6075],[-73.5086,40.6075],[-73.5083,40.6078],[-73.5081,40.6078],[-73.5072,40.6083],[-73.5068,40.6086],[-73.5062,40.6088],[-73.5056,40.6089],[-73.5044,40.609],[-73.5042,40.6089],[-73.5039,40.6092],[-73.5036,40.6092],[-73.5033,40.6094],[-73.5025,40.6094],[-73.5022,40.6097],[-73.5019,40.6097],[-73.5014,40.6103],[-73.5011,40.6103],[-73.5008,40.6106],[-73.5008,40.6108],[-73.5006,40.6111],[-73.5006,40.6122],[-73.5,40.6128],[-73.5,40.6131],[-73.4997,40.6133],[-73.4992,40.6139],[-73.4972,40.6119],[-73.4967,40.6108],[-73.4964,40.6106],[-73.4958,40.6106],[-73.4953,40.61],[-73.4942,40.61],[-73.4936,40.6095],[-73.4931,40.6095],[-73.4928,40.6092],[-73.4925,40.6092],[-73.4922,40.6089],[-73.4906,40.6089],[-73.4903,40.6086],[-73.49,40.6086],[-73.4894,40.6081],[-73.4897,40.6078],[-73.4897,40.6069],[-73.4903,40.6064],[-73.4903,40.6058],[-73.4908,40.6053],[-73.4908,40.605],[-73.4911,40.6047],[-73.4911,40.6044],[-73.4914,40.6042],[-73.4914,40.6039],[-73.4922,40.6031],[-73.4928,40.6031],[-73.4931,40.6028],[-73.4933,40.6028],[-73.4936,40.6025],[-73.4944,40.6025],[-73.4947,40.6022],[-73.495,40.6022],[-73.4953,40.6019],[-73.4956,40.6019],[-73.4958,40.6017],[-73.4961,40.6017],[-73.4964,40.6014],[-73.4978,40.6014],[-73.4981,40.6011],[-73.4992,40.6011],[-73.4994,40.6014],[-73.5003,40.6014],[-73.5006,40.6011],[-73.5013,40.6009],[-73.5014,40.6006],[-73.5014,40.6003],[-73.5017,40.6],[-73.5017,40.5995],[-73.5015,40.5991],[-73.5006,40.5986],[-73.4997,40.5986],[-73.4992,40.5992],[-73.4989,40.5992],[-73.4986,40.5994],[-73.4981,40.5994],[-73.4978,40.5997],[-73.4972,40.5997],[-73.4969,40.6],[-73.4964,40.6],[-73.4961,40.5997],[-73.4958,40.5997],[-73.4956,40.5994],[-73.4939,40.5994],[-73.4936,40.5992],[-73.4917,40.5992],[-73.4914,40.5994],[-73.4908,40.5994],[-73.4906,40.5997],[-73.4894,40.5997],[-73.4892,40.6],[-73.4869,40.6],[-73.4867,40.6003],[-73.4853,40.6003],[-73.4835,40.6005],[-73.4815,40.6009],[-73.4813,40.6012],[-73.4813,40.6015],[-73.4818,40.6019],[-73.4819,40.6022],[-73.4829,40.6037],[-73.483,40.6045],[-73.4828,40.605],[-73.4825,40.6053],[-73.4819,40.6056],[-73.4817,40.6058],[-73.4814,40.6058],[-73.4808,40.6064],[-73.4797,40.6064],[-73.4794,40.6067],[-73.4789,40.6067],[-73.4786,40.6069],[-73.4781,40.6069],[-73.4778,40.6072],[-73.4775,40.6072],[-73.4772,40.6075],[-73.4769,40.6075],[-73.4767,40.6078],[-73.4756,40.6078],[-73.4753,40.6081],[-73.475,40.6081],[-73.4747,40.6083],[-73.4744,40.6083],[-73.4742,40.6086],[-73.4722,40.6095],[-73.4697,40.61],[-73.4694,40.6103],[-73.4692,40.6103],[-73.4689,40.6106],[-73.4686,40.6106],[-73.4683,40.6108],[-73.4681,40.6108],[-73.4671,40.611],[-73.4659,40.6113],[-73.4656,40.6114],[-73.465,40.6113],[-73.4647,40.6117],[-73.4644,40.6117],[-73.4642,40.6119],[-73.4633,40.6119],[-73.4631,40.6122],[-73.4619,40.6122],[-73.4618,40.6124],[-73.4613,40.6125],[-73.4594,40.6128],[-73.4575,40.6128],[-73.4572,40.6131],[-73.4569,40.6131],[-73.4567,40.6128],[-73.4553,40.6128],[-73.455,40.6131],[-73.4539,40.6131],[-73.4533,40.6136],[-73.4506,40.6136],[-73.4503,40.6139],[-73.4486,40.6139],[-73.4483,40.6142],[-73.4461,40.6142],[-73.4458,40.6139],[-73.4453,40.6142],[-73.4442,40.6142],[-73.4439,40.6144],[-73.4422,40.6144],[-73.4419,40.6147],[-73.4392,40.6147],[-73.4389,40.6144],[-73.4381,40.6144],[-73.4378,40.6142],[-73.4372,40.6142],[-73.4372,40.6139],[-73.4369,40.6136],[-73.4369,40.6135],[-73.4364,40.613],[-73.4359,40.6124],[-73.4353,40.6119],[-73.4344,40.6119],[-73.4339,40.6121],[-73.4331,40.6122],[-73.4317,40.6122],[-73.43,40.6128],[-73.4294,40.6133],[-73.4294,40.6136],[-73.4303,40.615],[-73.43,40.6153],[-73.43,40.6158],[-73.4297,40.6161],[-73.4297,40.6164],[-73.4294,40.6167],[-73.4281,40.6169],[-73.4278,40.6172],[-73.4272,40.6172],[-73.4269,40.6175],[-73.4267,40.6175],[-73.4264,40.6178],[-73.4261,40.6178],[-73.4261,40.6175],[-73.4275,40.6161],[-73.4278,40.6161],[-73.4281,40.6158],[-73.4281,40.6156],[-73.4283,40.6153],[-73.4283,40.615],[-73.4278,40.6144],[-73.4275,40.6144],[-73.4272,40.6147],[-73.4269,40.6147],[-73.4258,40.6158],[-73.4253,40.6156],[-73.4247,40.6156],[-73.4242,40.6161],[-73.4242,40.6164],[-73.4244,40.6167],[-73.4244,40.6169],[-73.4236,40.6178],[-73.4233,40.6178],[-73.4231,40.6181],[-73.4219,40.6181],[-73.4216,40.6184]]],[[[-73.6155,40.5969],[-73.6152,40.5966],[-73.6149,40.5966],[-73.6144,40.5961],[-73.6141,40.5961],[-73.6139,40.5959],[-73.6138,40.5958],[-73.6135,40.5958],[-73.6133,40.5955],[-73.613,40.5958],[-73.6127,40.5958],[-73.6124,40.5955],[-73.6121,40.5958],[-73.6116,40.5958],[-73.6113,40.5961],[-73.6108,40.5961],[-73.6105,40.5958],[-73.6102,40.5958],[-73.6099,40.5955],[-73.6096,40.5955],[-73.6094,40.5952],[-73.6074,40.5952],[-73.6071,40.5955],[-73.6046,40.5955],[-73.6044,40.5952],[-73.6041,40.5955],[-73.6035,40.5955],[-73.6033,40.5952],[-73.5998,40.5952],[-73.5949,40.5952],[-73.5946,40.5949],[-73.5941,40.5949],[-73.5938,40.5947],[-73.5927,40.5947],[-73.5924,40.5944],[-73.5916,40.5944],[-73.591,40.5944],[-73.5905,40.5943],[-73.5902,40.5944],[-73.5899,40.5944],[-73.5896,40.5941],[-73.5894,40.5941],[-73.5885,40.5938],[-73.5883,40.5941],[-73.5866,40.5941],[-73.5863,40.5938],[-73.5855,40.5938],[-73.5852,40.5941],[-73.583,40.5941],[-73.5827,40.5944],[-73.5813,40.5944],[-73.581,40.5947],[-73.5794,40.5947],[-73.5791,40.5949],[-73.576,40.5949],[-73.5758,40.5947],[-73.5755,40.5947],[-73.5744,40.5936],[-73.5744,40.5933],[-73.5746,40.593],[-73.5749,40.5927],[-73.5749,40.5924],[-73.5752,40.5922],[-73.5752,40.5913],[-73.5758,40.5908],[-73.5758,40.5905],[-73.576,40.5902],[-73.576,40.5897],[-73.5763,40.5894],[-73.5763,40.5891],[-73.5766,40.5888],[-73.5766,40.5874],[-73.5785,40.5855],[-73.5808,40.5855],[-73.581,40.5852],[-73.5816,40.5852],[-73.5819,40.5855],[-73.5833,40.5855],[-73.5835,40.5852],[-73.5841,40.5852],[-73.5846,40.5858],[-73.5852,40.5858],[-73.5855,40.5861],[-73.5858,40.5861],[-73.5863,40.5866],[-73.5871,40.5866],[-73.5874,40.5863],[-73.5888,40.5863],[-73.5891,40.5861],[-73.5896,40.5861],[-73.5899,40.5863],[-73.5905,40.5863],[-73.5908,40.5861],[-73.5916,40.5861],[-73.5919,40.5858],[-73.5921,40.5858],[-73.5924,40.5855],[-73.593,40.5855],[-73.5934,40.5855],[-73.5938,40.5855],[-73.5941,40.5855],[-73.595,40.5853],[-73.5958,40.5855],[-73.5968,40.5854],[-73.5975,40.5854],[-73.5981,40.5852],[-73.5988,40.5852],[-73.5998,40.585],[-73.601,40.5848],[-73.6019,40.5844],[-73.6024,40.5844],[-73.6041,40.5847],[-73.6061,40.5853],[-73.6075,40.5854],[-73.6087,40.5855],[-73.6097,40.5852],[-73.6108,40.5854],[-73.6116,40.5852],[-73.6127,40.5853],[-73.6157,40.5856],[-73.6163,40.5855],[-73.6199,40.5855],[-73.6202,40.5858],[-73.621,40.5858],[-73.6213,40.5855],[-73.6219,40.5855],[-73.6221,40.5852],[-73.623,40.5852],[-73.6233,40.5849],[-73.6241,40.5849],[-73.6244,40.5847],[-73.6252,40.5847],[-73.6255,40.5849],[-73.6269,40.5849],[-73.6271,40.5847],[-73.6305,40.5847],[-73.6308,40.5844],[-73.6313,40.5844],[-73.6316,40.5841],[-73.633,40.5841],[-73.6333,40.5838],[-73.6352,40.5838],[-73.6354,40.5838],[-73.6358,40.5838],[-73.6367,40.5833],[-73.6371,40.5831],[-73.6373,40.5831],[-73.6377,40.583],[-73.6387,40.5827],[-73.6396,40.5825],[-73.6434,40.5822],[-73.6483,40.5823],[-73.6527,40.5823],[-73.6566,40.5824],[-73.6576,40.5824],[-73.6581,40.5826],[-73.6587,40.5825],[-73.659,40.5826],[-73.6599,40.5827],[-73.6621,40.5827],[-73.6624,40.583],[-73.6633,40.583],[-73.6635,40.5833],[-73.6641,40.5833],[-73.6644,40.5831],[-73.6677,40.5831],[-73.6688,40.5833],[-73.6688,40.5831],[-73.6713,40.583],[-73.6719,40.583],[-73.6721,40.5833],[-73.6727,40.5833],[-73.6732,40.5834],[-73.6746,40.5834],[-73.6749,40.5833],[-73.6755,40.5833],[-73.6758,40.5835],[-73.6766,40.5835],[-73.6769,40.5833],[-73.6774,40.5833],[-73.6777,40.583],[-73.6794,40.583],[-73.6796,40.5827],[-73.6799,40.5827],[-73.6802,40.5824],[-73.681,40.5824],[-73.6813,40.5827],[-73.6821,40.5827],[-73.6824,40.583],[-73.6827,40.583],[-73.683,40.5827],[-73.6844,40.5827],[-73.6846,40.5824],[-73.6869,40.5824],[-73.6871,40.5827],[-73.6899,40.5827],[-73.6906,40.5825],[-73.6921,40.5827],[-73.693,40.5827],[-73.6933,40.5828],[-73.6944,40.5827],[-73.7004,40.5827],[-73.7019,40.5827],[-73.7021,40.5824],[-73.703,40.5824],[-73.703,40.5827],[-73.7035,40.5827],[-73.7038,40.583],[-73.7044,40.583],[-73.7046,40.5833],[-73.7048,40.5833],[-73.7063,40.5833],[-73.7066,40.583],[-73.7096,40.583],[-73.7099,40.5833],[-73.7105,40.5833],[-73.711,40.5838],[-73.7133,40.5838],[-73.7135,40.5841],[-73.7158,40.5841],[-73.716,40.5844],[-73.718,40.5844],[-73.7183,40.5847],[-73.7188,40.5847],[-73.7191,40.5844],[-73.7194,40.5844],[-73.7202,40.5852],[-73.721,40.5852],[-73.7213,40.5849],[-73.7216,40.5849],[-73.7219,40.5847],[-73.7224,40.5847],[-73.7227,40.5849],[-73.7233,40.5849],[-73.7235,40.5852],[-73.7241,40.5852],[-73.7244,40.5849],[-73.7252,40.5849],[-73.7255,40.5852],[-73.7274,40.5852],[-73.7277,40.5849],[-73.7285,40.5849],[-73.7288,40.5848],[-73.7295,40.5848],[-73.7299,40.5849],[-73.7308,40.5849],[-73.731,40.5852],[-73.733,40.5852],[-73.7333,40.5855],[-73.7349,40.5852],[-73.7358,40.5852],[-73.7361,40.5852],[-73.7366,40.5852],[-73.7371,40.5852],[-73.7376,40.5852],[-73.7383,40.5854],[-73.7385,40.5852],[-73.7391,40.5852],[-73.7394,40.5855],[-73.7403,40.5858],[-73.741,40.5858],[-73.7424,40.5858],[-73.7427,40.5855],[-73.7444,40.5855],[-73.7446,40.5852],[-73.7458,40.5852],[-73.746,40.5849],[-73.7466,40.5849],[-73.7475,40.585],[-73.7482,40.5849],[-73.7492,40.5846],[-73.7502,40.5846],[-73.7516,40.5842],[-73.7525,40.5842],[-73.753,40.5839],[-73.7536,40.5836],[-73.7546,40.5836],[-73.7558,40.5844],[-73.7552,40.5849],[-73.7549,40.5849],[-73.7546,40.5852],[-73.7546,40.5855],[-73.7541,40.5861],[-73.7541,40.5863],[-73.7535,40.5869],[-73.7524,40.588],[-73.7519,40.588],[-73.7516,40.5883],[-73.7513,40.5883],[-73.7512,40.5884],[-73.751,40.5886],[-73.751,40.5888],[-73.7508,40.5888],[-73.7499,40.5897],[-73.7494,40.5897],[-73.7491,40.5899],[-73.7485,40.5899],[-73.748,40.5905],[-73.7474,40.5905],[-73.7466,40.5913],[-73.7463,40.5913],[-73.7458,40.5919],[-73.7452,40.5919],[-73.7449,40.5922],[-73.7446,40.5922],[-73.7444,40.5924],[-73.7441,40.5924],[-73.7438,40.5927],[-73.7433,40.5927],[-73.743,40.593],[-73.7427,40.593],[-73.7424,40.5933],[-73.7421,40.5933],[-73.7419,40.593],[-73.7407,40.593],[-73.7396,40.593],[-73.7395,40.5931],[-73.7394,40.5933],[-73.7393,40.5932],[-73.7391,40.593],[-73.7385,40.593],[-73.7383,40.5927],[-73.7377,40.5924],[-73.7369,40.5924],[-73.7352,40.5924],[-73.7346,40.5919],[-73.7341,40.5919],[-73.7333,40.5916],[-73.733,40.5916],[-73.7327,40.5913],[-73.7319,40.5913],[-73.7316,40.591],[-73.7308,40.591],[-73.7305,40.5908],[-73.7302,40.5908],[-73.7294,40.5905],[-73.7269,40.5905],[-73.7266,40.5902],[-73.7258,40.5902],[-73.7256,40.5901],[-73.7252,40.5902],[-73.7202,40.5901],[-73.7194,40.5899],[-73.7177,40.5899],[-73.7173,40.5899],[-73.7167,40.5897],[-73.7163,40.5899],[-73.7158,40.5899],[-73.7155,40.5897],[-73.7108,40.5897],[-73.7105,40.5899],[-73.7099,40.5899],[-73.7096,40.5897],[-73.7066,40.5897],[-73.7063,40.5899],[-73.7041,40.5899],[-73.7038,40.5897],[-73.7016,40.5897],[-73.7013,40.5894],[-73.7008,40.5897],[-73.6996,40.5897],[-73.6994,40.5894],[-73.698,40.5894],[-73.6977,40.5891],[-73.6935,40.5891],[-73.6933,40.5894],[-73.6919,40.5894],[-73.6916,40.5891],[-73.6902,40.5891],[-73.6899,40.5894],[-73.6896,40.5894],[-73.6894,40.5891],[-73.6871,40.5891],[-73.6869,40.5894],[-73.6863,40.5894],[-73.686,40.5897],[-73.6844,40.591],[-73.6835,40.5919],[-73.6808,40.5919],[-73.6805,40.5922],[-73.6799,40.5922],[-73.6796,40.5924],[-73.6778,40.5924],[-73.6752,40.5924],[-73.6749,40.5927],[-73.6724,40.5927],[-73.6721,40.593],[-73.6719,40.5933],[-73.671,40.5933],[-73.6708,40.5936],[-73.6694,40.5936],[-73.6691,40.5938],[-73.6671,40.5938],[-73.6669,40.5941],[-73.6638,40.5941],[-73.6628,40.5942],[-73.6624,40.5942],[-73.6621,40.5944],[-73.6616,40.5944],[-73.6613,40.5941],[-73.6608,40.5941],[-73.6605,40.5944],[-73.6602,40.5944],[-73.6599,40.5941],[-73.6586,40.5944],[-73.6576,40.5945],[-73.6571,40.5947],[-73.6569,40.5947],[-73.6566,40.5944],[-73.6558,40.5944],[-73.6555,40.5947],[-73.6549,40.5947],[-73.6546,40.5944],[-73.6538,40.5944],[-73.6535,40.5947],[-73.6527,40.5947],[-73.6524,40.5944],[-73.6516,40.5944],[-73.6513,40.5947],[-73.651,40.5947],[-73.6508,40.5949],[-73.6499,40.5949],[-73.6491,40.595],[-73.6489,40.595],[-73.6485,40.5949],[-73.6471,40.5949],[-73.6466,40.595],[-73.6452,40.5952],[-73.6448,40.5951],[-73.6446,40.5953],[-73.6441,40.5952],[-73.6435,40.5952],[-73.6433,40.5949],[-73.6413,40.5949],[-73.641,40.5952],[-73.6383,40.5952],[-73.638,40.5955],[-73.6377,40.5955],[-73.6374,40.5958],[-73.6371,40.5958],[-73.6366,40.5952],[-73.6308,40.5952],[-73.6305,40.5955],[-73.6291,40.5955],[-73.6285,40.5949],[-73.6269,40.5949],[-73.6268,40.5948],[-73.6266,40.5947],[-73.6263,40.5947],[-73.626,40.5949],[-73.6258,40.5949],[-73.6255,40.5947],[-73.6252,40.5947],[-73.6249,40.5944],[-73.6233,40.5944],[-73.623,40.5947],[-73.6213,40.5947],[-73.621,40.5949],[-73.6199,40.5949],[-73.6196,40.5952],[-73.6191,40.5952],[-73.6173,40.5954],[-73.6172,40.5956],[-73.6169,40.5963],[-73.6163,40.5969],[-73.6155,40.5969]]],[[[-73.5389,40.6283],[-73.5386,40.6281],[-73.5383,40.6281],[-73.5372,40.6269],[-73.5372,40.6267],[-73.5344,40.6239],[-73.5344,40.6236],[-73.5328,40.6219],[-73.5322,40.6214],[-73.5317,40.6206],[-73.5315,40.6201],[-73.5317,40.6198],[-73.5319,40.6192],[-73.532,40.6184],[-73.5322,40.6178],[-73.5323,40.6172],[-73.5322,40.6169],[-73.5319,40.6168],[-73.5311,40.6175],[-73.5306,40.6176],[-73.5303,40.6178],[-73.5294,40.6178],[-73.5292,40.6177],[-73.5287,40.6178],[-73.5283,40.6178],[-73.5278,40.6178],[-73.5275,40.6175],[-73.5272,40.6175],[-73.5269,40.6172],[-73.5267,40.6172],[-73.5264,40.6169],[-73.5261,40.6169],[-73.5253,40.6161],[-73.5253,40.6158],[-73.525,40.6156],[-73.525,40.6153],[-73.5247,40.615],[-73.5247,40.6147],[-73.5244,40.6144],[-73.5244,40.6142],[-73.5242,40.6139],[-73.5244,40.6136],[-73.5244,40.6133],[-73.5247,40.6131],[-73.5247,40.6122],[-73.525,40.6119],[-73.525,40.6097],[-73.5247,40.6094],[-73.5247,40.6092],[-73.5244,40.6089],[-73.5244,40.6086],[-73.5247,40.6083],[-73.5247,40.6078],[-73.5244,40.6075],[-73.5244,40.6072],[-73.5242,40.6069],[-73.5244,40.6058],[-73.5247,40.6056],[-73.5247,40.6044],[-73.5253,40.6039],[-73.5256,40.6036],[-73.5258,40.6036],[-73.5264,40.6033],[-73.5267,40.6036],[-73.5269,40.6036],[-73.5278,40.6039],[-73.5283,40.6039],[-73.5286,40.6042],[-73.5289,40.6042],[-73.5292,40.6044],[-73.5297,40.6044],[-73.5307,40.6048],[-73.5316,40.6054],[-73.5319,40.6051],[-73.5325,40.6044],[-73.5328,40.6042],[-73.5331,40.6042],[-73.5342,40.6031],[-73.5344,40.6031],[-73.5347,40.6028],[-73.535,40.6028],[-73.5353,40.6025],[-73.5361,40.6025],[-73.5364,40.6022],[-73.5367,40.6022],[-73.5369,40.6019],[-73.5389,40.6019],[-73.5392,40.6017],[-73.5403,40.6017],[-73.5406,40.6014],[-73.5414,40.6014],[-73.5427,40.6011],[-73.5438,40.6009],[-73.5446,40.6008],[-73.5452,40.6008],[-73.5456,40.6008],[-73.5458,40.6008],[-73.5461,40.6008],[-73.5464,40.6011],[-73.5467,40.6011],[-73.5469,40.6014],[-73.5472,40.6014],[-73.5481,40.6022],[-73.5481,40.6025],[-73.5492,40.6036],[-73.5492,40.6039],[-73.5494,40.6042],[-73.5497,40.6044],[-73.5497,40.6047],[-73.55,40.605],[-73.55,40.6053],[-73.5506,40.6058],[-73.5514,40.6067],[-73.5514,40.6069],[-73.5517,40.6072],[-73.5517,40.6076],[-73.5519,40.6081],[-73.5523,40.6087],[-73.5526,40.6094],[-73.5531,40.6097],[-73.5537,40.6103],[-73.5539,40.6108],[-73.5542,40.6111],[-73.5542,40.6114],[-73.5544,40.6117],[-73.5547,40.6119],[-73.5547,40.6122],[-73.5544,40.6125],[-73.5544,40.6142],[-73.5539,40.6147],[-73.5536,40.6147],[-73.5533,40.615],[-73.5535,40.6153],[-73.5531,40.6164],[-73.5528,40.6164],[-73.5517,40.6175],[-73.5504,40.6175],[-73.55,40.6172],[-73.5497,40.6172],[-73.5494,40.6169],[-73.5492,40.6169],[-73.548,40.6165],[-73.5475,40.6161],[-73.5472,40.6161],[-73.5469,40.6161],[-73.5467,40.6161],[-73.5464,40.6162],[-73.5464,40.6166],[-73.5463,40.6169],[-73.5472,40.6177],[-73.5478,40.6178],[-73.5481,40.6181],[-73.5489,40.6181],[-73.5501,40.6183],[-73.5514,40.6183],[-73.5519,40.6189],[-73.5522,40.6192],[-73.5522,40.6194],[-73.5525,40.6197],[-73.5525,40.62],[-73.5531,40.6206],[-73.5531,40.6211],[-73.5528,40.6214],[-73.5531,40.6217],[-73.5525,40.6222],[-73.5525,40.6225],[-73.5519,40.6231],[-73.5517,40.6231],[-73.5511,40.6236],[-73.5508,40.6236],[-73.5506,40.6239],[-73.5503,40.6239],[-73.5486,40.625],[-73.5475,40.6256],[-73.5472,40.6258],[-73.5461,40.6269],[-73.5458,40.6269],[-73.545,40.6278],[-73.5447,40.6278],[-73.5444,40.6281],[-73.5436,40.6281],[-73.5433,40.6283],[-73.5425,40.6283],[-73.5422,40.6286],[-73.5417,40.6286],[-73.5414,40.6289],[-73.5411,40.6289],[-73.5408,40.6292],[-73.5394,40.6292],[-73.5389,40.6286],[-73.5389,40.6283]]],[[[-73.4886,40.6269],[-73.4879,40.6267],[-73.4872,40.6268],[-73.4865,40.6265],[-73.4858,40.6264],[-73.4851,40.6264],[-73.4845,40.6266],[-73.4838,40.6266],[-73.4832,40.6262],[-73.4825,40.6261],[-73.4818,40.6261],[-73.4811,40.6261],[-73.4804,40.626],[-73.4797,40.6257],[-73.4795,40.6252],[-73.4792,40.6249],[-73.4792,40.6248],[-73.4786,40.6245],[-73.4784,40.6242],[-73.4784,40.6238],[-73.4785,40.6235],[-73.4783,40.6234],[-73.4779,40.6234],[-73.4777,40.6236],[-73.4771,40.6236],[-73.4763,40.6236],[-73.4759,40.6236],[-73.4749,40.6237],[-73.4748,40.6237],[-73.4742,40.6241],[-73.4734,40.6243],[-73.4726,40.625],[-73.4721,40.6252],[-73.4715,40.6249],[-73.4712,40.6243],[-73.4715,40.6238],[-73.4719,40.6234],[-73.4725,40.623],[-73.4731,40.6227],[-73.4736,40.6223],[-73.474,40.6218],[-73.4745,40.6213],[-73.475,40.6208],[-73.4754,40.6205],[-73.4755,40.6203],[-73.4758,40.6202],[-73.4762,40.6199],[-73.4766,40.6195],[-73.4769,40.6191],[-73.4772,40.6187],[-73.4776,40.6184],[-73.478,40.618],[-73.4783,40.6178],[-73.4783,40.6175],[-73.4786,40.6172],[-73.4787,40.617],[-73.4797,40.616],[-73.4803,40.6158],[-73.4814,40.6147],[-73.4817,40.6147],[-73.4819,40.6144],[-73.4825,40.6144],[-73.4836,40.6136],[-73.4839,40.6136],[-73.4843,40.6137],[-73.4847,40.6137],[-73.4864,40.6139],[-73.4867,40.6142],[-73.4872,40.6142],[-73.4875,40.6144],[-73.4881,40.6144],[-73.4883,40.6142],[-73.4886,40.6142],[-73.4889,40.6139],[-73.4892,40.6142],[-73.4894,40.6139],[-73.4897,40.6139],[-73.4917,40.6147],[-73.4919,40.6147],[-73.4925,40.615],[-73.4933,40.615],[-73.494,40.615],[-73.4947,40.6148],[-73.4953,40.6151],[-73.4958,40.6154],[-73.4962,40.6159],[-73.4966,40.6165],[-73.4969,40.6171],[-73.4972,40.6177],[-73.4973,40.6184],[-73.4974,40.6191],[-73.4974,40.6198],[-73.4972,40.6204],[-73.4969,40.6209],[-73.4965,40.6214],[-73.496,40.6219],[-73.4956,40.6224],[-73.4952,40.623],[-73.4949,40.6231],[-73.4942,40.6234],[-73.4936,40.6234],[-73.4931,40.6234],[-73.4927,40.6235],[-73.4923,40.6234],[-73.4917,40.6234],[-73.4912,40.6231],[-73.4906,40.6231],[-73.4897,40.6228],[-73.4887,40.6226],[-73.488,40.6225],[-73.4876,40.6221],[-73.4873,40.6217],[-73.4867,40.6215],[-73.4863,40.6215],[-73.486,40.6213],[-73.4847,40.6213],[-73.4838,40.6213],[-73.483,40.6213],[-73.4829,40.6213],[-73.4829,40.6216],[-73.4831,40.6222],[-73.4856,40.6222],[-73.4858,40.6225],[-73.4861,40.6225],[-73.4875,40.6239],[-73.4878,40.6239],[-73.4881,40.6242],[-73.4886,40.6242],[-73.4899,40.6242],[-73.4908,40.6242],[-73.4914,40.6242],[-73.492,40.6243],[-73.4928,40.6245],[-73.4931,40.6244],[-73.4934,40.6245],[-73.4934,40.6249],[-73.4931,40.625],[-73.4929,40.625],[-73.4923,40.6253],[-73.4917,40.6256],[-73.4911,40.6259],[-73.4905,40.6261],[-73.4899,40.6264],[-73.4893,40.6266],[-73.4886,40.6269]]],[[[-73.6208,40.6161],[-73.6206,40.6158],[-73.6194,40.6158],[-73.6192,40.6156],[-73.6189,40.6156],[-73.6186,40.6153],[-73.6178,40.6153],[-73.6175,40.6156],[-73.6167,40.6156],[-73.6164,40.6153],[-73.6161,40.6153],[-73.6158,40.615],[-73.615,40.615],[-73.6147,40.6153],[-73.6144,40.6153],[-73.6142,40.615],[-73.6139,40.615],[-73.6136,40.6147],[-73.6133,40.615],[-73.6131,40.6147],[-73.6128,40.6147],[-73.6125,40.6144],[-73.6122,40.6147],[-73.6117,40.6147],[-73.6114,40.615],[-73.6106,40.615],[-73.61,40.6144],[-73.6103,40.6142],[-73.6103,40.6136],[-73.6119,40.6119],[-73.6122,40.6119],[-73.6125,40.6117],[-73.6139,40.6117],[-73.6144,40.6111],[-73.6144,40.6108],[-73.6136,40.61],[-73.6133,40.61],[-73.6131,40.6097],[-73.6131,40.6086],[-73.6147,40.6069],[-73.6147,40.6067],[-73.615,40.6064],[-73.615,40.6061],[-73.6158,40.6053],[-73.6175,40.6053],[-73.6178,40.605],[-73.6181,40.605],[-73.6183,40.6047],[-73.6186,40.6047],[-73.6189,40.605],[-73.6194,40.605],[-73.6197,40.6047],[-73.6203,40.6047],[-73.6206,40.605],[-73.6208,40.605],[-73.6211,40.6053],[-73.6231,40.6053],[-73.6233,40.605],[-73.6236,40.605],[-73.6239,40.6047],[-73.6242,40.6047],[-73.6244,40.6044],[-73.6247,40.6044],[-73.625,40.6042],[-73.6253,40.6042],[-73.6256,40.6039],[-73.6258,40.6039],[-73.6261,40.6036],[-73.6264,40.6036],[-73.6267,40.6033],[-73.6269,40.6033],[-73.6275,40.6028],[-73.6275,40.6025],[-73.6281,40.6019],[-73.6281,40.6017],[-73.6286,40.6011],[-73.6286,40.6003],[-73.6289,40.6],[-73.6289,40.5992],[-73.6292,40.5989],[-73.6292,40.5986],[-73.6294,40.5983],[-73.63,40.5978],[-73.6311,40.5978],[-73.6314,40.5981],[-73.6319,40.5981],[-73.6322,40.5983],[-73.6325,40.5983],[-73.6328,40.5986],[-73.6333,40.5986],[-73.6336,40.5989],[-73.6339,40.5989],[-73.6344,40.5994],[-73.6344,40.5997],[-73.6347,40.6],[-73.6344,40.6003],[-73.6344,40.6006],[-73.6342,40.6008],[-73.6342,40.6011],[-73.6333,40.6019],[-73.6331,40.6019],[-73.6314,40.6036],[-73.6314,40.6039],[-73.6311,40.6042],[-73.6311,40.6044],[-73.6306,40.605],[-73.6308,40.6053],[-73.6308,40.6056],[-73.6311,40.6058],[-73.6311,40.6069],[-73.6308,40.6072],[-73.6308,40.6075],[-73.6306,40.6078],[-73.6303,40.6081],[-73.6292,40.6092],[-73.6283,40.6092],[-73.6281,40.6089],[-73.6278,40.6089],[-73.6275,40.6092],[-73.6272,40.6092],[-73.6269,40.6094],[-73.6261,40.6094],[-73.6258,40.6097],[-73.6256,40.6097],[-73.6253,40.61],[-73.6253,40.6103],[-73.6258,40.6108],[-73.6258,40.6111],[-73.625,40.6119],[-73.6247,40.6117],[-73.6233,40.6117],[-73.6231,40.6119],[-73.6228,40.6122],[-73.6222,40.6128],[-73.6222,40.6131],[-73.6219,40.6133],[-73.6219,40.6142],[-73.6222,40.6144],[-73.6222,40.6147],[-73.6217,40.6153],[-73.6217,40.6156],[-73.6211,40.6161],[-73.6208,40.6161]]],[[[-73.5283,40.6308],[-73.5278,40.6303],[-73.5275,40.6303],[-73.5275,40.63],[-73.5278,40.6297],[-73.5281,40.6294],[-73.5281,40.6292],[-73.5283,40.6289],[-73.5286,40.6286],[-73.5286,40.6283],[-73.5278,40.6275],[-73.5275,40.6275],[-73.5272,40.6272],[-73.5264,40.6272],[-73.5261,40.6275],[-73.5247,40.6275],[-73.5244,40.6272],[-73.5233,40.6272],[-73.5231,40.6275],[-73.5225,40.6275],[-73.5219,40.6281],[-73.5214,40.6281],[-73.5211,40.6283],[-73.5206,40.6283],[-73.5203,40.6286],[-73.5178,40.6286],[-73.5175,40.6283],[-73.5172,40.6283],[-73.5169,40.6281],[-73.5167,40.6283],[-73.5164,40.6283],[-73.5161,40.6281],[-73.5156,40.6281],[-73.5153,40.6278],[-73.515,40.6278],[-73.5147,40.6275],[-73.5144,40.6275],[-73.5142,40.6278],[-73.5139,40.6278],[-73.5136,40.6275],[-73.5133,40.6275],[-73.5131,40.6272],[-73.5125,40.6272],[-73.5114,40.6261],[-73.512,40.6254],[-73.5121,40.625],[-73.5125,40.6241],[-73.5126,40.6235],[-73.5119,40.6225],[-73.5117,40.6222],[-73.5117,40.6219],[-73.5114,40.6217],[-73.5114,40.6211],[-73.5117,40.6208],[-73.5117,40.6206],[-73.5133,40.6206],[-73.5136,40.6203],[-73.5139,40.6203],[-73.5142,40.6206],[-73.5144,40.6206],[-73.5147,40.6203],[-73.5147,40.62],[-73.515,40.6197],[-73.5153,40.6197],[-73.5156,40.62],[-73.5167,40.6201],[-73.517,40.62],[-73.5172,40.6197],[-73.5175,40.6194],[-73.5178,40.6194],[-73.5179,40.6193],[-73.5185,40.619],[-73.5189,40.6186],[-73.5194,40.6184],[-73.5195,40.6184],[-73.5202,40.618],[-73.5213,40.6171],[-73.5215,40.6168],[-73.5218,40.6165],[-73.5222,40.6161],[-73.5231,40.6169],[-73.523,40.6178],[-73.5222,40.6189],[-73.5225,40.6192],[-73.5231,40.6192],[-73.5233,40.6189],[-73.5244,40.6192],[-73.5247,40.6192],[-73.525,40.6194],[-73.5256,40.6194],[-73.5258,40.6197],[-73.5269,40.6197],[-73.5272,40.62],[-73.5289,40.6201],[-73.5299,40.6203],[-73.5303,40.6206],[-73.5307,40.6212],[-73.5306,40.6219],[-73.5311,40.6228],[-73.5314,40.6231],[-73.5314,40.6233],[-73.5317,40.6236],[-73.5319,40.6239],[-73.5319,40.6242],[-73.5322,40.6244],[-73.5322,40.6247],[-73.5325,40.625],[-73.5325,40.6253],[-73.5328,40.6256],[-73.5328,40.6261],[-73.5331,40.6264],[-73.5331,40.6267],[-73.5333,40.6269],[-73.5333,40.6272],[-73.5336,40.6275],[-73.5336,40.6278],[-73.5339,40.6281],[-73.5339,40.6292],[-73.5336,40.6294],[-73.5333,40.6297],[-73.5333,40.63],[-73.5325,40.6308],[-73.5319,40.6308],[-73.5317,40.6306],[-73.5311,40.6306],[-73.5308,40.6303],[-73.5306,40.6303],[-73.5303,40.63],[-73.5297,40.63],[-73.5294,40.6303],[-73.5292,40.6303],[-73.5289,40.6306],[-73.5286,40.6306],[-73.5283,40.6308]]],[[[-73.5558,40.61],[-73.5556,40.6097],[-73.5553,40.6097],[-73.5542,40.6086],[-73.5542,40.6083],[-73.5539,40.6081],[-73.5537,40.6074],[-73.5537,40.6072],[-73.5536,40.6069],[-73.5539,40.6067],[-73.5539,40.6058],[-73.5536,40.6056],[-73.5536,40.6047],[-73.5533,40.6044],[-73.5533,40.6042],[-73.5531,40.6039],[-73.5531,40.6036],[-73.5528,40.6033],[-73.5528,40.6031],[-73.5525,40.6028],[-73.5525,40.6025],[-73.5522,40.6022],[-73.5522,40.6019],[-73.5517,40.6014],[-73.5517,40.6011],[-73.5514,40.6008],[-73.5514,40.6003],[-73.5512,40.6],[-73.5514,40.5994],[-73.5517,40.5992],[-73.5525,40.5992],[-73.5528,40.5989],[-73.5539,40.5989],[-73.5547,40.5981],[-73.555,40.5981],[-73.5553,40.5978],[-73.5556,40.5978],[-73.5558,40.5975],[-73.5561,40.5975],[-73.5564,40.5972],[-73.5569,40.5972],[-73.5572,40.5969],[-73.5578,40.5969],[-73.5581,40.5967],[-73.5592,40.5967],[-73.5604,40.5959],[-73.5607,40.5957],[-73.561,40.5955],[-73.5619,40.5954],[-73.5622,40.5956],[-73.5625,40.5958],[-73.5625,40.5972],[-73.5622,40.5975],[-73.5622,40.5986],[-73.5619,40.5989],[-73.5619,40.5992],[-73.5622,40.5994],[-73.5625,40.5994],[-73.5628,40.5997],[-73.5633,40.5997],[-73.5639,40.5992],[-73.5642,40.5991],[-73.5646,40.5987],[-73.5651,40.598],[-73.5653,40.5975],[-73.5656,40.5972],[-73.5664,40.5981],[-73.5664,40.5992],[-73.5667,40.5994],[-73.5667,40.5997],[-73.5664,40.6],[-73.5669,40.6006],[-73.5669,40.6008],[-73.5675,40.6014],[-73.5675,40.6022],[-73.5678,40.6025],[-73.5678,40.6031],[-73.5681,40.6031],[-73.5682,40.6034],[-73.5684,40.6037],[-73.5683,40.6041],[-73.5684,40.605],[-73.5684,40.6055],[-73.5683,40.6063],[-73.5684,40.607],[-73.5678,40.6075],[-73.5672,40.6075],[-73.5664,40.6083],[-73.565,40.6083],[-73.5647,40.6086],[-73.5639,40.6086],[-73.5636,40.6083],[-73.5633,40.6083],[-73.5631,40.6086],[-73.5619,40.6086],[-73.5617,40.6089],[-73.5608,40.6089],[-73.5606,40.6092],[-73.5597,40.6092],[-73.5594,40.6094],[-73.5589,40.6094],[-73.5586,40.6097],[-73.5583,40.6097],[-73.5581,40.61],[-73.5578,40.61],[-73.5575,40.6097],[-73.5572,40.61],[-73.5558,40.61]]],[[[-73.5112,40.6192],[-73.5108,40.6192],[-73.5106,40.6192],[-73.5094,40.6181],[-73.5094,40.6178],[-73.5097,40.6175],[-73.5097,40.6172],[-73.5103,40.6167],[-73.5107,40.6163],[-73.5122,40.6144],[-73.5122,40.6142],[-73.5119,40.6139],[-73.5119,40.6136],[-73.5117,40.6136],[-73.5111,40.6142],[-73.5106,40.6142],[-73.5092,40.6156],[-73.5078,40.6156],[-73.5072,40.615],[-73.5069,40.615],[-73.5064,40.6144],[-73.5064,40.6142],[-73.5061,40.6139],[-73.5061,40.6131],[-73.5058,40.6128],[-73.5064,40.6122],[-73.5069,40.6122],[-73.5075,40.6117],[-73.5078,40.6117],[-73.5081,40.6114],[-73.5086,40.6114],[-73.5089,40.6111],[-73.5094,40.6111],[-73.5097,40.6108],[-73.5106,40.6108],[-73.5108,40.6106],[-73.5114,40.6106],[-73.5117,40.6103],[-73.5119,40.6103],[-73.5122,40.61],[-73.5125,40.61],[-73.5136,40.6089],[-73.5136,40.6086],[-73.5147,40.6075],[-73.5147,40.6069],[-73.5156,40.6061],[-73.5158,40.6061],[-73.5169,40.605],[-73.5172,40.605],[-73.5178,40.6044],[-73.5183,40.6044],[-73.5186,40.6042],[-73.5189,40.6042],[-73.5192,40.6042],[-73.5194,40.6039],[-73.5211,40.6039],[-73.5214,40.6036],[-73.5225,40.6036],[-73.5231,40.6042],[-73.5231,40.6047],[-73.5219,40.6058],[-73.5219,40.6061],[-73.5217,40