Volcanoes represent one of the largest natural sources of metals to the Earth’s surface. Emissions of these metals can have important impacts on the biosphere as pollutants or nutrients. Here we use ground- and drone-based direct measurements to compare the gas and particulate chemistry of the magmatic and lava–seawater interaction (laze) plumes from the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea, Hawai’i. We find that the magmatic plume contains abundant volatile metals and metalloids whereas the laze plume is further enriched in copper and seawater components, like chlorine, with volatile metals also elevated above seawater concentrations. Speciation modelling of magmatic gas mixtures highlights the importance of the S2− ligand in highly volatile metal/metalloid degassing at the magmatic vent. In contrast, volatile metal enrichments in the laze plume can be explained by affinity for chloride complexation during late-stage degassing of distal lavas, which is potentially facilitated by the HCl gas formed as seawater boils.
The Moon is the scientific foundation for our knowledge of the early evolution and impact history of the terrestrial planets. Over the last decades the lunar science community has made significant progress in addressing key lunar science and exploration goals, while defining many new high-priority scientific questions regarding the formation and evolution of the Moon. On a broad scale, the last Planetary Decadal Survey defined three scientific objectives to guide studies of the inner planets and Moon. These objectives address the origins and diversity of terrestrial planets, the evolution of life on terrestrial planets, and climate processes on Earth-like planets [1]. Many of these objectives carry forward into exploration goals of a renewed lunar human exploration program, and urgently addressing these objectives will enable the rapid development of exploration plans. A large (Flagship or New Frontiers class) Next Generation Lunar Orbiter (NGLO) mission would address the last Planetary Decadal Survey objective of understanding the origin and diversity of terrestrial planets by studying the geochemistry and geology of the Moon at an unparalleled resolution compared to other lunar mission datasets. Also, NGLO would address the objective of studying the evolution of life on terrestrial planets by furthering knowledge about the composition and distribution of volatile elements on the lunar surface and better characterizing the past and present-day impact rates in the inner Solar System in order to better understand the original delivery of water to Earth. Key exploration goals, including identifying the nature and distribution of lunar volatiles (i.e., water, ice), mapping and characterizing potentially valuable lunar resources, and establishing a human presence on the Moon, also would be addressed by NGLO.
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histories and an exploration target for in situ resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-12T15:05:00.717465","indexId":"70211232","displayToPublicDate":"2021-04-30T10:01:42","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9373,"text":"Bulletin of the AAS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"title":"Mid-latitude ice on Mars: A science target for planetary climate histories and an exploration target for in situ resources","docAbstract":"In the last decade, aided by the high-resolution data and long-term monitoring by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) and other spacecraft, extensive evidence has emerged supporting the presence of abundant H2O ground ice throughout much of the mid-latitudes of Mars. Growing evidence indicates that much of this ice is relatively pure, exists within a few meters of the surface, and reaches lower latitudes than previously thought, potentially providing an accessible record of the recent climate and a large in situ resource for future human exploration of Mars. We are reaching the limits of currently available datasets, however, just as we are starting to unlock the climate record and determine the water resources contained within the Martian mid-latitudes. A comprehensive understanding of the nature of this ice would significantly enhance our understanding of Mars’ climate history and total water budget, as well as the effects of orbital/axial forcing on volatiles. In this regard, Mars is a testbed for comparative planetary climate studies, including for exoplanets; these studies are particularly valuable because Mars has many similarities to Earth but lacks the complicating effects of oceans and a biosphere, such that orbital/axial forcing dominates climate variability.
Quantifying the volumes, distribution, and properties of the water ice are crucial for addressing two overarching questions in the next decade:
1. What climate record is preserved in mid-latitude ice deposits on Mars?
2. How accessible is the ice as a resource for future exploration?
New missions will enable us to capitalize on the major discoveries of the last decade and take the next giant leap in the upcoming decade to address these questions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Planetary science and astrobiology decadal survey 2023-2032","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","doi":"10.3847/25c2cfeb.cc90422d","usgsCitation":"Bramson, A., Andres, C., Bapst, J., Becerra, P., Courville, S.W., Dundas, C.M., Hibbard, S.M., Holt, J.W., Karunatillake, S., Khuller, A., Mellon, M.T., Morgan, G.A., Obbard, R.W., Perry, M.R., Petersen, E.I., Putzig, N.E., Sizemore, H.G., Smith, I.B., Stillman, D.E., and Wooster, P., 2021, Mid-latitude ice on Mars: A science target for planetary climate histories and an exploration target for in situ resources: Bulletin of the AAS, v. 53, no. 4, Whitepaper #115, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3847/25c2cfeb.cc90422d.","productDescription":"Whitepaper #115, 8 p.","ipdsId":"IP-120079","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3847/25c2cfeb.cc90422d","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":390418,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"53","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-03-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bramson, Ali","contributorId":189477,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bramson","given":"Ali","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":793316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andres, Chimira","contributorId":229481,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Andres","given":"Chimira","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":41656,"text":"U. 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In this white paper, we summarize the ICE-SAG final report via a selection of report materials and provide broad context for the content of this MEPAG-generated report (which is likely a reference mentioned within a number of other, community-based white papers).