.6064],[-73.5217,40.6067],[-73.5214,40.6069],[-73.5214,40.6072],[-73.5214,40.6077],[-73.5211,40.6081],[-73.5211,40.6083],[-73.5208,40.6086],[-73.5208,40.6089],[-73.5206,40.6092],[-73.5206,40.6097],[-73.5203,40.61],[-73.5203,40.6111],[-73.5197,40.6117],[-73.5197,40.6131],[-73.5192,40.6138],[-73.5191,40.6143],[-73.5186,40.6149],[-73.5181,40.6148],[-73.5178,40.6147],[-73.5175,40.6147],[-73.5172,40.6144],[-73.5169,40.6145],[-73.5167,40.6144],[-73.5161,40.6144],[-73.5161,40.6147],[-73.5167,40.6153],[-73.5169,40.6153],[-73.5172,40.6156],[-73.5175,40.6156],[-73.5178,40.6158],[-73.5194,40.6158],[-73.5197,40.6156],[-73.52,40.6158],[-73.52,40.6164],[-73.5192,40.6172],[-73.5186,40.6172],[-73.518,40.6178],[-73.5175,40.6178],[-73.5159,40.6178],[-73.5141,40.6185],[-73.5136,40.6189],[-73.5128,40.6189],[-73.5122,40.6191],[-73.5112,40.6192]]],[[[-73.5875,40.6264],[-73.5867,40.6256],[-73.5867,40.6253],[-73.5861,40.6247],[-73.5853,40.6247],[-73.585,40.625],[-73.5847,40.625],[-73.5844,40.6253],[-73.5831,40.6253],[-73.5828,40.6256],[-73.5817,40.6256],[-73.5814,40.6258],[-73.5808,40.6258],[-73.5794,40.6244],[-73.5794,40.6225],[-73.5797,40.6222],[-73.5797,40.6219],[-73.58,40.6217],[-73.58,40.6194],[-73.5803,40.6192],[-73.5803,40.6164],[-73.58,40.6161],[-73.58,40.6158],[-73.5797,40.6156],[-73.5797,40.6153],[-73.5794,40.615],[-73.5792,40.615],[-73.5781,40.6139],[-73.5775,40.6139],[-73.5764,40.6128],[-73.5761,40.6128],[-73.5758,40.6125],[-73.5761,40.6122],[-73.5766,40.612],[-73.5775,40.6117],[-73.5778,40.6117],[-73.5785,40.6116],[-73.5794,40.6117],[-73.5804,40.6114],[-73.5811,40.6114],[-73.5817,40.6114],[-73.5822,40.6112],[-73.5827,40.6111],[-73.5833,40.6114],[-73.5842,40.6122],[-73.5842,40.6131],[-73.5844,40.6139],[-73.5844,40.6144],[-73.5847,40.6153],[-73.585,40.6158],[-73.5853,40.6161],[-73.5856,40.6161],[-73.5858,40.6164],[-73.5861,40.6164],[-73.5869,40.6169],[-73.5881,40.6175],[-73.5883,40.6175],[-73.5886,40.6178],[-73.5894,40.6178],[-73.5898,40.6179],[-73.5903,40.6181],[-73.5908,40.6186],[-73.5899,40.619],[-73.5889,40.6194],[-73.5886,40.6194],[-73.5883,40.6197],[-73.5881,40.6197],[-73.5869,40.6208],[-73.5869,40.6211],[-73.5867,40.6214],[-73.5869,40.6217],[-73.5867,40.6219],[-73.5867,40.6236],[-73.5868,40.6237],[-73.587,40.624],[-73.5872,40.6241],[-73.5875,40.6245],[-73.5879,40.6248],[-73.5885,40.625],[-73.5888,40.625],[-73.5894,40.625],[-73.5897,40.6253],[-73.5903,40.6253],[-73.5906,40.6256],[-73.5908,40.6256],[-73.5911,40.6258],[-73.5914,40.6258],[-73.5914,40.6262],[-73.5915,40.6264],[-73.5914,40.6267],[-73.591,40.6267],[-73.5905,40.627],[-73.5901,40.6271],[-73.5897,40.6272],[-73.5892,40.6277],[-73.5889,40.6286],[-73.5879,40.629],[-73.5875,40.6291],[-73.5867,40.6286],[-73.5869,40.6281],[-73.5872,40.6278],[-73.5872,40.6275],[-73.5875,40.6272],[-73.5875,40.6264]]],[[[-73.5736,40.6219],[-73.5728,40.6211],[-73.5719,40.6211],[-73.5717,40.6208],[-73.5714,40.6208],[-73.5708,40.6203],[-73.5706,40.6203],[-73.5703,40.62],[-73.5697,40.62],[-73.5694,40.6197],[-73.5692,40.6197],[-73.5686,40.6192],[-73.5683,40.6192],[-73.5681,40.6189],[-73.5678,40.6189],[-73.5672,40.6183],[-73.5669,40.6183],[-73.5667,40.6181],[-73.5664,40.6181],[-73.5661,40.6178],[-73.5658,40.6178],[-73.5656,40.6175],[-73.565,40.6175],[-73.5647,40.6172],[-73.5642,40.6172],[-73.5639,40.6169],[-73.5636,40.6169],[-73.5633,40.6167],[-73.5631,40.6167],[-73.5628,40.6164],[-73.5625,40.6164],[-73.5622,40.6161],[-73.5619,40.6161],[-73.5608,40.615],[-73.5606,40.615],[-73.5598,40.6149],[-73.5593,40.6144],[-73.5594,40.6142],[-73.5597,40.6139],[-73.5606,40.6139],[-73.5608,40.6142],[-73.5625,40.6142],[-73.5628,40.6139],[-73.5631,40.6139],[-73.5633,40.6136],[-73.5636,40.6133],[-73.5639,40.6131],[-73.5639,40.6128],[-73.5644,40.6122],[-73.5644,40.6117],[-73.5647,40.6114],[-73.5647,40.6111],[-73.565,40.6107],[-73.5655,40.6097],[-73.5667,40.6094],[-73.5671,40.6093],[-73.5679,40.609],[-73.5686,40.6093],[-73.5692,40.6097],[-73.5692,40.6111],[-73.5694,40.6114],[-73.5694,40.6117],[-73.5703,40.6125],[-73.5708,40.6125],[-73.5711,40.6128],[-73.5714,40.6128],[-73.5717,40.6131],[-73.5722,40.6131],[-73.5725,40.6133],[-73.5728,40.6133],[-73.5733,40.6139],[-73.5736,40.6139],[-73.5742,40.6144],[-73.5747,40.6144],[-73.575,40.6147],[-73.5756,40.6153],[-73.5761,40.6153],[-73.5786,40.6178],[-73.5786,40.6189],[-73.5783,40.6192],[-73.5783,40.6197],[-73.5781,40.62],[-73.5781,40.6203],[-73.5778,40.6206],[-73.5778,40.6208],[-73.5772,40.6214],[-73.5769,40.6217],[-73.5767,40.6217],[-73.5761,40.6222],[-73.5758,40.6222],[-73.5756,40.6225],[-73.5747,40.6225],[-73.5744,40.6228],[-73.5742,40.6225],[-73.5736,40.6219]]],[[[-73.4256,40.6314],[-73.4253,40.6311],[-73.425,40.6311],[-73.4247,40.6308],[-73.4208,40.6308],[-73.4206,40.6306],[-73.4192,40.6306],[-73.4164,40.6308],[-73.4161,40.6306],[-73.4161,40.6294],[-73.4164,40.6292],[-73.4164,40.6289],[-73.4173,40.6283],[-73.4177,40.628],[-73.4176,40.6277],[-73.4175,40.6267],[-73.4178,40.6256],[-73.4181,40.6253],[-73.4172,40.6244],[-73.4169,40.6244],[-73.4164,40.6236],[-73.4161,40.6231],[-73.4162,40.6226],[-73.4164,40.6219],[-73.4165,40.6214],[-73.4218,40.6203],[-73.4218,40.6202],[-73.4233,40.62],[-73.4236,40.6197],[-73.4242,40.6197],[-73.4244,40.6194],[-73.4247,40.6194],[-73.425,40.6192],[-73.4253,40.6192],[-73.4256,40.6189],[-73.4258,40.6189],[-73.4261,40.6186],[-73.4272,40.6186],[-73.4275,40.6183],[-73.4278,40.6183],[-73.4281,40.6181],[-73.4292,40.6181],[-73.4294,40.6178],[-73.4311,40.6178],[-73.4314,40.6181],[-73.4317,40.6181],[-73.4319,40.6183],[-73.4319,40.6186],[-73.4317,40.6189],[-73.4317,40.6197],[-73.4319,40.6197],[-73.4322,40.62],[-73.4346,40.6201],[-73.4352,40.6209],[-73.435,40.6217],[-73.4333,40.6233],[-73.4333,40.6239],[-73.4331,40.6242],[-73.4331,40.6244],[-73.4333,40.6247],[-73.4333,40.625],[-73.4339,40.6256],[-73.4342,40.6256],[-73.4344,40.6258],[-73.4356,40.6258],[-73.4364,40.6267],[-73.4364,40.6269],[-73.4367,40.6272],[-73.4367,40.6275],[-73.4369,40.6278],[-73.4372,40.6278],[-73.4378,40.6283],[-73.4378,40.6292],[-73.4381,40.6294],[-73.4381,40.6297],[-73.4378,40.6297],[-73.4375,40.63],[-73.4367,40.63],[-73.4364,40.6303],[-73.4328,40.6303],[-73.4325,40.63],[-73.4322,40.63],[-73.4308,40.6297],[-73.4298,40.6292],[-73.4283,40.6295],[-73.4276,40.6296],[-73.4272,40.6306],[-73.4269,40.6306],[-73.4267,40.6308],[-73.4264,40.6308],[-73.4261,40.6311],[-73.4258,40.6311],[-73.4256,40.6314]]],[[[-73.4842,40.6369],[-73.4844,40.6367],[-73.4842,40.6364],[-73.4831,40.6361],[-73.4825,40.6358],[-73.4822,40.6356],[-73.4822,40.6347],[-73.4817,40.6344],[-73.4817,40.6336],[-73.4794,40.6333],[-73.4794,40.6328],[-73.4792,40.6328],[-73.4792,40.6336],[-73.4778,40.6336],[-73.4767,40.6333],[-73.4767,40.6331],[-73.475,40.6331],[-73.475,40.6333],[-73.4744,40.6333],[-73.4744,40.6328],[-73.4731,40.6325],[-73.4728,40.6322],[-73.4728,40.6311],[-73.4733,40.6308],[-73.4733,40.6303],[-73.4739,40.6303],[-73.4739,40.6308],[-73.4742,40.6308],[-73.4742,40.6306],[-73.4744,40.6303],[-73.4744,40.63],[-73.4756,40.63],[-73.4756,40.6303],[-73.4764,40.6303],[-73.4764,40.6297],[-73.4769,40.6294],[-73.4775,40.6289],[-73.4775,40.6286],[-73.4786,40.6286],[-73.4789,40.6283],[-73.4808,40.6281],[-73.4808,40.6278],[-73.4819,40.6278],[-73.4819,40.6281],[-73.4822,40.6281],[-73.4822,40.6278],[-73.4831,40.6278],[-73.4831,40.6289],[-73.4833,40.6289],[-73.4833,40.6286],[-73.4847,40.6286],[-73.4847,40.6289],[-73.4853,40.6289],[-73.4853,40.6286],[-73.4867,40.6286],[-73.4867,40.6289],[-73.4894,40.6292],[-73.4894,40.6294],[-73.4892,40.6297],[-73.49,40.63],[-73.4903,40.6303],[-73.4903,40.6306],[-73.4914,40.6311],[-73.4917,40.6314],[-73.4917,40.6322],[-73.4919,40.6325],[-73.4919,40.6331],[-73.4917,40.6333],[-73.4917,40.6339],[-73.4911,40.6342],[-73.4911,40.6344],[-73.4908,40.6347],[-73.4908,40.635],[-73.4906,40.6353],[-73.4906,40.6356],[-73.4903,40.6358],[-73.4897,40.6361],[-73.4894,40.6364],[-73.4894,40.6369],[-73.4889,40.6372],[-73.4881,40.6375],[-73.4875,40.6375],[-73.4875,40.6369],[-73.4872,40.6369],[-73.4872,40.6372],[-73.4861,40.6378],[-73.4861,40.6381],[-73.4853,40.6381],[-73.4842,40.6378],[-73.4842,40.6369]]],[[[-73.572,40.6056],[-73.5717,40.6053],[-73.5714,40.6048],[-73.5714,40.6044],[-73.5711,40.6038],[-73.5713,40.6035],[-73.5714,40.6029],[-73.5714,40.6022],[-73.5715,40.6019],[-73.5715,40.6012],[-73.5717,40.6009],[-73.572,40.6006],[-73.5722,40.6003],[-73.5724,40.5999],[-73.5728,40.5993],[-73.5737,40.5984],[-73.5742,40.5981],[-73.5746,40.5978],[-73.5754,40.5974],[-73.5758,40.5973],[-73.5762,40.597],[-73.5765,40.5969],[-73.5783,40.5964],[-73.5788,40.5963],[-73.5792,40.5961],[-73.5794,40.5962],[-73.5797,40.5961],[-73.5822,40.5961],[-73.5825,40.5958],[-73.5828,40.5958],[-73.5831,40.5956],[-73.5842,40.5956],[-73.5844,40.5953],[-73.585,40.5953],[-73.5853,40.5956],[-73.5858,40.5956],[-73.5861,40.5953],[-73.5864,40.5953],[-73.5867,40.595],[-73.5869,40.5953],[-73.5878,40.5953],[-73.5881,40.5956],[-73.5892,40.5956],[-73.59,40.5964],[-73.5903,40.5964],[-73.5903,40.5972],[-73.5892,40.5983],[-73.5892,40.5986],[-73.5897,40.5992],[-73.5897,40.5997],[-73.5889,40.6006],[-73.5886,40.6006],[-73.5883,40.6003],[-73.5878,40.6003],[-73.5875,40.6006],[-73.5872,40.6006],[-73.5869,40.6008],[-73.5869,40.6014],[-73.5872,40.6017],[-73.5872,40.6019],[-73.5856,40.6036],[-73.5853,40.6036],[-73.585,40.6039],[-73.5847,40.6039],[-73.5844,40.6042],[-73.5839,40.6042],[-73.5836,40.6044],[-73.5833,40.6044],[-73.5831,40.6047],[-73.5825,40.6047],[-73.5822,40.605],[-73.5817,40.605],[-73.5814,40.6053],[-73.5806,40.6053],[-73.5803,40.6056],[-73.5794,40.6056],[-73.5792,40.6058],[-73.5778,40.6058],[-73.5775,40.6056],[-73.5772,40.6056],[-73.5769,40.6058],[-73.5758,40.6058],[-73.5756,40.6061],[-73.5744,40.6062],[-73.5729,40.606],[-73.572,40.6056]]],[[[-73.5919,40.6164],[-73.5917,40.6161],[-73.5914,40.6161],[-73.5911,40.6158],[-73.5906,40.6158],[-73.5903,40.6156],[-73.5897,40.6156],[-73.5894,40.6153],[-73.5875,40.6153],[-73.5872,40.615],[-73.5869,40.615],[-73.5864,40.6144],[-73.5864,40.6136],[-73.5861,40.6133],[-73.5861,40.6125],[-73.5858,40.6122],[-73.5858,40.6111],[-73.5853,40.6106],[-73.585,40.6106],[-73.5847,40.6103],[-73.5844,40.6103],[-73.5831,40.61],[-73.5797,40.61],[-73.5794,40.6103],[-73.5786,40.6103],[-73.5783,40.61],[-73.5764,40.61],[-73.5747,40.6103],[-73.5744,40.6103],[-73.5733,40.6092],[-73.5733,40.6089],[-73.5731,40.6086],[-73.5731,40.6083],[-73.5728,40.6081],[-73.5733,40.6075],[-73.5747,40.6072],[-73.5758,40.6072],[-73.5764,40.6072],[-73.5767,40.6069],[-73.5772,40.6069],[-73.5775,40.6072],[-73.5781,40.6072],[-73.5803,40.6067],[-73.5808,40.6067],[-73.5811,40.6064],[-73.5819,40.6064],[-73.5822,40.6061],[-73.5831,40.6061],[-73.5833,40.6058],[-73.5836,40.6058],[-73.5839,40.6056],[-73.5844,40.6056],[-73.5847,40.6053],[-73.5853,40.6053],[-73.5858,40.6047],[-73.5861,40.6047],[-73.5867,40.6053],[-73.5867,40.6058],[-73.5872,40.6064],[-73.5872,40.6067],[-73.5875,40.6069],[-73.5875,40.6083],[-73.5872,40.6086],[-73.5872,40.6094],[-73.5875,40.6097],[-73.5875,40.6103],[-73.5878,40.6106],[-73.5878,40.6108],[-73.5886,40.6117],[-73.5889,40.6117],[-73.5892,40.6119],[-73.5908,40.6119],[-73.5911,40.6122],[-73.5919,40.6122],[-73.5939,40.6142],[-73.5939,40.6144],[-73.595,40.6156],[-73.5947,40.6158],[-73.5942,40.6158],[-73.5939,40.6161],[-73.5931,40.6161],[-73.5928,40.6164],[-73.5919,40.6164]]]]}},{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":1865,\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Queens\",\"state\":\"NY\"},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-73.8147,40.7994],[-73.812,40.7982],[-73.8112,40.7975],[-73.8105,40.7975],[-73.8084,40.7971],[-73.8047,40.7967],[-73.8041,40.7969],[-73.8035,40.7969],[-73.8016,40.7968],[-73.8011,40.7967],[-73.8001,40.7965],[-73.799,40.7963],[-73.7947,40.795],[-73.7946,40.7947],[-73.7944,40.7934],[-73.7947,40.7922],[-73.7946,40.7918],[-73.7943,40.7903],[-73.7925,40.7891],[-73.7908,40.7904],[-73.7898,40.7904],[-73.7892,40.7905],[-73.7825,40.7907],[-73.7817,40.7914],[-73.7813,40.7915],[-73.7811,40.7918],[-73.781,40.7928],[-73.7811,40.7931],[-73.7819,40.7949],[-73.7817,40.7958],[-73.7811,40.7961],[-73.7782,40.7969],[-73.7724,40.7919],[-73.7711,40.789],[-73.7707,40.7881],[-73.7708,40.7875],[-73.7721,40.7871],[-73.774,40.7861],[-73.7735,40.7856],[-73.7719,40.7836],[-73.7717,40.7832],[-73.7712,40.7828],[-73.7687,40.7803],[-73.7672,40.7772],[-73.7667,40.7767],[-73.7663,40.7756],[-73.7658,40.7747],[-73.7657,40.7742],[-73.7644,40.7731],[-73.7642,40.7731],[-73.7633,40.7723],[-73.7622,40.7717],[-73.7614,40.7708],[-73.7611,40.7708],[-73.76,40.7699],[-73.7581,40.7677],[-73.7563,40.7668],[-73.7556,40.7666],[-73.7551,40.7671],[-73.7549,40.7678],[-73.7558,40.7702],[-73.7558,40.7711],[-73.7553,40.7717],[-73.755,40.7717],[-73.7544,40.7722],[-73.7542,40.7722],[-73.7539,40.7739],[-73.7554,40.7766],[-73.7549,40.7775],[-73.7543,40.7793],[-73.7536,40.7806],[-73.7536,40.7808],[-73.7492,40.7817],[-73.7481,40.7806],[-73.7475,40.7806],[-73.7472,40.7808],[-73.7057,40.7499],[-73.7042,40.7358],[-73.7079,40.7336],[-73.7288,40.7239],[-73.7267,40.7103],[-73.7256,40.6808],[-73.7248,40.6649],[-73.7251,40.6517],[-73.741,40.6469],[-73.7423,40.6406],[-73.7442,40.6375],[-73.7449,40.6358],[-73.7456,40.6364],[-73.7458,40.6364],[-73.7467,40.6361],[-73.7469,40.6361],[-73.7475,40.6358],[-73.7483,40.6353],[-73.7486,40.6353],[-73.7489,40.6356],[-73.7497,40.6347],[-73.75,40.6347],[-73.7503,40.6344],[-73.7506,40.6344],[-73.7517,40.6336],[-73.7519,40.6336],[-73.7525,40.6333],[-73.7531,40.6328],[-73.7536,40.6328],[-73.7539,40.6325],[-73.7544,40.6325],[-73.7547,40.6322],[-73.7553,40.6322],[-73.7556,40.6319],[-73.7572,40.6319],[-73.7575,40.6317],[-73.7586,40.6308],[-73.7588,40.6308],[-73.7606,40.6306],[-73.7614,40.6297],[-73.7614,40.6294],[-73.7622,40.6294],[-73.7625,40.6292],[-73.7639,40.6292],[-73.7642,40.6289],[-73.7656,40.6289],[-73.7658,40.6286],[-73.7664,40.6286],[-73.7667,40.6283],[-73.7672,40.6278],[-73.7678,40.6272],[-73.7678,40.6269],[-73.7681,40.6267],[-73.7689,40.6256],[-73.7689,40.6253],[-73.7681,40.6244],[-73.7681,40.6236],[-73.7683,40.6233],[-73.7683,40.6228],[-73.7686,40.6225],[-73.7686,40.6222],[-73.7689,40.6219],[-73.7689,40.6214],[-73.7692,40.6211],[-73.7703,40.6197],[-73.7706,40.6197],[-73.7708,40.62],[-73.7714,40.62],[-73.7717,40.6203],[-73.7736,40.6203],[-73.7742,40.6208],[-73.7739,40.6214],[-73.7729,40.6232],[-73.7728,40.6238],[-73.7731,40.6242],[-73.7753,40.6262],[-73.7776,40.6268],[-73.7782,40.6269],[-73.7788,40.6267],[-73.7823,40.623],[-73.7843,40.6199],[-73.7838,40.6175],[-73.7823,40.6157],[-73.7817,40.6154],[-73.7812,40.6149],[-73.7809,40.6139],[-73.7813,40.6134],[-73.7906,40.6078],[-73.7919,40.6084],[-73.7933,40.6089],[-73.7939,40.6089],[-73.7942,40.6092],[-73.7967,40.6106],[-73.7969,40.6108],[-73.7981,40.6108],[-73.7983,40.6111],[-73.7989,40.6111],[-73.7992,40.6114],[-73.8,40.6114],[-73.8003,40.6117],[-73.8011,40.6119],[-73.801,40.6123],[-73.8006,40.6128],[-73.8005,40.6134],[-73.7986,40.6164],[-73.7983,40.6167],[-73.7983,40.6172],[-73.7981,40.6172],[-73.7967,40.6186],[-73.7967,40.6192],[-73.7961,40.6197],[-73.7958,40.6214],[-73.7944,40.6229],[-73.7914,40.6236],[-73.7911,40.6233],[-73.7897,40.6231],[-73.7894,40.6233],[-73.7889,40.6233],[-73.7881,40.6242],[-73.7881,40.6244],[-73.7853,40.6272],[-73.7847,40.6275],[-73.7844,40.6278],[-73.7833,40.6292],[-73.7836,40.6294],[-73.7836,40.6297],[-73.7839,40.63],[-73.7858,40.6314],[-73.7861,40.6317],[-73.7869,40.6317],[-73.7872,40.6319],[-73.7892,40.6336],[-73.7897,40.6336],[-73.79,40.6339],[-73.7903,40.6339],[-73.7908,40.6344],[-73.7914,40.6344],[-73.7922,40.6353],[-73.7929,40.6357],[-73.7951,40.6364],[-73.8001,40.6384],[-73.8035,40.6401],[-73.8094,40.643],[-73.8099,40.643],[-73.8111,40.6434],[-73.8126,40.6442],[-73.813,40.6443],[-73.8158,40.6452],[-73.8163,40.6455],[-73.817,40.6457],[-73.8189,40.6463],[-73.8196,40.6465],[-73.8201,40.647],[-73.8214,40.6486],[-73.8217,40.6486],[-73.8219,40.6489],[-73.8219,40.6503],[-73.8222,40.6506],[-73.8228,40.6514],[-73.8228,40.6519],[-73.8231,40.6522],[-73.8231,40.6531],[-73.8233,40.6533],[-73.8233,40.6542],[-73.8236,40.6544],[-73.8236,40.6561],[-73.8233,40.6564],[-73.8228,40.6583],[-73.8233,40.6578],[-73.8236,40.6578],[-73.8242,40.6572],[-73.8247,40.6558],[-73.825,40.6556],[-73.825,40.655],[-73.8247,40.6547],[-73.8247,40.6544],[-73.8244,40.6542],[-73.8244,40.6536],[-73.8247,40.6533],[-73.8247,40.6525],[-73.8244,40.6522],[-73.8244,40.6519],[-73.8239,40.6511],[-73.8239,40.6508],[-73.8236,40.6505],[-73.8234,40.6493],[-73.8239,40.6489],[-73.8242,40.6489],[-73.8244,40.6492],[-73.8248,40.6491],[-73.8257,40.6491],[-73.8263,40.649],[-73.8281,40.6487],[-73.829,40.6491],[-73.83,40.6503],[-73.8302,40.6504],[-73.8308,40.6514],[-73.8311,40.6514],[-73.8314,40.6511],[-73.8314,40.6504],[-73.8311,40.6497],[-73.8311,40.6489],[-73.8317,40.6486],[-73.8325,40.6482],[-73.8331,40.6483],[-73.8358,40.6458],[-73.8361,40.6456],[-73.8367,40.6453],[-73.8367,40.645],[-73.8375,40.6447],[-73.8378,40.645],[-73.8381,40.645],[-73.8383,40.6453],[-73.8386,40.645],[-73.8392,40.645],[-73.8394,40.6447],[-73.8411,40.6447],[-73.8441,40.6445],[-73.8449,40.6444],[-73.8465,40.6444],[-73.848,40.6442],[-73.8488,40.6442],[-73.8501,40.6446],[-73.8506,40.645],[-73.8517,40.6458],[-73.8522,40.6469],[-73.8521,40.6486],[-73.8512,40.6498],[-73.8511,40.6503],[-73.8514,40.6506],[-73.8517,40.6503],[-73.8529,40.6503],[-73.8547,40.6508],[-73.855,40.6511],[-73.8601,40.6581],[-73.8538,40.6671],[-73.862,40.6794],[-73.869,40.6927],[-73.8794,40.6883],[-73.8861,40.6838],[-73.8958,40.6862],[-73.8987,40.693],[-73.9082,40.7022],[-73.9195,40.7105],[-73.9236,40.7174],[-73.9241,40.7233],[-73.9468,40.7381],[-73.954,40.7396],[-73.9547,40.7382],[-73.9574,40.7251],[-73.96,40.7188],[-73.9668,40.7116],[-73.9697,40.7102],[-73.9697,40.7106],[-73.9694,40.7108],[-73.9694,40.7131],[-73.9692,40.7133],[-73.9689,40.7139],[-73.9689,40.7142],[-73.9686,40.7144],[-73.9686,40.7147],[-73.9683,40.7154],[-73.9675,40.7179],[-73.9672,40.7184],[-73.9627,40.7237],[-73.9623,40.7261],[-73.9625,40.7285],[-73.9623,40.73],[-73.9625,40.7311],[-73.9606,40.7381],[-73.9611,40.7386],[-73.9608,40.7389],[-73.9611,40.7392],[-73.9614,40.7406],[-73.9617,40.7408],[-73.9614,40.7411],[-73.9614,40.7414],[-73.9611,40.7417],[-73.9606,40.7425],[-73.9606,40.7428],[-73.9603,40.7431],[-73.9606,40.7442],[-73.9603,40.7444],[-73.9589,40.7458],[-73.9586,40.7464],[-73.9583,40.7467],[-73.9578,40.7478],[-73.9571,40.7486],[-73.9544,40.7508],[-73.9539,40.7512],[-73.9536,40.7517],[-73.9531,40.7522],[-73.9527,40.7531],[-73.9521,40.7538],[-73.9518,40.7542],[-73.9503,40.7558],[-73.9494,40.7567],[-73.9489,40.7572],[-73.9486,40.7578],[-73.9485,40.7583],[-73.9469,40.7606],[-73.9461,40.7617],[-73.9456,40.7622],[-73.9456,40.7625],[-73.9442,40.7639],[-73.9437,40.7642],[-73.9433,40.7647],[-73.943,40.7653],[-73.9422,40.7662],[-73.9408,40.7668],[-73.938,40.7686],[-73.936,40.7698],[-73.9356,40.7707],[-73.9358,40.7713],[-73.9361,40.7717],[-73.9366,40.772],[-73.9378,40.7731],[-73.9378,40.7742],[-73.9354,40.7779],[-73.9346,40.7779],[-73.9272,40.7778],[-73.9192,40.783],[-73.9175,40.7844],[-73.9157,40.7864],[-73.9154,40.7868],[-73.9127,40.7898],[-73.9114,40.7903],[-73.911,40.7906],[-73.9094,40.7911],[-73.9077,40.7907],[-73.9071,40.7906],[-73.9061,40.7902],[-73.9039,40.7898],[-73.9026,40.7898],[-73.9019,40.7895],[-73.9013,40.7891],[-73.9007,40.7889],[-73.8982,40.7869],[-73.8977,40.7866],[-73.8954,40.7857],[-73.8941,40.7845],[-73.8919,40.7827],[-73.8911,40.7811],[-73.8911,40.7786],[-73.8906,40.7778],[-73.8906,40.7775],[-73.8902,40.7758],[-73.8889,40.7741],[-73.8878,40.7739],[-73.8868,40.7742],[-73.885,40.7754],[-73.8848,40.777],[-73.8856,40.7795],[-73.8851,40.7801],[-73.8847,40.7801],[-73.8828,40.78],[-73.8822,40.78],[-73.8807,40.7803],[-73.8793,40.7813],[-73.8789,40.7825],[-73.8789,40.7828],[-73.8781,40.7831],[-73.8778,40.7828],[-73.8767,40.7825],[-73.8756,40.7819],[-73.875,40.7819],[-73.8747,40.7822],[-73.873,40.784],[-73.8728,40.785],[-73.8717,40.7858],[-73.8725,40.7861],[-73.8733,40.7861],[-73.8736,40.7858],[-73.8764,40.7858],[-73.8778,40.7856],[-73.8781,40.7853],[-73.8786,40.7853],[-73.8789,40.785],[-73.8806,40.7856],[-73.8808,40.7858],[-73.8817,40.7858],[-73.8819,40.7861],[-73.8847,40.7864],[-73.8853,40.7858],[-73.8856,40.7858],[-73.8861,40.7864],[-73.8864,40.7864],[-73.8883,40.7872],[-73.8889,40.7878],[-73.8892,40.7878],[-73.89,40.7889],[-73.89,40.7892],[-73.8908,40.79],[-73.8908,40.7903],[-73.8914,40.7908],[-73.8917,40.7908],[-73.8928,40.7933],[-73.8925,40.7936],[-73.8922,40.7947],[-73.8925,40.7967],[-73.8919,40.7972],[-73.8917,40.7972],[-73.8911,40.7978],[-73.8908,40.7978],[-73.8892,40.7989],[-73.8883,40.7989],[-73.8883,40.7986],[-73.8872,40.7983],[-73.8869,40.7981],[-73.885,40.7967],[-73.885,40.7964],[-73.8822,40.7953],[-73.8819,40.795],[-73.8811,40.795],[-73.8808,40.7953],[-73.8803,40.7953],[-73.8797,40.7947],[-73.8792,40.7947],[-73.8789,40.7944],[-73.8783,40.7944],[-73.8781,40.7942],[-73.8769,40.7939],[-73.8767,40.7936],[-73.8758,40.7931],[-73.8756,40.7931],[-73.875,40.7925],[-73.8747,40.7925],[-73.8714,40.7906],[-73.8714,40.7903],[-73.8711,40.7892],[-73.8706,40.7883],[-73.87,40.7881],[-73.8683,40.7881],[-73.8683,40.7869],[-73.8686,40.7864],[-73.8692,40.7858],[-73.8696,40.785],[-73.8694,40.7833],[-73.8701,40.7831],[-73.8705,40.7821],[-73.8706,40.7814],[-73.8704,40.7813],[-73.8702,40.7802],[-73.8699,40.7798],[-73.8688,40.7788],[-73.8624,40.7746],[-73.8614,40.7746],[-73.8603,40.7745],[-73.8554,40.7714],[-73.8557,40.771],[-73.8559,40.7704],[-73.8568,40.7683],[-73.8585,40.767],[-73.8611,40.7654],[-73.8609,40.7648],[-73.8601,40.7638],[-73.8589,40.7634],[-73.8583,40.7635],[-73.8578,40.7639],[-73.8565,40.7645],[-73.8559,40.7641],[-73.8554,40.7636],[-73.8551,40.7628],[-73.8547,40.7625],[-73.8547,40.7619],[-73.8471,40.7611],[-73.8466,40.7615],[-73.8434,40.7643],[-73.8435,40.7649],[-73.844,40.7654],[-73.8446,40.7657],[-73.8452,40.7656],[-73.8464,40.7658],[-73.8469,40.7662],[-73.8504,40.7701],[-73.8498,40.7729],[-73.8501,40.7784],[-73.8511,40.7789],[-73.8519,40.7797],[-73.8519,40.7803],[-73.8522,40.7806],[-73.8508,40.7819],[-73.8514,40.7825],[-73.8517,40.7825],[-73.8531,40.7814],[-73.8536,40.7814],[-73.8539,40.7817],[-73.8576,40.7836],[-73.8594,40.7857],[-73.8589,40.7865],[-73.8564,40.7876],[-73.8559,40.7877],[-73.8548,40.7882],[-73.8536,40.7911],[-73.8542,40.7933],[-73.8522,40.7949],[-73.8517,40.7944],[-73.8511,40.794],[-73.8503,40.7937],[-73.8495,40.7942],[-73.8488,40.7949],[-73.8477,40.7956],[-73.8463,40.7961],[-73.8448,40.7962],[-73.8442,40.796],[-73.843,40.7966],[-73.8416,40.797],[-73.8407,40.797],[-73.8386,40.7966],[-73.8365,40.7927],[-73.8369,40.7911],[-73.8368,40.7897],[-73.8357,40.7892],[-73.8343,40.7889],[-73.8319,40.7889],[-73.8318,40.7898],[-73.8309,40.7914],[-73.8296,40.792],[-73.8289,40.7925],[-73.8282,40.7934],[-73.8283,40.7948],[-73.8287,40.7957],[-73.8292,40.7967],[-73.8286,40.7969],[-73.8271,40.797],[-73.8229,40.7991],[-73.8225,40.7994],[-73.8203,40.8009],[-73.8193,40.8009],[-73.8173,40.8],[-73.8168,40.7998],[-73.8147,40.7994]]],[[[-73.7656,40.6142],[-73.7644,40.6131],[-73.7644,40.6125],[-73.7633,40.6114],[-73.7603,40.6114],[-73.76,40.6111],[-73.7597,40.6111],[-73.7589,40.6103],[-73.7586,40.6103],[-73.7583,40.61],[-73.7569,40.61],[-73.7564,40.6106],[-73.7564,40.611],[-73.7546,40.6099],[-73.7455,40.6121],[-73.7425,40.6084],[-73.7438,40.6075],[-73.7372,40.6015],[-73.7374,40.594],[-73.7379,40.5939],[-73.7383,40.5942],[-73.7392,40.5944],[-73.7394,40.5942],[-73.7397,40.5942],[-73.74,40.5944],[-73.7403,40.5942],[-73.7406,40.5942],[-73.7425,40.5945],[-73.7432,40.5947],[-73.7464,40.5944],[-73.7469,40.5944],[-73.7472,40.5942],[-73.7475,40.5942],[-73.7478,40.5939],[-73.7481,40.5939],[-73.7483,40.5936],[-73.7489,40.5936],[-73.7489,40.5933],[-73.7492,40.5931],[-73.7508,40.5922],[-73.7525,40.5917],[-73.7528,40.5914],[-73.7536,40.5912],[-73.7544,40.5911],[-73.7572,40.5911],[-73.7599,40.5912],[-73.7617,40.5915],[-73.7634,40.5912],[-73.764,40.5912],[-73.7645,40.5914],[-73.7653,40.5914],[-73.7658,40.5913],[-73.7667,40.5908],[-73.7672,40.5904],[-73.7689,40.5905],[-73.7729,40.5905],[-73.7746,40.5902],[-73.7756,40.5899],[-73.7775,40.5892],[-73.7822,40.5892],[-73.7828,40.5886],[-73.7844,40.5886],[-73.7847,40.5883],[-73.785,40.5883],[-73.7853,40.5881],[-73.7856,40.5881],[-73.7858,40.5878],[-73.7875,40.5875],[-73.7881,40.5876],[-73.7885,40.5875],[-73.7905,40.5872],[-73.7914,40.5867],[-73.7917,40.5867],[-73.7929,40.5867],[-73.7938,40.5862],[-73.7944,40.5861],[-73.795,40.5858],[-73.7953,40.5858],[-73.7956,40.5856],[-73.7964,40.5856],[-73.7969,40.5858],[-73.7975,40.5853],[-73.7978,40.5853],[-73.7981,40.5855],[-73.7985,40.5855],[-73.8017,40.585],[-73.8052,40.5846],[-73.8089,40.5834],[-73.8122,40.5833],[-73.8136,40.5833],[-73.8139,40.5831],[-73.8142,40.5831],[-73.8152,40.5826],[-73.8156,40.5822],[-73.8159,40.5822],[-73.8175,40.5819],[-73.8178,40.5822],[-73.8181,40.5822],[-73.8183,40.5819],[-73.8186,40.5819],[-73.8186,40.5817],[-73.8194,40.5817],[-73.8201,40.5816],[-73.8211,40.5822],[-73.8214,40.5819],[-73.8214,40.5817],[-73.8217,40.5814],[-73.8219,40.5814],[-73.8222,40.5811],[-73.8231,40.5811],[-73.8233,40.5808],[-73.8239,40.5808],[-73.8244,40.5803],[-73.8247,40.5803],[-73.825,40.58],[-73.8253,40.5803],[-73.8267,40.5803],[-73.8272,40.58],[-73.8275,40.5797],[-73.8292,40.5792],[-73.8294,40.5789],[-73.83,40.5789],[-73.8303,40.5788],[-73.8308,40.5789],[-73.8314,40.5788],[-73.8359,40.5777],[-73.8364,40.5775],[-73.8369,40.5772],[-73.8374,40.577],[-73.8386,40.5767],[-73.8392,40.5765],[-73.8402,40.576],[-73.8411,40.5753],[-73.8417,40.5751],[-73.8428,40.5748],[-73.8434,40.5746],[-73.844,40.5745],[-73.8446,40.5743],[-73.8474,40.5733],[-73.8479,40.5731],[-73.8491,40.5728],[-73.8496,40.5726],[-73.8513,40.5719],[-73.8519,40.5717],[-73.8524,40.5714],[-73.853,40.5712],[-73.8568,40.5697],[-73.8573,40.5695],[-73.8594,40.5688],[-73.86,40.5687],[-73.8605,40.5685],[-73.863,40.5676],[-73.864,40.5673],[-73.865,40.5671],[-73.8653,40.5669],[-73.8656,40.567],[-73.8658,40.5669],[-73.8672,40.5658],[-73.8674,40.5657],[-73.8681,40.5652],[-73.8697,40.565],[-73.8704,40.5645],[-73.8745,40.5629],[-73.8755,40.5628],[-73.8762,40.5629],[-73.8767,40.5628],[-73.8787,40.5623],[-73.8797,40.562],[-73.8806,40.5616],[-73.8816,40.5612],[-73.8822,40.5611],[-73.8828,40.5611],[-73.8831,40.561],[-73.8844,40.5605],[-73.8853,40.5604],[-73.8862,40.5602],[-73.8869,40.5598],[-73.8874,40.56],[-73.8878,40.56],[-73.888,40.5598],[-73.8883,40.5597],[-73.889,40.5591],[-73.8896,40.559],[-73.891,40.5586],[-73.8922,40.5581],[-73.8931,40.5579],[-73.8937,40.5579],[-73.894,40.5578],[-73.8946,40.5575],[-73.8959,40.5573],[-73.8963,40.5573],[-73.8968,40.5571],[-73.8972,40.5572],[-73.8973,40.557],[-73.8983,40.5564],[-73.8992,40.5564],[-73.8994,40.5561],[-73.8997,40.5561],[-73.9,40.5564],[-73.9005,40.5564],[-73.9009,40.5563],[-73.9014,40.5564],[-73.9019,40.5566],[-73.9024,40.5567],[-73.9028,40.5569],[-73.9044,40.5569],[-73.9047,40.5567],[-73.9053,40.5561],[-73.9057,40.5562],[-73.906,40.556],[-73.9066,40.556],[-73.9075,40.5559],[-73.908,40.5558],[-73.9082,40.5552],[-73.9086,40.555],[-73.9092,40.5551],[-73.9097,40.5549],[-73.9123,40.5542],[-73.9125,40.5539],[-73.913,40.5536],[-73.9133,40.5535],[-73.9152,40.5531],[-73.9158,40.5525],[-73.9163,40.5522],[-73.9177,40.5519],[-73.9182,40.5515],[-73.9186,40.5514],[-73.919,40.5511],[-73.9199,40.5509],[-73.9218,40.5504],[-73.923,40.5496],[-73.9236,40.5494],[-73.9241,40.5493],[-73.9244,40.549],[-73.925,40.5487],[-73.9256,40.5486],[-73.9272,40.5481],[-73.929,40.5474],[-73.9301,40.5469],[-73.9322,40.5461],[-73.9339,40.5456],[-73.9344,40.5456],[-73.9347,40.5453],[-73.9354,40.545],[-73.9369,40.5442],[-73.9372,40.5442],[-73.9375,40.5439],[-73.9378,40.5439],[-73.9381,40.5436],[-73.9392,40.5431],[-73.9397,40.5428],[-73.9397,40.5425],[-73.941,40.5422],[-73.9411,40.5439],[-73.9408,40.5442],[-73.9408,40.5447],[-73.9408,40.5456],[-73.9406,40.5461],[-73.9406,40.5