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Coking coal is primarily used in the production of coke for use in the steel industry, and for other uses (for example, foundries, blacksmithing, heating buildings, and brewing). Currently, U.S. coking coal is produced in Alabama, Arkansas, Pennsylvania, Virginia , and West Virginia. Historically, coking coal has also been produced in 15 other states (Alaska, Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Montana, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming), but currently is not. Coals from the Appalachian, Arkoma, and Illinois basins are Pennsylvanian in age, while coals in Alaska, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming range in age from Early Cretaceous through Eocene.
This Open-File Report presents the geographic locations of current and historical coking coal deposits of the United States, with additional information about recent and historical mining and exploration activities. Chemical, rheological, petrographic, and other criteria for evaluating the coking potential of coals are discussed, and historical data for coking coals in the United States are presented. In addition, new coking coal samples from Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, and Oklahoma were collected and analyzed for this report, and the data are presented in multiple tables, including proximate and ultimate analyses; calorific value; sulfur forms; major-, minor-, and trace-element abundances; Free-Swelling Index; Gieseler Plastometer analyses; American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) dilatation; coal petrography; and predicted values of Coal Stability Factor and Coal Strength after Reaction with CO2 (pCSF and pCSR, respectively). Data from previously analyzed coking coal samples in Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia were supplied by three companies, including results from all the tests listed above, plus oxidation, Hardgrove Grindability Index, and ash fusion (in a reducing environment) temperatures are also presented in tables in the report.
Geographic Information System (GIS) data compiled for this project are available for download for public and private utilization and may be used to create maps for a variety of energy resource studies. These GIS data are in shapefile format, and metadata files are included describing all GIS processing. Additional geographic information about coking coal areas of the United States are also presented in tabular format in the report, including the following: names of coal basins, fields, regions, districts, and areas; coal beds or zones; geographic locations including States, counties, towns, rivers, mountains, etc.; stratigraphic hierarchy and age of the coal-bearing interval; coking characteristics including sulfur content, ash yield, volatile matter, moisture, calorific value, and Free-Swelling Index; coal rank; names of coal mines and coal-mining companies; current and past mining activity; and references for reports about the coal.
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U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
954 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
Groundwater-quality environmental data were collected from 983 wells as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Project of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Program and are included in this report. The data were collected from six types of well networks: principal aquifer study networks, which are used to assess the quality of groundwater used for public water supply; land-use study networks, which are used to assess land-use effects on shallow groundwater quality; major aquifer study networks, which are used to assess the quality of groundwater used for domestic supply; enhanced trends networks, which are used to evaluate the time scales during which groundwater quality changes; vertical flow-path study networks, which are used to evaluate changes in groundwater quality from shallow to deeper depths; and modeling support studies, which are used to provide data to support groundwater modeling. Groundwater samples were analyzed for many water-quality indicators and constituents, including major ions, nutrients, trace elements, volatile organic compounds, pesticides, radionuclides, microbiological indicators, and some constituents of special interest (arsenic speciation, hexavalent chromium [chromium (VI)], and perchlorate). These groundwater-quality data, along with data from quality-control samples, are tabulated in this report and in an associated data release. Data for microbiological indicators for samples collected in 2016 are included in the companion data release.
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U.S. Geological Survey
640 Grassmere Park Drive
Nashville, TN 37211
Brittle fragmentation, generating small pyroclasts from magma, is a key process determining eruptive style. How low-viscosity magma fragments within a rising fountain in a brittle manner, however, is not well understood. Here we describe a fragmentation process in Hawaiian fountains on the basis of observations from the 2018 lower East Rift Zone eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai’i. The dominant fragmentation mechanism is inertia driven and produces a population of large fluidal pyroclasts. However, when sufficient volcanic gas is released in the fountain, a subpopulation of smaller and more vesicular pyroclasts is generated and entrained into the gas-dominant convective plume. The size distribution of these pyroclasts is similar to that of brittlely fragmented solid materials. The erupted high-vesicularity pyroclasts sometimes preserve a deformed shape. These observations suggest that late-stage rapid expansion lowers the gas temperature adiabatically and cools the outer surface of liquid pyroclasts below the glass transition temperature. The rigid crust fragments as the hot interior attempts to expand due to further volatile diffusion from the melt into bubbles. Adiabatic expansion of volcanic gas occurs in all eruptions. Brittle fragmentation induced by rapid adiabatic cooling may be a widespread process, although of varying importance, in explosive eruptions.