464],[-73.9403,40.5467],[-73.9403,40.5469],[-73.9406,40.5472],[-73.9403,40.5475],[-73.9403,40.5481],[-73.94,40.5483],[-73.94,40.5486],[-73.9397,40.5489],[-73.9397,40.5494],[-73.9403,40.55],[-73.9403,40.5506],[-73.9402,40.5519],[-73.94,40.5539],[-73.9398,40.5543],[-73.9392,40.5553],[-73.9386,40.5553],[-73.938,40.556],[-73.9374,40.5565],[-73.9367,40.557],[-73.9362,40.5569],[-73.936,40.5571],[-73.9356,40.557],[-73.9348,40.5569],[-73.9336,40.5572],[-73.9333,40.5575],[-73.9331,40.5575],[-73.9328,40.5578],[-73.9322,40.5578],[-73.9319,40.5581],[-73.9314,40.5581],[-73.9306,40.5589],[-73.9303,40.5589],[-73.9294,40.5596],[-73.9258,40.5618],[-73.924,40.562],[-73.9228,40.5618],[-73.9202,40.5619],[-73.9189,40.562],[-73.9178,40.5625],[-73.9175,40.5628],[-73.9172,40.5628],[-73.9167,40.5633],[-73.9144,40.5642],[-73.9139,40.5647],[-73.9131,40.5649],[-73.9108,40.5653],[-73.91,40.5649],[-73.9096,40.5645],[-73.9093,40.5643],[-73.9088,40.5642],[-73.9082,40.5637],[-73.9071,40.5632],[-73.9061,40.5631],[-73.9058,40.5628],[-73.9049,40.563],[-73.9033,40.5633],[-73.9022,40.5633],[-73.9018,40.5635],[-73.9016,40.5634],[-73.9012,40.5634],[-73.9005,40.5635],[-73.8993,40.5639],[-73.8973,40.565],[-73.8968,40.5652],[-73.8964,40.5661],[-73.8964,40.5664],[-73.8944,40.5681],[-73.8935,40.5683],[-73.8926,40.5682],[-73.8922,40.5683],[-73.8916,40.5682],[-73.8911,40.5683],[-73.8908,40.5682],[-73.8889,40.5678],[-73.8859,40.5685],[-73.8853,40.5686],[-73.885,40.5689],[-73.8831,40.5692],[-73.8805,40.5688],[-73.8797,40.5689],[-73.8788,40.5692],[-73.8778,40.5695],[-73.8766,40.5698],[-73.8761,40.57],[-73.8756,40.5703],[-73.8751,40.5705],[-73.8747,40.5708],[-73.8742,40.571],[-73.8735,40.5711],[-73.8722,40.5714],[-73.8708,40.5717],[-73.8703,40.5722],[-73.8658,40.5742],[-73.8656,40.5744],[-73.8653,40.5744],[-73.8647,40.575],[-73.8644,40.575],[-73.8639,40.5756],[-73.8636,40.5756],[-73.8633,40.5758],[-73.8622,40.5767],[-73.8619,40.5767],[-73.8617,40.5769],[-73.8611,40.5769],[-73.8606,40.5775],[-73.8603,40.5775],[-73.8597,40.5781],[-73.8594,40.5781],[-73.8592,40.5783],[-73.8586,40.5783],[-73.8583,40.5786],[-73.8578,40.5786],[-73.8575,40.5789],[-73.8572,40.5789],[-73.8567,40.5794],[-73.8564,40.5794],[-73.8561,40.5797],[-73.8558,40.5797],[-73.8556,40.58],[-73.8553,40.58],[-73.855,40.5803],[-73.8547,40.5803],[-73.8544,40.5806],[-73.8542,40.5806],[-73.8536,40.5808],[-73.8533,40.5811],[-73.8531,40.5811],[-73.8528,40.5814],[-73.8522,40.5814],[-73.8519,40.5817],[-73.8517,40.5817],[-73.8514,40.5814],[-73.8511,40.5817],[-73.8506,40.5817],[-73.8503,40.5819],[-73.8453,40.5818],[-73.8447,40.5817],[-73.8393,40.5823],[-73.8392,40.5825],[-73.8386,40.5824],[-73.8381,40.5831],[-73.8361,40.5831],[-73.8358,40.5833],[-73.835,40.5839],[-73.8339,40.5839],[-73.8335,40.5837],[-73.8321,40.5839],[-73.8314,40.5843],[-73.8297,40.5847],[-73.8289,40.585],[-73.8286,40.586],[-73.8283,40.5862],[-73.827,40.5868],[-73.8262,40.5867],[-73.8254,40.5869],[-73.8235,40.5878],[-73.8232,40.5876],[-73.8227,40.5875],[-73.8216,40.587],[-73.8207,40.5868],[-73.8197,40.5872],[-73.8196,40.5877],[-73.8194,40.5886],[-73.8194,40.5889],[-73.8192,40.5892],[-73.8189,40.5892],[-73.8186,40.5894],[-73.8181,40.5894],[-73.8174,40.5896],[-73.8163,40.5896],[-73.8144,40.5903],[-73.8126,40.592],[-73.8117,40.5924],[-73.8114,40.5927],[-73.8111,40.5928],[-73.8102,40.5932],[-73.8099,40.5932],[-73.8087,40.5933],[-73.8083,40.5937],[-73.8076,40.5947],[-73.8073,40.595],[-73.8067,40.5954],[-73.8059,40.5953],[-73.8055,40.5954],[-73.8049,40.5954],[-73.8047,40.5957],[-73.805,40.596],[-73.8056,40.5972],[-73.8054,40.5973],[-73.805,40.5978],[-73.8044,40.5981],[-73.8035,40.5983],[-73.8033,40.5986],[-73.8025,40.5991],[-73.8008,40.5994],[-73.8006,40.5995],[-73.7988,40.5997],[-73.7983,40.5996],[-73.7978,40.5996],[-73.7972,40.5994],[-73.7957,40.5994],[-73.795,40.5992],[-73.7947,40.5992],[-73.7938,40.6001],[-73.7933,40.6003],[-73.7931,40.6006],[-73.7924,40.6006],[-73.7919,40.6008],[-73.7897,40.6019],[-73.7886,40.6031],[-73.7883,40.6031],[-73.7881,40.6033],[-73.7867,40.6039],[-73.7859,40.6032],[-73.7869,40.6019],[-73.7872,40.6019],[-73.7875,40.6017],[-73.7878,40.6017],[-73.7883,40.6011],[-73.7883,40.6008],[-73.7892,40.6],[-73.7894,40.6],[-73.7897,40.5997],[-73.79,40.5983],[-73.7903,40.5981],[-73.7903,40.5978],[-73.7906,40.5975],[-73.7909,40.5964],[-73.7905,40.5958],[-73.7897,40.5959],[-73.7885,40.5983],[-73.7869,40.5997],[-73.7867,40.5997],[-73.7858,40.6006],[-73.7858,40.6008],[-73.7844,40.6022],[-73.7842,40.6022],[-73.7836,40.6028],[-73.7836,40.6031],[-73.7833,40.6033],[-73.7833,40.6036],[-73.7839,40.6042],[-73.7839,40.6044],[-73.7842,40.6047],[-73.7831,40.6058],[-73.7831,40.6064],[-73.7828,40.6067],[-73.7825,40.6067],[-73.7803,40.6089],[-73.7801,40.6089],[-73.7797,40.6092],[-73.7785,40.6098],[-73.7775,40.61],[-73.7757,40.6098],[-73.7753,40.6097],[-73.7744,40.6092],[-73.7744,40.6086],[-73.7744,40.6083],[-73.7742,40.6081],[-73.7739,40.6058],[-73.7744,40.6053],[-73.7744,40.6047],[-73.7747,40.6044],[-73.7747,40.6039],[-73.775,40.6036],[-73.775,40.6033],[-73.7761,40.6022],[-73.7764,40.6022],[-73.7783,40.6003],[-73.7792,40.6003],[-73.7794,40.6006],[-73.7797,40.6006],[-73.78,40.6003],[-73.7806,40.6003],[-73.7817,40.5992],[-73.7817,40.5989],[-73.7819,40.5986],[-73.7822,40.5981],[-73.7819,40.5978],[-73.7817,40.5978],[-73.7814,40.5975],[-73.7803,40.5975],[-73.78,40.5978],[-73.7797,40.5978],[-73.7792,40.5983],[-73.7786,40.5986],[-73.7783,40.5983],[-73.7781,40.5983],[-73.7778,40.5986],[-73.7769,40.5997],[-73.7767,40.6],[-73.7767,40.6003],[-73.7756,40.6014],[-73.7747,40.6014],[-73.7747,40.6011],[-73.7744,40.6008],[-73.7744,40.6],[-73.7742,40.5997],[-73.7742,40.5994],[-73.7736,40.5989],[-73.7736,40.5986],[-73.7733,40.5983],[-73.773,40.5982],[-73.7722,40.5983],[-73.7712,40.5987],[-73.7711,40.5995],[-73.7708,40.6008],[-73.7708,40.6025],[-73.7703,40.6031],[-73.7703,40.6033],[-73.7706,40.6036],[-73.7706,40.6044],[-73.77,40.605],[-73.7699,40.6057],[-73.7697,40.6058],[-73.7694,40.6064],[-73.7697,40.6067],[-73.769,40.6089],[-73.7694,40.6097],[-73.77,40.6097],[-73.7703,40.61],[-73.7706,40.61],[-73.7708,40.6103],[-73.7714,40.6103],[-73.7717,40.6106],[-73.7725,40.6106],[-73.7728,40.6108],[-73.7731,40.6106],[-73.7733,40.6108],[-73.7736,40.6114],[-73.7736,40.6133],[-73.7725,40.6139],[-73.772,40.6139],[-73.7697,40.614],[-73.7682,40.614],[-73.7681,40.6139],[-73.7675,40.6142],[-73.7672,40.6139],[-73.7658,40.6139],[-73.7656,40.6142]]],[[[-73.8225,40.6367],[-73.8225,40.6356],[-73.8222,40.6353],[-73.8222,40.635],[-73.8219,40.6347],[-73.8219,40.6333],[-73.8217,40.6331],[-73.8217,40.6325],[-73.8214,40.6322],[-73.8214,40.6319],[-73.8211,40.6317],[-73.8211,40.6308],[-73.8208,40.6306],[-73.8208,40.6303],[-73.8211,40.63],[-73.8208,40.6297],[-73.8208,40.6294],[-73.8206,40.6292],[-73.8206,40.6286],[-73.82,40.6275],[-73.8189,40.6272],[-73.8183,40.6267],[-73.8183,40.6264],[-73.8181,40.6261],[-73.8181,40.6256],[-73.8183,40.6253],[-73.8183,40.6247],[-73.8188,40.6246],[-73.8189,40.6244],[-73.8189,40.6239],[-73.8189,40.6233],[-73.8188,40.6228],[-73.8183,40.6225],[-73.8181,40.6222],[-73.8175,40.6222],[-73.8172,40.6219],[-73.8164,40.6219],[-73.8162,40.6218],[-73.8156,40.6211],[-73.8157,40.6209],[-73.8161,40.6206],[-73.8161,40.6203],[-73.8164,40.62],[-73.8164,40.6192],[-73.8166,40.6189],[-73.8166,40.6186],[-73.8164,40.6169],[-73.8161,40.6164],[-73.8162,40.6161],[-73.816,40.6158],[-73.8159,40.6153],[-73.8159,40.6147],[-73.8158,40.6143],[-73.8157,40.6139],[-73.8156,40.6136],[-73.815,40.6125],[-73.815,40.6108],[-73.8147,40.6106],[-73.8147,40.6104],[-73.8147,40.6089],[-73.815,40.6086],[-73.815,40.6083],[-73.8147,40.6081],[-73.8147,40.6067],[-73.8144,40.6064],[-73.8144,40.6061],[-73.8142,40.6058],[-73.8142,40.6056],[-73.8141,40.6053],[-73.8138,40.605],[-73.8134,40.6046],[-73.813,40.6041],[-73.8127,40.6041],[-73.8122,40.6039],[-73.8119,40.6036],[-73.8114,40.6036],[-73.8104,40.6026],[-73.8097,40.6017],[-73.8094,40.6014],[-73.8094,40.6011],[-73.8094,40.6006],[-73.8095,40.6001],[-73.8102,40.5993],[-73.8111,40.599],[-73.812,40.5989],[-73.8128,40.599],[-73.8132,40.5992],[-73.8133,40.6],[-73.8142,40.6008],[-73.8142,40.6011],[-73.8144,40.6014],[-73.8144,40.6017],[-73.8147,40.6019],[-73.8147,40.6028],[-73.8148,40.6031],[-73.8148,40.604],[-73.815,40.6046],[-73.8156,40.6051],[-73.8159,40.605],[-73.8164,40.6047],[-73.8167,40.6044],[-73.8169,40.6044],[-73.8175,40.6039],[-73.8175,40.6036],[-73.8178,40.6033],[-73.8178,40.6028],[-73.8175,40.6025],[-73.8175,40.6011],[-73.8178,40.6008],[-73.8178,40.6],[-73.8183,40.5994],[-73.8183,40.5983],[-73.8186,40.5981],[-73.8186,40.5975],[-73.8194,40.5967],[-73.8194,40.5964],[-73.82,40.5958],[-73.82,40.5956],[-73.8203,40.5953],[-73.8203,40.5947],[-73.8206,40.5944],[-73.8208,40.5944],[-73.8211,40.5942],[-73.8219,40.5942],[-73.8222,40.5944],[-73.8233,40.5944],[-73.8236,40.5947],[-73.8261,40.5947],[-73.8264,40.5944],[-73.8289,40.5944],[-73.8292,40.5942],[-73.8294,40.5944],[-73.8308,40.5944],[-73.8315,40.5942],[-73.832,40.5941],[-73.8325,40.5942],[-73.8328,40.5942],[-73.8333,40.5947],[-73.8339,40.5947],[-73.8342,40.595],[-73.8344,40.595],[-73.8345,40.5944],[-73.8339,40.5933],[-73.8336,40.5933],[-73.8333,40.5931],[-73.8322,40.5931],[-73.8322,40.5917],[-73.8319,40.5914],[-73.8319,40.59],[-73.8322,40.5897],[-73.8322,40.5894],[-73.8325,40.5892],[-73.8328,40.5889],[-73.8331,40.5886],[-73.8339,40.5886],[-73.8342,40.5889],[-73.8344,40.5889],[-73.8347,40.5886],[-73.835,40.5886],[-73.8353,40.5889],[-73.8356,40.5889],[-73.8358,40.5892],[-73.8369,40.5892],[-73.8372,40.5894],[-73.8375,40.5894],[-73.8378,40.5897],[-73.8381,40.5897],[-73.8386,40.5903],[-73.8389,40.5903],[-73.8394,40.5908],[-73.8397,40.5908],[-73.84,40.5911],[-73.8403,40.5911],[-73.8406,40.5914],[-73.8414,40.5914],[-73.8417,40.5917],[-73.8419,40.5917],[-73.8422,40.5919],[-73.8425,40.5919],[-73.8428,40.5922],[-73.8431,40.5922],[-73.8439,40.5931],[-73.8439,40.5942],[-73.8436,40.5944],[-73.8436,40.5947],[-73.8433,40.595],[-73.8431,40.5953],[-73.8428,40.5956],[-73.8419,40.5958],[-73.8417,40.5958],[-73.8405,40.5966],[-73.8392,40.5968],[-73.839,40.5969],[-73.8387,40.5968],[-73.8383,40.5967],[-73.8376,40.5967],[-73.8368,40.5966],[-73.836,40.5966],[-73.835,40.5967],[-73.834,40.5969],[-73.8328,40.5975],[-73.8297,40.5975],[-73.8292,40.5981],[-73.8289,40.5981],[-73.8283,40.5975],[-73.8281,40.5978],[-73.8277,40.5982],[-73.8275,40.5985],[-73.8271,40.5989],[-73.8259,40.5999],[-73.8251,40.6011],[-73.8244,40.6019],[-73.8239,40.6025],[-73.8236,40.6028],[-73.8236,40.6033],[-73.8233,40.6036],[-73.8233,40.6053],[-73.8231,40.6056],[-73.8231,40.6061],[-73.8228,40.6061],[-73.8225,40.6064],[-73.8225,40.6067],[-73.8222,40.6067],[-73.8203,40.6086],[-73.8203,40.6089],[-73.82,40.6092],[-73.82,40.6097],[-73.8197,40.61],[-73.8197,40.6103],[-73.82,40.6106],[-73.82,40.6108],[-73.8203,40.6111],[-73.8203,40.6114],[-73.8208,40.6119],[-73.8211,40.6117],[-73.8211,40.6108],[-73.8219,40.6103],[-73.8225,40.6101],[-73.8231,40.6103],[-73.8236,40.6115],[-73.824,40.612],[-73.8243,40.6125],[-73.8245,40.6128],[-73.8253,40.6139],[-73.8258,40.6142],[-73.8263,40.6142],[-73.8271,40.6139],[-73.8275,40.614],[-73.8279,40.6141],[-73.8283,40.614],[-73.8288,40.6141],[-73.8303,40.6153],[-73.8305,40.6153],[-73.8306,40.6154],[-73.8314,40.615],[-73.8317,40.615],[-73.8322,40.6144],[-73.8328,40.6144],[-73.8331,40.6142],[-73.8347,40.6142],[-73.8359,40.6151],[-73.8371,40.615],[-73.8378,40.6153],[-73.8378,40.6156],[-73.8375,40.6158],[-73.8375,40.6161],[-73.8361,40.6175],[-73.8361,40.6178],[-73.8358,40.6181],[-73.8358,40.6203],[-73.8356,40.6206],[-73.8356,40.6208],[-73.8353,40.6211],[-73.8353,40.6217],[-73.835,40.6219],[-73.835,40.6222],[-73.8349,40.6224],[-73.8347,40.6225],[-73.8347,40.6228],[-73.8336,40.6239],[-73.8333,40.6239],[-73.8319,40.6253],[-73.8317,40.6256],[-73.8317,40.6258],[-73.8319,40.6261],[-73.8319,40.6264],[-73.8322,40.6267],[-73.8322,40.6269],[-73.8328,40.6275],[-73.8328,40.6281],[-73.8325,40.6283],[-73.8325,40.6292],[-73.8322,40.6294],[-73.8322,40.63],[-73.8319,40.6303],[-73.8319,40.6306],[-73.8317,40.6308],[-73.8317,40.6314],[-73.8319,40.6317],[-73.8317,40.6325],[-73.8317,40.6333],[-73.8319,40.6336],[-73.8319,40.6342],[-73.8322,40.6344],[-73.8322,40.6353],[-73.8328,40.6358],[-73.8328,40.6361],[-73.8333,40.6367],[-73.8333,40.6369],[-73.8336,40.6372],[-73.8336,40.6378],[-73.8339,40.6381],[-73.8339,40.6383],[-73.8331,40.6392],[-73.8322,40.6392],[-73.8319,40.6389],[-73.8314,40.6389],[-73.8311,40.6386],[-73.8308,40.6386],[-73.8297,40.6375],[-73.8294,40.6375],[-73.8289,40.6369],[-73.8287,40.6368],[-73.8283,40.6367],[-73.8281,40.6365],[-73.8279,40.6363],[-73.8275,40.6362],[-73.8272,40.6361],[-73.8261,40.6361],[-73.8253,40.6362],[-73.8248,40.6365],[-73.8247,40.6369],[-73.8247,40.6374],[-73.8247,40.6378],[-73.8248,40.6385],[-73.8249,40.6392],[-73.825,40.6403],[-73.8244,40.6408],[-73.8242,40.6408],[-73.8236,40.6403],[-73.8236,40.6392],[-73.8233,40.6389],[-73.8233,40.6384],[-73.823,40.6381],[-73.8231,40.6378],[-73.8228,40.6375],[-73.8228,40.6369],[-73.8225,40.6367]]],[[[-73.9408,40.7717],[-73.9406,40.7714],[-73.9403,40.7714],[-73.9403,40.7706],[-73.9411,40.7697],[-73.9417,40.7692],[-73.9419,40.7692],[-73.9431,40.7681],[-73.9431,40.7678],[-73.9433,40.7675],[-73.9447,40.7658],[-73.945,40.7656],[-73.9453,40.7653],[-73.9453,40.765],[-73.9456,40.7647],[-73.9456,40.7644],[-73.9464,40.7636],[-73.9472,40.7628],[-73.9475,40.7625],[-73.9494,40.7606],[-73.95,40.76],[-73.9503,40.76],[-73.9506,40.7597],[-73.9508,40.7594],[-73.9508,40.7592],[-73.9519,40.7581],[-73.9528,40.7581],[-73.9528,40.7567],[-73.9529,40.7562],[-73.9537,40.7558],[-73.9541,40.7555],[-73.9544,40.7553],[-73.9546,40.7554],[-73.9548,40.7551],[-73.955,40.755],[-73.9551,40.7547],[-73.9554,40.7547],[-73.9556,40.7546],[-73.9558,40.7543],[-73.9563,40.7537],[-73.9566,40.7534],[-73.9567,40.753],[-73.9569,40.7529],[-73.9575,40.7528],[-73.9576,40.7526],[-73.958,40.7525],[-73.9581,40.7521],[-73.9582,40.752],[-73.9587,40.752],[-73.9588,40.7519],[-73.9589,40.7515],[-73.9591,40.7514],[-73.9592,40.7512],[-73.9594,40.7511],[-73.9598,40.7512],[-73.9599,40.7511],[-73.96,40.7507],[-73.9602,40.7505],[-73.9604,40.7503],[-73.9608,40.7503],[-73.9608,40.7499],[-73.9611,40.7497],[-73.9615,40.7495],[-73.9616,40.7496],[-73.9616,40.75],[-73.9617,40.7503],[-73.9614,40.7503],[-73.9611,40.7505],[-73.9611,40.7509],[-73.9609,40.7509],[-73.9608,40.7512],[-73.9608,40.7515],[-73.9607,40.7515],[-73.9603,40.7516],[-73.9603,40.7521],[-73.9602,40.7523],[-73.9597,40.7524],[-73.9597,40.753],[-73.9596,40.7531],[-73.9592,40.7536],[-73.9588,40.7539],[-73.9588,40.7542],[-73.9584,40.7544],[-73.9581,40.7547],[-73.958,40.7547],[-73.9578,40.755],[-73.9578,40.7551],[-73.9578,40.7553],[-73.9576,40.7554],[-73.9573,40.7554],[-73.9573,40.7558],[-73.9571,40.7559],[-73.9567,40.756],[-73.9566,40.7564],[-73.9565,40.7565],[-73.9562,40.7565],[-73.956,40.757],[-73.9557,40.7574],[-73.9553,40.7574],[-73.9552,40.7581],[-73.9551,40.7582],[-73.9549,40.7584],[-73.9545,40.7584],[-73.9543,40.7589],[-73.9542,40.7589],[-73.9539,40.7589],[-73.9536,40.7592],[-73.9536,40.7594],[-73.9534,40.7598],[-73.9532,40.76],[-73.953,40.7601],[-73.9525,40.7601],[-73.9525,40.7606],[-73.9523,40.761],[-73.9522,40.7611],[-73.9519,40.7612],[-73.9516,40.7611],[-73.9514,40.7614],[-73.9516,40.7616],[-73.9516,40.7619],[-73.9514,40.762],[-73.9509,40.762],[-73.9508,40.7622],[-73.9508,40.7633],[-73.9506,40.7636],[-73.95,40.7642],[-73.9497,40.7642],[-73.9494,40.7644],[-73.9492,40.7644],[-73.9483,40.7653],[-73.9475,40.7661],[-73.9475,40.7664],[-73.9461,40.7678],[-73.9461,40.7681],[-73.9458,40.7683],[-73.9456,40.7686],[-73.9453,40.7689],[-73.9453,40.7692],[-73.9442,40.7703],[-73.9439,40.7703],[-73.9433,40.7708],[-73.9431,40.7708],[-73.9428,40.7711],[-73.9422,40.7711],[-73.9419,40.7714],[-73.9417,40.7714],[-73.9414,40.7717],[-73.9408,40.7717]]],[[[-73.7994,40.6261],[-73.7994,40.6258],[-73.7986,40.6258],[-73.7981,40.6253],[-73.7989,40.6244],[-73.8,40.6244],[-73.8003,40.6242],[-73.8006,40.6242],[-73.8008,40.6239],[-73.8011,40.6239],[-73.8011,40.6236],[-73.8017,40.6231],[-73.8017,40.6222],[-73.8022,40.6217],[-73.8022,40.6214],[-73.8028,40.6208],[-73.8028,40.62],[-73.8017,40.6189],[-73.8017,40.6184],[-73.8018,40.6181],[-73.802,40.6175],[-73.8022,40.6172],[-73.8025,40.6168],[-73.8032,40.6168],[-73.8034,40.6167],[-73.8035,40.6162],[-73.8035,40.6157],[-73.8036,40.6154],[-73.8041,40.6158],[-73.8044,40.6163],[-73.8047,40.6169],[-73.8053,40.6175],[-73.8053,40.6178],[-73.8058,40.6183],[-73.806,40.6187],[-73.8064,40.6198],[-73.8064,40.6206],[-73.8068,40.6216],[-73.8064,40.6225],[-73.8059,40.6234],[-73.8053,40.6242],[-73.8048,40.6245],[-73.8044,40.6244],[-73.8042,40.6244],[-73.8036,40.625],[-73.8033,40.625],[-73.8028,40.6256],[-73.802,40.6259],[-73.8008,40.6264],[-73.8006,40.6264],[-73.7997,40.6264],[-73.7994,40.6261]]],[[[-73.8508,40.6131],[-73.8506,40.6128],[-73.8503,40.6128],[-73.85,40.6125],[-73.8494,40.6125],[-73.8492,40.6122],[-73.8492,40.6117],[-73.8489,40.6114],[-73.8486,40.6114],[-73.8486,40.6111],[-73.8489,40.6108],[-73.8489,40.6106],[-73.8492,40.6103],[-73.8492,40.61],[-73.85,40.6092],[-73.8503,40.6092],[-73.8508,40.6086],[-73.8511,40.6086],[-73.8519,40.6078],[-73.8522,40.6078],[-73.8536,40.6064],[-73.8539,40.6064],[-73.8542,40.6061],[-73.855,40.6069],[-73.855,40.6072],[-73.8556,40.6078],[-73.8556,40.6081],[-73.8558,40.6083],[-73.8558,40.6089],[-73.8564,40.6094],[-73.8564,40.6097],[-73.8567,40.61],[-73.8567,40.6103],[-73.8558,40.6111],[-73.8556,40.6111],[-73.8553,40.6114],[-73.8544,40.6114],[-73.8542,40.6117],[-73.8539,40.6117],[-73.8536,40.6119],[-73.8533,40.6119],[-73.8531,40.6122],[-73.8528,40.6122],[-73.8525,40.6125],[-73.8522,40.6125],[-73.8519,40.6128],[-73.8517,40.6128],[-73.8514,40.6131],[-73.8508,40.6131]]],[[[-73.7994,40.61],[-73.7992,40.6097],[-73.7981,40.6097],[-73.7978,40.6094],[-73.7969,40.6094],[-73.7967,40.6092],[-73.7964,40.6089],[-73.7961,40.6086],[-73.7958,40.6086],[-73.795,40.6078],[-73.7947,40.6078],[-73.7944,40.6075],[-73.7942,40.6075],[-73.7933,40.6067],[-73.795,40.605],[-73.7953,40.605],[-73.7958,40.6044],[-73.7961,40.6044],[-73.7967,40.6039],[-73.7969,40.6039],[-73.7977,40.6035],[-73.7991,40.6038],[-73.7997,40.6039],[-73.8,40.6037],[-73.801,40.6037],[-73.8014,40.6039],[-73.8028,40.6039],[-73.8031,40.6042],[-73.8033,40.6044],[-73.8039,40.6044],[-73.8044,40.605],[-73.8044,40.6053],[-73.8047,40.6056],[-73.8047,40.6058],[-73.8047,40.6061],[-73.8049,40.6064],[-73.8047,40.6067],[-73.8042,40.6075],[-73.8039,40.6078],[-73.8036,40.6081],[-73.8033,40.6081],[-73.8022,40.6086],[-73.8022,40.609],[-73.802,40.6095],[-73.8011,40.6097],[-73.8008,40.61],[-73.7994,40.61]]],[[[-73.8408,40.6124],[-73.8403,40.6123],[-73.8394,40.6123],[-73.8385,40.6124],[-73.8379,40.6121],[-73.8377,40.6115],[-73.8377,40.6108],[-73.8378,40.6099],[-73.8385,40.6083],[-73.8387,40.608],[-73.8395,40.6068],[-73.8401,40.6059],[-73.8404,40.6052],[-73.8407,40.6044],[-73.8417,40.6041],[-73.843,40.6039],[-73.8432,40.6038],[-73.8446,40.6031],[-73.8454,40.603],[-73.8457,40.603],[-73.8473,40.6036],[-73.8482,40.6048],[-73.8487,40.6055],[-73.849,40.6063],[-73.849,40.6069],[-73.8486,40.6071],[-73.8471,40.6076],[-73.8465,40.6079],[-73.8462,40.6087],[-73.8461,40.6092],[-73.8461,40.6117],[-73.8463,40.6124],[-73.8464,40.6128],[-73.8464,40.6135],[-73.8463,40.614],[-73.8458,40.6142],[-73.8454,40.6142],[-73.8442,40.614],[-73.8426,40.6128],[-73.8421,40.6126],[-73.8414,40.6124],[-73.8408,40.6124]]],[[[-73.8586,40.6025],[-73.8582,40.6023],[-73.8577,40.6024],[-73.857,40.6022],[-73.856,40.6023],[-73.8545,40.6024],[-73.8536,40.6024],[-73.8533,40.6023],[-73.8531,40.6022],[-73.8528,40.6019],[-73.8522,40.6016],[-73.852,40.6015],[-73.852,40.6012],[-73.8514,40.6006],[-73.8511,40.6003],[-73.8508,40.6],[-73.8508,40.5991],[-73.8516,40.5979],[-73.8517,40.5978],[-73.8522,40.5972],[-73.8527,40.5971],[-73.8533,40.5967],[-73.8539,40.5967],[-73.8542,40.5964],[-73.8548,40.596],[-73.8564,40.5955],[-73.8586,40.5956],[-73.8596,40.5958],[-73.86,40.596],[-73.8602,40.596],[-73.8619,40.5975],[-73.8621,40.5976],[-73.8623,40.5979],[-73.8626,40.5982],[-73.8631,40.5986],[-73.8631,40.5988],[-73.8635,40.5997],[-73.8633,40.6008],[-73.8617,40.6022],[-73.8614,40.6022],[-73.8611,40.6025],[-73.8586,40.6025]]],[[[-73.8469,40.6368],[-73.8471,40.6366],[-73.8472,40.6365],[-73.8474,40.6363],[-73.8475,40.6362],[-73.8476,40.6363],[-73.8476,40.6367],[-73.8479,40.6367],[-73.8482,40.6367],[-73.8483,40.637],[-73.8483,40.6372],[-73.8482,40.6374],[-73.8481,40.6378],[-73.8479,40.6379],[-73.8478,40.638],[-73.8478,40.6384],[-73.8476,40.6384],[-73.8471,40.6384],[-73.847,40.6382],[-73.8468,40.6381],[-73.8466,40.6381],[-73.8465,40.6379],[-73.8467,40.6379],[-73.847,40.6378],[-73.847,40.6376],[-73.8468,40.6375],[-73.8466,40.6373],[-73.8465,40.6372],[-73.8465,40.637],[-73.8465,40.6368],[-73.8469,40.6368]]],[[[-73.8248,40.6059],[-73.8249,40.6055],[-73.825,40.6054],[-73.8254,40.6054],[-73.8261,40.6058],[-73.8266,40.6057],[-73.8271,40.6056],[-73.8275,40.6056],[-73.8281,40.6057],[-73.8283,40.6056],[-73.8286,40.6056],[-73.8286,40.6067],[-73.8281,40.6072],[-73.828,40.6074],[-73.8275,40.6076],[-73.8272,40.6081],[-73.8274,40.6083],[-73.8276,40.6087],[-73.8278,40.6089],[-73.8283,40.6094],[-73.8283,40.6097],[-73.8276,40.61],[-73.827,40.6096],[-73.8267,40.6093],[-73.8266,40.609],[-73.8264,40.608],[-73.8267,40.607],[-73.8254,40.6064],[-73.8248,40.6059]]],[[[-73.8971,40.7967],[-73.897,40.7965],[-73.897,40.7962],[-73.897,40.7958],[-73.897,40.7957],[-73.897,40.7955],[-73.8971,40.7955],[-73.8973,40.7956],[-73.8975,40.7957],[-73.8979,40.7957],[-73.898,40.7959],[-73.8982,40.796],[-73.8986,40.796],[-73.8987,40.7962],[-73.8988,40.7962],[-73.8991,40.7963],[-73.8992,40.7964],[-73.8991,40.7965],[-73.8989,40.7966],[-73.8989,40.7967],[-73.8986,40.7967],[-73.8982,40.7967],[-73.8981,40.7969],[-73.8979,40.7971],[-73.8974,40.797],[-73.8973,40.797],[-73.8972,40.7968],[-73.8971,40.7967]]],[[[-73.8122,40.6261],[-73.8122,40.6259],[-73.8119,40.6259],[-73.8119,40.625],[-73.8125,40.625],[-73.8125,40.6244],[-73.8128,40.6244],[-73.8128,40.6241],[-73.8136,40.6241],[-73.8136,40.6247],[-73.8142,40.6247],[-73.8142,40.625],[-73.8144,40.625],[-73.8144,40.6256],[-73.8136,40.6256],[-73.8136,40.6258],[-73.8133,40.6258],[-73.8133,40.6261],[-73.8128,40.6261],[-73.8128,40.6264],[-73.8125,40.6264],[-73.8125,40.6267],[-73.8122,40.6267],[-73.8122,40.6264],[-73.8119,40.6264],[-73.8119,40.6261],[-73.8122,40.6261]]],[[[-73.8301,40.6086],[-73.8301,40.606],[-73.831,40.6055],[-73.8319,40.6053],[-73.8324,40.6052],[-73.833,40.605],[-73.8335,40.6049],[-73.8341,40.6047],[-73.8344,40.6047],[-73.8348,40.6049],[-73.8356,40.605],[-73.8358,40.6061],[-73.8358,40.6064],[-73.8353,40.6069],[-73.8352,40.6068],[-73.8342,40.6075],[-73.8339,40.6083],[-73.8333,40.6097],[-73.8331,40.6097],[-73.8328,40.61],[-73.8322,40.61],[-73.8319,40.6097],[-73.8314,40.6093],[-73.8313,40.6093],[-73.8311,40.6092],[-73.8309,40.6089],[-73.8301,40.6086]]]]}}]}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Road
Troy, NY 12180–8349
The U.S. Geological Survey has developed a transient, groundwater-flow model that simulates hydrologic conditions in the Long Island aquifer system as part of an ongoing (since 2016) multiyear, cooperative investigation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. The goals of this investigation are to assist stakeholders and resource managers to evaluate the response of the hydrologic system to changes in future hydraulic stresses. Responses in the hydrologic system include changes in water levels in the hydrogeologic units; discharge to streams, coastal waters, and subsurface infrastructure; and the extent of saline groundwater in the aquifers. Hydraulic stresses include future water-supply management and changes in land use and infrastructure.
The numerical model synthesizes a diverse set of physiographic, geologic, climatic, land-use, and historical population, water use, and infrastructure data to physically represent the Long Island aquifer system from land surface to bedrock and to simulate annual hydrologic conditions between 1900 and 2019. A three-dimensional hydrogeologic framework was developed from existing and recently collected borehole geologic and geophysical data collected as part of a companion drilling program. Water-transmitting properties of the principal aquifer sediments were defined in three dimensions from new and existing lithologic logs. The distribution of recharge from precipitation was estimated from landscape characteristics and climate data. Anthropogenic recharge from wastewater, leaky infrastructure, and storm runoff were estimated from population, infrastructure, and pumping data.
Water-use data, including well locations, depths, and pumping rates, were obtained from historical sources and records and used to estimate pumping stresses continuously in time and space, at an annual average time scale. The data were incorporated into a three-dimensional numerical model using the U.S. Geological Survey finite difference modeling code MODFLOW 6; the model encompassed all of Long Island and surrounding surface waters and simulated historical hydrologic conditions from 1900 to 2019.
The calibration process involved trial and error adjustments using prior knowledge to improve general fit to observations followed by an inverse calibration to update and optimize input parameters, using an iterative ensemble smoother algorithm implemented in PEST++ version 5.0. This resulted in a model that generally was in good agreement with observed, dynamically varying hydrologic conditions from 1900 to 2019. The calibrated model was used to develop two base-case models for scenario testing of future, hypothetical conditions where one represented average-annual conditions, and one represented average-seasonal conditions from 2010 to 2019. The model representing average-annual conditions was modified further to represent an alternate sea-level position of 6 feet above the North American Vertical Datum of 1988, and the model representing average-seasonal conditions was modified to represent the average seasonal effects of a 5-year drought imposed upon current hydrologic conditions.
Recharge is the sole source of water to the aquifer system; groundwater discharges to coastal water and streams and is withdrawn by pumped wells. Model-estimated annual recharge ranged from about 11 inches in 1965 to 41 inches in 1983. On average, from 2010 to 2019, about 23 percent of water was pumped from wells, and about 47 and 27 percent discharged to coastal waters and streams, respectively; the remaining 4 percent was water that moved into storage in the aquifer matrix.
Water levels on Long Island vary naturally during time in response to changes in recharge; the amount of variation is largest in the interior of the island, in areas with highest water table altitudes near groundwater divides and lowest near streams and the coastal waters. The total range of water table altitudes on Long Island between 1900 and 2019 ranged from near 0 to more than 70 feet in western parts of Long Island. The largest range in altitudes is in New York City and is associated with areas of large historical withdrawals between the 1920s and the late 1980s. Water table altitudes generally varied by less than 10 feet in eastern Suffolk County, where the aquifer is under more natural conditions.
Saltwater intrusion is of great concern on Long Island, particularly in western Long Island where both the unconfined and confined parts of the aquifer system have been intruded in response to large-scale groundwater withdrawals; however, the volume of freshwater in the islandwide aquifer system only has changed by about 5 percent between 1900 and 2019. The decadal change in the freshwater volume was largest during the early and mid-20th century, corresponding to the largest historical pumping, but that volume change did not exceed 1 percent.
The negligible change in freshwater volume suggests that saltwater intrusion as of 2019 was limited at an islandwide scale but continues to occur in local areas of Queens and Nassau Counties, adversely affecting current water supplies and limiting future water supplies for affected communities. The regional groundwater model developed for this investigation is a tool that can be used to help determine the viability of current and future water supplies at a regional scale and can be used to support development of additional models at finer scale to support more focused assessments of groundwater sustainability.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245044","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Walter, D.A., Jahn, K.L., Masterson, J.P., Dressler, S.E., Finkelstein, J.S., and Monti, J., Jr., 2024, Simulation of groundwater flow in the Long Island, New York regional aquifer system for pumping and recharge conditions from 1900 to 2019: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5044, 113 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245044.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 113 p.; 3 Data Releases; Interactive Geospatial Data Viewer","numberOfPages":"113","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-159975","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499466,"rank":12,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_117222.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":431514,"rank":10,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P13OHFKP","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Simulations of the Long Island Aquifer System Response to Potential Changes in Future Hydrologic Conditions, Long Island, New York"},{"id":431517,"rank":7,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://ny.water.usgs.gov/maps/lisustainabilitysimulationoutputs/","text":"Interactive geospatial data viewer","linkHelpText":"- Long Island Groundwater Sustainability - Phase 1 Simulation Outputs"},{"id":431512,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://ny.water.usgs.gov/maps/lisustainabilityphase1viewer","text":"Interactive geospatial data viewer","linkHelpText":"- Western Long Island Hydrogeologic Framework and Chloride Concentrations Viewer"},{"id":431380,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5044/images/"},{"id":431379,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5044/sir20245044.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2024-5044 XML"},{"id":431377,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5044/sir20245044.pdf","text":"Report","size":"65.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2024-5044 PDF"},{"id":431376,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5044/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":431518,"rank":11,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245048","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5048","linkHelpText":"- Hydrogeologic Framework and Extent of Saltwater Intrusion in Kings, Queens, and Nassau Counties, Long Island, New York"},{"id":431378,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20245044/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2024-5044 HTML"},{"id":431381,"rank":9,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P14TRKUB","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW 6 Model Used to Simulate Groundwater Flow in the Long Island, New York Regional Aquifer System for 1900–2019 Pumping and Recharge Conditions"},{"id":431513,"rank":8,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P97WN72B","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Hydrogeologic framework and chloride data for Kings, Queens, and Nassau Counties, Long Island, New York"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Kings County, Nassau County, Queens County","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":1848,\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Kings\",\"state\":\"NY\"},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-73.9195,40.7105],[-73.9082,40.7022],[-73.8987,40.693],[-73.8958,40.6862],[-73.8861,40.6838],[-73.8794,40.6883],[-73.869,40.6927],[-73.862,40.6794],[-73.8538,40.6671],[-73.8601,40.6581],[-73.855,40.6511],[-73.8558,40.6511],[-73.8564,40.6517],[-73.8564,40.6522],[-73.8567,40.6525],[-73.8578,40.6522],[-73.8581,40.6519],[-73.8576,40.6516],[-73.8572,40.6508],[-73.8572,40.6501],[-73.8574,40.6497],[-73.8578,40.6475],[-73.858,40.6464],[-73.8578,40.6459],[-73.8571,40.644],[-73.8575,40.6436],[-73.858,40.6433],[-73.8587,40.6431],[-73.86,40.6429],[-73.8606,40.6427],[-73.8623,40.6424],[-73.8666,40.6398],[-73.8677,40.6399],[-73.8684,40.6404],[-73.8688,40.6409],[-73.8697,40.6426],[-73.8701,40.6436],[-73.8706,40.6444],[-73.872,40.645],[-73.8723,40.6448],[-73.8727,40.6437],[-73.8725,40.6434],[-73.8712,40.6418],[-73.8691,40.6389],[-73.8681,40.6376],[-73.8685,40.6372],[-73.869,40.6369],[-73.8707,40.6362],[-73.8713,40.6363],[-73.8724,40.636],[-73.8732,40.6359],[-73.8746,40.6362],[-73.8752,40.6366],[-73.8758,40.6372],[-73.8775,40.6385],[-73.8781,40.6383],[-73.8782,40.6377],[-73.8775,40.6367],[-73.8776,40.6361],[-73.8789,40.6344],[-73.8792,40.634],[-73.8797,40.6337],[-73.8802,40.6336],[-73.8831,40.6322],[-73.8828,40.6286],[-73.8828,40.6283],[-73.8825,40.6281],[-73.8833,40.6272],[-73.8836,40.6272],[-73.8842,40.6278],[-73.8844,40.6278],[-73.8882,40.6286],[-73.8914,40.627],[-73.8922,40.6264],[-73.8928,40.6258],[-73.8931,40.6258],[-73.8939,40.6253],[-73.8944,40.6247],[-73.8947,40.6247],[-73.8953,40.6242],[-73.8956,40.6242],[-73.896,40.6239],[-73.9015,40.6247],[-73.9037,40.6258],[-73.9049,40.6264],[-73.9056,40.6266],[-73.906,40.627],[-73.9066,40.6272],[-73.9072,40.6276],[-73.9076,40.6278],[-73.9079,40.6282],[-73.9106,40.6308],[-73.9108,40.6311],[-73.9117,40.6311],[-73.9119,40.6308],[-73.9122,40.6308],[-73.9125,40.6311],[-73.9131,40.6311],[-73.914,40.6307],[-73.9145,40.6299],[-73.9145,40.6295],[-73.9143,40.629],[-73.9133,40.6278],[-73.911,40.6269],[-73.9075,40.6259],[-73.9069,40.6259],[-73.9031,40.6244],[-73.8972,40.6217],[-73.8967,40.6213],[-73.8959,40.6203],[-73.8956,40.6186],[-73.8961,40.6167],[-73.8958,40.6161],[-73.8951,40.6151],[-73.8945,40.6147],[-73.8933,40.6142],[-73.8926,40.6143],[-73.8913,40.6142],[-73.8903,40.6134],[-73.8898,40.613],[-73.8895,40.6125],[-73.8893,40.6117],[-73.8903,40.6107],[-73.8909,40.6105],[-73.893,40.6087],[-73.8945,40.6069],[-73.9006,40.6056],[-73.9007,40.6055],[-73.9041,40.6049],[-73.9053,40.605],[-73.9075,40.6052],[-73.9087,40.6037],[-73.9091,40.6035],[-73.9093,40.6032],[-73.9093,40.6027],[-73.9056,40.6023],[-73.9043,40.6026],[-73.9034,40.6028],[-73.9014,40.6031],[-73.9008,40.6031],[-73.9006,40.6033],[-73.899,40.6036],[-73.8969,40.6033],[-73.8961,40.6033],[-73.8951,40.6034],[-73.8946,40.6033],[-73.8941,40.6034],[-73.89,40.6038],[-73.8843,40.6051],[-73.8831,40.6047],[-73.8823,40.604],[-73.8826,40.603],[-73.8825,40.6024],[-73.8822,40.6019],[-73.8819,40.6006],[-73.8817,40.6003],[-73.8814,40.5993],[-73.8807,40.5974],[-73.8801,40.5938],[-73.8794,40.5919],[-73.8792,40.5912],[-73.8786,40.5892],[-73.8784,40.5885],[-73.8778,40.5873],[-73.8775,40.5867],[-73.8764,40.5853],[-73.8764,40.585],[-73.8761,40.5847],[-73.8769,40.5839],[-73.8769,40.5836],[-73.8775,40.5831],[-73.8783,40.5821],[-73.8791,40.5801],[-73.8797,40.5793],[-73.8814,40.5789],[-73.8839,40.5783],[-73.8844,40.5783],[-73.8847,40.5781],[-73.8858,40.5781],[-73.8861,40.5778],[-73.8864,40.5779],[-73.8869,40.5778],[-73.8877,40.5778],[-73.8885,40.5779],[-73.8889,40.5777],[-73.8897,40.5778],[-73.8903,40.5777],[-73.8922,40.5772],[-73.8942,40.5767],[-73.8948,40.5768],[-73.8959,40.5773],[-73.8964,40.5778],[-73.8976,40.5801],[-73.8972,40.5806],[-73.8969,40.5812],[-73.8964,40.5819],[-73.8975,40.5839],[-73.8975,40.5842],[-73.8981,40.5847],[-73.8981,40.585],[-73.8986,40.586],[-73.8996,40.5857],[-73.9014,40.5856],[-73.9017,40.5856],[-73.9025,40.5858],[-73.9117,40.5847],[-73.9117,40.5839],[-73.9111,40.5833],[-73.9111,40.5828],[-73.9108,40.5825],[-73.9108,40.5822],[-73.9108,40.5817],[-73.9117,40.5811],[-73.9119,40.5808],[-73.9128,40.5808],[-73.9131,40.5806],[-73.9147,40.5806],[-73.915,40.5808],[-73.9156,40.5811],[-73.9161,40.5811],[-73.9164,40.5814],[-73.9176,40.5828],[-73.9198,40.5819],[-73.9216,40.5825],[-73.9221,40.5828],[-73.9231,40.583],[-73.9243,40.583],[-73.9267,40.5832],[-73.9273,40.5833],[-73.9289,40.5835],[-73.9299,40.5832],[-73.9336,40.5828],[-73.9347,40.5828],[-73.935,40.5831],[-73.9358,40.5831],[-73.9364,40.5825],[-73.9369,40.5825],[-73.9372,40.5822],[-73.9378,40.5822],[-73.9381,40.5819],[-73.9383,40.5822],[-73.9392,40.5822],[-73.9394,40.5825],[-73.9397,40.5825],[-73.94,40.5828],[-73.9406,40.5828],[-73.9459,40.5829],[-73.9469,40.583],[-73.9486,40.5829],[-73.9485,40.5825],[-73.947,40.5818],[-73.9464,40.5817],[-73.9447,40.5811],[-73.9428,40.5811],[-73.9425,40.5808],[-73.9403,40.5808],[-73.94,40.5811],[-73.9386,40.5811],[-73.9383,40.5808],[-73.9375,40.5808],[-73.9372,40.5811],[-73.9367,40.5811],[-73.9364,40.5814],[-73.9356,40.5814],[-73.9353,40.5817],[-73.9344,40.5817],[-73.9342,40.5814],[-73.9339,40.5814],[-73.9336,40.5811],[-73.9331,40.5811],[-73.9326,40.5807],[-73.9314,40.5772],[-73.9311,40.5769],[-73.9311,40.5761],[-73.9319,40.5753],[-73.9328,40.5753],[-73.9352,40.5758],[-73.9356,40.5759],[-73.9375,40.5753],[-73.9388,40.5755],[-73.9395,40.5753],[-73.9401,40.5753],[-73.9425,40.5754],[-73.943,40.5757],[-73.9435,40.5758],[-73.9453,40.5754],[-73.9459,40.5753],[-73.9476,40.5747],[-73.9482,40.5746],[-73.9519,40.5738],[-73.9564,40.5748],[-73.957,40.5749],[-73.9576,40.5748],[-73.9593,40.5745],[-73.9617,40.5742],[-73.9623,40.5742],[-73.9671,40.574],[-73.9687,40.5739],[-73.9706,40.5728],[-73.9711,40.573],[-73.9727,40.5733],[-73.9737,40.573],[-73.9762,40.5719],[-73.9772,40.5719],[-73.9783,40.5717],[-73.9789,40.5717],[-73.9799,40.5714],[-73.9805,40.5714],[-73.9822,40.5715],[-73.9832,40.5717],[-73.9887,40.5714],[-73.9892,40.5712],[-73.9905,40.5709],[-73.991,40.5711],[-73.9914,40.5711],[-73.9928,40.5709],[-74.0003,40.5714],[-74.0003,40.5717],[-74.0006,40.5717],[-74.0025,40.5719],[-74.0028,40.5722],[-74.0031,40.5722],[-74.0033,40.5725],[-74.0039,40.5725],[-74.0043,40.5727],[-74.0052,40.5731],[-74.0064,40.5736],[-74.0072,40.5736],[-74.0075,40.5739],[-74.008,40.5739],[-74.0086,40.5742],[-74.0097,40.5742],[-74.01,40.5739],[-74.0111,40.5739],[-74.0114,40.5742],[-74.0117,40.5742],[-74.0122,40.575],[-74.0122,40.5756],[-74.0125,40.576],[-74.0126,40.5766],[-74.0129,40.5771],[-74.013,40.5781],[-74.0127,40.5785],[-74.0073,40.5808],[-74.0044,40.5813],[-74.0036,40.5813],[-74,40.5808],[-73.9991,40.5808],[-73.9978,40.5807],[-73.9976,40.5802],[-73.9962,40.5802],[-73.9959,40.58],[-73.9953,40.58],[-73.995,40.5797],[-73.9946,40.5797],[-73.994,40.5795],[-73.992,40.5794],[-73.9919,40.5795],[-73.9913,40.5798],[-73.9911,40.5808],[-73.9916,40.582],[-73.9943,40.582],[-73.995,40.5816],[-73.9958,40.5816],[-73.9959,40.5819],[-73.9968,40.5819],[-73.9968,40.5821],[-73.9973,40.5821],[-73.9973,40.5826],[-73.998,40.5826],[-73.9995,40.5833],[-73.9996,40.5874],[-73.9992,40.5881],[-73.999,40.5886],[-73.9994,40.5889],[-73.9995,40.5893],[-73.9995,40.5911],[-73.9997,40.5928],[-74,40.5925],[-74.0006,40.5924],[-74.0009,40.5926],[-74.012,40.6012],[-74.0131,40.6017],[-74.0142,40.6019],[-74.0181,40.6025],[-74.0186,40.6027],[-74.0207,40.6034],[-74.0232,40.6036],[-74.0238,40.6037],[-74.0249,40.6037],[-74.0255,40.6038],[-74.029,40.6044],[-74.0305,40.605],[-74.0321,40.6058],[-74.0326,40.6061],[-74.0335,40.6068],[-74.0354,40.6089],[-74.0358,40.6094],[-74.0373,40.6111],[-74.0377,40.6116],[-74.04,40.6145],[-74.0405,40.6156],[-74.0404,40.6168],[-74.04,40.6175],[-74.0399,40.6181],[-74.0401,40.6187],[-74.0405,40.6191],[-74.0415,40.6206],[-74.0418,40.6243],[-74.0417,40.6273],[-74.042,40.6284],[-74.0417,40.6288],[-74.0407,40.6301],[-74.0405,40.6306],[-74.0388,40.6347],[-74.0383,40.6358],[-74.0379,40.6362],[-74.0376,40.6368],[-74.0375,40.6374],[-74.0376,40.638],[-74.0382,40.6395],[-74.038,40.6399],[-74.0376,40.6403],[-74.0345,40.6439],[-74.0333,40.6445],[-74.0301,40.6456],[-74.0294,40.6454],[-74.027,40.6454],[-74.0268,40.6458],[-74.0269,40.6463],[-74.0273,40.6468],[-74.0278,40.6479],[-74.0276,40.6484],[-74.027,40.6487],[-74.0265,40.6493],[-74.0263,40.6501],[-74.0265,40.6507],[-74.0264,40.6519],[-74.026,40.6524],[-74.0254,40.6527],[-74.0237,40.6535],[-74.0233,40.654],[-74.0231,40.6545],[-74.0216,40.6564],[-74.0202,40.6575],[-74.0157,40.6603],[-74.0146,40.6605],[-74.0097,40.66],[-74.0094,40.6594],[-74.0086,40.6597],[-74.0083,40.66],[-74.0083,40.6606],[-74.0085,40.6607],[-74.0098,40.6618],[-74.0099,40.6622],[-74.0096,40.6626],[-74.0091,40.6629],[-74.0085,40.6631],[-74.0081,40.6635],[-74.0075,40.6645],[-74.0065,40.665],[-74.005,40.6653],[-74.0045,40.6658],[-74.0043,40.6664],[-74.0045,40.6668],[-74.0064,40.6679],[-74.0072,40.6677],[-74.0078,40.6679],[-74.0083,40.6683],[-74.0088,40.6685],[-74.0092,40.6689],[-74.0094,40.6688],[-74.0125,40.6644],[-74.0153,40.6642],[-74.0156,40.6644],[-74.0161,40.6644],[-74.0164,40.6647],[-74.0167,40.6647],[-74.0169,40.665],[-74.0181,40.6661],[-74.0181,40.6667],[-74.0183,40.6669],[-74.0183,40.6681],[-74.0181,40.6683],[-74.0186,40.6692],[-74.0186,40.6708],[-74.0183,40.6711],[-74.0178,40.6711],[-74.0172,40.6706],[-74.0167,40.67],[-74.0167,40.6692],[-74.0164,40.6689],[-74.0164,40.6681],[-74.0167,40.6678],[-74.0167,40.6675],[-74.0164,40.6672],[-74.0164,40.6669],[-74.0156,40.6661],[-74.0153,40.6661],[-74.015,40.6664],[-74.0147,40.6661],[-74.0133,40.6658],[-74.0131,40.6661],[-74.0136,40.6667],[-74.0141,40.6668],[-74.0142,40.6672],[-74.0142,40.669],[-74.0155,40.6708],[-74.0166,40.6717],[-74.0169,40.6717],[-74.0178,40.6728],[-74.0178,40.6731],[-74.018,40.6739],[-74.0181,40.6746],[-74.0183,40.6756],[-74.0191,40.6762],[-74.0192,40.6764],[-74.02,40.6769],[-74.02,40.6786],[-74.0197,40.6789],[-74.0197,40.6792],[-74.0194,40.6794],[-74.0194,40.6797],[-74.0183,40.6808],[-74.0181,40.6808],[-74.0175,40.6811],[-74.0172,40.6814],[-74.0169,40.6814],[-74.0167,40.6817],[-74.0164,40.6817],[-74.0158,40.6822],[-74.0156,40.6825],[-74.0141,40.6834],[-74.0128,40.6839],[-74.0117,40.685],[-74.0119,40.6853],[-74.0117,40.6856],[-74.0117,40.6861],[-74.0111,40.6867],[-74.0111,40.6869],[-74.0103,40.6872],[-74.01,40.6869],[-74.0097,40.6869],[-74.0083,40.6875],[-74.0048,40.6911],[-74.0037,40.6926],[-74.0036,40.6934],[-74,40.6958],[-73.9997,40.6953],[-73.9992,40.6958],[-73.9994,40.6969],[-73.9994,40.6989],[-73.9989,40.6994],[-73.9989,40.7003],[-73.9986,40.7008],[-73.9984,40.7014],[-73.998,40.7018],[-73.9958,40.7039],[-73.995,40.7039],[-73.9942,40.7047],[-73.9939,40.7047],[-73.9924,40.7038],[-73.9915,40.7036],[-73.9906,40.704],[-73.9884,40.7051],[-73.988,40.705],[-73.9843,40.7056],[-73.982,40.7058],[-73.9808,40.7061],[-73.9789,40.706],[-73.9783,40.7056],[-73.9781,40.7053],[-73.9774,40.7042],[-73.9758,40.7039],[-73.9758,40.7036],[-73.9753,40.7031],[-73.9752,40.7024],[-73.9746,40.7021],[-73.9742,40.7023],[-73.9728,40.7025],[-73.9728,40.7031],[-73.9731,40.7033],[-73.9731,40.7044],[-73.9733,40.7047],[-73.9733,40.7058],[-73.9735,40.7064],[-73.9737,40.7073],[-73.9734,40.7077],[-73.9724,40.7068],[-73.9722,40.7075],[-73.9724,40.708],[-73.9722,40.7089],[-73.9717,40.7086],[-73.9705,40.7073],[-73.97,40.7072],[-73.9697,40.7075],[-73.9697,40.7078],[-73.97,40.7092],[-73.97,40.71],[-73.9697,40.7102],[-73.9668,40.7116],[-73.96,40.7188],[-73.9574,40.7251],[-73.9547,40.7382],[-73.954,40.7396],[-73.9468,40.7381],[-73.9241,40.7233],[-73.9236,40.7174],[-73.9195,40.7105]]],[[[-73.8653,40.6275],[-73.865,40.6272],[-73.865,40.6269],[-73.8656,40.6267],[-73.8656,40.6256],[-73.8661,40.6253],[-73.8658,40.625],[-73.8658,40.6244],[-73.8669,40.6242],[-73.8669,40.6236],[-73.8664,40.6233],[-73.8664,40.6225],[-73.8658,40.6219],[-73.8658,40.6217],[-73.8656,40.6214],[-73.8656,40.6206],[-73.8658,40.6203],[-73.8658,40.6194],[-73.8661,40.6192],[-73.8661,40.6186],[-73.8669,40.6183],[-73.8669,40.6178],[-73.8672,40.6178],[-73.8672,40.6181],[-73.8675,40.6181],[-73.87,40.6172],[-73.8706,40.6169],[-73.8714,40.6167],[-73.8719,40.6164],[-73.8733,40.6161],[-73.8742,40.6158],[-73.8742,40.6156],[-73.8747,40.6156],[-73.8747,40.6158],[-73.875,40.6158],[-73.8761,40.6156],[-73.8761,40.6153],[-73.8764,40.6153],[-73.8764,40.6156],[-73.8781,40.6158],[-73.8792,40.6161],[-73.8794,40.6164],[-73.8794,40.6167],[-73.88,40.6172],[-73.8797,40.6175],[-73.8797,40.6178],[-73.88,40.6181],[-73.88,40.6186],[-73.8797,40.6189],[-73.8797,40.6197],[-73.8794,40.62],[-73.8794,40.6206],[-73.8786,40.6208],[-73.8786,40.6211],[-73.8781,40.6217],[-73.8772,40.6219],[-73.8767,40.6222],[-73.8767,40.6225],[-73.8758,40.6228],[-73.8758,40.6231],[-73.8753,40.6233],[-73.8744,40.6236],[-73.8739,40.6239],[-73.8736,40.6242],[-73.8736,40.6244],[-73.8733,40.6247],[-73.8728,40.625],[-73.8725,40.6253],[-73.8722,40.6253],[-73.8722,40.625],[-73.8719,40.625],[-73.8719,40.6256],[-73.8714,40.6258],[-73.8697,40.6264],[-73.8692,40.6267],[-73.8689,40.6269],[-73.8689,40.6272],[-73.8681,40.6275],[-73.8681,40.6278],[-73.8678,40.6278],[-73.8678,40.6275],[-73.8675,40.6275],[-73.8675,40.6278],[-73.8672,40.6281],[-73.8661,40.6281],[-73.8658,40.6278],[-73.8653,40.6275]]],[[[-74.0144,40.6931],[-74.0142,40.6928],[-74.0136,40.6928],[-74.0133,40.6925],[-74.0131,40.6925],[-74.0122,40.6917],[-74.0122,40.6889],[-74.0125,40.6886],[-74.0125,40.6883],[-74.0128,40.6881],[-74.0131,40.6881],[-74.0139,40.6872],[-74.0147,40.6872],[-74.015,40.6869],[-74.0153,40.6869],[-74.0156,40.6867],[-74.0161,40.6867],[-74.0164,40.6864],[-74.0169,40.6864],[-74.0172,40.6861],[-74.0178,40.6861],[-74.0181,40.6858],[-74.0183,40.6858],[-74.0194,40.6847],[-74.0197,40.6847],[-74.02,40.6844],[-74.0203,40.6844],[-74.0206,40.6842],[-74.0222,40.6842],[-74.0225,40.6839],[-74.0239,40.6839],[-74.0242,40.6842],[-74.0247,40.6842],[-74.025,40.6844],[-74.0253,40.6844],[-74.0256,40.6847],[-74.0256,40.685],[-74.0258,40.6853],[-74.0258,40.6858],[-74.0256,40.6861],[-74.0256,40.6864],[-74.025,40.6869],[-74.025,40.6872],[-74.0247,40.6875],[-74.0247,40.6878],[-74.0244,40.6881],[-74.0242,40.6881],[-74.0219,40.6903],[-74.0217,40.6903],[-74.0194,40.6925],[-74.0192,40.6925],[-74.0189,40.6928],[-74.0186,40.6928],[-74.0183,40.6931],[-74.0144,40.6931]]]]}},{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":1854,\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Nassau\",\"state\":\"NY\"},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-73.5189,40.9142],[-73.5172,40.9139],[-73.5169,40.9136],[-73.5075,40.9078],[-73.5075,40.9072],[-73.5078,40.9058],[-73.5081,40.9056],[-73.5081,40.904],[-73.5092,40.9011],[-73.5094,40.9014],[-73.5142,40.9014],[-73.5178,40.8983],[-73.5181,40.8981],[-73.5192,40.8961],[-73.5192,40.8958],[-73.52,40.8933],[-73.5203,40.8931],[-73.5206,40.8911],[-73.5203,40.8908],[-73.5206,40.8886],[-73.5214,40.8864],[-73.5222,40.8864],[-73.5253,40.8858],[-73.5256,40.8856],[-73.5269,40.8856],[-73.5272,40.8858],[-73.5292,40.8858],[-73.5294,40.8856],[-73.5308,40.8853],[-73.5317,40.8853],[-73.5319,40.885],[-73.5339,40.89],[-73.5328,40.8911],[-73.5325,40.8911],[-73.5297,40.8914],[-73.5275,40.8931],[-73.5272,40.8931],[-73.5258,40.8947],[-73.5236,40.8972],[-73.5236,40.8986],[-73.5233,40.8989],[-73.5222,40.9056],[-73.5219,40.9058],[-73.5222,40.9081],[-73.5225,40.9083],[-73.5267,40.9117],[-73.526,40.9117],[-73.526,40.9122],[-73.5272,40.9133],[-73.5275,40.9133],[-73.5384,40.906],[-73.5399,40.9055],[-73.5398,40.9047],[-73.545,40.9036],[-73.5461,40.9036],[-73.5464,40.9033],[-73.5506,40.9041],[-73.56,40.9019],[-73.5749,40.9028],[-73.5756,40.9023],[-73.5771,40.902],[-73.5773,40.9017],[-73.576,40.9011],[-73.5739,40.8997],[-73.5736,40.9],[-73.5722,40.8969],[-73.5725,40.8967],[-73.5683,40.8911],[-73.5683,40.8906],[-73.5675,40.8897],[-73.5669,40.8883],[-73.5669,40.8876],[-73.5689,40.8842],[-73.5683,40.8836],[-73.5664,40.8833],[-73.5661,40.8831],[-73.5647,40.8819],[-73.5639,40.8828],[-73.5628,40.8864],[-73.5642,40.8878],[-73.5642,40.8881],[-73.5658,40.89],[-73.5658,40.8908],[-73.5664,40.8919],[-73.5678,40.8947],[-73.5675,40.895],[-73.555,40.9],[-73.5544,40.9006],[-73.5522,40.9017],[-73.5517,40.9017],[-73.5494,40.9022],[-73.5492,40.9019],[-73.5483,40.902],[-73.5481,40.9017],[-73.5481,40.8858],[-73.5478,40.8854],[-73.5462,40.8836],[-73.5456,40.8831],[-73.5441,40.881],[-73.5433,40.8792],[-73.5422,40.8778],[-73.5397,40.8778],[-73.5383,40.8778],[-73.5382,40.8776],[-73.5361,40.878],[-73.5356,40.8781],[-73.5339,40.8778],[-73.5253,40.8772],[-73.5249,40.877],[-73.5214,40.8739],[-73.5197,40.8739],[-73.5194,40.8736],[-73.5169,40.8736],[-73.5167,40.8739],[-73.5142,40.8744],[-73.5136,40.8744],[-73.5103,40.875],[-73.51,40.8747],[-73.5089,40.8742],[-73.5056,40.8758],[-73.5047,40.8786],[-73.505,40.8789],[-73.5076,40.8809],[-73.5085,40.8911],[-73.4916,40.8906],[-73.4872,40.8761],[-73.4858,40.8753],[-73.4853,40.8747],[-73.4808,40.8731],[-73.4631,40.8606],[-73.4631,40.8608],[-73.4633,40.8647],[-73.4608,40.8669],[-73.4604,40.8592],[-73.4547,40.8482],[-73.4536,40.8423],[-73.4482,40.8177],[-73.443,40.7877],[-73.4321,40.7258],[-73.4231,40.6803],[-73.4224,40.6616],[-73.4322,40.66],[-73.4364,40.6596],[-73.4426,40.657],[-73.4469,40.6534],[-73.4481,40.6533],[-73.4483,40.6536],[-73.4485,40.6548],[-73.449,40.6549],[-73.4502,40.6546],[-73.4541,40.6522],[-73.4547,40.652],[-73.4548,40.6515],[-73.4554,40.6501],[-73.4689,40.6528],[-73.4697,40.6554],[-73.47,40.6554],[-73.4719,40.655],[-73.4721,40.6534],[-73.4726,40.6518],[-73.4746,40.6498],[-73.4814,40.65],[-73.4828,40.6506],[-73.4986,40.6383],[-73.5008,40.6383],[-73.5011,40.6381],[-73.5012,40.6371],[-73.5003,40.6367],[-73.4997,40.6372],[-73.4999,40.6287],[-73.5004,40.6283],[-73.5002,40.6278],[-73.4992,40.627],[-73.4986,40.6203],[-73.4992,40.6197],[-73.4992,40.6192],[-73.4997,40.6178],[-73.5003,40.6167],[-73.5003,40.6158],[-73.5017,40.6144],[-73.5019,40.6144],[-73.5044,40.6172],[-73.5047,40.6175],[-73.5047,40.6183],[-73.5044,40.6186],[-73.5211,40.6393],[-73.5306,40.6389],[-73.5336,40.6389],[-73.5339,40.6392],[-73.5347,40.6414],[-73.535,40.6417],[-73.5356,40.6428],[-73.5378,40.6431],[-73.5386,40.6422],[-73.5392,40.6422],[-73.5414,40.6444],[-73.5417,40.6447],[-73.5425,40.6458],[-73.5448,40.6446],[-73.5478,40.6379],[-73.5549,40.6425],[-73.5568,40.6421],[-73.5569,40.6415],[-73.56,40.63],[-73.5606,40.626],[-73.5603,40.625],[-73.5583,40.6219],[-73.5578,40.6218],[-73.56,40.6161],[-73.5606,40.6167],[-73.5614,40.6167],[-73.5619,40.6172],[-73.5636,40.6183],[-73.5639,40.6183],[-73.5669,40.6203],[-73.5683,40.6206],[-73.5697,40.6211],[-73.5725,40.6236],[-73.5717,40.6236],[-73.5714,40.6239],[-73.5706,40.6258],[-73.5678,40.6286],[-73.5667,40.6289],[-73.5661,40.6294],[-73.565,40.6356],[-73.565,40.6389],[-73.5653,40.6392],[-73.5656,40.6408],[-73.5667,40.6403],[-73.5664,40.64],[-73.5664,40.6386],[-73.5667,40.6382],[-73.5678,40.6342],[-73.5672,40.6328],[-73.5667,40.6328],[-73.5661,40.6311],[-73.5667,40.6306],[-73.5678,40.63],[-73.5683,40.6294],[-73.5689,40.6294],[-73.5694,40.6289],[-73.57,40.6289],[-73.5717,40.6258],[-73.5736,40.6247],[-73.5794,40.6275],[-73.5825,40.6269],[-73.5856,40.6264],[-73.5858,40.6267],[-73.5858,40.6286],[-73.5861,40.6289],[-73.5861,40.63],[-73.5864,40.6303],[-73.5906,40.6325],[-73.5908,40.6328],[-73.5928,40.6331],[-73.5944,40.6336],[-73.5956,40.6331],[-73.5953,40.6317],[-73.5933,40.6283],[-73.5942,40.6249],[-73.5948,40.6244],[-73.5953,40.6232],[-73.6005,40.6235],[-73.6015,40.6236],[-73.6171,40.6226],[-73.627,40.6125],[-73.6394,40.6125],[-73.6343,40.609],[-73.6439,40.6014],[-73.6436,40.6017],[-73.6436,40.6025],[-73.6433,40.6028],[-73.6425,40.6039],[-73.6431,40.6044],[-73.6456,40.6031],[-73.6456,40.6025],[-73.6453,40.6011],[-73.6456,40.6008],[-73.6447,40.5992],[-73.6496,40.597],[-73.6528,40.5958],[-73.6531,40.5961],[-73.655,40.5958],[-73.6563,40.5961],[-73.6572,40.5961],[-73.6703,40.5986],[-73.6703,40.5995],[-73.6698,40.5999],[-73.6675,40.5983],[-73.6662,40.5978],[-73.6678,40.6],[-73.6681,40.6],[-73.6694,40.6014],[-73.6694,40.6022],[-73.6697,40.6025],[-73.6689,40.6047],[-73.6689,40.605],[-73.6592,40.6064],[-73.6564,40.6233],[-73.6567,40.6233],[-73.6578,40.6233],[-73.6589,40.6233],[-73.6611,40.6233],[-73.6639,40.6228],[-73.6642,40.6225],[-73.665,40.6225],[-73.6653,40.6228],[-73.6667,40.6228],[-73.6669,40.6231],[-73.6669,40.6247],[-73.6672,40.625],[-73.6672,40.6258],[-73.6675,40.6261],[-73.6689,40.6275],[-73.6694,40.6275],[-73.6722,40.6281],[-73.6725,40.6283],[-73.6765,40.6285],[-73.6782,40.6281],[-73.6808,40.6258],[-73.6828,40.6253],[-73.6831,40.6256],[-73.6844,40.6256],[-73.6847,40.6253],[-73.6858,40.6256],[-73.6861,40.6253],[-73.6878,40.6242],[-73.6878,40.6203],[-73.687,40.6201],[-73.6859,40.6204],[-73.6842,40.62],[-73.6822,40.6183],[-73.6797,40.6175],[-73.6794,40.6178],[-73.6761,40.6172],[-73.6764,40.6167],[-73.6772,40.6122],[-73.6775,40.6119],[-73.6778,40.6106],[-73.6781,40.6103],[-73.6789,40.6072],[-73.6808,40.6072],[-73.6811,40.607],[-73.6842,40.6047],[-73.6847,40.6047],[-73.6894,40.605],[-73.6897,40.6047],[-73.6911,40.6082],[-73.6908,40.6114],[-73.6917,40.6122],[-73.6928,40.6136],[-73.6931,40.6139],[-73.6947,40.6164],[-73.6947,40.6169],[-73.6956,40.6178],[-73.6956,40.6194],[-73.6953,40.6197],[-73.6953,40.6206],[-73.6947,40.6211],[-73.6953,40.6231],[-73.6961,40.6222],[-73.6964,40.6222],[-73.6966,40.6206],[-73.6969,40.6203],[-73.6993,40.6196],[-73.7006,40.6181],[-73.7008,40.6172],[-73.7014,40.6167],[-73.7014,40.6161],[-73.7033,40.6147],[-73.7053,40.6139],[-73.7069,40.6128],[-73.7079,40.6124],[-73.7076,40.6117],[-73.707,40.6113],[-73.7065,40.6105],[-73.7073,40.6097],[-73.7071,40.6091],[-73.7056,40.6089],[-73.7053,40.6086],[-73.7044,40.6086],[-73.7039,40.6081],[-73.7039,40.6072],[-73.7056,40.6036],[-73.7031,40.6022],[-73.7028,40.6025],[-73.6986,40.6],[-73.7003,40.6031],[-73.6986,40.6039],[-73.6981,40.6039],[-73.6975,40.6044],[-73.6961,40.605],[-73.6956,40.605],[-73.695,40.6044],[-73.6944,40.6044],[-73.6933,40.6033],[-73.6889,40.6011],[-73.6886,40.6008],[-73.6875,40.6008],[-73.6864,40.5997],[-73.6862,40.5992],[-73.6946,40.5921],[-73.7098,40.5928],[-73.7103,40.5931],[-73.7372,40.6015],[-73.7438,40.6075],[-73.7425,40.6084],[-73.7455,40.6121],[-73.7546,40.6099],[-73.7564,40.611],[-73.7564,40.6114],[-73.7575,40.6119],[-73.7614,40.6128],[-73.763,40.613],[-73.7636,40.6136],[-73.7636,40.6144],[-73.7633,40.6147],[-73.7622,40.6153],[-73.7619,40.6156],[-73.7581,40.6175],[-73.7589,40.6183],[-73.7592,40.6181],[-73.7606,40.6178],[-73.7629,40.6165],[-73.7642,40.6158],[-73.7692,40.6156],[-73.77,40.6164],[-73.7703,40.6175],[-73.7697,40.6181],[-73.7686,40.62],[-73.7672,40.6206],[-73.7633,40.6236],[-73.7631,40.6236],[-73.7623,40.623],[-73.762,40.6226],[-73.7613,40.6225],[-73.7607,40.6231],[-73.7597,40.6239],[-73.7592,40.6244],[-73.7578,40.6244],[-73.7564,40.6258],[-73.7558,40.6258],[-73.7517,40.6272],[-73.7514,40.6275],[-73.7503,40.6281],[-73.75,40.6292],[-73.7497,40.6306],[-73.7494,40.6308],[-73.7483,40.6311],[-73.7467,40.6322],[-73.7467,40.6325],[-73.7423,40.6406],[-73.741,40.6469],[-73.7251,40.6517],[-73.7248,40.6649],[-73.7256,40.6808],[-73.7267,40.7103],[-73.7288,40.7239],[-73.7079,40.7336],[-73.7042,40.7358],[-73.7057,40.7499],[-73.7467,40.7813],[-73.7464,40.7817],[-73.7464,40.7825],[-73.7469,40.7831],[-73.7476,40.7832],[-73.7489,40.7842],[-73.7492,40.7842],[-73.7528,40.7878],[-73.7536,40.7906],[-73.7534,40.7923],[-73.7542,40.795],[-73.7543,40.7974],[-73.7538,40.7979],[-73.7532,40.798],[-73.7521,40.7983],[-73.7577,40.8019],[-73.7606,40.805],[-73.7614,40.8058],[-73.7617,40.8058],[-73.7636,40.8067],[-73.7636,40.8069],[-73.7636,40.8086],[-73.7634,40.8093],[-73.7637,40.8099],[-73.765,40.811],[-73.7656,40.8116],[-73.7647,40.8139],[-73.7619,40.8172],[-73.7613,40.8174],[-73.758,40.8179],[-73.7533,40.8244],[-73.7536,40.8247],[-73.7539,40.8267],[-73.7544,40.8272],[-73.7556,40.8286],[-73.7569,40.83],[-73.7566,40.8343],[-73.7554,40.8343],[-73.7538,40.8369],[-73.7535,40.8382],[-73.7529,40.8382],[-73.7488,40.834],[-73.7486,40.8336],[-73.7431,40.8321],[-73.7424,40.8316],[-73.7411,40.8306],[-73.7394,40.8283],[-73.7386,40.8276],[-73.735,40.8275],[-73.7319,40.8266],[-73.7264,40.824],[-73.726,40.8239],[-73.7195,40.8199],[-73.718,40.8178],[-73.7181,40.8172],[-73.7175,40.815],[-73.7178,40.8147],[-73.7172,40.8136],[-73.715,40.8089],[-73.7153,40.8075],[-73.7136,40.8014],[-73.7136,40.8011],[-73.7111,40.7978],[-73.7103,40.8],[-73.7111,40.8022],[-73.7114,40.8025],[-73.7114,40.806],[-73.7103,40.8075],[-73.71,40.8081],[-73.7092,40.8119],[-73.7089,40.8122],[-73.705,40.8147],[-73.7047,40.8144],[-73.7039,40.8144],[-73.7025,40.8133],[-73.7006,40.8117],[-73.7003,40.8117],[-73.7003,40.8142],[-73.7006,40.8142],[-73.7026,40.8145],[-73.7033,40.8149],[-73.7039,40.8175],[-73.7038,40.8184],[-73.7047,40.8184],[-73.7053,40.8247],[-73.705,40.825],[-73.705,40.8272],[-73.7044,40.8292],[-73.7019,40.8331],[-73.7006,40.8336],[-73.7003,40.835],[-73.7008,40.835],[-73.7031,40.8364],[-73.705,40.8347],[-73.7067,40.8336],[-73.7072,40.8336],[-73.7089,40.8325],[-73.7131,40.8384],[-73.7138,40.8382],[-73.7175,40.8375],[-73.7181,40.8369],[-73.72,40.8367],[-73.7203,40.8367],[-73.7228,40.8367],[-73.7267,40.8386],[-73.7269,40.8383],[-73.7278,40.8358],[-73.7272,40.8353],[-73.7278,40.8339],[-73.7281,40.8339],[-73.738,40.8491],[-73.7319,40.8514],[-73.7285,40.8541],[-73.7282,40.8548],[-73.728,40.858],[-73.7289,40.8606],[-73.7294,40.8633],[-73.7297,40.8664],[-73.7283,40.8663],[-73.7124,40.8703],[-73.6871,40.8609],[-73.6867,40.8605],[-73.6757,40.8555],[-73.6746,40.8531],[-73.6743,40.8525],[-73.6697,40.8466],[-73.6676,40.8424],[-73.6663,40.8416],[-73.6639,40.8393],[-73.6599,40.8349],[-73.6581,40.8319],[-73.6578,40.8317],[-73.6564,40.83],[-73.6508,40.8283],[-73.6547,40.8256],[-73.6544,40.8253],[-73.6531,40.8203],[-73.6528,40.82],[-73.6539,40.8139],[-73.6539,40.8122],[-73.6542,40.8119],[-73.6542,40.8111],[-73.6533,40.8111],[-73.6528,40.8106],[-73.6514,40.8094],[-73.6528,40.8044],[-73.6504,40.8057],[-73.6497,40.8062],[-73.6483,40.8064],[-73.6481,40.8067],[-73.6481,40.8081],[-73.6472,40.8101],[-73.6471,40.8145],[-73.647,40.8185],[-73.6472,40.8189],[-73.6486,40.8278],[-73.6497,40.8294],[-73.6497,40.8297],[-73.6526,40.8352],[-73.6531,40.8369],[-73.6483,40.855],[-73.6524,40.8579],[-73.6555,40.8643],[-73.6558,40.8649],[-73.6558,40.8661],[-73.6556,40.8664],[-73.6553,40.8694],[-73.6558,40.8731],[-73.6557,40.8749],[-73.6553,40.8755],[-73.6546,40.8782],[-73.6431,40.8892],[-73.6323,40.9025],[-73.6125,40.9025],[-73.5889,40.9092],[-73.58,40.9098],[-73.5464,40.909],[-73.5458,40.9091],[-73.5422,40.9103],[-73.5403,40.9114],[-73.5399,40.9114],[-73.5322,40.9131],[-73.5261,40.9172],[-73.5208,40.9178],[-73.5189,40.9142]]],[[[-73.4216,40.6184],[-73.4208,40.61],[-73.4219,40.6097],[-73.4224,40.6097],[-73.4228,40.6095],[-73.4247,40.6093],[-73.4261,40.6088],[-73.4278,40.6085],[-73.4298,40.6083],[-73.4309,40.6082],[-73.4314,40.6081],[-73.4324,40.6078],[-73.4331,40.6075],[-73.4338,40.6074],[-73.4344,40.6072],[-73.435,40.6071],[-73.4371,40.6067],[-73.4379,40.6066],[-73.4391,40.6064],[-73.4402,40.6061],[-73.4412,40.6058],[-73.4421,40.6055],[-73.4425,40.6055],[-73.4431,40.6053],[-73.4435,40.6051],[-73.4439,40.605],[-73.4444,40.6048],[-73.4456,40.6047],[-73.446,40.6047],[-73.4469,40.6043],[-73.45,40.6038],[-73.4508,40.6038],[-73.4514,40.6033],[-73.4519,40.6034],[-73.4528,40.6031],[-73.4534,40.603],[-73.4539,40.6028],[-73.4553,40.6025],[-73.4566,40.6025],[-73.4569,40.6024],[-73.4584,40.6022],[-73.4593,40.6021],[-73.4608,40.6017],[-73.4611,40.6014],[-73.4614,40.6014],[-73.4617,40.6011],[-73.4619,40.6011],[-73.4625,40.6011],[-73.4629,40.6011],[-73.4636,40.601],[-73.4644,40.6008],[-73.4656,40.6003],[-73.4661,40.6003],[-73.4664,40.6],[-73.4668,40.5999],[-73.4669,40.5998],[-73.4678,40.5998],[-73.4689,40.5996],[-73.4703,40.5992],[-73.4712,40.5989],[-73.472,40.5988],[-73.4723,40.5988],[-73.473,40.5986],[-73.474,40.5986],[-73.4767,40.5981],[-73.4769,40.5978],[-73.4772,40.5978],[-73.4775,40.5975],[-73.4783,40.5975],[-73.4786,40.5972],[-73.4792,40.5972],[-73.4794,40.5969],[-73.4814,40.5969],[-73.4817,40.5967],[-73.4825,40.5967],[-73.4828,40.5964],[-73.4836,40.5964],[-73.4839,40.5961],[-73.4844,40.5961],[-73.4847,40.5958],[-73.4853,40.5958],[-73.4856,40.5961],[-73.4861,40.5961],[-73.4864,40.5958],[-73.4867,40.5959],[-73.4875,40.5959],[-73.4881,40.5958],[-73.4886,40.5956],[-73.489,40.5955],[-73.49,40.5954],[-73.4914,40.5952],[-73.4925,40.5948],[-73.494,40.5947],[-73.4956,40.5942],[-73.4959,40.5942],[-73.497,40.5939],[-73.4986,40.594],[-73.4992,40.5936],[-73.4999,40.5936],[-73.502,40.5933],[-73.5033,40.5935],[-73.5044,40.5934],[-73.506,40.5929],[-73.5071,40.5927],[-73.5088,40.5922],[-73.5096,40.5921],[-73.51,40.5922],[-73.5103,40.5919],[-73.5109,40.592],[-73.5115,40.5918],[-73.5122,40.5917],[-73.5125,40.5919],[-73.5128,40.5919],[-73.5133,40.5914],[-73.5144,40.5914],[-73.5148,40.5916],[-73.5151,40.5911],[-73.5155,40.591],[-73.5167,40.5908],[-73.5172,40.5906],[-73.5178,40.5906],[-73.5181,40.5903],[-73.5194,40.5903],[-73.5197,40.59],[-73.5208,40.59],[-73.5211,40.5897],[-73.5214,40.5897],[-73.5217,40.5894],[-73.5222,40.5894],[-73.5225,40.5892],[-73.5231,40.5892],[-73.5233,40.5889],[-73.5239,40.5889],[-73.5242,40.5886],[-73.5269,40.5886],[-73.5272,40.5883],[-73.5275,40.5881],[-73.5286,40.5881],[-73.5289,40.5878],[-73.5292,40.5879],[-73.5297,40.5878],[-73.53,40.5875],[-73.5306,40.5875],[-73.5308,40.5872],[-73.5311,40.5872],[-73.5313,40.587],[-73.5315,40.5869],[-73.532,40.5868],[-73.5326,40.5865],[-73.5333,40.5864],[-73.5339,40.5864],[-73.5347,40.5861],[-73.5366,40.5858],[-73.537,40.5856],[-73.5377,40.5855],[-73.5384,40.5855],[-73.5403,40.5853],[-73.5406,40.585],[-73.5414,40.585],[-73.5417,40.5847],[-73.5422,40.5847],[-73.5428,40.5842],[-73.5431,40.5842],[-73.5438,40.584],[-73.5442,40.584],[-73.5455,40.5839],[-73.5465,40.5835],[-73.5478,40.5833],[-73.5481,40.5831],[-73.5486,40.5831],[-73.5489,40.5828],[-73.5492,40.5828],[-73.5494,40.5825],[-73.5497,40.5825],[-73.55,40.5822],[-73.5503,40.5822],[-73.5506,40.5819],[-73.5508,40.5819],[-73.5511,40.5817],[-73.5517,40.5817],[-73.5519,40.5819],[-73.5522,40.5819],[-73.5525,40.5817],[-73.5528,40.5817],[-73.5531,40.5814],[-73.5542,40.5814],[-73.5544,40.5811],[-73.555,40.5811],[-73.5556,40.5806],[-73.5564,40.5806],[-73.5567,40.5803],[-73.5575,40.5803],[-73.5578,40.58],[-73.5583,40.58],[-73.5585,40.5799],[-73.5586,40.5797],[-73.5592,40.5797],[-73.5594,40.5794],[-73.5597,40.5794],[-73.5611,40.5792],[-73.5628,40.5783],[-73.5634,40.5783],[-73.5653,40.5781],[-73.5656,40.5778],[-73.5661,40.5778],[-73.5664,40.5775],[-73.5669,40.5775],[-73.5672,40.5772],[-73.5675,40.5772],[-73.5678,40.5769],[-73.5681,40.5769],[-73.5683,40.5767],[-73.5686,40.5767],[-73.5689,40.5764],[-73.5706,40.5764],[-73.5708,40.5761],[-73.5714,40.5761],[-73.5717,40.5758],[-73.5725,40.5758],[-73.5728,40.5756],[-73.5741,40.575],[-73.5754,40.5748],[-73.5751,40.5765],[-73.5747,40.5772],[-73.5748,40.5775],[-73.5744,40.5778],[-73.5747,40.5781],[-73.5747,40.5783],[-73.5742,40.5789],[-73.5739,40.5792],[-73.5742,40.5794],[-73.5733,40.5803],[-73.5731,40.5806],[-73.5731,40.5808],[-73.5728,40.5811],[-73.5728,40.5817],[-73.5719,40.5825],[-73.5719,40.5828],[-73.5703,40.5844],[-73.5697,40.5844],[-73.5692,40.585],[-73.5689,40.5853],[-73.5686,40.5853],[-73.5683,40.5856],[-73.5683,40.5858],[-73.5681,40.5858],[-73.5681,40.5861],[-73.5675,40.5867],[-73.5672,40.5869],[-73.5672,40.5872],[-73.5656,40.5889],[-73.5653,40.5889],[-73.5647,40.5894],[-73.5639,40.5894],[-73.5636,40.5897],[-73.5631,40.5897],[-73.5628,40.59],[-73.5622,40.59],[-73.5619,40.5903],[-73.5617,40.5903],[-73.5614,40.5906],[-73.5608,40.5906],[-73.5606,40.5908],[-73.5597,40.5908],[-73.5594,40.5911],[-73.5586,40.5911],[-73.5583,40.5914],[-73.5581,40.5914],[-73.5578,40.5911],[-73.5564,40.5911],[-73.5561,40.5914],[-73.5558,40.5914],[-73.5556,40.5911],[-73.5553,40.5911],[-73.555,40.5908],[-73.5547,40.5908],[-73.5544,40.5906],[-73.5531,40.5906],[-73.5528,40.5903],[-73.5517,40.5903],[-73.5511,40.5903],[-73.5508,40.5906],[-73.5506,40.5906],[-73.5503,40.5909],[-73.5492,40.5908],[-73.5492,40.5912],[-73.5494,40.5917],[-73.5494,40.5919],[-73.5489,40.5925],[-73.5486,40.5925],[-73.5483,40.5928],[-73.5481,40.5928],[-73.5475,40.5933],[-73.5469,40.5933],[-73.5467,40.5936],[-73.5461,40.5936],[-73.5458,40.5939],[-73.5447,40.5939],[-73.5444,40.5942],[-73.5439,40.5952],[-73.5436,40.5954],[-73.5425,40.5961],[-73.5422,40.5964],[-73.5417,40.5964],[-73.5414,40.5967],[-73.541,40.5968],[-73.5406,40.5966],[-73.5403,40.5967],[-73.5383,40.5967],[-73.5381,40.5969],[-73.5378,40.5969],[-73.5375,40.5972],[-73.5367,40.5972],[-73.5364,40.5969],[-73.5353,40.5969],[-73.535,40.5972],[-73.5347,40.5972],[-73.5344,40.5975],[-73.5342,40.5975],[-73.5339,40.5978],[-73.5336,40.5978],[-73.5333,40.5981],[-73.5331,40.5981],[-73.5328,40.5983],[-73.5325,40.5983],[-73.5322,40.5986],[-73.5314,40.5986],[-73.5311,40.5989],[-73.5303,40.5989],[-73.53,40.5992],[-73.5297,40.5992],[-73.5294,40.5994],[-73.5292,40.5994],[-73.5289,40.5992],[-73.5269,40.5992],[-73.5267,40.5989],[-73.5261,40.5989],[-73.5228,40.5992],[-73.5206,40.5992],[-73.5203,40.5994],[-73.5194,40.5994],[-73.5192,40.5997],[-73.5186,40.5997],[-73.5183,40.6],[-73.5178,40.6],[-73.5173,40.6005],[-73.5155,40.6021],[-73.515,40.6031],[-73.5144,40.6031],[-73.5142,40.6028],[-73.5136,40.6028],[-73.5133,40.6025],[-73.5128,40.6025],[-73.5125,40.6022],[-73.5123,40.6021],[-73.5111,40.6019],[-73.5105,40.6025],[-73.5102,40.6028],[-73.5102,40.603],[-73.51,40.6034],[-73.51,40.6036],[-73.5104,40.604],[-73.5106,40.6044],[-73.5111,40.605],[-73.5111,40.6053],[-73.5108,40.6056],[-73.5108,40.6058],[-73.5106,40.6061],[-73.5106,40.6064],[-73.5103,40.6067],[-73.5097,40.6072],[-73.5094,40.6072],[-73.5092,40.6075],[-73.5086,40.6075],[-73.5083,40.6078],[-73.5081,40.6078],[-73.5072,40.6083],[-73.5068,40.6086],[-73.5062,40.6088],[-73.5056,40.6089],[-73.5044,40.609],[-73.5042,40.6089],[-73.5039,40.6092],[-73.5036,40.6092],[-73.5033,40.6094],[-73.5025,40.6094],[-73.5022,40.6097],[-73.5019,40.6097],[-73.5014,40.6103],[-73.5011,40.6103],[-73.5008,40.6106],[-73.5008,40.6108],[-73.5006,40.6111],[-73.5006,40.6122],[-73.5,40.6128],[-73.5,40.6131],[-73.4997,40.6133],[-73.4992,40.6139],[-73.4972,40.6119],[-73.4967,40.6108],[-73.4964,40.6106],[-73.4958,40.6106],[-73.4953,40.61],[-73.4942,40.61],[-73.4936,40.6095],[-73.4931,40.6095],[-73.4928,40.6092],[-73.4925,40.6092],[-73.4922,40.6089],[-73.4906,40.6089],[-73.4903,40.6086],[-73.49,40.6086],[-73.4894,40.6081],[-73.4897,40.6078],[-73.4897,40.6069],[-73.4903,40.6064],[-73.4903,40.6058],[-73.4908,40.6053],[-73.4908,40.605],[-73.4911,40.6047],[-73.4911,40.6044],[-73.4914,40.6042],[-73.4914,40.6039],[-73.4922,40.6031],[-73.4928,40.6031],[-73.4931,40.6028],[-73.4933,40.6028],[-73.4936,40.6025],[-73.4944,40.6025],[-73.4947,40.6022],[-73.495,40.6022],[-73.4953,40.6019],[-73.4956,40.6019],[-73.4958,40.6017],[-73.4961,40.6017],[-73.4964,40.6014],[-73.4978,40.6014],[-73.4981,40.6011],[-73.4992,40.6011],[-73.4994,40.6014],[-73.5003,40.6014],[-73.5006,40.6011],[-73.5013,40.6009],[-73.5014,40.6006],[-73.5014,40.6003],[-73.5017,40.6],[-73.5017,40.5995],[-73.5015,40.5991],[-73.5006,40.5986],[-73.4997,40.5986],[-73.4992,40.5992],[-73.4989,40.5992],[-73.4986,40.5994],[-73.4981,40.5994],[-73.4978,40.5997],[-73.4972,40.5997],[-73.4969,40.6],[-73.4964,40.6],[-73.4961,40.5997],[-73.4958,40.5997],[-73.4956,40.5994],[-73.4939,40.5994],[-73.4936,40.5992],[-73.4917,40.5992],[-73.4914,40.5994],[-73.4908,40.5994],[-73.4906,40.5997],[-73.4894,40.5997],[-73.4892,40.6],[-73.4869,40.6],[-73.4867,40.6003],[-73.4853,40.6003],[-73.4835,40.6005],[-73.4815,40.6009],[-73.4813,40.6012],[-73.4813,40.6015],[-73.4818,40.6019],[-73.4819,40.6022],[-73.4829,40.6037],[-73.483,40.6045],[-73.4828,40.605],[-73.4825,40.6053],[-73.4819,40.6056],[-73.4817,40.6058],[-73.4814,40.6058],[-73.4808,40.6064],[-73.4797,40.6064],[-73.4794,40.6067],[-73.4789,40.6067],[-73.4786,40.6069],[-73.4781,40.6069],[-73.4778,40.6072],[-73.4775,40.6072],[-73.4772,40.6075],[-73.4769,40.6075],[-73.4767,40.6078],[-73.4756,40.6078],[-73.4753,40.6081],[-73.475,40.6081],[-73.4747,40.6083],[-73.4744,40.6083],[-73.4742,40.6086],[-73.4722,40.6095],[-73.4697,40.61],[-73.4694,40.6103],[-73.4692,40.6103],[-73.4689,40.6106],[-73.4686,40.6106],[-73.4683,40.6108],[-73.4681,40.6108],[-73.4671,40.611],[-73.4659,40.6113],[-73.4656,40.6114],[-73.465,40.6113],[-73.4647,40.6117],[-73.4644,40.6117],[-73.4642,40.6119],[-73.4633,40.6119],[-73.4631,40.6122],[-73.4619,40.6122],[-73.4618,40.6124],[-73.4613,40.6125],[-73.4594,40.6128],[-73.4575,40.6128],[-73.4572,40.6131],[-73.4569,40.6131],[-73.4567,40.6128],[-73.4553,40.6128],[-73.455,40.6131],[-73.4539,40.6131],[-73.4533,40.6136],[-73.4506,40.6136],[-73.4503,40.6139],[-73.4486,40.6139],[-73.4483,40.6142],[-73.4461,40.6142],[-73.4458,40.6139],[-73.4453,40.6142],[-73.4442,40.6142],[-73.4439,40.6144],[-73.4422,40.6144],[-73.4419,40.6147],[-73.4392,40.6147],[-73.4389,40.6144],[-73.4381,40.6144],[-73.4378,40.6142],[-73.4372,40.6142],[-73.4372,40.6139],[-73.4369,40.6136],[-73.4369,40.6135],[-73.4364,40.613],[-73.4359,40.6124],[-73.4353,40.6119],[-73.4344,40.6119],[-73.4339,40.6121],[-73.4331,40.6122],[-73.4317,40.6122],[-73.43,40.6128],[-73.4294,40.6133],[-73.4294,40.6136],[-73.4303,40.615],[-73.43,40.6153],[-73.43,40.6158],[-73.4297,40.6161],[-73.4297,40.6164],[-73.4294,40.6167],[-73.4281,40.6169],[-73.4278,40.6172],[-73.4272,40.6172],[-73.4269,40.6175],[-73.4267,40.6175],[-73.4264,40.6178],[-73.4261,40.6178],[-73.4261,40.6175],[-73.4275,40.6161],[-73.4278,40.6161],[-73.4281,40.6158],[-73.4281,40.6156],[-73.4283,40.6153],[-73.4283,40.615],[-73.4278,40.6144],[-73.4275,40.6144],[-73.4272,40.6147],[-73.4269,40.6147],[-73.4258,40.6158],[-73.4253,40.6156],[-73.4247,40.6156],[-73.4242,40.6161],[-73.4242,40.6164],[-73.4244,40.6167],[-73.4244,40.6169],[-73.4236,40.6178],[-73.4233,40.6178],[-73.4231,40.6181],[-73.4219,40.6181],[-73.4216,40.6184]]],[[[-73.6155,40.5969],[-73.6152,40.5966],[-73.6149,40.5966],[-73.6144,40.5961],[-73.6141,40.5961],[-73.6139,40.5959],[-73.6138,40.5958],[-73.6135,40.5958],[-73.6133,40.5955],[-73.613,40.5958],[-73.6127,40.5958],[-73.6124,40.5955],[-73.6121,40.5958],[-73.6116,40.5958],[-73.6113,40.5961],[-73.6108,40.5961],[-73.6105,40.5958],[-73.6102,40.5958],[-73.6099,40.5955],[-73.6096,40.5955],[-73.6094,40.5952],[-73.6074,40.5952],[-73.6071,40.5955],[-73.6046,40.5955],[-73.6044,40.5952],[-73.6041,40.5955],[-73.6035,40.5955],[-73.6033,40.5952],[-73.5998,40.5952],[-73.5949,40.5952],[-73.5946,40.5949],[-73.5941,40.5949],[-73.5938,40.5947],[-73.5927,40.5947],[-73.5924,40.5944],[-73.5916,40.5944],[-73.591,40.5944],[-73.5905,40.5943],[-73.5902,40.5944],[-73.5899,40.5944],[-73.5896,40.5941],[-73.5894,40.5941],[-73.5885,40.5938],[-73.5883,40.5941],[-73.5866,40.5941],[-73.5863,40.5938],[-73.5855,40.5938],[-73.5852,40.5941],[-73.583,40.5941],[-73.5827,40.5944],[-73.5813,40.5944],[-73.581,40.5947],[-73.5794,40.5947],[-73.5791,40.5949],[-73.576,40.5949],[-73.5758,40.5947],[-73.5755,40.5947],[-73.5744,40.5936],[-73.5744,40.5933],[-73.5746,40.593],[-73.5749,40.5927],[-73.5749,40.5924],[-73.5752,40.5922],[-73.5752,40.5913],[-73.5758,40.5908],[-73.5758,40.5905],[-73.576,40.5902],[-73.576,40.5897],[-73.5763,40.5894],[-73.5763,40.5891],[-73.5766,40.5888],[-73.5766,40.5874],[-73.5785,40.5855],[-73.5808,40.5855],[-73.581,40.5852],[-73.5816,40.5852],[-73.5819,40.5855],[-73.5833,40.5855],[-73.5835,40.5852],[-73.5841,40.5852],[-73.5846,40.5858],[-73.5852,40.5858],[-73.5855,40.5861],[-73.5858,40.5861],[-73.5863,40.5866],[-73.5871,40.5866],[-73.5874,40.5863],[-73.5888,40.5863],[-73.5891,40.5861],[-73.5896,40.5861],[-73.5899,40.5863],[-73.5905,40.5863],[-73.5908,40.5861],[-73.5916,40.5861],[-73.5919,40.5858],[-73.5921,40.5858],[-73.5924,40.5855],[-73.593,40.5855],[-73.5934,40.5855],[-73.5938,40.5855],[-73.5941,40.5855],[-73.595,40.5853],[-73.5958,40.5855],[-73.5968,40.5854],[-73.5975,40.5854],[-73.5981,40.5852],[-73.5988,40.5852],[-73.5998,40.585],[-73.601,40.5848],[-73.6019,40.5844],[-73.6024,40.5844],[-73.6041,40.5847],[-73.6061,40.5853],[-73.6075,40.5854],[-73.6087,40.5855],[-73.6097,40.5852],[-73.6108,40.5854],[-73.6116,40.5852],[-73.6127,40.5853],[-73.6157,40.5856],[-73.6163,40.5855],[-73.6199,40.5855],[-73.6202,40.5858],[-73.621,40.5858],[-73.6213,40.5855],[-73.6219,40.5855],[-73.6221,40.5852],[-73.623,40.5852],[-73.6233,40.5849],[-73.6241,40.5849],[-73.6244,40.5847],[-73.6252,40.5847],[-73.6255,40.5849],[-73.6269,40.5849],[-73.6271,40.5847],[-73.6305,40.5847],[-73.6308,40.5844],[-73.6313,40.5844],[-73.6316,40.5841],[-73.633,40.5841],[-73.6333,40.5838],[-73.6352,40.5838],[-73.6354,40.5838],[-73.6358,40.5838],[-73.6367,40.5833],[-73.6371,40.5831],[-73.6373,40.5831],[-73.6377,40.583],[-73.6387,40.5827],[-73.6396,40.5825],[-73.6434,40.5822],[-73.6483,40.5823],[-73.6527,40.5823],[-73.6566,40.5824],[-73.6576,40.5824],[-73.6581,40.5826],[-73.6587,40.5825],[-73.659,40.5826],[-73.6599,40.5827],[-73.6621,40.5827],[-73.6624,40.583],[-73.6633,40.583],[-73.6635,40.5833],[-73.6641,40.5833],[-73.6644,40.5831],[-73.6677,40.5831],[-73.6688,40.5833],[-73.6688,40.5831],[-73.6713,40.583],[-73.6719,40.583],[-73.6721,40.5833],[-73.6727,40.5833],[-73.6732,40.5834],[-73.6746,40.5834],[-73.6749,40.5833],[-73.6755,40.5833],[-73.6758,40.5835],[-73.6766,40.5835],[-73.6769,40.5833],[-73.6774,40.5833],[-73.6777,40.583],[-73.6794,40.583],[-73.6796,40.5827],[-73.6799,40.5827],[-73.6802,40.5824],[-73.681,40.5824],[-73.6813,40.5827],[-73.6821,40.5827],[-73.6824,40.583],[-73.6827,40.583],[-73.683,40.5827],[-73.6844,40.5827],[-73.6846,40.5824],[-73.6869,40.5824],[-73.6871,40.5827],[-73.6899,40.5827],[-73.6906,40.5825],[-73.6921,40.5827],[-73.693,40.5827],[-73.6933,40.5828],[-73.6944,40.5827],[-73.7004,40.5827],[-73.7019,40.5827],[-73.7021,40.5824],[-73.703,40.5824],[-73.703,40.5827],[-73.7035,40.5827],[-73.7038,40.583],[-73.7044,40.583],[-73.7046,40.5833],[-73.7048,40.5833],[-73.7063,40.5833],[-73.7066,40.583],[-73.7096,40.583],[-73.7099,40.5833],[-73.7105,40.5833],[-73.711,40.5838],[-73.7133,40.5838],[-73.7135,40.5841],[-73.7158,40.5841],[-73.716,40.5844],[-73.718,40.5844],[-73.7183,40.5847],[-73.7188,40.5847],[-73.7191,40.5844],[-73.7194,40.5844],[-73.7202,40.5852],[-73.721,40.5852],[-73.7213,40.5849],[-73.7216,40.5849],[-73.7219,40.5847],[-73.7224,40.5847],[-73.7227,40.5849],[-73.7233,40.5849],[-73.7235,40.5852],[-73.7241,40.5852],[-73.7244,40.5849],[-73.7252,40.5849],[-73.7255,40.5852],[-73.7274,40.5852],[-73.7277,40.5849],[-73.7285,40.5849],[-73.7288,40.5848],[-73.7295,40.5848],[-73.7299,40.5849],[-73.7308,40.5849],[-73.731,40.5852],[-73.733,40.5852],[-73.7333,40.5855],[-73.7349,40.5852],[-73.7358,40.5852],[-73.7361,40.5852],[-73.7366,40.5852],[-73.7371,40.5852],[-73.7376,40.5852],[-73.7383,40.5854],[-73.7385,40.5852],[-73.7391,40.5852],[-73.7394,40.5855],[-73.7403,40.5858],[-73.741,40.5858],[-73.7424,40.5858],[-73.7427,40.5855],[-73.7444,40.5855],[-73.7446,40.5852],[-73.7458,40.5852],[-73.746,40.5849],[-73.7466,40.5849],[-73.7475,40.585],[-73.7482,40.5849],[-73.7492,40.5846],[-73.7502,40.5846],[-73.7516,40.5842],[-73.7525,40.5842],[-73.753,40.5839],[-73.7536,40.5836],[-73.7546,40.5836],[-73.7558,40.5844],[-73.7552,40.5849],[-73.7549,40.5849],[-73.7546,40.5852],[-73.7546,40.5855],[-73.7541,40.5861],[-73.7541,40.5863],[-73.7535,40.5869],[-73.7524,40.588],[-73.7519,40.588],[-73.7516,40.5883],[-73.7513,40.5883],[-73.7512,40.5884],[-73.751,40.5886],[-73.751,40.5888],[-73.7508,40.5888],[-73.7499,40.5897],[-73.7494,40.5897],[-73.7491,40.5899],[-73.7485,40.5899],[-73.748,40.5905],[-73.7474,40.5905],[-73.7466,40.5913],[-73.7463,40.5913],[-73.7458,40.5919],[-73.7452,40.5919],[-73.7449,40.5922],[-73.7446,40.5922],[-73.7444,40.5924],[-73.7441,40.5924],[-73.7438,40.5927],[-73.7433,40.5927],[-73.743,40.593],[-73.7427,40.593],[-73.7424,40.5933],[-73.7421,40.5933],[-73.7419,40.593],[-73.7407,40.593],[-73.7396,40.593],[-73.7395,40.5931],[-73.7394,40.5933],[-73.7393,40.5932],[-73.7391,40.593],[-73.7385,40.593],[-73.7383,40.5927],[-73.7377,40.5924],[-73.7369,40.5924],[-73.7352,40.5924],[-73.7346,40.5919],[-73.7341,40.5919],[-73.7333,40.5916],[-73.733,40.5916],[-73.7327,40.5913],[-73.7319,40.5913],[-73.7316,40.591],[-73.7308,40.591],[-73.7305,40.5908],[-73.7302,40.5908],[-73.7294,40.5905],[-73.7269,40.5905],[-73.7266,40.5902],[-73.7258,40.5902],[-73.7256,40.5901],[-73.7252,40.5902],[-73.7202,40.5901],[-73.7194,40.5899],[-73.7177,40.5899],[-73.7173,40.5899],[-73.7167,40.5897],[-73.7163,40.5899],[-73.7158,40.5899],[-73.7155,40.5897],[-73.7108,40.5897],[-73.7105,40.5899],[-73.7099,40.5899],[-73.7096,40.5897],[-73.7066,40.5897],[-73.7063,40.5899],[-73.7041,40.5899],[-73.7038,40.5897],[-73.7016,40.5897],[-73.7013,40.5894],[-73.7008,40.5897],[-73.6996,40.5897],[-73.6994,40.5894],[-73.698,40.5894],[-73.6977,40.5891],[-73.6935,40.5891],[-73.6933,40.5894],[-73.6919,40.5894],[-73.6916,40.5891],[-73.6902,40.5891],[-73.6899,40.5894],[-73.6896,40.5894],[-73.6894,40.5891],[-73.6871,40.5891],[-73.6869,40.5894],[-73.6863,40.5894],[-73.686,40.5897],[-73.6844,40.591],[-73.6835,40.5919],[-73.6808,40.5919],[-73.6805,40.5922],[-73.6799,40.5922],[-73.6796,40.5924],[-73.6778,40.5924],[-73.6752,40.5924],[-73.6749,40.5927],[-73.6724,40.5927],[-73.6721,40.593],[-73.6719,40.5933],[-73.671,40.5933],[-73.6708,40.5936],[-73.6694,40.5936],[-73.6691,40.5938],[-73.6671,40.5938],[-73.6669,40.5941],[-73.6638,40.5941],[-73.6628,40.5942],[-73.6624,40.5942],[-73.6621,40.5944],[-73.6616,40.5944],[-73.6613,40.5941],[-73.6608,40.5941],[-73.6605,40.5944],[-73.6602,40.5944],[-73.6599,40.5941],[-73.6586,40.5944],[-73.6576,40.5945],[-73.6571,40.5947],[-73.6569,40.5947],[-73.6566,40.5944],[-73.6558,40.5944],[-73.6555,40.5947],[-73.6549,40.5947],[-73.6546,40.5944],[-73.6538,40.5944],[-73.6535,40.5947],[-73.6527,40.5947],[-73.6524,40.5944],[-73.6516,40.5944],[-73.6513,40.5947],[-73.651,40.5947],[-73.6508,40.5949],[-73.6499,40.5949],[-73.6491,40.595],[-73.6489,40.595],[-73.6485,40.5949],[-73.6471,40.5949],[-73.6466,40.595],[-73.6452,40.5952],[-73.6448,40.5951],[-73.6446,40.5953],[-73.6441,40.5952],[-73.6435,40.5952],[-73.6433,40.5949],[-73.6413,40.5949],[-73.641,40.5952],[-73.6383,40.5952],[-73.638,40.5955],[-73.6377,40.5955],[-73.6374,40.5958],[-73.6371,40.5958],[-73.6366,40.5952],[-73.6308,40.5952],[-73.6305,40.5955],[-73.6291,40.5955],[-73.6285,40.5949],[-73.6269,40.5949],[-73.6268,40.5948],[-73.6266,40.5947],[-73.6263,40.5947],[-73.626,40.5949],[-73.6258,40.5949],[-73.6255,40.5947],[-73.6252,40.5947],[-73.6249,40.5944],[-73.6233,40.5944],[-73.623,40.5947],[-73.6213,40.5947],[-73.621,40.5949],[-73.6199,40.5949],[-73.6196,40.5952],[-73.6191,40.5952],[-73.6173,40.5954],[-73.6172,40.5956],[-73.6169,40.5963],[-73.6163,40.5969],[-73.6155,40.5969]]],[[[-73.5389,40.6283],[-73.5386,40.6281],[-73.5383,40.6281],[-73.5372,40.6269],[-73.5372,40.6267],[-73.5344,40.6239],[-73.5344,40.6236],[-73.5328,40.6219],[-73.5322,40.6214],[-73.5317,40.6206],[-73.5315,40.6201],[-73.5317,40.6198],[-73.5319,40.6192],[-73.532,40.6184],[-73.5322,40.6178],[-73.5323,40.6172],[-73.5322,40.6169],[-73.5319,40.6168],[-73.5311,40.6175],[-73.5306,40.6176],[-73.5303,40.6178],[-73.5294,40.6178],[-73.5292,40.6177],[-73.5287,40.6178],[-73.5283,40.6178],[-73.5278,40.6178],[-73.5275,40.6175],[-73.5272,40.6175],[-73.5269,40.6172],[-73.5267,40.6172],[-73.5264,40.6169],[-73.5261,40.6169],[-73.5253,40.6161],[-73.5253,40.6158],[-73.525,40.6156],[-73.525,40.6153],[-73.5247,40.615],[-73.5247,40.6147],[-73.5244,40.6144],[-73.5244,40.6142],[-73.5242,40.6139],[-73.5244,40.6136],[-73.5244,40.6133],[-73.5247,40.6131],[-73.5247,40.6122],[-73.525,40.6119],[-73.525,40.6097],[-73.5247,40.6094],[-73.5247,40.6092],[-73.5244,40.6089],[-73.5244,40.6086],[-73.5247,40.6083],[-73.5247,40.6078],[-73.5244,40.6075],[-73.5244,40.6072],[-73.5242,40.6069],[-73.5244,40.6058],[-73.5247,40.6056],[-73.5247,40.6044],[-73.5253,40.6039],[-73.5256,40.6036],[-73.5258,40.6036],[-73.5264,40.6033],[-73.5267,40.6036],[-73.5269,40.6036],[-73.5278,40.6039],[-73.5283,40.6039],[-73.5286,40.6042],[-73.5289,40.6042],[-73.5292,40.6044],[-73.5297,40.6044],[-73.5307,40.6048],[-73.5316,40.6054],[-73.5319,40.6051],[-73.5325,40.6044],[-73.5328,40.6042],[-73.5331,40.6042],[-73.5342,40.6031],[-73.5344,40.6031],[-73.5347,40.6028],[-73.535,40.6028],[-73.5353,40.6025],[-73.5361,40.6025],[-73.5364,40.6022],[-73.5367,40.6022],[-73.5369,40.6019],[-73.5389,40.6019],[-73.5392,40.6017],[-73.5403,40.6017],[-73.5406,40.6014],[-73.5414,40.6014],[-73.5427,40.6011],[-73.5438,40.6009],[-73.5446,40.6008],[-73.5452,40.6008],[-73.5456,40.6008],[-73.5458,40.6008],[-73.5461,40.6008],[-73.5464,40.6011],[-73.5467,40.6011],[-73.5469,40.6014],[-73.5472,40.6014],[-73.5481,40.6022],[-73.5481,40.6025],[-73.5492,40.6036],[-73.5492,40.6039],[-73.5494,40.6042],[-73.5497,40.6044],[-73.5497,40.6047],[-73.55,40.605],[-73.55,40.6053],[-73.5506,40.6058],[-73.5514,40.6067],[-73.5514,40.6069],[-73.5517,40.6072],[-73.5517,40.6076],[-73.5519,40.6081],[-73.5523,40.6087],[-73.5526,40.6094],[-73.5531,40.6097],[-73.5537,40.6103],[-73.5539,40.6108],[-73.5542,40.6111],[-73.5542,40.6114],[-73.5544,40.6117],[-73.5547,40.6119],[-73.5547,40.6122],[-73.5544,40.6125],[-73.5544,40.6142],[-73.5539,40.6147],[-73.5536,40.6147],[-73.5533,40.615],[-73.5535,40.6153],[-73.5531,40.6164],[-73.5528,40.6164],[-73.5517,40.6175],[-73.5504,40.6175],[-73.55,40.6172],[-73.5497,40.6172],[-73.5494,40.6169],[-73.5492,40.6169],[-73.548,40.6165],[-73.5475,40.6161],[-73.5472,40.6161],[-73.5469,40.6161],[-73.5467,40.6161],[-73.5464,40.6162],[-73.5464,40.6166],[-73.5463,40.6169],[-73.5472,40.6177],[-73.5478,40.6178],[-73.5481,40.6181],[-73.5489,40.6181],[-73.5501,40.6183],[-73.5514,40.6183],[-73.5519,40.6189],[-73.5522,40.6192],[-73.5522,40.6194],[-73.5525,40.6197],[-73.5525,40.62],[-73.5531,40.6206],[-73.5531,40.6211],[-73.5528,40.6214],[-73.5531,40.6217],[-73.5525,40.6222],[-73.5525,40.6225],[-73.5519,40.6231],[-73.5517,40.6231],[-73.5511,40.6236],[-73.5508,40.6236],[-73.5506,40.6239],[-73.5503,40.6239],[-73.5486,40.625],[-73.5475,40.6256],[-73.5472,40.6258],[-73.5461,40.6269],[-73.5458,40.6269],[-73.545,40.6278],[-73.5447,40.6278],[-73.5444,40.6281],[-73.5436,40.6281],[-73.5433,40.6283],[-73.5425,40.6283],[-73.5422,40.6286],[-73.5417,40.6286],[-73.5414,40.6289],[-73.5411,40.6289],[-73.5408,40.6292],[-73.5394,40.6292],[-73.5389,40.6286],[-73.5389,40.6283]]],[[[-73.4886,40.6269],[-73.4879,40.6267],[-73.4872,40.6268],[-73.4865,40.6265],[-73.4858,40.6264],[-73.4851,40.6264],[-73.4845,40.6266],[-73.4838,40.6266],[-73.4832,40.6262],[-73.4825,40.6261],[-73.4818,40.6261],[-73.4811,40.6261],[-73.4804,40.626],[-73.4797,40.6257],[-73.4795,40.6252],[-73.4792,40.6249],[-73.4792,40.6248],[-73.4786,40.6245],[-73.4784,40.6242],[-73.4784,40.6238],[-73.4785,40.6235],[-73.4783,40.6234],[-73.4779,40.6234],[-73.4777,40.6236],[-73.4771,40.6236],[-73.4763,40.6236],[-73.4759,40.6236],[-73.4749,40.6237],[-73.4748,40.6237],[-73.4742,40.6241],[-73.4734,40.6243],[-73.4726,40.625],[-73.4721,40.6252],[-73.4715,40.6249],[-73.4712,40.6243],[-73.4715,40.6238],[-73.4719,40.6234],[-73.4725,40.623],[-73.4731,40.6227],[-73.4736,40.6223],[-73.474,40.6218],[-73.4745,40.6213],[-73.475,40.6208],[-73.4754,40.6205],[-73.4755,40.6203],[-73.4758,40.6202],[-73.4762,40.6199],[-73.4766,40.6195],[-73.4769,40.6191],[-73.4772,40.6187],[-73.4776,40.6184],[-73.478,40.618],[-73.4783,40.6178],[-73.4783,40.6175],[-73.4786,40.6172],[-73.4787,40.617],[-73.4797,40.616],[-73.4803,40.6158],[-73.4814,40.6147],[-73.4817,40.6147],[-73.4819,40.6144],[-73.4825,40.6144],[-73.4836,40.6136],[-73.4839,40.6136],[-73.4843,40.6137],[-73.4847,40.6137],[-73.4864,40.6139],[-73.4867,40.6142],[-73.4872,40.6142],[-73.4875,40.6144],[-73.4881,40.6144],[-73.4883,40.6142],[-73.4886,40.6142],[-73.4889,40.6139],[-73.4892,40.6142],[-73.4894,40.6139],[-73.4897,40.6139],[-73.4917,40.6147],[-73.4919,40.6147],[-73.4925,40.615],[-73.4933,40.615],[-73.494,40.615],[-73.4947,40.6148],[-73.4953,40.6151],[-73.4958,40.6154],[-73.4962,40.6159],[-73.4966,40.6165],[-73.4969,40.6171],[-73.4972,40.6177],[-73.4973,40.6184],[-73.4974,40.6191],[-73.4974,40.6198],[-73.4972,40.6204],[-73.4969,40.6209],[-73.4965,40.6214],[-73.496,40.6219],[-73.4956,40.6224],[-73.4952,40.623],[-73.4949,40.6231],[-73.4942,40.6234],[-73.4936,40.6234],[-73.4931,40.6234],[-73.4927,40.6235],[-73.4923,40.6234],[-73.4917,40.6234],[-73.4912,40.6231],[-73.4906,40.6231],[-73.4897,40.6228],[-73.4887,40.6226],[-73.488,40.6225],[-73.4876,40.6221],[-73.4873,40.6217],[-73.4867,40.6215],[-73.4863,40.6215],[-73.486,40.6213],[-73.4847,40.6213],[-73.4838,40.6213],[-73.483,40.6213],[-73.4829,40.6213],[-73.4829,40.6216],[-73.4831,40.6222],[-73.4856,40.6222],[-73.4858,40.6225],[-73.4861,40.6225],[-73.4875,40.6239],[-73.4878,40.6239],[-73.4881,40.6242],[-73.4886,40.6242],[-73.4899,40.6242],[-73.4908,40.6242],[-73.4914,40.6242],[-73.492,40.6243],[-73.4928,40.6245],[-73.4931,40.6244],[-73.4934,40.6245],[-73.4934,40.6249],[-73.4931,40.625],[-73.4929,40.625],[-73.4923,40.6253],[-73.4917,40.6256],[-73.4911,40.6259],[-73.4905,40.6261],[-73.4899,40.6264],[-73.4893,40.6266],[-73.4886,40.6269]]],[[[-73.6208,40.6161],[-73.6206,40.6158],[-73.6194,40.6158],[-73.6192,40.6156],[-73.6189,40.6156],[-73.6186,40.6153],[-73.6178,40.6153],[-73.6175,40.6156],[-73.6167,40.6156],[-73.6164,40.6153],[-73.6161,40.6153],[-73.6158,40.615],[-73.615,40.615],[-73.6147,40.6153],[-73.6144,40.6153],[-73.6142,40.615],[-73.6139,40.615],[-73.6136,40.6147],[-73.6133,40.615],[-73.6131,40.6147],[-73.6128,40.6147],[-73.6125,40.6144],[-73.6122,40.6147],[-73.6117,40.6147],[-73.6114,40.615],[-73.6106,40.615],[-73.61,40.6144],[-73.6103,40.6142],[-73.6103,40.6136],[-73.6119,40.6119],[-73.6122,40.6119],[-73.6125,40.6117],[-73.6139,40.6117],[-73.6144,40.6111],[-73.6144,40.6108],[-73.6136,40.61],[-73.6133,40.61],[-73.6131,40.6097],[-73.6131,40.6086],[-73.6147,40.6069],[-73.6147,40.6067],[-73.615,40.6064],[-73.615,40.6061],[-73.6158,40.6053],[-73.6175,40.6053],[-73.6178,40.605],[-73.6181,40.605],[-73.6183,40.6047],[-73.6186,40.6047],[-73.6189,40.605],[-73.6194,40.605],[-73.6197,40.6047],[-73.6203,40.6047],[-73.6206,40.605],[-73.6208,40.605],[-73.6211,40.6053],[-73.6231,40.6053],[-73.6233,40.605],[-73.6236,40.605],[-73.6239,40.6047],[-73.6242,40.6047],[-73.6244,40.6044],[-73.6247,40.6044],[-73.625,40.6042],[-73.6253,40.6042],[-73.6256,40.6039],[-73.6258,40.6039],[-73.6261,40.6036],[-73.6264,40.6036],[-73.6267,40.6033],[-73.6269,40.6033],[-73.6275,40.6028],[-73.6275,40.6025],[-73.6281,40.6019],[-73.6281,40.6017],[-73.6286,40.6011],[-73.6286,40.6003],[-73.6289,40.6],[-73.6289,40.5992],[-73.6292,40.5989],[-73.6292,40.5986],[-73.6294,40.5983],[-73.63,40.5978],[-73.6311,40.5978],[-73.6314,40.5981],[-73.6319,40.5981],[-73.6322,40.5983],[-73.6325,40.5983],[-73.6328,40.5986],[-73.6333,40.5986],[-73.6336,40.5989],[-73.6339,40.5989],[-73.6344,40.5994],[-73.6344,40.5997],[-73.6347,40.6],[-73.6344,40.6003],[-73.6344,40.6006],[-73.6342,40.6008],[-73.6342,40.6011],[-73.6333,40.6019],[-73.6331,40.6019],[-73.6314,40.6036],[-73.6314,40.6039],[-73.6311,40.6042],[-73.6311,40.6044],[-73.6306,40.605],[-73.6308,40.6053],[-73.6308,40.6056],[-73.6311,40.6058],[-73.6311,40.6069],[-73.6308,40.6072],[-73.6308,40.6075],[-73.6306,40.6078],[-73.6303,40.6081],[-73.6292,40.6092],[-73.6283,40.6092],[-73.6281,40.6089],[-73.6278,40.6089],[-73.6275,40.6092],[-73.6272,40.6092],[-73.6269,40.6094],[-73.6261,40.6094],[-73.6258,40.6097],[-73.6256,40.6097],[-73.6253,40.61],[-73.6253,40.6103],[-73.6258,40.6108],[-73.6258,40.6111],[-73.625,40.6119],[-73.6247,40.6117],[-73.6233,40.6117],[-73.6231,40.6119],[-73.6228,40.6122],[-73.6222,40.6128],[-73.6222,40.6131],[-73.6219,40.6133],[-73.6219,40.6142],[-73.6222,40.6144],[-73.6222,40.6147],[-73.6217,40.6153],[-73.6217,40.6156],[-73.6211,40.6161],[-73.6208,40.6161]]],[[[-73.5283,40.6308],[-73.5278,40.6303],[-73.5275,40.6303],[-73.5275,40.63],[-73.5278,40.6297],[-73.5281,40.6294],[-73.5281,40.6292],[-73.5283,40.6289],[-73.5286,40.6286],[-73.5286,40.6283],[-73.5278,40.6275],[-73.5275,40.6275],[-73.5272,40.6272],[-73.5264,40.6272],[-73.5261,40.6275],[-73.5247,40.6275],[-73.5244,40.6272],[-73.5233,40.6272],[-73.5231,40.6275],[-73.5225,40.6275],[-73.5219,40.6281],[-73.5214,40.6281],[-73.5211,40.6283],[-73.5206,40.6283],[-73.5203,40.6286],[-73.5178,40.6286],[-73.5175,40.6283],[-73.5172,40.6283],[-73.5169,40.6281],[-73.5167,40.6283],[-73.5164,40.6283],[-73.5161,40.6281],[-73.5156,40.6281],[-73.5153,40.6278],[-73.515,40.6278],[-73.5147,40.6275],[-73.5144,40.6275],[-73.5142,40.6278],[-73.5139,40.6278],[-73.5136,40.6275],[-73.5133,40.6275],[-73.5131,40.6272],[-73.5125,40.6272],[-73.5114,40.6261],[-73.512,40.6254],[-73.5121,40.625],[-73.5125,40.6241],[-73.5126,40.6235],[-73.5119,40.6225],[-73.5117,40.6222],[-73.5117,40.6219],[-73.5114,40.6217],[-73.5114,40.6211],[-73.5117,40.6208],[-73.5117,40.6206],[-73.5133,40.6206],[-73.5136,40.6203],[-73.5139,40.6203],[-73.5142,40.6206],[-73.5144,40.6206],[-73.5147,40.6203],[-73.5147,40.62],[-73.515,40.6197],[-73.5153,40.6197],[-73.5156,40.62],[-73.5167,40.6201],[-73.517,40.62],[-73.5172,40.6197],[-73.5175,40.6194],[-73.5178,40.6194],[-73.5179,40.6193],[-73.5185,40.619],[-73.5189,40.6186],[-73.5194,40.6184],[-73.5195,40.6184],[-73.5202,40.618],[-73.5213,40.6171],[-73.5215,40.6168],[-73.5218,40.6165],[-73.5222,40.6161],[-73.5231,40.6169],[-73.523,40.6178],[-73.5222,40.6189],[-73.5225,40.6192],[-73.5231,40.6192],[-73.5233,40.6189],[-73.5244,40.6192],[-73.5247,40.6192],[-73.525,40.6194],[-73.5256,40.6194],[-73.5258,40.6197],[-73.5269,40.6197],[-73.5272,40.62],[-73.5289,40.6201],[-73.5299,40.6203],[-73.5303,40.6206],[-73.5307,40.6212],[-73.5306,40.6219],[-73.5311,40.6228],[-73.5314,40.6231],[-73.5314,40.6233],[-73.5317,40.6236],[-73.5319,40.6239],[-73.5319,40.6242],[-73.5322,40.6244],[-73.5322,40.6247],[-73.5325,40.625],[-73.5325,40.6253],[-73.5328,40.6256],[-73.5328,40.6261],[-73.5331,40.6264],[-73.5331,40.6267],[-73.5333,40.6269],[-73.5333,40.6272],[-73.5336,40.6275],[-73.5336,40.6278],[-73.5339,40.6281],[-73.5339,40.6292],[-73.5336,40.6294],[-73.5333,40.6297],[-73.5333,40.63],[-73.5325,40.6308],[-73.5319,40.6308],[-73.5317,40.6306],[-73.5311,40.6306],[-73.5308,40.6303],[-73.5306,40.6303],[-73.5303,40.63],[-73.5297,40.63],[-73.5294,40.6303],[-73.5292,40.6303],[-73.5289,40.6306],[-73.5286,40.6306],[-73.5283,40.6308]]],[[[-73.5558,40.61],[-73.5556,40.6097],[-73.5553,40.6097],[-73.5542,40.6086],[-73.5542,40.6083],[-73.5539,40.6081],[-73.5537,40.6074],[-73.5537,40.6072],[-73.5536,40.6069],[-73.5539,40.6067],[-73.5539,40.6058],[-73.5536,40.6056],[-73.5536,40.6047],[-73.5533,40.6044],[-73.5533,40.6042],[-73.5531,40.6039],[-73.5531,40.6036],[-73.5528,40.6033],[-73.5528,40.6031],[-73.5525,40.6028],[-73.5525,40.6025],[-73.5522,40.6022],[-73.5522,40.6019],[-73.5517,40.6014],[-73.5517,40.6011],[-73.5514,40.6008],[-73.5514,40.6003],[-73.5512,40.6],[-73.5514,40.5994],[-73.5517,40.5992],[-73.5525,40.5992],[-73.5528,40.5989],[-73.5539,40.5989],[-73.5547,40.5981],[-73.555,40.5981],[-73.5553,40.5978],[-73.5556,40.5978],[-73.5558,40.5975],[-73.5561,40.5975],[-73.5564,40.5972],[-73.5569,40.5972],[-73.5572,40.5969],[-73.5578,40.5969],[-73.5581,40.5967],[-73.5592,40.5967],[-73.5604,40.5959],[-73.5607,40.5957],[-73.561,40.5955],[-73.5619,40.5954],[-73.5622,40.5956],[-73.5625,40.5958],[-73.5625,40.5972],[-73.5622,40.5975],[-73.5622,40.5986],[-73.5619,40.5989],[-73.5619,40.5992],[-73.5622,40.5994],[-73.5625,40.5994],[-73.5628,40.5997],[-73.5633,40.5997],[-73.5639,40.5992],[-73.5642,40.5991],[-73.5646,40.5987],[-73.5651,40.598],[-73.5653,40.5975],[-73.5656,40.5972],[-73.5664,40.5981],[-73.5664,40.5992],[-73.5667,40.5994],[-73.5667,40.5997],[-73.5664,40.6],[-73.5669,40.6006],[-73.5669,40.6008],[-73.5675,40.6014],[-73.5675,40.6022],[-73.5678,40.6025],[-73.5678,40.6031],[-73.5681,40.6031],[-73.5682,40.6034],[-73.5684,40.6037],[-73.5683,40.6041],[-73.5684,40.605],[-73.5684,40.6055],[-73.5683,40.6063],[-73.5684,40.607],[-73.5678,40.6075],[-73.5672,40.6075],[-73.5664,40.6083],[-73.565,40.6083],[-73.5647,40.6086],[-73.5639,40.6086],[-73.5636,40.6083],[-73.5633,40.6083],[-73.5631,40.6086],[-73.5619,40.6086],[-73.5617,40.6089],[-73.5608,40.6089],[-73.5606,40.6092],[-73.5597,40.6092],[-73.5594,40.6094],[-73.5589,40.6094],[-73.5586,40.6097],[-73.5583,40.6097],[-73.5581,40.61],[-73.5578,40.61],[-73.5575,40.6097],[-73.5572,40.61],[-73.5558,40.61]]],[[[-73.5112,40.6192],[-73.5108,40.6192],[-73.5106,40.6192],[-73.5094,40.6181],[-73.5094,40.6178],[-73.5097,40.6175],[-73.5097,40.6172],[-73.5103,40.6167],[-73.5107,40.6163],[-73.5122,40.6144],[-73.5122,40.6142],[-73.5119,40.6139],[-73.5119,40.6136],[-73.5117,40.6136],[-73.5111,40.6142],[-73.5106,40.6142],[-73.5092,40.6156],[-73.5078,40.6156],[-73.5072,40.615],[-73.5069,40.615],[-73.5064,40.6144],[-73.5064,40.6142],[-73.5061,40.6139],[-73.5061,40.6131],[-73.5058,40.6128],[-73.5064,40.6122],[-73.5069,40.6122],[-73.5075,40.6117],[-73.5078,40.6117],[-73.5081,40.6114],[-73.5086,40.6114],[-73.5089,40.6111],[-73.5094,40.6111],[-73.5097,40.6108],[-73.5106,40.6108],[-73.5108,40.6106],[-73.5114,40.6106],[-73.5117,40.6103],[-73.5119,40.6103],[-73.5122,40.61],[-73.5125,40.61],[-73.5136,40.6089],[-73.5136,40.6086],[-73.5147,40.6075],[-73.5147,40.6069],[-73.5156,40.6061],[-73.5158,40.6061],[-73.5169,40.605],[-73.5172,40.605],[-73.5178,40.6044],[-73.5183,40.6044],[-73.5186,40.6042],[-73.5189,40.6042],[-73.5192,40.6042],[-73.5194,40.6039],[-73.5211,40.6039],[-73.5214,40.6036],[-73.5225,40.6036],[-73.5231,40.6042],[-73.5231,40.6047],[-73.5219,40.6058],[-73.5219,40.6061],[-73.5217,40.6064],[-73.5217,40.6067],[-73.5214,40.6069],[-73.5214,40.6072],[-73.5214,40.6077],[-73.5211,40.6081],[-73.5211,40.6083],[-73.5208,40.6086],[-73.5208,40.6089],[-73.5206,40.6092],[-73.5206,40.6097],[-73.5203,40.61],[-73.5203,40.6111],[-73.5197,40.6117],[-73.5197,40.6131],[-73.5192,40.6138],[-73.5191,40.6143],[-73.5186,40.6149],[-73.5181,40.6148],[-73.5178,40.6147],[-73.5175,40.6147],[-73.5172,40.6144],[-73.5169,40.6145],[-73.5167,40.6144],[-73.5161,40.6144],[-73.5161,40.6147],[-73.5167,40.6153],[-73.5169,40.6153],[-73.5172,40.6156],[-73.5175,40.6156],[-73.5178,40.6158],[-73.5194,40.6158],[-73.5197,40.6156],[-73.52,40.6158],[-73.52,40.6164],[-73.5192,40.6172],[-73.5186,40.6172],[-73.518,40.6178],[-73.5175,40.6178],[-73.5159,40.6178],[-73.5141,40.6185],[-73.5136,40.6189],[-73.5128,40.6189],[-73.5122,40.6191],[-73.5112,40.6192]]],[[[-73.5875,40.6264],[-73.5867,40.6256],[-73.5867,40.6253],[-73.5861,40.6247],[-73.5853,40.6247],[-73.585,40.625],[-73.5847,40.625],[-73.5844,40.6253],[-73.5831,40.6253],[-73.5828,40.6256],[-73.5817,40.6256],[-73.5814,40.6258],[-73.5808,40.6258],[-73.5794,40.6244],[-73.5794,40.6225],[-73.5797,40.6222],[-73.5797,40.6219],[-73.58,40.6217],[-73.58,40.6194],[-73.5803,40.6192],[-73.5803,40.6164],[-73.58,40.6161],[-73.58,40.6158],[-73.5797,40.6156],[-73.5797,40.6153],[-73.5794,40.615],[-73.5792,40.615],[-73.5781,40.6139],[-73.5775,40.6139],[-73.5764,40.6128],[-73.5761,40.6128],[-73.5758,40.6125],[-73.5761,40.6122],[-73.5766,40.612],[-73.5775,40.6117],[-73.5778,40.6117],[-73.5785,40.6116],[-73.5794,40.6117],[-73.5804,40.6114],[-73.5811,40.6114],[-73.5817,40.6114],[-73.5822,40.6112],[-73.5827,40.6111],[-73.5833,40.6114],[-73.5842,40.6122],[-73.5842,40.6131],[-73.5844,40.6139],[-73.5844,40.6144],[-73.5847,40.6153],[-73.585,40.6158],[-73.5853,40.6161],[-73.5856,40.6161],[-73.5858,40.6164],[-73.5861,40.6164],[-73.5869,40.6169],[-73.5881,40.6175],[-73.5883,40.6175],[-73.5886,40.6178],[-73.5894,40.6178],[-73.5898,40.6179],[-73.5903,40.6181],[-73.5908,40.6186],[-73.5899,40.619],[-73.5889,40.6194],[-73.5886,40.6194],[-73.5883,40.6197],[-73.5881,40.6197],[-73.5869,40.6208],[-73.5869,40.6211],[-73.5867,40.6214],[-73.5869,40.6217],[-73.5867,40.6219],[-73.5867,40.6236],[-73.5868,40.6237],[-73.587,40.624],[-73.5872,40.6241],[-73.5875,40.6245],[-73.5879,40.6248],[-73.5885,40.625],[-73.5888,40.625],[-73.5894,40.625],[-73.5897,40.6253],[-73.5903,40.6253],[-73.5906,40.6256],[-73.5908,40.6256],[-73.5911,40.6258],[-73.5914,40.6258],[-73.5914,40.6262],[-73.5915,40.6264],[-73.5914,40.6267],[-73.591,40.6267],[-73.5905,40.627],[-73.5901,40.6271],[-73.5897,40.6272],[-73.5892,40.6277],[-73.5889,40.6286],[-73.5879,40.629],[-73.5875,40.6291],[-73.5867,40.6286],[-73.5869,40.6281],[-73.5872,40.6278],[-73.5872,40.6275],[-73.5875,40.6272],[-73.5875,40.6264]]],[[[-73.5736,40.6219],[-73.5728,40.6211],[-73.5719,40.6211],[-73.5717,40.6208],[-73.5714,40.6208],[-73.5708,40.6203],[-73.5706,40.6203],[-73.5703,40.62],[-73.5697,40.62],[-73.5694,40.6197],[-73.5692,40.6197],[-73.5686,40.6192],[-73.5683,40.6192],[-73.5681,40.6189],[-73.5678,40.6189],[-73.5672,40.6183],[-73.5669,40.6183],[-73.5667,40.6181],[-73.5664,40.6181],[-73.5661,40.6178],[-73.5658,40.6178],[-73.5656,40.6175],[-73.565,40.6175],[-73.5647,40.6172],[-73.5642,40.6172],[-73.5639,40.6169],[-73.5636,40.6169],[-73.5633,40.6167],[-73.5631,40.6167],[-73.5628,40.6164],[-73.5625,40.6164],[-73.5622,40.6161],[-73.5619,40.6161],[-73.5608,40.615],[-73.5606,40.615],[-73.5598,40.6149],[-73.5593,40.6144],[-73.5594,40.6142],[-73.5597,40.6139],[-73.5606,40.6139],[-73.5608,40.6142],[-73.5625,40.6142],[-73.5628,40.6139],[-73.5631,40.6139],[-73.5633,40.6136],[-73.5636,40.6133],[-73.5639,40.6131],[-73.5639,40.6128],[-73.5644,40.6122],[-73.5644,40.6117],[-73.5647,40.6114],[-73.5647,40.6111],[-73.565,40.6107],[-73.5655,40.6097],[-73.5667,40.6094],[-73.5671,40.6093],[-73.5679,40.609],[-73.5686,40.6093],[-73.5692,40.6097],[-73.5692,40.6111],[-73.5694,40.6114],[-73.5694,40.6117],[-73.5703,40.6125],[-73.5708,40.6125],[-73.5711,40.6128],[-73.5714,40.6128],[-73.5717,40.6131],[-73.5722,40.6131],[-73.5725,40.6133],[-73.5728,40.6133],[-73.5733,40.6139],[-73.5736,40.6139],[-73.5742,40.6144],[-73.5747,40.6144],[-73.575,40.6147],[-73.5756,40.6153],[-73.5761,40.6153],[-73.5786,40.6178],[-73.5786,40.6189],[-73.5783,40.6192],[-73.5783,40.6197],[-73.5781,40.62],[-73.5781,40.6203],[-73.5778,40.6206],[-73.5778,40.6208],[-73.5772,40.6214],[-73.5769,40.6217],[-73.5767,40.6217],[-73.5761,40.6222],[-73.5758,40.6222],[-73.5756,40.6225],[-73.5747,40.6225],[-73.5744,40.6228],[-73.5742,40.6225],[-73.5736,40.6219]]],[[[-73.4256,40.6314],[-73.4253,40.6311],[-73.425,40.6311],[-73.4247,40.6308],[-73.4208,40.6308],[-73.4206,40.6306],[-73.4192,40.6306],[-73.4164,40.6308],[-73.4161,40.6306],[-73.4161,40.6294],[-73.4164,40.6292],[-73.4164,40.6289],[-73.4173,40.6283],[-73.4177,40.628],[-73.4176,40.6277],[-73.4175,40.6267],[-73.4178,40.6256],[-73.4181,40.6253],[-73.4172,40.6244],[-73.4169,40.6244],[-73.4164,40.6236],[-73.4161,40.6231],[-73.4162,40.6226],[-73.4164,40.6219],[-73.4165,40.6214],[-73.4218,40.6203],[-73.4218,40.6202],[-73.4233,40.62],[-73.4236,40.6197],[-73.4242,40.6197],[-73.4244,40.6194],[-73.4247,40.6194],[-73.425,40.6192],[-73.4253,40.6192],[-73.4256,40.6189],[-73.4258,40.6189],[-73.4261,40.6186],[-73.4272,40.6186],[-73.4275,40.6183],[-73.4278,40.6183],[-73.4281,40.6181],[-73.4292,40.6181],[-73.4294,40.6178],[-73.4311,40.6178],[-73.4314,40.6181],[-73.4317,40.6181],[-73.4319,40.6183],[-73.4319,40.6186],[-73.4317,40.6189],[-73.4317,40.6197],[-73.4319,40.6197],[-73.4322,40.62],[-73.4346,40.6201],[-73.4352,40.6209],[-73.435,40.6217],[-73.4333,40.6233],[-73.4333,40.6239],[-73.4331,40.6242],[-73.4331,40.6244],[-73.4333,40.6247],[-73.4333,40.625],[-73.4339,40.6256],[-73.4342,40.6256],[-73.4344,40.6258],[-73.4356,40.6258],[-73.4364,40.6267],[-73.4364,40.6269],[-73.4367,40.6272],[-73.4367,40.6275],[-73.4369,40.6278],[-73.4372,40.6278],[-73.4378,40.6283],[-73.4378,40.6292],[-73.4381,40.6294],[-73.4381,40.6297],[-73.4378,40.6297],[-73.4375,40.63],[-73.4367,40.63],[-73.4364,40.6303],[-73.4328,40.6303],[-73.4325,40.63],[-73.4322,40.63],[-73.4308,40.6297],[-73.4298,40.6292],[-73.4283,40.6295],[-73.4276,40.6296],[-73.4272,40.6306],[-73.4269,40.6306],[-73.4267,40.6308],[-73.4264,40.6308],[-73.4261,40.6311],[-73.4258,40.6311],[-73.4256,40.6314]]],[[[-73.4842,40.6369],[-73.4844,40.6367],[-73.4842,40.6364],[-73.4831,40.6361],[-73.4825,40.6358],[-73.4822,40.6356],[-73.4822,40.6347],[-73.4817,40.6344],[-73.4817,40.6336],[-73.4794,40.6333],[-73.4794,40.6328],[-73.4792,40.6328],[-73.4792,40.6336],[-73.4778,40.6336],[-73.4767,40.6333],[-73.4767,40.6331],[-73.475,40.6331],[-73.475,40.6333],[-73.4744,40.6333],[-73.4744,40.6328],[-73.4731,40.6325],[-73.4728,40.6322],[-73.4728,40.6311],[-73.4733,40.6308],[-73.4733,40.6303],[-73.4739,40.6303],[-73.4739,40.6308],[-73.4742,40.6308],[-73.4742,40.6306],[-73.4744,40.6303],[-73.4744,40.63],[-73.4756,40.63],[-73.4756,40.6303],[-73.4764,40.6303],[-73.4764,40.6297],[-73.4769,40.6294],[-73.4775,40.6289],[-73.4775,40.6286],[-73.4786,40.6286],[-73.4789,40.6283],[-73.4808,40.6281],[-73.4808,40.6278],[-73.4819,40.6278],[-73.4819,40.6281],[-73.4822,40.6281],[-73.4822,40.6278],[-73.4831,40.6278],[-73.4831,40.6289],[-73.4833,40.6289],[-73.4833,40.6286],[-73.4847,40.6286],[-73.4847,40.6289],[-73.4853,40.6289],[-73.4853,40.6286],[-73.4867,40.6286],[-73.4867,40.6289],[-73.4894,40.6292],[-73.4894,40.6294],[-73.4892,40.6297],[-73.49,40.63],[-73.4903,40.6303],[-73.4903,40.6306],[-73.4914,40.6311],[-73.4917,40.6314],[-73.4917,40.6322],[-73.4919,40.6325],[-73.4919,40.6331],[-73.4917,40.6333],[-73.4917,40.6339],[-73.4911,40.6342],[-73.4911,40.6344],[-73.4908,40.6347],[-73.4908,40.635],[-73.4906,40.6353],[-73.4906,40.6356],[-73.4903,40.6358],[-73.4897,40.6361],[-73.4894,40.6364],[-73.4894,40.6369],[-73.4889,40.6372],[-73.4881,40.6375],[-73.4875,40.6375],[-73.4875,40.6369],[-73.4872,40.6369],[-73.4872,40.6372],[-73.4861,40.6378],[-73.4861,40.6381],[-73.4853,40.6381],[-73.4842,40.6378],[-73.4842,40.6369]]],[[[-73.572,40.6056],[-73.5717,40.6053],[-73.5714,40.6048],[-73.5714,40.6044],[-73.5711,40.6038],[-73.5713,40.6035],[-73.5714,40.6029],[-73.5714,40.6022],[-73.5715,40.6019],[-73.5715,40.6012],[-73.5717,40.6009],[-73.572,40.6006],[-73.5722,40.6003],[-73.5724,40.5999],[-73.5728,40.5993],[-73.5737,40.5984],[-73.5742,40.5981],[-73.5746,40.5978],[-73.5754,40.5974],[-73.5758,40.5973],[-73.5762,40.597],[-73.5765,40.5969],[-73.5783,40.5964],[-73.5788,40.5963],[-73.5792,40.5961],[-73.5794,40.5962],[-73.5797,40.5961],[-73.5822,40.5961],[-73.5825,40.5958],[-73.5828,40.5958],[-73.5831,40.5956],[-73.5842,40.5956],[-73.5844,40.5953],[-73.585,40.5953],[-73.5853,40.5956],[-73.5858,40.5956],[-73.5861,40.5953],[-73.5864,40.5953],[-73.5867,40.595],[-73.5869,40.5953],[-73.5878,40.5953],[-73.5881,40.5956],[-73.5892,40.5956],[-73.59,40.5964],[-73.5903,40.5964],[-73.5903,40.5972],[-73.5892,40.5983],[-73.5892,40.5986],[-73.5897,40.5992],[-73.5897,40.5997],[-73.5889,40.6006],[-73.5886,40.6006],[-73.5883,40.6003],[-73.5878,40.6003],[-73.5875,40.6006],[-73.5872,40.6006],[-73.5869,40.6008],[-73.5869,40.6014],[-73.5872,40.6017],[-73.5872,40.6019],[-73.5856,40.6036],[-73.5853,40.6036],[-73.585,40.6039],[-73.5847,40.6039],[-73.5844,40.6042],[-73.5839,40.6042],[-73.5836,40.6044],[-73.5833,40.6044],[-73.5831,40.6047],[-73.5825,40.6047],[-73.5822,40.605],[-73.5817,40.605],[-73.5814,40.6053],[-73.5806,40.6053],[-73.5803,40.6056],[-73.5794,40.6056],[-73.5792,40.6058],[-73.5778,40.6058],[-73.5775,40.6056],[-73.5772,40.6056],[-73.5769,40.6058],[-73.5758,40.6058],[-73.5756,40.6061],[-73.5744,40.6062],[-73.5729,40.606],[-73.572,40.6056]]],[[[-73.5919,40.6164],[-73.5917,40.6161],[-73.5914,40.6161],[-73.5911,40.6158],[-73.5906,40.6158],[-73.5903,40.6156],[-73.5897,40.6156],[-73.5894,40.6153],[-73.5875,40.6153],[-73.5872,40.615],[-73.5869,40.615],[-73.5864,40.6144],[-73.5864,40.6136],[-73.5861,40.6133],[-73.5861,40.6125],[-73.5858,40.6122],[-73.5858,40.6111],[-73.5853,40.6106],[-73.585,40.6106],[-73.5847,40.6103],[-73.5844,40.6103],[-73.5831,40.61],[-73.5797,40.61],[-73.5794,40.6103],[-73.5786,40.6103],[-73.5783,40.61],[-73.5764,40.61],[-73.5747,40.6103],[-73.5744,40.6103],[-73.5733,40.6092],[-73.5733,40.6089],[-73.5731,40.6086],[-73.5731,40.6083],[-73.5728,40.6081],[-73.5733,40.6075],[-73.5747,40.6072],[-73.5758,40.6072],[-73.5764,40.6072],[-73.5767,40.6069],[-73.5772,40.6069],[-73.5775,40.6072],[-73.5781,40.6072],[-73.5803,40.6067],[-73.5808,40.6067],[-73.5811,40.6064],[-73.5819,40.6064],[-73.5822,40.6061],[-73.5831,40.6061],[-73.5833,40.6058],[-73.5836,40.6058],[-73.5839,40.6056],[-73.5844,40.6056],[-73.5847,40.6053],[-73.5853,40.6053],[-73.5858,40.6047],[-73.5861,40.6047],[-73.5867,40.6053],[-73.5867,40.6058],[-73.5872,40.6064],[-73.5872,40.6067],[-73.5875,40.6069],[-73.5875,40.6083],[-73.5872,40.6086],[-73.5872,40.6094],[-73.5875,40.6097],[-73.5875,40.6103],[-73.5878,40.6106],[-73.5878,40.6108],[-73.5886,40.6117],[-73.5889,40.6117],[-73.5892,40.6119],[-73.5908,40.6119],[-73.5911,40.6122],[-73.5919,40.6122],[-73.5939,40.6142],[-73.5939,40.6144],[-73.595,40.6156],[-73.5947,40.6158],[-73.5942,40.6158],[-73.5939,40.6161],[-73.5931,40.6161],[-73.5928,40.6164],[-73.5919,40.6164]]]]}},{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":1865,\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Queens\",\"state\":\"NY\"},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-73.8147,40.7994],[-73.812,40.7982],[-73.8112,40.7975],[-73.8105,40.7975],[-73.8084,40.7971],[-73.8047,40.7967],[-73.8041,40.7969],[-73.8035,40.7969],[-73.8016,40.7968],[-73.8011,40.7967],[-73.8001,40.7965],[-73.799,40.7963],[-73.7947,40.795],[-73.7946,40.7947],[-73.7944,40.7934],[-73.7947,40.7922],[-73.7946,40.7918],[-73.7943,40.7903],[-73.7925,40.7891],[-73.7908,40.7904],[-73.7898,40.7904],[-73.7892,40.7905],[-73.7825,40.7907],[-73.7817,40.7914],[-73.7813,40.7915],[-73.7811,40.7918],[-73.781,40.7928],[-73.7811,40.7931],[-73.7819,40.7949],[-73.7817,40.7958],[-73.7811,40.7961],[-73.7782,40.7969],[-73.7724,40.7919],[-73.7711,40.789],[-73.7707,40.7881],[-73.7708,40.7875],[-73.7721,40.7871],[-73.774,40.7861],[-73.7735,40.7856],[-73.7719,40.7836],[-73.7717,40.7832],[-73.7712,40.7828],[-73.7687,40.7803],[-73.7672,40.7772],[-73.7667,40.7767],[-73.7663,40.7756],[-73.7658,40.7747],[-73.7657,40.7742],[-73.7644,40.7731],[-73.7642,40.7731],[-73.7633,40.7723],[-73.7622,40.7717],[-73.7614,40.7708],[-73.7611,40.7708],[-73.76,40.7699],[-73.7581,40.7677],[-73.7563,40.7668],[-73.7556,40.7666],[-73.7551,40.7671],[-73.7549,40.7678],[-73.7558,40.7702],[-73.7558,40.7711],[-73.7553,40.7717],[-73.755,40.7717],[-73.7544,40.7722],[-73.7542,40.7722],[-73.7539,40.7739],[-73.7554,40.7766],[-73.7549,40.7775],[-73.7543,40.7793],[-73.7536,40.7806],[-73.7536,40.7808],[-73.7492,40.7817],[-73.7481,40.7806],[-73.7475,40.7806],[-73.7472,40.7808],[-73.7057,40.7499],[-73.7042,40.7358],[-73.7079,40.7336],[-73.7288,40.7239],[-73.7267,40.7103],[-73.7256,40.6808],[-73.7248,40.6649],[-73.7251,40.6517],[-73.741,40.6469],[-73.7423,40.6406],[-73.7442,40.6375],[-73.7449,40.6358],[-73.7456,40.6364],[-73.7458,40.6364],[-73.7467,40.6361],[-73.7469,40.6361],[-73.7475,40.6358],[-73.7483,40.6353],[-73.7486,40.6353],[-73.7489,40.6356],[-73.7497,40.6347],[-73.75,40.6347],[-73.7503,40.6344],[-73.7506,40.6344],[-73.7517,40.6336],[-73.7519,40.6336],[-73.7525,40.6333],[-73.7531,40.6328],[-73.7536,40.6328],[-73.7539,40.6325],[-73.7544,40.6325],[-73.7547,40.6322],[-73.7553,40.6322],[-73.7556,40.6319],[-73.7572,40.6319],[-73.7575,40.6317],[-73.7586,40.6308],[-73.7588,40.6308],[-73.7606,40.6306],[-73.7614,40.6297],[-73.7614,40.6294],[-73.7622,40.6294],[-73.7625,40.6292],[-73.7639,40.6292],[-73.7642,40.6289],[-73.7656,40.6289],[-73.7658,40.6286],[-73.7664,40.6286],[-73.7667,40.6283],[-73.7672,40.6278],[-73.7678,40.6272],[-73.7678,40.6269],[-73.7681,40.6267],[-73.7689,40.6256],[-73.7689,40.6253],[-73.7681,40.6244],[-73.7681,40.6236],[-73.7683,40.6233],[-73.7683,40.6228],[-73.7686,40.6225],[-73.7686,40.6222],[-73.7689,40.6219],[-73.7689,40.6214],[-73.7692,40.6211],[-73.7703,40.6197],[-73.7706,40.6197],[-73.7708,40.62],[-73.7714,40.62],[-73.7717,40.6203],[-73.7736,40.6203],[-73.7742,40.6208],[-73.7739,40.6214],[-73.7729,40.6232],[-73.7728,40.6238],[-73.7731,40.6242],[-73.7753,40.6262],[-73.7776,40.6268],[-73.7782,40.6269],[-73.7788,40.6267],[-73.7823,40.623],[-73.7843,40.6199],[-73.7838,40.6175],[-73.7823,40.6157],[-73.7817,40.6154],[-73.7812,40.6149],[-73.7809,40.6139],[-73.7813,40.6134],[-73.7906,40.6078],[-73.7919,40.6084],[-73.7933,40.6089],[-73.7939,40.6089],[-73.7942,40.6092],[-73.7967,40.6106],[-73.7969,40.6108],[-73.7981,40.6108],[-73.7983,40.6111],[-73.7989,40.6111],[-73.7992,40.6114],[-73.8,40.6114],[-73.8003,40.6117],[-73.8011,40.6119],[-73.801,40.6123],[-73.8006,40.6128],[-73.8005,40.6134],[-73.7986,40.6164],[-73.7983,40.6167],[-73.7983,40.6172],[-73.7981,40.6172],[-73.7967,40.6186],[-73.7967,40.6192],[-73.7961,40.6197],[-73.7958,40.6214],[-73.7944,40.6229],[-73.7914,40.6236],[-73.7911,40.6233],[-73.7897,40.6231],[-73.7894,40.6233],[-73.7889,40.6233],[-73.7881,40.6242],[-73.7881,40.6244],[-73.7853,40.6272],[-73.7847,40.6275],[-73.7844,40.6278],[-73.7833,40.6292],[-73.7836,40.6294],[-73.7836,40.6297],[-73.7839,40.63],[-73.7858,40.6314],[-73.7861,40.6317],[-73.7869,40.6317],[-73.7872,40.6319],[-73.7892,40.6336],[-73.7897,40.6336],[-73.79,40.6339],[-73.7903,40.6339],[-73.7908,40.6344],[-73.7914,40.6344],[-73.7922,40.6353],[-73.7929,40.6357],[-73.7951,40.6364],[-73.8001,40.6384],[-73.8035,40.6401],[-73.8094,40.643],[-73.8099,40.643],[-73.8111,40.6434],[-73.8126,40.6442],[-73.813,40.6443],[-73.8158,40.6452],[-73.8163,40.6455],[-73.817,40.6457],[-73.8189,40.6463],[-73.8196,40.6465],[-73.8201,40.647],[-73.8214,40.6486],[-73.8217,40.6486],[-73.8219,40.6489],[-73.8219,40.6503],[-73.8222,40.6506],[-73.8228,40.6514],[-73.8228,40.6519],[-73.8231,40.6522],[-73.8231,40.6531],[-73.8233,40.6533],[-73.8233,40.6542],[-73.8236,40.6544],[-73.8236,40.6561],[-73.8233,40.6564],[-73.8228,40.6583],[-73.8233,40.6578],[-73.8236,40.6578],[-73.8242,40.6572],[-73.8247,40.6558],[-73.825,40.6556],[-73.825,40.655],[-73.8247,40.6547],[-73.8247,40.6544],[-73.8244,40.6542],[-73.8244,40.6536],[-73.8247,40.6533],[-73.8247,40.6525],[-73.8244,40.6522],[-73.8244,40.6519],[-73.8239,40.6511],[-73.8239,40.6508],[-73.8236,40.6505],[-73.8234,40.6493],[-73.8239,40.6489],[-73.8242,40.6489],[-73.8244,40.6492],[-73.8248,40.6491],[-73.8257,40.6491],[-73.8263,40.649],[-73.8281,40.6487],[-73.829,40.6491],[-73.83,40.6503],[-73.8302,40.6504],[-73.8308,40.6514],[-73.8311,40.6514],[-73.8314,40.6511],[-73.8314,40.6504],[-73.8311,40.6497],[-73.8311,40.6489],[-73.8317,40.6486],[-73.8325,40.6482],[-73.8331,40.6483],[-73.8358,40.6458],[-73.8361,40.6456],[-73.8367,40.6453],[-73.8367,40.645],[-73.8375,40.6447],[-73.8378,40.645],[-73.8381,40.645],[-73.8383,40.6453],[-73.8386,40.645],[-73.8392,40.645],[-73.8394,40.6447],[-73.8411,40.6447],[-73.8441,40.6445],[-73.8449,40.6444],[-73.8465,40.6444],[-73.848,40.6442],[-73.8488,40.6442],[-73.8501,40.6446],[-73.8506,40.645],[-73.8517,40.6458],[-73.8522,40.6469],[-73.8521,40.6486],[-73.8512,40.6498],[-73.8511,40.6503],[-73.8514,40.6506],[-73.8517,40.6503],[-73.8529,40.6503],[-73.8547,40.6508],[-73.855,40.6511],[-73.8601,40.6581],[-73.8538,40.6671],[-73.862,40.6794],[-73.869,40.6927],[-73.8794,40.6883],[-73.8861,40.6838],[-73.8958,40.6862],[-73.8987,40.693],[-73.9082,40.7022],[-73.9195,40.7105],[-73.9236,40.7174],[-73.9241,40.7233],[-73.9468,40.7381],[-73.954,40.7396],[-73.9547,40.7382],[-73.9574,40.7251],[-73.96,40.7188],[-73.9668,40.7116],[-73.9697,40.7102],[-73.9697,40.7106],[-73.9694,40.7108],[-73.9694,40.7131],[-73.9692,40.7133],[-73.9689,40.7139],[-73.9689,40.7142],[-73.9686,40.7144],[-73.9686,40.7147],[-73.9683,40.7154],[-73.9675,40.7179],[-73.9672,40.7184],[-73.9627,40.7237],[-73.9623,40.7261],[-73.9625,40.7285],[-73.9623,40.73],[-73.9625,40.7311],[-73.9606,40.7381],[-73.9611,40.7386],[-73.9608,40.7389],[-73.9611,40.7392],[-73.9614,40.7406],[-73.9617,40.7408],[-73.9614,40.7411],[-73.9614,40.7414],[-73.9611,40.7417],[-73.9606,40.7425],[-73.9606,40.7428],[-73.9603,40.7431],[-73.9606,40.7442],[-73.9603,40.7444],[-73.9589,40.7458],[-73.9586,40.7464],[-73.9583,40.7467],[-73.9578,40.7478],[-73.9571,40.7486],[-73.9544,40.7508],[-73.9539,40.7512],[-73.9536,40.7517],[-73.9531,40.7522],[-73.9527,40.7531],[-73.9521,40.7538],[-73.9518,40.7542],[-73.9503,40.7558],[-73.9494,40.7567],[-73.9489,40.7572],[-73.9486,40.7578],[-73.9485,40.7583],[-73.9469,40.7606],[-73.9461,40.7617],[-73.9456,40.7622],[-73.9456,40.7625],[-73.9442,40.7639],[-73.9437,40.7642],[-73.9433,40.7647],[-73.943,40.7653],[-73.9422,40.7662],[-73.9408,40.7668],[-73.938,40.7686],[-73.936,40.7698],[-73.9356,40.7707],[-73.9358,40.7713],[-73.9361,40.7717],[-73.9366,40.772],[-73.9378,40.7731],[-73.9378,40.7742],[-73.9354,40.7779],[-73.9346,40.7779],[-73.9272,40.7778],[-73.9192,40.783],[-73.9175,40.7844],[-73.9157,40.7864],[-73.9154,40.7868],[-73.9127,40.7898],[-73.9114,40.7903],[-73.911,40.7906],[-73.9094,40.7911],[-73.9077,40.7907],[-73.9071,40.7906],[-73.9061,40.7902],[-73.9039,40.7898],[-73.9026,40.7898],[-73.9019,40.7895],[-73.9013,40.7891],[-73.9007,40.7889],[-73.8982,40.7869],[-73.8977,40.7866],[-73.8954,40.7857],[-73.8941,40.7845],[-73.8919,40.7827],[-73.8911,40.7811],[-73.8911,40.7786],[-73.8906,40.7778],[-73.8906,40.7775],[-73.8902,40.7758],[-73.8889,40.7741],[-73.8878,40.7739],[-73.8868,40.7742],[-73.885,40.7754],[-73.8848,40.777],[-73.8856,40.7795],[-73.8851,40.7801],[-73.8847,40.7801],[-73.8828,40.78],[-73.8822,40.78],[-73.8807,40.7803],[-73.8793,40.7813],[-73.8789,40.7825],[-73.8789,40.7828],[-73.8781,40.7831],[-73.8778,40.7828],[-73.8767,40.7825],[-73.8756,40.7819],[-73.875,40.7819],[-73.8747,40.7822],[-73.873,40.784],[-73.8728,40.785],[-73.8717,40.7858],[-73.8725,40.7861],[-73.8733,40.7861],[-73.8736,40.7858],[-73.8764,40.7858],[-73.8778,40.7856],[-73.8781,40.7853],[-73.8786,40.7853],[-73.8789,40.785],[-73.8806,40.7856],[-73.8808,40.7858],[-73.8817,40.7858],[-73.8819,40.7861],[-73.8847,40.7864],[-73.8853,40.7858],[-73.8856,40.7858],[-73.8861,40.7864],[-73.8864,40.7864],[-73.8883,40.7872],[-73.8889,40.7878],[-73.8892,40.7878],[-73.89,40.7889],[-73.89,40.7892],[-73.8908,40.79],[-73.8908,40.7903],[-73.8914,40.7908],[-73.8917,40.7908],[-73.8928,40.7933],[-73.8925,40.7936],[-73.8922,40.7947],[-73.8925,40.7967],[-73.8919,40.7972],[-73.8917,40.7972],[-73.8911,40.7978],[-73.8908,40.7978],[-73.8892,40.7989],[-73.8883,40.7989],[-73.8883,40.7986],[-73.8872,40.7983],[-73.8869,40.7981],[-73.885,40.7967],[-73.885,40.7964],[-73.8822,40.7953],[-73.8819,40.795],[-73.8811,40.795],[-73.8808,40.7953],[-73.8803,40.7953],[-73.8797,40.7947],[-73.8792,40.7947],[-73.8789,40.7944],[-73.8783,40.7944],[-73.8781,40.7942],[-73.8769,40.7939],[-73.8767,40.7936],[-73.8758,40.7931],[-73.8756,40.7931],[-73.875,40.7925],[-73.8747,40.7925],[-73.8714,40.7906],[-73.8714,40.7903],[-73.8711,40.7892],[-73.8706,40.7883],[-73.87,40.7881],[-73.8683,40.7881],[-73.8683,40.7869],[-73.8686,40.7864],[-73.8692,40.7858],[-73.8696,40.785],[-73.8694,40.7833],[-73.8701,40.7831],[-73.8705,40.7821],[-73.8706,40.7814],[-73.8704,40.7813],[-73.8702,40.7802],[-73.8699,40.7798],[-73.8688,40.7788],[-73.8624,40.7746],[-73.8614,40.7746],[-73.8603,40.7745],[-73.8554,40.7714],[-73.8557,40.771],[-73.8559,40.7704],[-73.8568,40.7683],[-73.8585,40.767],[-73.8611,40.7654],[-73.8609,40.7648],[-73.8601,40.7638],[-73.8589,40.7634],[-73.8583,40.7635],[-73.8578,40.7639],[-73.8565,40.7645],[-73.8559,40.7641],[-73.8554,40.7636],[-73.8551,40.7628],[-73.8547,40.7625],[-73.8547,40.7619],[-73.8471,40.7611],[-73.8466,40.7615],[-73.8434,40.7643],[-73.8435,40.7649],[-73.844,40.7654],[-73.8446,40.7657],[-73.8452,40.7656],[-73.8464,40.7658],[-73.8469,40.7662],[-73.8504,40.7701],[-73.8498,40.7729],[-73.8501,40.7784],[-73.8511,40.7789],[-73.8519,40.7797],[-73.8519,40.7803],[-73.8522,40.7806],[-73.8508,40.7819],[-73.8514,40.7825],[-73.8517,40.7825],[-73.8531,40.7814],[-73.8536,40.7814],[-73.8539,40.7817],[-73.8576,40.7836],[-73.8594,40.7857],[-73.8589,40.7865],[-73.8564,40.7876],[-73.8559,40.7877],[-73.8548,40.7882],[-73.8536,40.7911],[-73.8542,40.7933],[-73.8522,40.7949],[-73.8517,40.7944],[-73.8511,40.794],[-73.8503,40.7937],[-73.8495,40.7942],[-73.8488,40.7949],[-73.8477,40.7956],[-73.8463,40.7961],[-73.8448,40.7962],[-73.8442,40.796],[-73.843,40.7966],[-73.8416,40.797],[-73.8407,40.797],[-73.8386,40.7966],[-73.8365,40.7927],[-73.8369,40.7911],[-73.8368,40.7897],[-73.8357,40.7892],[-73.8343,40.7889],[-73.8319,40.7889],[-73.8318,40.7898],[-73.8309,40.7914],[-73.8296,40.792],[-73.8289,40.7925],[-73.8282,40.7934],[-73.8283,40.7948],[-73.8287,40.7957],[-73.8292,40.7967],[-73.8286,40.7969],[-73.8271,40.797],[-73.8229,40.7991],[-73.8225,40.7994],[-73.8203,40.8009],[-73.8193,40.8009],[-73.8173,40.8],[-73.8168,40.7998],[-73.8147,40.7994]]],[[[-73.7656,40.6142],[-73.7644,40.6131],[-73.7644,40.6125],[-73.7633,40.6114],[-73.7603,40.6114],[-73.76,40.6111],[-73.7597,40.6111],[-73.7589,40.6103],[-73.7586,40.6103],[-73.7583,40.61],[-73.7569,40.61],[-73.7564,40.6106],[-73.7564,40.611],[-73.7546,40.6099],[-73.7455,40.6121],[-73.7425,40.6084],[-73.7438,40.6075],[-73.7372,40.6015],[-73.7374,40.594],[-73.7379,40.5939],[-73.7383,40.5942],[-73.7392,40.5944],[-73.7394,40.5942],[-73.7397,40.5942],[-73.74,40.5944],[-73.7403,40.5942],[-73.7406,40.5942],[-73.7425,40.5945],[-73.7432,40.5947],[-73.7464,40.5944],[-73.7469,40.5944],[-73.7472,40.5942],[-73.7475,40.5942],[-73.7478,40.5939],[-73.7481,40.5939],[-73.7483,40.5936],[-73.7489,40.5936],[-73.7489,40.5933],[-73.7492,40.5931],[-73.7508,40.5922],[-73.7525,40.5917],[-73.7528,40.5914],[-73.7536,40.5912],[-73.7544,40.5911],[-73.7572,40.5911],[-73.7599,40.5912],[-73.7617,40.5915],[-73.7634,40.5912],[-73.764,40.5912],[-73.7645,40.5914],[-73.7653,40.5914],[-73.7658,40.5913],[-73.7667,40.5908],[-73.7672,40.5904],[-73.7689,40.5905],[-73.7729,40.5905],[-73.7746,40.5902],[-73.7756,40.5899],[-73.7775,40.5892],[-73.7822,40.5892],[-73.7828,40.5886],[-73.7844,40.5886],[-73.7847,40.5883],[-73.785,40.5883],[-73.7853,40.5881],[-73.7856,40.5881],[-73.7858,40.5878],[-73.7875,40.5875],[-73.7881,40.5876],[-73.7885,40.5875],[-73.7905,40.5872],[-73.7914,40.5867],[-73.7917,40.5867],[-73.7929,40.5867],[-73.7938,40.5862],[-73.7944,40.5861],[-73.795,40.5858],[-73.7953,40.5858],[-73.7956,40.5856],[-73.7964,40.5856],[-73.7969,40.5858],[-73.7975,40.5853],[-73.7978,40.5853],[-73.7981,40.5855],[-73.7985,40.5855],[-73.8017,40.585],[-73.8052,40.5846],[-73.8089,40.5834],[-73.8122,40.5833],[-73.8136,40.5833],[-73.8139,40.5831],[-73.8142,40.5831],[-73.8152,40.5826],[-73.8156,40.5822],[-73.8159,40.5822],[-73.8175,40.5819],[-73.8178,40.5822],[-73.8181,40.5822],[-73.8183,40.5819],[-73.8186,40.5819],[-73.8186,40.5817],[-73.8194,40.5817],[-73.8201,40.5816],[-73.8211,40.5822],[-73.8214,40.5819],[-73.8214,40.5817],[-73.8217,40.5814],[-73.8219,40.5814],[-73.8222,40.5811],[-73.8231,40.5811],[-73.8233,40.5808],[-73.8239,40.5808],[-73.8244,40.5803],[-73.8247,40.5803],[-73.825,40.58],[-73.8253,40.5803],[-73.8267,40.5803],[-73.8272,40.58],[-73.8275,40.5797],[-73.8292,40.5792],[-73.8294,40.5789],[-73.83,40.5789],[-73.8303,40.5788],[-73.8308,40.5789],[-73.8314,40.5788],[-73.8359,40.5777],[-73.8364,40.5775],[-73.8369,40.5772],[-73.8374,40.577],[-73.8386,40.5767],[-73.8392,40.5765],[-73.8402,40.576],[-73.8411,40.5753],[-73.8417,40.5751],[-73.8428,40.5748],[-73.8434,40.5746],[-73.844,40.5745],[-73.8446,40.5743],[-73.8474,40.5733],[-73.8479,40.5731],[-73.8491,40.5728],[-73.8496,40.5726],[-73.8513,40.5719],[-73.8519,40.5717],[-73.8524,40.5714],[-73.853,40.5712],[-73.8568,40.5697],[-73.8573,40.5695],[-73.8594,40.5688],[-73.86,40.5687],[-73.8605,40.5685],[-73.863,40.5676],[-73.864,40.5673],[-73.865,40.5671],[-73.8653,40.5669],[-73.8656,40.567],[-73.8658,40.5669],[-73.8672,40.5658],[-73.8674,40.5657],[-73.8681,40.5652],[-73.8697,40.565],[-73.8704,40.5645],[-73.8745,40.5629],[-73.8755,40.5628],[-73.8762,40.5629],[-73.8767,40.5628],[-73.8787,40.5623],[-73.8797,40.562],[-73.8806,40.5616],[-73.8816,40.5612],[-73.8822,40.5611],[-73.8828,40.5611],[-73.8831,40.561],[-73.8844,40.5605],[-73.8853,40.5604],[-73.8862,40.5602],[-73.8869,40.5598],[-73.8874,40.56],[-73.8878,40.56],[-73.888,40.5598],[-73.8883,40.5597],[-73.889,40.5591],[-73.8896,40.559],[-73.891,40.5586],[-73.8922,40.5581],[-73.8931,40.5579],[-73.8937,40.5579],[-73.894,40.5578],[-73.8946,40.5575],[-73.8959,40.5573],[-73.8963,40.5573],[-73.8968,40.5571],[-73.8972,40.5572],[-73.8973,40.557],[-73.8983,40.5564],[-73.8992,40.5564],[-73.8994,40.5561],[-73.8997,40.5561],[-73.9,40.5564],[-73.9005,40.5564],[-73.9009,40.5563],[-73.9014,40.5564],[-73.9019,40.5566],[-73.9024,40.5567],[-73.9028,40.5569],[-73.9044,40.5569],[-73.9047,40.5567],[-73.9053,40.5561],[-73.9057,40.5562],[-73.906,40.556],[-73.9066,40.556],[-73.9075,40.5559],[-73.908,40.5558],[-73.9082,40.5552],[-73.9086,40.555],[-73.9092,40.5551],[-73.9097,40.5549],[-73.9123,40.5542],[-73.9125,40.5539],[-73.913,40.5536],[-73.9133,40.5535],[-73.9152,40.5531],[-73.9158,40.5525],[-73.9163,40.5522],[-73.9177,40.5519],[-73.9182,40.5515],[-73.9186,40.5514],[-73.919,40.5511],[-73.9199,40.5509],[-73.9218,40.5504],[-73.923,40.5496],[-73.9236,40.5494],[-73.9241,40.5493],[-73.9244,40.549],[-73.925,40.5487],[-73.9256,40.5486],[-73.9272,40.5481],[-73.929,40.5474],[-73.9301,40.5469],[-73.9322,40.5461],[-73.9339,40.5456],[-73.9344,40.5456],[-73.9347,40.5453],[-73.9354,40.545],[-73.9369,40.5442],[-73.9372,40.5442],[-73.9375,40.5439],[-73.9378,40.5439],[-73.9381,40.5436],[-73.9392,40.5431],[-73.9397,40.5428],[-73.9397,40.5425],[-73.941,40.5422],[-73.9411,40.5439],[-73.9408,40.5442],[-73.9408,40.5447],[-73.9408,40.5456],[-73.9406,40.5461],[-73.9406,40.5464],[-73.9403,40.5467],[-73.9403,40.5469],[-73.9406,40.5472],[-73.9403,40.5475],[-73.9403,40.5481],[-73.94,40.5483],[-73.94,40.5486],[-73.9397,40.5489],[-73.9397,40.5494],[-73.9403,40.55],[-73.9403,40.5506],[-73.9402,40.5519],[-73.94,40.5539],[-73.9398,40.5543],[-73.9392,40.5553],[-73.9386,40.5553],[-73.938,40.556],[-73.9374,40.5565],[-73.9367,40.557],[-73.9362,40.5569],[-73.936,40.5571],[-73.9356,40.557],[-73.9348,40.5569],[-73.9336,40.5572],[-73.9333,40.5575],[-73.9331,40.5575],[-73.9328,40.5578],[-73.9322,40.5578],[-73.9319,40.5581],[-73.9314,40.5581],[-73.9306,40.5589],[-73.9303,40.5589],[-73.9294,40.5596],[-73.9258,40.5618],[-73.924,40.562],[-73.9228,40.5618],[-73.9202,40.5619],[-73.9189,40.562],[-73.9178,40.5625],[-73.9175,40.5628],[-73.9172,40.5628],[-73.9167,40.5633],[-73.9144,40.5642],[-73.9139,40.5647],[-73.9131,40.5649],[-73.9108,40.5653],[-73.91,40.5649],[-73.9096,40.5645],[-73.9093,40.5643],[-73.9088,40.5642],[-73.9082,40.5637],[-73.9071,40.5632],[-73.9061,40.5631],[-73.9058,40.5628],[-73.9049,40.563],[-73.9033,40.5633],[-73.9022,40.5633],[-73.9018,40.5635],[-73.9016,40.5634],[-73.9012,40.5634],[-73.9005,40.5635],[-73.8993,40.5639],[-73.8973,40.565],[-73.8968,40.5652],[-73.8964,40.5661],[-73.8964,40.5664],[-73.8944,40.5681],[-73.8935,40.5683],[-73.8926,40.5682],[-73.8922,40.5683],[-73.8916,40.5682],[-73.8911,40.5683],[-73.8908,40.5682],[-73.8889,40.5678],[-73.8859,40.5685],[-73.8853,40.5686],[-73.885,40.5689],[-73.8831,40.5692],[-73.8805,40.5688],[-73.8797,40.5689],[-73.8788,40.5692],[-73.8778,40.5695],[-73.8766,40.5698],[-73.8761,40.57],[-73.8756,40.5703],[-73.8751,40.5705],[-73.8747,40.5708],[-73.8742,40.571],[-73.8735,40.5711],[-73.8722,40.5714],[-73.8708,40.5717],[-73.8703,40.5722],[-73.8658,40.5742],[-73.8656,40.5744],[-73.8653,40.5744],[-73.8647,40.575],[-73.8644,40.575],[-73.8639,40.5756],[-73.8636,40.5756],[-73.8633,40.5758],[-73.8622,40.5767],[-73.8619,40.5767],[-73.8617,40.5769],[-73.8611,40.5769],[-73.8606,40.5775],[-73.8603,40.5775],[-73.8597,40.5781],[-73.8594,40.5781],[-73.8592,40.5783],[-73.8586,40.5783],[-73.8583,40.5786],[-73.8578,40.5786],[-73.8575,40.5789],[-73.8572,40.5789],[-73.8567,40.5794],[-73.8564,40.5794],[-73.8561,40.5797],[-73.8558,40.5797],[-73.8556,40.58],[-73.8553,40.58],[-73.855,40.5803],[-73.8547,40.5803],[-73.8544,40.5806],[-73.8542,40.5806],[-73.8536,40.5808],[-73.8533,40.5811],[-73.8531,40.5811],[-73.8528,40.5814],[-73.8522,40.5814],[-73.8519,40.5817],[-73.8517,40.5817],[-73.8514,40.5814],[-73.8511,40.5817],[-73.8506,40.5817],[-73.8503,40.5819],[-73.8453,40.5818],[-73.8447,40.5817],[-73.8393,40.5823],[-73.8392,40.5825],[-73.8386,40.5824],[-73.8381,40.5831],[-73.8361,40.5831],[-73.8358,40.5833],[-73.835,40.5839],[-73.8339,40.5839],[-73.8335,40.5837],[-73.8321,40.5839],[-73.8314,40.5843],[-73.8297,40.5847],[-73.8289,40.585],[-73.8286,40.586],[-73.8283,40.5862],[-73.827,40.5868],[-73.8262,40.5867],[-73.8254,40.5869],[-73.8235,40.5878],[-73.8232,40.5876],[-73.8227,40.5875],[-73.8216,40.587],[-73.8207,40.5868],[-73.8197,40.5872],[-73.8196,40.5877],[-73.8194,40.5886],[-73.8194,40.5889],[-73.8192,40.5892],[-73.8189,40.5892],[-73.8186,40.5894],[-73.8181,40.5894],[-73.8174,40.5896],[-73.8163,40.5896],[-73.8144,40.5903],[-73.8126,40.592],[-73.8117,40.5924],[-73.8114,40.5927],[-73.8111,40.5928],[-73.8102,40.5932],[-73.8099,40.5932],[-73.8087,40.5933],[-73.8083,40.5937],[-73.8076,40.5947],[-73.8073,40.595],[-73.8067,40.5954],[-73.8059,40.5953],[-73.8055,40.5954],[-73.8049,40.5954],[-73.8047,40.5957],[-73.805,40.596],[-73.8056,40.5972],[-73.8054,40.5973],[-73.805,40.5978],[-73.8044,40.5981],[-73.8035,40.5983],[-73.8033,40.5986],[-73.8025,40.5991],[-73.8008,40.5994],[-73.8006,40.5995],[-73.7988,40.5997],[-73.7983,40.5996],[-73.7978,40.5996],[-73.7972,40.5994],[-73.7957,40.5994],[-73.795,40.5992],[-73.7947,40.5992],[-73.7938,40.6001],[-73.7933,40.6003],[-73.7931,40.6006],[-73.7924,40.6006],[-73.7919,40.6008],[-73.7897,40.6019],[-73.7886,40.6031],[-73.7883,40.6031],[-73.7881,40.6033],[-73.7867,40.6039],[-73.7859,40.6032],[-73.7869,40.6019],[-73.7872,40.6019],[-73.7875,40.6017],[-73.7878,40.6017],[-73.7883,40.6011],[-73.7883,40.6008],[-73.7892,40.6],[-73.7894,40.6],[-73.7897,40.5997],[-73.79,40.5983],[-73.7903,40.5981],[-73.7903,40.5978],[-73.7906,40.5975],[-73.7909,40.5964],[-73.7905,40.5958],[-73.7897,40.5959],[-73.7885,40.5983],[-73.7869,40.5997],[-73.7867,40.5997],[-73.7858,40.6006],[-73.7858,40.6008],[-73.7844,40.6022],[-73.7842,40.6022],[-73.7836,40.6028],[-73.7836,40.6031],[-73.7833,40.6033],[-73.7833,40.6036],[-73.7839,40.6042],[-73.7839,40.6044],[-73.7842,40.6047],[-73.7831,40.6058],[-73.7831,40.6064],[-73.7828,40.6067],[-73.7825,40.6067],[-73.7803,40.6089],[-73.7801,40.6089],[-73.7797,40.6092],[-73.7785,40.6098],[-73.7775,40.61],[-73.7757,40.6098],[-73.7753,40.6097],[-73.7744,40.6092],[-73.7744,40.6086],[-73.7744,40.6083],[-73.7742,40.6081],[-73.7739,40.6058],[-73.7744,40.6053],[-73.7744,40.6047],[-73.7747,40.6044],[-73.7747,40.6039],[-73.775,40.6036],[-73.775,40.6033],[-73.7761,40.6022],[-73.7764,40.6022],[-73.7783,40.6003],[-73.7792,40.6003],[-73.7794,40.6006],[-73.7797,40.6006],[-73.78,40.6003],[-73.7806,40.6003],[-73.7817,40.5992],[-73.7817,40.5989],[-73.7819,40.5986],[-73.7822,40.5981],[-73.7819,40.5978],[-73.7817,40.5978],[-73.7814,40.5975],[-73.7803,40.5975],[-73.78,40.5978],[-73.7797,40.5978],[-73.7792,40.5983],[-73.7786,40.5986],[-73.7783,40.5983],[-73.7781,40.5983],[-73.7778,40.5986],[-73.7769,40.5997],[-73.7767,40.6],[-73.7767,40.6003],[-73.7756,40.6014],[-73.7747,40.6014],[-73.7747,40.6011],[-73.7744,40.6008],[-73.7744,40.6],[-73.7742,40.5997],[-73.7742,40.5994],[-73.7736,40.5989],[-73.7736,40.5986],[-73.7733,40.5983],[-73.773,40.5982],[-73.7722,40.5983],[-73.7712,40.5987],[-73.7711,40.5995],[-73.7708,40.6008],[-73.7708,40.6025],[-73.7703,40.6031],[-73.7703,40.6033],[-73.7706,40.6036],[-73.7706,40.6044],[-73.77,40.605],[-73.7699,40.6057],[-73.7697,40.6058],[-73.7694,40.6064],[-73.7697,40.6067],[-73.769,40.6089],[-73.7694,40.6097],[-73.77,40.6097],[-73.7703,40.61],[-73.7706,40.61],[-73.7708,40.6103],[-73.7714,40.6103],[-73.7717,40.6106],[-73.7725,40.6106],[-73.7728,40.6108],[-73.7731,40.6106],[-73.7733,40.6108],[-73.7736,40.6114],[-73.7736,40.6133],[-73.7725,40.6139],[-73.772,40.6139],[-73.7697,40.614],[-73.7682,40.614],[-73.7681,40.6139],[-73.7675,40.6142],[-73.7672,40.6139],[-73.7658,40.6139],[-73.7656,40.6142]]],[[[-73.8225,40.6367],[-73.8225,40.6356],[-73.8222,40.6353],[-73.8222,40.635],[-73.8219,40.6347],[-73.8219,40.6333],[-73.8217,40.6331],[-73.8217,40.6325],[-73.8214,40.6322],[-73.8214,40.6319],[-73.8211,40.6317],[-73.8211,40.6308],[-73.8208,40.6306],[-73.8208,40.6303],[-73.8211,40.63],[-73.8208,40.6297],[-73.8208,40.6294],[-73.8206,40.6292],[-73.8206,40.6286],[-73.82,40.6275],[-73.8189,40.6272],[-73.8183,40.6267],[-73.8183,40.6264],[-73.8181,40.6261],[-73.8181,40.6256],[-73.8183,40.6253],[-73.8183,40.6247],[-73.8188,40.6246],[-73.8189,40.6244],[-73.8189,40.6239],[-73.8189,40.6233],[-73.8188,40.6228],[-73.8183,40.6225],[-73.8181,40.6222],[-73.8175,40.6222],[-73.8172,40.6219],[-73.8164,40.6219],[-73.8162,40.6218],[-73.8156,40.6211],[-73.8157,40.6209],[-73.8161,40.6206],[-73.8161,40.6203],[-73.8164,40.62],[-73.8164,40.6192],[-73.8166,40.6189],[-73.8166,40.6186],[-73.8164,40.6169],[-73.8161,40.6164],[-73.8162,40.6161],[-73.816,40.6158],[-73.8159,40.6153],[-73.8159,40.6147],[-73.8158,40.6143],[-73.8157,40.6139],[-73.8156,40.6136],[-73.815,40.6125],[-73.815,40.6108],[-73.8147,40.6106],[-73.8147,40.6104],[-73.8147,40.6089],[-73.815,40.6086],[-73.815,40.6083],[-73.8147,40.6081],[-73.8147,40.6067],[-73.8144,40.6064],[-73.8144,40.6061],[-73.8142,40.6058],[-73.8142,40.6056],[-73.8141,40.6053],[-73.8138,40.605],[-73.8134,40.6046],[-73.813,40.6041],[-73.8127,40.6041],[-73.8122,40.6039],[-73.8119,40.6036],[-73.8114,40.6036],[-73.8104,40.6026],[-73.8097,40.6017],[-73.8094,40.6014],[-73.8094,40.6011],[-73.8094,40.6006],[-73.8095,40.6001],[-73.8102,40.5993],[-73.8111,40.599],[-73.812,40.5989],[-73.8128,40.599],[-73.8132,40.5992],[-73.8133,40.6],[-73.8142,40.6008],[-73.8142,40.6011],[-73.8144,40.6014],[-73.8144,40.6017],[-73.8147,40.6019],[-73.8147,40.6028],[-73.8148,40.6031],[-73.8148,40.604],[-73.815,40.6046],[-73.8156,40.6051],[-73.8159,40.605],[-73.8164,40.6047],[-73.8167,40.6044],[-73.8169,40.6044],[-73.8175,40.6039],[-73.8175,40.6036],[-73.8178,40.6033],[-73.8178,40.6028],[-73.8175,40.6025],[-73.8175,40.6011],[-73.8178,40.6008],[-73.8178,40.6],[-73.8183,40.5994],[-73.8183,40.5983],[-73.8186,40.5981],[-73.8186,40.5975],[-73.8194,40.5967],[-73.8194,40.5964],[-73.82,40.5958],[-73.82,40.5956],[-73.8203,40.5953],[-73.8203,40.5947],[-73.8206,40.5944],[-73.8208,40.5944],[-73.8211,40.5942],[-73.8219,40.5942],[-73.8222,40.5944],[-73.8233,40.5944],[-73.8236,40.5947],[-73.8261,40.5947],[-73.8264,40.5944],[-73.8289,40.5944],[-73.8292,40.5942],[-73.8294,40.5944],[-73.8308,40.5944],[-73.8315,40.5942],[-73.832,40.5941],[-73.8325,40.5942],[-73.8328,40.5942],[-73.8333,40.5947],[-73.8339,40.5947],[-73.8342,40.595],[-73.8344,40.595],[-73.8345,40.5944],[-73.8339,40.5933],[-73.8336,40.5933],[-73.8333,40.5931],[-73.8322,40.5931],[-73.8322,40.5917],[-73.8319,40.5914],[-73.8319,40.59],[-73.8322,40.5897],[-73.8322,40.5894],[-73.8325,40.5892],[-73.8328,40.5889],[-73.8331,40.5886],[-73.8339,40.5886],[-73.8342,40.5889],[-73.8344,40.5889],[-73.8347,40.5886],[-73.835,40.5886],[-73.8353,40.5889],[-73.8356,40.5889],[-73.8358,40.5892],[-73.8369,40.5892],[-73.8372,40.5894],[-73.8375,40.5894],[-73.8378,40.5897],[-73.8381,40.5897],[-73.8386,40.5903],[-73.8389,40.5903],[-73.8394,40.5908],[-73.8397,40.5908],[-73.84,40.5911],[-73.8403,40.5911],[-73.8406,40.5914],[-73.8414,40.5914],[-73.8417,40.5917],[-73.8419,40.5917],[-73.8422,40.5919],[-73.8425,40.5919],[-73.8428,40.5922],[-73.8431,40.5922],[-73.8439,40.5931],[-73.8439,40.5942],[-73.8436,40.5944],[-73.8436,40.5947],[-73.8433,40.595],[-73.8431,40.5953],[-73.8428,40.5956],[-73.8419,40.5958],[-73.8417,40.5958],[-73.8405,40.5966],[-73.8392,40.5968],[-73.839,40.5969],[-73.8387,40.5968],[-73.8383,40.5967],[-73.8376,40.5967],[-73.8368,40.5966],[-73.836,40.5966],[-73.835,40.5967],[-73.834,40.5969],[-73.8328,40.5975],[-73.8297,40.5975],[-73.8292,40.5981],[-73.8289,40.5981],[-73.8283,40.5975],[-73.8281,40.5978],[-73.8277,40.5982],[-73.8275,40.5985],[-73.8271,40.5989],[-73.8259,40.5999],[-73.8251,40.6011],[-73.8244,40.6019],[-73.8239,40.6025],[-73.8236,40.6028],[-73.8236,40.6033],[-73.8233,40.6036],[-73.8233,40.6053],[-73.8231,40.6056],[-73.8231,40.6061],[-73.8228,40.6061],[-73.8225,40.6064],[-73.8225,40.6067],[-73.8222,40.6067],[-73.8203,40.6086],[-73.8203,40.6089],[-73.82,40.6092],[-73.82,40.6097],[-73.8197,40.61],[-73.8197,40.6103],[-73.82,40.6106],[-73.82,40.6108],[-73.8203,40.6111],[-73.8203,40.6114],[-73.8208,40.6119],[-73.8211,40.6117],[-73.8211,40.6108],[-73.8219,40.6103],[-73.8225,40.6101],[-73.8231,40.6103],[-73.8236,40.6115],[-73.824,40.612],[-73.8243,40.6125],[-73.8245,40.6128],[-73.8253,40.6139],[-73.8258,40.6142],[-73.8263,40.6142],[-73.8271,40.6139],[-73.8275,40.614],[-73.8279,40.6141],[-73.8283,40.614],[-73.8288,40.6141],[-73.8303,40.6153],[-73.8305,40.6153],[-73.8306,40.6154],[-73.8314,40.615],[-73.8317,40.615],[-73.8322,40.6144],[-73.8328,40.6144],[-73.8331,40.6142],[-73.8347,40.6142],[-73.8359,40.6151],[-73.8371,40.615],[-73.8378,40.6153],[-73.8378,40.6156],[-73.8375,40.6158],[-73.8375,40.6161],[-73.8361,40.6175],[-73.8361,40.6178],[-73.8358,40.6181],[-73.8358,40.6203],[-73.8356,40.6206],[-73.8356,40.6208],[-73.8353,40.6211],[-73.8353,40.6217],[-73.835,40.6219],[-73.835,40.6222],[-73.8349,40.6224],[-73.8347,40.6225],[-73.8347,40.6228],[-73.8336,40.6239],[-73.8333,40.6239],[-73.8319,40.6253],[-73.8317,40.6256],[-73.8317,40.6258],[-73.8319,40.6261],[-73.8319,40.6264],[-73.8322,40.6267],[-73.8322,40.6269],[-73.8328,40.6275],[-73.8328,40.6281],[-73.8325,40.6283],[-73.8325,40.6292],[-73.8322,40.6294],[-73.8322,40.63],[-73.8319,40.6303],[-73.8319,40.6306],[-73.8317,40.6308],[-73.8317,40.6314],[-73.8319,40.6317],[-73.8317,40.6325],[-73.8317,40.6333],[-73.8319,40.6336],[-73.8319,40.6342],[-73.8322,40.6344],[-73.8322,40.6353],[-73.8328,40.6358],[-73.8328,40.6361],[-73.8333,40.6367],[-73.8333,40.6369],[-73.8336,40.6372],[-73.8336,40.6378],[-73.8339,40.6381],[-73.8339,40.6383],[-73.8331,40.6392],[-73.8322,40.6392],[-73.8319,40.6389],[-73.8314,40.6389],[-73.8311,40.6386],[-73.8308,40.6386],[-73.8297,40.6375],[-73.8294,40.6375],[-73.8289,40.6369],[-73.8287,40.6368],[-73.8283,40.6367],[-73.8281,40.6365],[-73.8279,40.6363],[-73.8275,40.6362],[-73.8272,40.6361],[-73.8261,40.6361],[-73.8253,40.6362],[-73.8248,40.6365],[-73.8247,40.6369],[-73.8247,40.6374],[-73.8247,40.6378],[-73.8248,40.6385],[-73.8249,40.6392],[-73.825,40.6403],[-73.8244,40.6408],[-73.8242,40.6408],[-73.8236,40.6403],[-73.8236,40.6392],[-73.8233,40.6389],[-73.8233,40.6384],[-73.823,40.6381],[-73.8231,40.6378],[-73.8228,40.6375],[-73.8228,40.6369],[-73.8225,40.6367]]],[[[-73.9408,40.7717],[-73.9406,40.7714],[-73.9403,40.7714],[-73.9403,40.7706],[-73.9411,40.7697],[-73.9417,40.7692],[-73.9419,40.7692],[-73.9431,40.7681],[-73.9431,40.7678],[-73.9433,40.7675],[-73.9447,40.7658],[-73.945,40.7656],[-73.9453,40.7653],[-73.9453,40.765],[-73.9456,40.7647],[-73.9456,40.7644],[-73.9464,40.7636],[-73.9472,40.7628],[-73.9475,40.7625],[-73.9494,40.7606],[-73.95,40.76],[-73.9503,40.76],[-73.9506,40.7597],[-73.9508,40.7594],[-73.9508,40.7592],[-73.9519,40.7581],[-73.9528,40.7581],[-73.9528,40.7567],[-73.9529,40.7562],[-73.9537,40.7558],[-73.9541,40.7555],[-73.9544,40.7553],[-73.9546,40.7554],[-73.9548,40.7551],[-73.955,40.755],[-73.9551,40.7547],[-73.9554,40.7547],[-73.9556,40.7546],[-73.9558,40.7543],[-73.9563,40.7537],[-73.9566,40.7534],[-73.9567,40.753],[-73.9569,40.7529],[-73.9575,40.7528],[-73.9576,40.7526],[-73.958,40.7525],[-73.9581,40.7521],[-73.9582,40.752],[-73.9587,40.752],[-73.9588,40.7519],[-73.9589,40.7515],[-73.9591,40.7514],[-73.9592,40.7512],[-73.9594,40.7511],[-73.9598,40.7512],[-73.9599,40.7511],[-73.96,40.7507],[-73.9602,40.7505],[-73.9604,40.7503],[-73.9608,40.7503],[-73.9608,40.7499],[-73.9611,40.7497],[-73.9615,40.7495],[-73.9616,40.7496],[-73.9616,40.75],[-73.9617,40.7503],[-73.9614,40.7503],[-73.9611,40.7505],[-73.9611,40.7509],[-73.9609,40.7509],[-73.9608,40.7512],[-73.9608,40.7515],[-73.9607,40.7515],[-73.9603,40.7516],[-73.9603,40.7521],[-73.9602,40.7523],[-73.9597,40.7524],[-73.9597,40.753],[-73.9596,40.7531],[-73.9592,40.7536],[-73.9588,40.7539],[-73.9588,40.7542],[-73.9584,40.7544],[-73.9581,40.7547],[-73.958,40.7547],[-73.9578,40.755],[-73.9578,40.7551],[-73.9578,40.7553],[-73.9576,40.7554],[-73.9573,40.7554],[-73.9573,40.7558],[-73.9571,40.7559],[-73.9567,40.756],[-73.9566,40.7564],[-73.9565,40.7565],[-73.9562,40.7565],[-73.956,40.757],[-73.9557,40.7574],[-73.9553,40.7574],[-73.9552,40.7581],[-73.9551,40.7582],[-73.9549,40.7584],[-73.9545,40.7584],[-73.9543,40.7589],[-73.9542,40.7589],[-73.9539,40.7589],[-73.9536,40.7592],[-73.9536,40.7594],[-73.9534,40.7598],[-73.9532,40.76],[-73.953,40.7601],[-73.9525,40.7601],[-73.9525,40.7606],[-73.9523,40.761],[-73.9522,40.7611],[-73.9519,40.7612],[-73.9516,40.7611],[-73.9514,40.7614],[-73.9516,40.7616],[-73.9516,40.7619],[-73.9514,40.762],[-73.9509,40.762],[-73.9508,40.7622],[-73.9508,40.7633],[-73.9506,40.7636],[-73.95,40.7642],[-73.9497,40.7642],[-73.9494,40.7644],[-73.9492,40.7644],[-73.9483,40.7653],[-73.9475,40.7661],[-73.9475,40.7664],[-73.9461,40.7678],[-73.9461,40.7681],[-73.9458,40.7683],[-73.9456,40.7686],[-73.9453,40.7689],[-73.9453,40.7692],[-73.9442,40.7703],[-73.9439,40.7703],[-73.9433,40.7708],[-73.9431,40.7708],[-73.9428,40.7711],[-73.9422,40.7711],[-73.9419,40.7714],[-73.9417,40.7714],[-73.9414,40.7717],[-73.9408,40.7717]]],[[[-73.7994,40.6261],[-73.7994,40.6258],[-73.7986,40.6258],[-73.7981,40.6253],[-73.7989,40.6244],[-73.8,40.6244],[-73.8003,40.6242],[-73.8006,40.6242],[-73.8008,40.6239],[-73.8011,40.6239],[-73.8011,40.6236],[-73.8017,40.6231],[-73.8017,40.6222],[-73.8022,40.6217],[-73.8022,40.6214],[-73.8028,40.6208],[-73.8028,40.62],[-73.8017,40.6189],[-73.8017,40.6184],[-73.8018,40.6181],[-73.802,40.6175],[-73.8022,40.6172],[-73.8025,40.6168],[-73.8032,40.6168],[-73.8034,40.6167],[-73.8035,40.6162],[-73.8035,40.6157],[-73.8036,40.6154],[-73.8041,40.6158],[-73.8044,40.6163],[-73.8047,40.6169],[-73.8053,40.6175],[-73.8053,40.6178],[-73.8058,40.6183],[-73.806,40.6187],[-73.8064,40.6198],[-73.8064,40.6206],[-73.8068,40.6216],[-73.8064,40.6225],[-73.8059,40.6234],[-73.8053,40.6242],[-73.8048,40.6245],[-73.8044,40.6244],[-73.8042,40.6244],[-73.8036,40.625],[-73.8033,40.625],[-73.8028,40.6256],[-73.802,40.6259],[-73.8008,40.6264],[-73.8006,40.6264],[-73.7997,40.6264],[-73.7994,40.6261]]],[[[-73.8508,40.6131],[-73.8506,40.6128],[-73.8503,40.6128],[-73.85,40.6125],[-73.8494,40.6125],[-73.8492,40.6122],[-73.8492,40.6117],[-73.8489,40.6114],[-73.8486,40.6114],[-73.8486,40.6111],[-73.8489,40.6108],[-73.8489,40.6106],[-73.8492,40.6103],[-73.8492,40.61],[-73.85,40.6092],[-73.8503,40.6092],[-73.8508,40.6086],[-73.8511,40.6086],[-73.8519,40.6078],[-73.8522,40.6078],[-73.8536,40.6064],[-73.8539,40.6064],[-73.8542,40.6061],[-73.855,40.6069],[-73.855,40.6072],[-73.8556,40.6078],[-73.8556,40.6081],[-73.8558,40.6083],[-73.8558,40.6089],[-73.8564,40.6094],[-73.8564,40.6097],[-73.8567,40.61],[-73.8567,40.6103],[-73.8558,40.6111],[-73.8556,40.6111],[-73.8553,40.6114],[-73.8544,40.6114],[-73.8542,40.6117],[-73.8539,40.6117],[-73.8536,40.6119],[-73.8533,40.6119],[-73.8531,40.6122],[-73.8528,40.6122],[-73.8525,40.6125],[-73.8522,40.6125],[-73.8519,40.6128],[-73.8517,40.6128],[-73.8514,40.6131],[-73.8508,40.6131]]],[[[-73.7994,40.61],[-73.7992,40.6097],[-73.7981,40.6097],[-73.7978,40.6094],[-73.7969,40.6094],[-73.7967,40.6092],[-73.7964,40.6089],[-73.7961,40.6086],[-73.7958,40.6086],[-73.795,40.6078],[-73.7947,40.6078],[-73.7944,40.6075],[-73.7942,40.6075],[-73.7933,40.6067],[-73.795,40.605],[-73.7953,40.605],[-73.7958,40.6044],[-73.7961,40.6044],[-73.7967,40.6039],[-73.7969,40.6039],[-73.7977,40.6035],[-73.7991,40.6038],[-73.7997,40.6039],[-73.8,40.6037],[-73.801,40.6037],[-73.8014,40.6039],[-73.8028,40.6039],[-73.8031,40.6042],[-73.8033,40.6044],[-73.8039,40.6044],[-73.8044,40.605],[-73.8044,40.6053],[-73.8047,40.6056],[-73.8047,40.6058],[-73.8047,40.6061],[-73.8049,40.6064],[-73.8047,40.6067],[-73.8042,40.6075],[-73.8039,40.6078],[-73.8036,40.6081],[-73.8033,40.6081],[-73.8022,40.6086],[-73.8022,40.609],[-73.802,40.6095],[-73.8011,40.6097],[-73.8008,40.61],[-73.7994,40.61]]],[[[-73.8408,40.6124],[-73.8403,40.6123],[-73.8394,40.6123],[-73.8385,40.6124],[-73.8379,40.6121],[-73.8377,40.6115],[-73.8377,40.6108],[-73.8378,40.6099],[-73.8385,40.6083],[-73.8387,40.608],[-73.8395,40.6068],[-73.8401,40.6059],[-73.8404,40.6052],[-73.8407,40.6044],[-73.8417,40.6041],[-73.843,40.6039],[-73.8432,40.6038],[-73.8446,40.6031],[-73.8454,40.603],[-73.8457,40.603],[-73.8473,40.6036],[-73.8482,40.6048],[-73.8487,40.6055],[-73.849,40.6063],[-73.849,40.6069],[-73.8486,40.6071],[-73.8471,40.6076],[-73.8465,40.6079],[-73.8462,40.6087],[-73.8461,40.6092],[-73.8461,40.6117],[-73.8463,40.6124],[-73.8464,40.6128],[-73.8464,40.6135],[-73.8463,40.614],[-73.8458,40.6142],[-73.8454,40.6142],[-73.8442,40.614],[-73.8426,40.6128],[-73.8421,40.6126],[-73.8414,40.6124],[-73.8408,40.6124]]],[[[-73.8586,40.6025],[-73.8582,40.6023],[-73.8577,40.6024],[-73.857,40.6022],[-73.856,40.6023],[-73.8545,40.6024],[-73.8536,40.6024],[-73.8533,40.6023],[-73.8531,40.6022],[-73.8528,40.6019],[-73.8522,40.6016],[-73.852,40.6015],[-73.852,40.6012],[-73.8514,40.6006],[-73.8511,40.6003],[-73.8508,40.6],[-73.8508,40.5991],[-73.8516,40.5979],[-73.8517,40.5978],[-73.8522,40.5972],[-73.8527,40.5971],[-73.8533,40.5967],[-73.8539,40.5967],[-73.8542,40.5964],[-73.8548,40.596],[-73.8564,40.5955],[-73.8586,40.5956],[-73.8596,40.5958],[-73.86,40.596],[-73.8602,40.596],[-73.8619,40.5975],[-73.8621,40.5976],[-73.8623,40.5979],[-73.8626,40.5982],[-73.8631,40.5986],[-73.8631,40.5988],[-73.8635,40.5997],[-73.8633,40.6008],[-73.8617,40.6022],[-73.8614,40.6022],[-73.8611,40.6025],[-73.8586,40.6025]]],[[[-73.8469,40.6368],[-73.8471,40.6366],[-73.8472,40.6365],[-73.8474,40.6363],[-73.8475,40.6362],[-73.8476,40.6363],[-73.8476,40.6367],[-73.8479,40.6367],[-73.8482,40.6367],[-73.8483,40.637],[-73.8483,40.6372],[-73.8482,40.6374],[-73.8481,40.6378],[-73.8479,40.6379],[-73.8478,40.638],[-73.8478,40.6384],[-73.8476,40.6384],[-73.8471,40.6384],[-73.847,40.6382],[-73.8468,40.6381],[-73.8466,40.6381],[-73.8465,40.6379],[-73.8467,40.6379],[-73.847,40.6378],[-73.847,40.6376],[-73.8468,40.6375],[-73.8466,40.6373],[-73.8465,40.6372],[-73.8465,40.637],[-73.8465,40.6368],[-73.8469,40.6368]]],[[[-73.8248,40.6059],[-73.8249,40.6055],[-73.825,40.6054],[-73.8254,40.6054],[-73.8261,40.6058],[-73.8266,40.6057],[-73.8271,40.6056],[-73.8275,40.6056],[-73.8281,40.6057],[-73.8283,40.6056],[-73.8286,40.6056],[-73.8286,40.6067],[-73.8281,40.6072],[-73.828,40.6074],[-73.8275,40.6076],[-73.8272,40.6081],[-73.8274,40.6083],[-73.8276,40.6087],[-73.8278,40.6089],[-73.8283,40.6094],[-73.8283,40.6097],[-73.8276,40.61],[-73.827,40.6096],[-73.8267,40.6093],[-73.8266,40.609],[-73.8264,40.608],[-73.8267,40.607],[-73.8254,40.6064],[-73.8248,40.6059]]],[[[-73.8971,40.7967],[-73.897,40.7965],[-73.897,40.7962],[-73.897,40.7958],[-73.897,40.7957],[-73.897,40.7955],[-73.8971,40.7955],[-73.8973,40.7956],[-73.8975,40.7957],[-73.8979,40.7957],[-73.898,40.7959],[-73.8982,40.796],[-73.8986,40.796],[-73.8987,40.7962],[-73.8988,40.7962],[-73.8991,40.7963],[-73.8992,40.7964],[-73.8991,40.7965],[-73.8989,40.7966],[-73.8989,40.7967],[-73.8986,40.7967],[-73.8982,40.7967],[-73.8981,40.7969],[-73.8979,40.7971],[-73.8974,40.797],[-73.8973,40.797],[-73.8972,40.7968],[-73.8971,40.7967]]],[[[-73.8122,40.6261],[-73.8122,40.6259],[-73.8119,40.6259],[-73.8119,40.625],[-73.8125,40.625],[-73.8125,40.6244],[-73.8128,40.6244],[-73.8128,40.6241],[-73.8136,40.6241],[-73.8136,40.6247],[-73.8142,40.6247],[-73.8142,40.625],[-73.8144,40.625],[-73.8144,40.6256],[-73.8136,40.6256],[-73.8136,40.6258],[-73.8133,40.6258],[-73.8133,40.6261],[-73.8128,40.6261],[-73.8128,40.6264],[-73.8125,40.6264],[-73.8125,40.6267],[-73.8122,40.6267],[-73.8122,40.6264],[-73.8119,40.6264],[-73.8119,40.6261],[-73.8122,40.6261]]],[[[-73.8301,40.6086],[-73.8301,40.606],[-73.831,40.6055],[-73.8319,40.6053],[-73.8324,40.6052],[-73.833,40.605],[-73.8335,40.6049],[-73.8341,40.6047],[-73.8344,40.6047],[-73.8348,40.6049],[-73.8356,40.605],[-73.8358,40.6061],[-73.8358,40.6064],[-73.8353,40.6069],[-73.8352,40.6068],[-73.8342,40.6075],[-73.8339,40.6083],[-73.8333,40.6097],[-73.8331,40.6097],[-73.8328,40.61],[-73.8322,40.61],[-73.8319,40.6097],[-73.8314,40.6093],[-73.8313,40.6093],[-73.8311,40.6092],[-73.8309,40.6089],[-73.8301,40.6086]]]]}}]}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Road
Troy, NY 12180–8349
Salinity, or total dissolved solids (TDS), of the Colorado River is a major concern in the southwestern United States where the river provides water to about 40 million people for municipal and industrial use and is used to irrigate about 5.5 million acres of land. Much of the salinity in the Colorado River Basin is derived from natural interactions of surface water and groundwater with various geologic materials (rocks, soils, and alluvial deposits). The Dolores River in southwest Colorado is a major tributary of the Colorado River that historically accounts for about 6 percent of the salinity load to the Upper Colorado River Basin with the Paradox Valley being the primary source of salinity to the Dolores River. The Paradox Valley, one of several salt-anticline valleys in the region, is a fault-bounded topographic basin aligned with and exposing an underlying salt-anticline core. Salt deposits in the Pennsylvanian Paradox Formation of the Hermosa Group form an elongated salt diapir oriented northwest to southeast that is up to 12,000 feet (ft) thick beneath the present valley floor. Surface erosion, groundwater circulation, and weathering during Tertiary and Quaternary valley formation contributed to development of a cap rock, collapse features, breccia, and brine at the top of the exposed salt diapir. Today (2023), brine occurring in the brecciated cap rock and underlying salt deposits is in hydraulic connection with an overlying freshwater alluvial aquifer, and depending on seasonal river stage and hydrologic conditions, the brine discharges to the Dolores River causing the observed increase in salinity as the river crosses the Paradox Valley.
To reduce salinity concentrations in the Dolores River, the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) operates the Paradox Valley Unit (PVU). The PVU project consists of nine shallow brine pumping wells near the Dolores River and one deep disposal well where the brine is injected for disposal. When operational, the PVU pumping wells extract brine from the base of the alluvial aquifer that is piped and injected into a deep disposal well about 3 miles southwest of the PVU. The PVU became fully operational July 1, 1996, and by 2015, operation of the PVU had reduced salinity concentrations in the Dolores River by as much as 70 percent compared to pre-PVU conditions. In response to a 4.5 magnitude earthquake, injection operations, and thus PVU pumping, were ceased from March 2019 to June 2022. A trial period of PVU operation began in June 2022 with a reduced injection rate, and thus PVU pumping rate, of about two-thirds capacity to gather additional information and guide future operational decisions.
In cooperation with Reclamation, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) developed this report to present the current (2023) understanding of groundwater and brine occurrence and discharge to the Dolores River in the Paradox Valley. Results from the compilation of spatial datasets, groundwater sampling and age dating, and aquifer tests are presented to provide improved understanding of the Paradox Valley hydrogeology, to supply datasets for a numerical groundwater-flow and brine-transport model, and to support future operations of the PVU. The hydrogeologic data provided herein, along with the most recent loading analysis for the Dolores River in the Paradox Valley, and a previous conceptual model for brine discharge to the river are used to present a conceptual understanding of groundwater occurrence in the Paradox Valley.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235094","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Paschke, S.S., Mast, M.A., Gardner, P.M., Newman, C.P., and Watts, K.R., 2024, Hydrogeologic conceptual model of groundwater occurrence and brine discharge to the Dolores River in the Paradox Valley, Montrose County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5094, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235094.","productDescription":"Report: x, 54 p.; 2 Data Releases; Database","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-125569","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":432678,"rank":7,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245038","text":"Simulation of Groundwater Flow and Brine Discharge to the Dolores River in the Paradox Valley, Montrose County, Colorado"},{"id":432677,"rank":6,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"USGS database—","linkHelpText":"USGS water data for the nation: U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System database"},{"id":432676,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CJQDDU","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geospatial datasets developed for a hydrogeologic conceptual model of brine discharge to the Dolores River, Paradox Valley, Colorado"},{"id":432675,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NV5U6F","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Water-level and pumping data, water-level models, and estimated hydraulic properties for the Paradox Valley alluvial aquifer in Montrose County, Colorado, 2013"},{"id":432674,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FMWX2J","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Recharge temperatures and groundwater-age models for the Paradox Valley alluvial aquifer, 2011, Colorado"},{"id":432669,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5094/sir20235094.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.23 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2023-5094"},{"id":499380,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_117218.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":432668,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5094/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Montrose County","otherGeospatial":"Paradox Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.23469392755278,\n 38.62004006715256\n ],\n [\n -109.23469392755278,\n 38.0400613431201\n ],\n [\n -108.48695698861,\n 38.0400613431201\n ],\n [\n -108.48695698861,\n 38.62004006715256\n ],\n [\n -109.23469392755278,\n 38.62004006715256\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Colorado Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, Mail Stop 415
Denver, Colorado 80225
Salinity, or total dissolved solids (TDS), of the Colorado River affects agricultural, municipal, and industrial water users and is an important concern in the Western United States. In the Paradox Valley of southwestern Colorado, natural discharge of sodium-chloride brine to the Dolores River from the underlying core of a salt-valley anticline accounts for about 6 percent of the salinity load to the Colorado River. Formation of the Paradox Valley began during the Miocene, and subsequent erosion exposed the Pennsylvania Paradox Formation in the core of the anticline where a cap rock, collapse features, breccia, and sodium-chloride saturated brine developed at the top of the exposed salt diapir. The discharge of brine to the Dolores River is affected by these dissolution features, along with seasonal hydrologic conditions and density-dependent flow between older dense brine and the younger fresh groundwater in the overlying alluvial aquifer. To reduce TDS concentrations in the Dolores River through the Paradox Valley, the Bureau of Reclamation has pumped brine from a series of shallow wells adjacent to the river since July 1996. The pumped brine is collected and piped to a deep disposal well where it is injected into the Mississippian Leadville Limestone at a depth of about 4,570-meters below land surface. The pumping and injection operation is collectively known as the Paradox Valley Unit (PVU), and by 2015, the PVU had substantially reduced TDS concentrations in the Dolores River by about 70 percent. Since 2019, injection-pressure limits and related seismic activity have constrained deep-well injection and thus brine pumping at the PVU.
In cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, the U.S. Geological Survey developed a MODFLOW-6 three-dimensional, variable-density groundwater flow and TDS transport model of the Paradox Valley to evaluate the effects of PVU pumping operations on brine discharge to the Dolores River and to guide additional research. The finite-difference model grid consists of 76 rows and 48 columns oriented from northwest to southeast in alignment with valley topography and groundwater-flow directions in the near-surface freshwater alluvial aquifer. A 7-layer hydrogeologic framework was developed from existing datasets to represent the alluvial aquifer, cap rock, collapse breccia, and groundwater flow and TDS transport from the underlying Paradox Formation salt to the Dolores River. The model represents a 33-year transient calibration period from 1987 through 2020 that includes pre-PVU conditions from 1987 through June 1996 and post-PVU conditions from July 1996 through 2020. A 1,000-year simulation of groundwater flow and coupled TDS transport computed the initial conditions for the subsequent 33-year transient simulation. Observations of precipitation, streamflow, evaporation, agricultural land use, and PVU brine pumping rates were used to specify appropriate boundary conditions to the model representing time-varying recharge, tributary streamflow, groundwater underflow, evapotranspiration (ET), and PVU pumping. Values for average monthly streamflow and TDS concentration at the upstream streamgage, the Dolores River at Bedrock (USGS streamgage 09169500), were specified as model input where the Dolores River enters Paradox Valley. Observed pumping from the PVU, water levels and TDS concentrations in groundwater, and streamflow and estimated TDS concentrations at the downstream streamgage, the Dolores River near Bedrock (USGS streamgage 09171100), were calibration targets that constrained the manual calibration of model parameters representing aquifer hydraulic conductivity, storage, streambed conductance, recharge, and (ET).
Two primary model-calibration targets were the match between observed and simulated TDS mass flux from PVU pumping wells and the match between estimated and simulated TDS mass flux to the Dolores River. The simulated TDS mass withdrawn by pumping wells is calculated by the model as the product of the assigned pumping rate and simulated groundwater TDS concentrations. Because actual pumping rates were assigned as simulated values, the total simulated PVU pumping for the 33-year calibration is within 0.5 percent of the observed values. However, simulated concentrations and thus mass flux of TDS withdrawn by the PVU pumping wells were consistently about 26 percent less than observed values for all the simulated time periods (33-year simulation, pre-PVU, and post-PVU). The representation of brine inflow was explored through additional modeling to evaluate the effect of the simulated brine source on groundwater TDS concentrations. Results indicated that a saturated-salt constant-flux brine source best replicated the magnitude and transient pattern observed for TDS mass flux from PVU pumping wells.
The simulated TDS mass flux to the Dolores River is compared to estimates based on observed streamflow and specific conductance (SC) data for the downstream streamgage. The calibrated model provided a close fit of simulated to measured streamflow at the downstream streamgage, and the calibrated model fit to estimated TDS concentrations at the downstream streamgage was reasonable. The greatest differences between simulated and estimated values occurred during drought periods from June 2000 to March 2003, May 2012 to June 2013, and October 2013 to October 2014, when simulated TDS concentrations in the river were greater than estimated concentrations. In general, simulated TDS mass flux to the river for the pre-PVU period is in good agreement with estimated values (2-percent difference), but the model overestimated TDS mass flux to the river by about 41 percent during the post-PVU period. The model uncertainty with respect to TDS mass flux to the river indicates other processes or model parameters not well represented by the model are affecting the system, especially during drought. During model calibration, the most sensitive parameters were identified as vertical hydraulic conductivity of the alluvial aquifer, conductance of the Dolores River streambed, ET extinction depth and rate, and recharge rate.
Five 5-year scenarios of conditions for 2021–25 were simulated to assist evaluation of alternative strategies to manage the discharge of brine into the Dolores River. The first scenario simulates no PVU pumping and serves as a base case for comparison to the other scenarios. Two scenarios simulate the effects of varying withdrawal timing at an annual rate about one-third less than during 2010 through 2018. During high-flow spring snowmelt runoff periods when brine discharge is naturally minimized, PVU pumping does not substantially affect salinity in the Dolores River, and comparison of these two scenarios indicates that scheduling brine withdrawals during times of low river stage is nearly as effective at reducing TDS mass flux to the river as pumping brine year-round. Cessation of pumping during periods of high river stage may be advantageous for system maintenance, brine injection, and seismic-risk reduction. The fourth scenario tested the effect of reducing irrigation-return flow on brine discharge and predicted a slight reduction of TDS mass flux to the Dolores River, but not as great a reduction as that of using the PVU to remove brine. The fifth scenario simulated 5 years of drought conditions without PVU pumping and indicates brine discharge during drought about 15 percent greater than during average hydrologic conditions. Results from scenario 5 are consistent with the calibrated model results and indicate that aquifer properties and ET processes and parameters may be affecting simulation results during drought.
The Paradox Valley groundwater model provides a reasonable overall match to observed conditions in the Dolores River. The model is useful for evaluating relative differences between brine management scenarios to inform PVU operational decisions and to identify gaps in data and process understanding. Representation of the brine source, hydraulic-conductivity parameters, and recharge and ET processes were identified as potential areas for additional field and modeling research. Additional research in the Paradox Valley might include field-data collection that provides additional information on the hydrogeologic framework, groundwater levels, groundwater TDS concentrations, stream characteristics, and aquifer properties. Additional modeling efforts could benefit from applying advanced tools for model development, calibration, and visualization including parameter-estimation and sensitivity analysis. Statistical evaluation of known model uncertainties such as hydraulic conductivity, streambed conductance, representations of the brine source, recharge, and ET could improve the match between simulated and estimated TDS mass flux from PVU pumping wells and to the Dolores River further informing model predictions and system understanding for the Paradox Valley.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245038","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Heywood, C.E., Paschke, S.S., Mast, M.A., and Watts, K.R., 2024, Simulation of groundwater flow and brine discharge to the Dolores River in the Paradox Valley, Montrose County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5038, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245038.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 47 p.; Data Release; 3 Databases","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-130109","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":432768,"rank":6,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://waterdata.usgs.gov/monitoring-location/09171100/all-graphs/#period=P7D","text":"USGS database site information —","linkHelpText":"USGS 09171100 Dolores River near Bedrock, CO, in USGS water data for the Nation: U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System"},{"id":432764,"rank":4,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"USGS database—","linkHelpText":"USGS water data for the Nation: U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System"},{"id":432759,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5038/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":432763,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ZW0FH5","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW-6 model of variable-density groundwater flow and brine discharge to the Dolores River in the Paradox Valley, Colorado"},{"id":432766,"rank":5,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://waterdata.usgs.gov/monitoring-location/09169500/all-graphs/#period=P7D","text":"USGS database site information —","linkHelpText":"USGS 09169500 Dolores River at Bedrock, CO, in USGS water data for the Nation: U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System"},{"id":432760,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5038/sir20245038.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.30 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2024-5038"},{"id":499462,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_117219.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":432769,"rank":7,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235094","text":"Hydrogeologic Conceptual Model of Groundwater Occurrence and Brine Discharge to the Dolores River in the Paradox Valley, Montrose County, Colorado"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Montrose County","otherGeospatial":"Paradox Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.10372373203981,\n 38.51805273423872\n ],\n [\n -109.10372373203981,\n 38.1119253984173\n ],\n [\n -108.49529764389875,\n 38.1119253984173\n ],\n [\n -108.49529764389875,\n 38.51805273423872\n ],\n [\n -109.10372373203981,\n 38.51805273423872\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Colorado Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, Mail Stop 415
Denver, Colorado 80225
A Decree of the Supreme Court of the United States, entered June 7, 1954 (New Jersey v. New York, 347 U.S. 995), established the position of Delaware River Master within the U.S. Geological Survey. In addition, the Decree authorizes the diversion of water from the Delaware River Basin and requires compensating releases from certain reservoirs owned by New York City be made under the supervision and direction of the River Master. The Decree stipulates that the River Master provide reports to the Court, not less frequently than annually. This report is the 64th annual report of the River Master of the Delaware River. The report covers the 2017 River Master report year, from December 1, 2016, to November 30, 2017.
During the report year, precipitation in the upper Delaware River Basin was 47.85 inches or 108 percent of the long-term average. On December 1, 2016, combined useable storage in the New York City reservoirs in the upper Delaware River Basin was 110.115 billion gallons or 40.7 percent of combined storage capacity, the lowest combined storage of the 2017 report year. The reservoirs were at about 100 percent of useable capacity on May 31, 2017. Combined storage remained above 80 percent of combined capacity until September 2017.
A lower basin drought watch issued by the Delaware River Basin Commission in 2016 extended from the beginning of this report year to January 18, 2017. The drought watch was ended on January 18, 2017, due to increased precipitation in December 2016. River Master operations during the year were conducted as stipulated by the Decree and the Flexible Flow Management Programs.
Diversions from the Delaware River Basin by New York City and New Jersey fully complied with the Decree. Reservoir releases were made as directed by the River Master at rates designed to meet the flow objective for the Delaware River at Montague, New Jersey (N.J.), on 52 days during the report year. Interim Excess Release Quantity and conservation releases, designed to relieve thermal stress and protect the fishery and aquatic habitat in the tailwaters of the reservoirs, were made during the report year. Excess Release Quantity and Interim Excess Release Quantity Bank releases were also made during the report year.
The water quality in the Delaware River estuary between the streamgages at Trenton, N.J., and Reedy Island Jetty, Delaware, was monitored at various locations. The data on water temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and pH were collected continuously by electronic instruments at four sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20241022","isbn":"978-1-4113-4580-5","usgsCitation":"Russell, K.L., Andrews, W.J., DiFrenna, V.J., Norris, J.M., and Mason, R.R., Jr., 2024, Report of the River Master of the Delaware River for the period December 1, 2016–November 30, 2017: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2024–1022, 109 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20241022.","productDescription":"xi, 109 p.","numberOfPages":"109","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-153026","costCenters":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499249,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_117174.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":432667,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1022/images/"},{"id":432666,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1022/ofr20241022.XML","description":"OFR 2024-1022 XML"},{"id":432665,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20241022/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2024-1022 HTML"},{"id":432664,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1022/ofr20241022.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2024-1022 PDF"},{"id":432663,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1022/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 39.31354002356349\n ],\n [\n -74,\n 39.31354002356349\n ],\n [\n -74,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 43\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Delaware River Master
Office of the Delaware River Master
U.S. Geological Survey
Rockdale County Department of Water Resources has a directive to update estimates of the reservoir storage capacity of Randy Poynter Lake, located in northern Georgia, and to assess recent sedimentation and associated storage capacity loss. In 2022, the U.S. Geological Survey completed a multibeam bathymetric survey of Randy Poynter Lake to update storage capacity estimates and to quantify storage capacity change since the first multibeam bathymetric survey in 2012 in consideration of estimated errors inherent to bathymetric surveys. Data from the 2022 survey were used to generate contours of the reservoir as well as compute storage capacity at regular increments of water-surface elevation. Storage capacity comparisons between 2012 and 2022 at Randy Poynter Lake show minimal changes that are within the estimated uncertainties, with consistent or slightly increased storage capacities observed at most water-surface elevations and reductions observed at the remaining few elevations. Comparison of the multibeam bathymetric data collected in 2012 with data collected in 2022 further allowed for a formal geomorphic change detection analysis to map, quantify, and infer causation of morphological change over time with respect to a level of detectable change. The volume change in Randy Poynter Lake for the decade between 2012 and 2022 was slightly net-depositional and within the estimated uncertainty. The spatial distribution of sediment deposition was primarily concentrated in the northern portion of the lake, where the principal tributary flows into Randy Poynter Lake. The results of the geomorphic change analysis were used to further understand the future implications to storage capacity change. Despite the challenges of confirming systematic biases because of uncertainties exceeding the observed changes, insights from the study help predict long-term reservoir sediment accumulation, indicating a reservoir half-life extending about 650 years from 2022 on the basis of the current sediment yield estimates.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3523","issn":"2329-132X","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Rockdale County Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Whaling, A.R., and Bolton, W.J., 2024, Estimation of reservoir storage capacity and geomorphic change detection analysis from a multibeam bathymetric survey of Randy Poynter Lake, Rockdale County, Georgia (ver. 1.1, 2025): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3523, 2 sheets, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3523.","productDescription":"2 Sheets: 47.00 x 32.23 inches; 2 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-157799","costCenters":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":494128,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_118630.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":432656,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3523/sim3523.pdf","size":"13.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3523"},{"id":432655,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3523/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":432657,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9G8HZTY","text":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Watershed characteristics and streamwater constituent load data, models, and estimates for 15 watersheds in Gwinnett County, Georgia, 2000–2021"},{"id":432658,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9G9YVDU","text":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Bathymetric and supporting data for estimation of reservoir storage capacity and geomorphic change detection analysis from a multibeam bathymetric survey of Randy Poynter Lake, Rockdale County, Georgia"},{"id":489473,"rank":5,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3523/sim3523_verHist.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Rockdale County","otherGeospatial":"Randy Poynter Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.9579460131726,\n 33.762755823898075\n ],\n [\n -83.9579460131726,\n 33.72795567856667\n ],\n [\n -83.92619350646511,\n 33.72795567856667\n ],\n [\n -83.92619350646511,\n 33.762755823898075\n ],\n [\n -83.9579460131726,\n 33.762755823898075\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: August 15, 2024; Version 1.1: June 03, 2025","contact":"Director, Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
640 Grassmere Park, Suite 100
Nashville, TN 37211
Contact Us- USGS Publications Warehouse
","tableOfContents":"Milford Lake, the largest reservoir by surface area in Kansas, has had confirmed harmful algal blooms every summer since reporting began in 2011, except 2018–19. Milford Lake has been listed as impaired and designated hypereutrophic under section 303(d) of the 1972 Clean Water Act. In 2014, the Kansas Department of Health and Environment established a total maximum daily load for eutrophication and dissolved oxygen impairments. In 2018, the Natural Resources Conservation Service funded the Regional Conservation Partnership Program for the Milford Lake Watershed to focus on best management practices in the Lower Republican River Basin. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Kansas Water Office, completed this study to assess and quantify water-quality constituent concentrations and loads for total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and suspended sediment (SS) using previously published models for the Republican River near Clay Center, Kansas (U.S. Geological Survey station 06856600), about 15 miles upstream from Milford Lake, during August 1, 2018, through July 31, 2023. TN, TP, and SS concentrations and loads were monitored because of their relation to water supply and water-quality issues in Milford Lake, including nutrient and sediment transport, taste-and-odor events, potentially toxic cyano-harmful algal bloom events, and subsequent downstream transport of contaminants. Data from this report can be used to evaluate changing conditions, provide science-based information for decision making, and help meet regulatory requirements.
The study mean annual loads for TN and TP were greater than the reported mean annual total maximum daily load and exceeded the watershed reduction goals as well as Kansas nonpoint source reduction goals defined by the Watershed Restoration and Protection Strategy for the Lower Republican watershed. TN and TP annual loads during 2019–20 were greater than the defined mean annual total maximum daily load. During 2022, TN and TP annual loads were less than the Kansas nonpoint source reduction goal and during 2023 were less than the watershed reduction goal. SS loads were less than the mean annual sedimentation rate computed from the total maximum daily load for the entirety of the study period, and the study mean annual load was 72 percent less than the designed annual reservoir sedimentation rate for Milford Lake.
Data collected during the study period represented a wide range of streamflow and water-quality conditions at the Clay Center site, ranging from low-flow with less frequent runoff during 2023 to high-flow with frequent runoff during 2018. Nutrient reduction goals were only met in the final 2 years of the study period when annual mean flow conditions were lower than normal, indicating that goals may be unattainable during average or high-flow conditions. In all years except 2019, the annual mean SS load was less than the 20-year sediment load reduction target. Although annual SS loads at the Clay Center site generally decreased over time, corresponding reductions in annual streamflow indicated that these reductions may primarily be related to less frequent runoff from the upstream basin. Continued water-quality monitoring and tracking of best management practices are necessary to understand the success of Regional Conservation Partnership Program efforts to reduce nutrient transport in the Milford Lake Watershed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245072","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kansas Water Office","usgsCitation":"Kramer, A.R., and Abel, J.R., 2024, Water-quality constituent concentrations and loads computed using real-time water-quality data for the Republican River, Clay Center, Kansas, August 2018 through July 2023: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5072, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245072.","productDescription":"Report: v, 21 p.; Dataset","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-160554","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":432611,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5072/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":432612,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5072/sir20245072.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2024–5072"},{"id":432613,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5072/sir20245072.XML"},{"id":432614,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5072/images/"},{"id":432615,"rank":5,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20245072/full"},{"id":432616,"rank":6,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"USGS National Water Information System database","linkHelpText":"—USGS water data for the Nation"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"Clay Center, Republican River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.25,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -98.25,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -96.5,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -96.5,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -98.25,\n 40\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Kansas Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1217 Biltmore Drive
Lawrence, KS 66049
Fish stranding has been studied in select rivers worldwide, often with the purpose of determining how to mitigate adverse effects of dam operations on highly valued salmon and trout populations. However, where a reduction in trout population size is desired by resource managers, as is the case downstream of the Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River, flow manipulations termed trout management flows (TMFs) may be used to optimize fish stranding and mortality. To inform the design and implementation of potential future TMFs, we reviewed relevant literature to identify key factors that influence fish stranding. We found that key factors were highly interdependent and site-specific, but general trends suggest that down-ramping (decreasing flow) at rapid rates in daytime during the late spring to summer emergence period would lead to stranding of age-0 rainbow trout in shallow shoreline habitat. A hypsometric analysis was then used to predict stranding risk for age-0 rainbow trout in Glen Canyon for a range of TMFs, which incorporated existing bathymetric data and flow and habitat suitability models. Our results indicate that a TMF with a steady high flow ranging from 12,000 to 16,000 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) combined with a minimum flow ranging from 3,000 to 5,000 ft3/s may effectively strand age-0 fish while also minimizing risk to water storage in Lake Powell and other resources. This strategy implemented under normal hydropeaking operations was predicted to lead to a substantive stranding risk when paired with low flows of 5,000 ft3/s, and especially 3,000 ft3/s. However, there remains uncertainty associated with elements of implementing an effective TMF downstream from Glen Canyon Dam. The main uncertainties include (1) the down-ramp rate that maximizes stranding of age-0 trout, (2) the duration of drawdown to maximize stranding mortality while minimizing impact to downstream resources, (3) duration of high flows required for age-0 fish to colonize newly created shoreline habitat (this is only for certain TMF hydrographs), (4) number of repetitions of TMF cycles to minimize compensatory survival response, and (5) recruitment threshold of both rainbow and brown trout populations to trigger TMF implementation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20241033","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Ecometric Research Inc.","usgsCitation":"Giardina, M., Korman, J., Yard, M.D., Wright, S., Kaplinski, M., and Bennett, G., 2024, A literature review and hypsometric analysis to support decisions on trout management flows on the Colorado River downstream from Glen Canyon Dam: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2024–1033, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20241033.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 50 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-133316","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":432181,"rank":6,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20241033/full"},{"id":432178,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9L1XEZO","text":"USGS Data Release","description":"Korman, J., Giardina, M.A., Yard, M.D., Wright, S.A., Kaplinski, M., and Bennett, G., 2024, Colorado River milage system and ancillary attribute data for connecting to hydrodynamic model output in Glen Canyon, AZ: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9L1XEZO.","linkHelpText":"Colorado River milage system and ancillary attribute data for connecting to hydrodynamic model output in Glen Canyon, AZ"},{"id":432177,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1033/ofr20241033.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":432179,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1033/ofr20241033.xml"},{"id":432180,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1033/images"},{"id":432176,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1033/covrthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Glen Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.636412112225,\n 36.82347668968964\n ],\n [\n -111.44233548505323,\n 36.82347668968964\n ],\n [\n -111.44233548505323,\n 36.96315377672772\n ],\n [\n -111.636412112225,\n 36.96315377672772\n ],\n [\n -111.636412112225,\n 36.82347668968964\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Southwest Biological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2255 N. Gemini Drive
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, updated low-streamflow statistics for New York, excluding Long Island and including hydrologically connected watersheds in bordering States, for the first time since 1972. Historical daily streamflow data for active and inactive gages were considered for this study with periods of record as recent as March 31, 2022, adding 50 years of data to the last published low-streamflow statistics report for New York and including 119 new gages where low-streamflow statistics are calculated for the first time. Gages were evaluated across several criteria to identify gages that were not suitable for low-streamflow frequency analysis. In addition, gages were evaluated for the presence of alteration within the streamflow period of record based on previous studies and U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System site metadata including peak flow codes.
A trend analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum hypothesis test comparing data from the most recent 30 years of record to data from 30 years and earlier for each long-record gage (30 years or more of available data). Results from the trend analysis indicated that 45 unaltered and 32 altered long-record sites had a statistically significant trend for the annual minimum n-day time series; most gages showed increasing trends in the annual minimum n-day time series. Low-streamflow statistics were calculated using the most recent 30 years of record for gages with a statistically significant trend. Before and after 1972, the lowest annual 7-day and 30-day average streamflow that occurs (on average) once every 10 years (7Q10 and 30Q10 statistics respectively) increased significantly at 41 unaltered gages and decreased significantly at 3 unaltered gages where data were available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245055","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Stagnitta, T.J., Graziano, A.P., Woda, J.C., Glas, R.L., and Gazoorian, C.L., 2024, Low-flow statistics for selected streams in New York, excluding Long Island: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5055, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245055.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 39 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"39","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-157678","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":432052,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5055/images/"},{"id":499477,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_117164.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":432053,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NOM6FR","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Low-flow statistics for New York State, excluding Long Island, computed through March 2022"},{"id":432048,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5055/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":432049,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5055/sir20245055.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.39 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2024-5055 PDF"},{"id":432051,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5055/sir20245055.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2024-5055 XML"},{"id":432050,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20245055/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2024-5055 HTML"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.91286009788664,\n 41.01178774841347\n ],\n [\n -74.0266841070774,\n 40.720375728237144\n ],\n [\n -73.9615635090029,\n 40.70803672971712\n ],\n [\n -73.67394830242374,\n 40.966707520822155\n ],\n [\n -73.67401345493704,\n 41.01587061494237\n ],\n [\n -73.7610093516628,\n 41.09363100726691\n ],\n [\n -73.47905430116539,\n 41.21618146660194\n ],\n [\n -73.54958995108733,\n 41.28551897494029\n ],\n [\n -73.48572425776553,\n 42.050669593361164\n ],\n [\n -73.52340772727291,\n 42.08675087137979\n ],\n [\n -73.27944022486994,\n 42.71925225128092\n ],\n [\n -73.2459886442373,\n 43.56229834373957\n ],\n [\n -73.31078219020274,\n 43.62532933066436\n ],\n [\n -73.37060286487959,\n 43.61346437461091\n ],\n [\n -73.43066543683648,\n 43.58573443689042\n ],\n [\n -73.35806708414735,\n 43.79014308086275\n ],\n [\n -73.40009937812863,\n 44.00975633545363\n ],\n [\n -73.41060974678811,\n 44.08529772972881\n ],\n [\n -73.35805219069586,\n 44.318863718851276\n ],\n [\n -73.33701549362132,\n 44.52903276098101\n ],\n [\n -73.36854225932441,\n 44.626354722690195\n ],\n [\n -73.3054828249653,\n 44.73844638732069\n ],\n [\n -73.37904970354246,\n 44.83541786386914\n ],\n [\n -73.34751720937287,\n 45.0140137308498\n ],\n [\n -74.34598531174339,\n 44.99914556300604\n ],\n [\n -74.8399460822856,\n 45.02144131236122\n ],\n [\n -75.34442725785361,\n 44.80559688881786\n ],\n [\n -75.71227781323351,\n 44.58894197821161\n ],\n [\n -75.93298792150392,\n 44.363963821867316\n ],\n [\n -76.22726798212784,\n 44.23609096764133\n ],\n [\n -76.4374686507537,\n 44.085295715094446\n ],\n [\n -76.80532026610759,\n 43.62298965505482\n ],\n [\n -78.73916539102125,\n 43.63059733126207\n ],\n [\n -79.1910965886907,\n 43.44011660394341\n ],\n [\n -79.02292338480896,\n 43.20308949268261\n ],\n [\n -79.06495062651008,\n 43.0880701724453\n ],\n [\n -78.88515521912908,\n 42.85650132783874\n ],\n [\n -79.77268100220316,\n 42.50253000668161\n ],\n [\n -79.7434614428243,\n 42.00043762996769\n ],\n [\n -75.398839703039,\n 41.97678364767139\n ],\n [\n -75.09566664827426,\n 41.829506046160375\n ],\n [\n -74.91860171317268,\n 41.43129306375607\n ],\n [\n -73.91286009788664,\n 41.01178774841347\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Road
Troy, NY 12180–8349
The annual maximum extent of surface water in Klamath Marsh has naturally fluctuated in response to periods of wet and dry conditions in the surrounding basin. Field observations during the 2010s indicate that the annual maximum extent of surface water has been declining and the marsh is not responding to hydrologic inputs as it had historically. This report describes the results of a hydrologic evaluation of Klamath Marsh to characterize and understand multi-year declines in the surface-water extent and increased intermittency of streamflow exiting the marsh.
Landsat imagery collected during 1985–2021 was processed to create a time series of annual maximum surface-water extent to assess changes in surface-water inundation within the marsh. A 50-percent decrease in the mean surface area of annual total open-water extent (TOWE) during the latter half of the study period (2003–21) compared to the first half (1985–2003) was observed in this 37-year time-series dataset. The change in open-water extent was offset by a corresponding increase in dry land in the marsh.
Time series of streamflow, groundwater level, total annual precipitation, annual mean temperature, and anthropogenic water use and water management were compiled and evaluated to improve understanding of the factors affecting TOWE. Statistically significant downward trends in the regional groundwater table and streamflow into and out of the marsh were identified as well as statistically significant upward trends in annual mean temperature. Statistically significant correlations among TOWE, streamflow, and groundwater level also were identified. The decreasing trends could not be attributed to changes in total annual precipitation or changing anthropogenic groundwater use within the study area.
Declines in the open-water extent of Klamath Marsh since 2000 principally are due to a decoupling of the groundwater and surface-water system beneath the marsh because of regional declines in groundwater level. Regional increases in air temperature and the reestablishment of more than 55,000 acres of forested land within the study area have likely contributed to increasing evapotranspiration, leaving less water available for groundwater recharge and stream base flow and resulting in basin-wide declines in streamflow and groundwater levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245033","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Klamath Tribes","usgsCitation":"Kennedy, J.J., Johnson, H.M., Gingerich, S.B., 2024, Assessment of long-term changes in surface-water extent within Klamath Marsh, south-central Oregon, 1985–2021: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5033, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245033.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 32 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-153514","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499460,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_117151.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":431674,"rank":6,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5033/sir20245033.XML"},{"id":431673,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5033/images"},{"id":431672,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9RC7RJM","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Klamath Marsh January through June maximum surface water extent, 1985–2021"},{"id":431671,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20245033/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2024-5033"},{"id":431670,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5033/sir20245033.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2024-5033"},{"id":431669,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5033/sir20245033.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.27115315992094,\n 43.15707158138778\n ],\n [\n -122.27115315992094,\n 42.30\n ],\n [\n -121.15,\n 42.30\n ],\n [\n -121.15,\n 43.15707158138778\n ],\n [\n -122.27115315992094,\n 43.15707158138778\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
601 SW 2nd Avenue, Suite 1950
Portland, OR 97204
A Decree of the Supreme Court of the United States, entered June 7, 1954 (New Jersey v. New York, 347 U.S. 995), established the position of Delaware River Master within the U.S. Geological Survey. In addition, the Decree authorizes the diversion of water from the Delaware River Basin and requires compensating releases from reservoirs owned by New York City to be made under the supervision and direction of the River Master. The Decree stipulates that the River Master provide reports to the Court not less frequently than annually. This report is the 63rd annual report of the River Master of the Delaware River. The report covers the 2016 River Master report year, which is the period from December 1, 2015, to November 30, 2016.
During the report year, precipitation in the upper Delaware River Basin was 38.6 inches or 87 percent of the long-term average. Combined storage remained high (above 80 percent of combined capacity) for much of the year and did not decline below 80 percent of combined capacity until August 2016. The lowest combined storage was 106.406 billion gallons or 39 percent of combined capacity on November 28, 2016. Delaware River Basin Commission Resolution 2016–07 necessitated a basinwide drought watch on November 23, 2016. The drought watch continued through the remainder of the 2016 report year. Delaware River Master operations during the year were conducted as stipulated by the Decree and the Flexible Flow Management Program. New York City and New Jersey fully complied with the terms of the Decree and, during drought watch conditions, with the Delaware River Basin Commission Resolution 2016–07 terms. Diversions from the Delaware River Basin by New York City and New Jersey fully complied with the Decree. The reservoir releases were made as directed by the River Master at rates designed to meet the flow objective for the Delaware River at Montague, New Jersey, on 126 days during the report year. Interim Excess Release Quantity and conservation releases, designed to relieve thermal stress and protect the fishery and aquatic habitat in the tailwaters of the reservoirs, were also made during the report year.
Water quality in the Delaware River estuary between the streamgages at Trenton, New Jersey, and Reedy Island Jetty, Delaware, was monitored at several locations. Data on water temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and pH were collected continuously by electronic instruments at four sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20241012","isbn":"978-1-4113-4551-5","usgsCitation":"Russell, K.L., Andrews, W.J., DiFrenna, V.J., Norris, J.M., and Mason, R.R., Jr., 2024, Report of the River Master of the Delaware River for the period December 1, 2015–November 30, 2016: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2024–1012, 105 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20241012.","productDescription":"xi, 105 p.","numberOfPages":"105","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-144909","costCenters":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":430729,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1012/images/"},{"id":430728,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1012/ofr20241012.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"OFR 2024-1012 XML"},{"id":499229,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_117124.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":430727,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20241012/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2024-1012 HTML"},{"id":430725,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1012/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":430726,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1012/ofr20241012.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.43 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2024-1012 PDF"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Delaware River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -74,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -74,\n 42.5\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 42.5\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 40\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Delaware River Master
Office of the Delaware River Master
U.S. Geological Survey