While wetlands are the largest natural source of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere, they represent a large source of uncertainty in the global CH4 budget due to the complex biogeochemical controls on CH4 dynamics. Here we present, to our knowledge, the first multi-site synthesis of how predictors of CH4 fluxes (FCH4) in freshwater wetlands vary across wetland types at diel, multiday (synoptic), and seasonal time scales. We used several statistical approaches (correlation analysis, generalized additive modeling, mutual information, and random forests) in a wavelet-based multi-resolution framework to assess the importance of environmental predictors, nonlinearities and lags on FCH4 across 23 eddy covariance sites. Seasonally, soil and air temperature were dominant predictors of FCH4 at sites with smaller seasonal variation in water table depth (WTD). In contrast, WTD was the dominant predictor for wetlands with smaller variations in temperature (e.g., seasonal tropical/subtropical wetlands). Changes in seasonal FCH4 lagged fluctuations in WTD by ~17 ± 11 days, and lagged air and soil temperature by median values of 8 ± 16 and 5 ± 15 days, respectively. Temperature and WTD were also dominant predictors at the multiday scale. Atmospheric pressure (PA) was another important multiday scale predictor for peat-dominated sites, with drops in PA coinciding with synchronous releases of CH4. At the diel scale, synchronous relationships with latent heat flux and vapor pressure deficit suggest that physical processes controlling evaporation and boundary layer mixing exert similar controls on CH4 volatilization, and suggest the influence of pressurized ventilation in aerenchymatous vegetation. In addition, 1- to 4-h lagged relationships with ecosystem photosynthesis indicate recent carbon substrates, such as root exudates, may also control FCH4. By addressing issues of scale, asynchrony, and nonlinearity, this work improves understanding of the predictors and timing of wetland FCH4 that can inform future studies and models, and help constrain wetland CH4 emissions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/gcb.15661","usgsCitation":"Knox, S., Bansal, S., McNicol, G., Schafer, K., Sturtevant, C., Ueyama, M., Valach, A., Baldocchi, D., Delwiche, K.B., Desai, A.R., Euskirchen, E.S., Liu, J., Lohila, A., Malhotra, A., Melling, L., Riley, W., Runkle, B.R., Turner, J., Vargas, R., Zhu, Q., Alto, T., Fluet-Chouinard, E., Goeckede, M., Melton, J., Sonnentag, O., Vesala, T., Ward, E., Zhang, Z., Feron, S., Ouyang, Z., Tang, A., Alekseychik, P., Aurela, M., Bohrer, G., Campbell, D.I., Chen, J., Chu, H., Dalmagro, H., Goodrich, J.P., Gottschalk, P., Hirano, T., Iwata, H., Jurasinski, G., Kang, M., Koebsch, F., Mammarella, I., Nilsson, M.B., Ono, K., Peichl, M., Peltola, O., Ryu, Y., Sachs, T., Sakabe, A., Sparks, J., Tuittila, E., Vourlitis, G., Wong, G.X., Windham-Myers, L., Poulter, B., and Jackson, R.B., 2021, Identifying dominant environmental predictors of freshwater wetland methane fluxes across diurnal to seasonal time scales: Global Change Biology, v. 27, no. 15, p. 3582-3604, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15661.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"3582","endPage":"3604","ipdsId":"IP-122237","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452899,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1785295","text":"External Repository"},{"id":386669,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-05-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knox, Sarah 0000-0003-2255-5835","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2255-5835","contributorId":167493,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knox","given":"Sarah","affiliations":[{"id":24725,"text":"Ecosystem Science Division, Department of Environmental 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of a decade of daily measurements of SO2 emission in the troposphere from volcanoes of the global ground-based Network for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric Change","docAbstract":"Volcanic plumes are common and far-reaching manifestations of volcanic activity during and between eruptions. Observations of the rate of emission and composition of volcanic plumes are essential to recognize and, in some cases, predict the state of volcanic activity. Measurements of the size and location of the plumes are important to assess the impact of the emission from sporadic or localized events to persistent or widespread processes of climatic and environmental importance. These observations provide information on volatile budgets on Earth, chemical evolution of magmas, and atmospheric circulation and dynamics. Space-based observations during the last decades have given us a global view of Earth's volcanic emission, particularly of sulfur dioxide (SO2). Although none of the satellite missions were intended to be used for measurement of volcanic gas emission, specially adapted algorithms have produced time-averaged global emission budgets. These have confirmed that tropospheric plumes, produced from persistent degassing of weak sources, dominate the total emission of volcanic SO2. Although space-based observations have provided this global insight into some aspects of Earth's volcanism, it still has important limitations. The magnitude and short-term variability of lower-atmosphere emissions, historically less accessible from space, remain largely uncertain. Operational monitoring of volcanic plumes, at scales relevant for adequate surveillance, has been facilitated through the use of ground-based scanning differential optical absorption spectrometer (ScanDOAS) instruments since the beginning of this century, largely due to the coordinated effort of the Network for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric Change (NOVAC). In this study, we present a compilation of results of homogenized post-analysis of measurements of SO2 flux and plume parameters obtained during the period March 2005 to January 2017 of 32 volcanoes in NOVAC. This inventory opens a window into the short-term emission patterns of a diverse set of volcanoes in terms of magma composition, geographical location, magnitude of emission, and style of eruptive activity. We find that passive volcanic degassing is by no means a stationary process in time and that large sub-daily variability is observed in the flux of volcanic gases, which has implications for emission budgets produced using short-term, sporadic observations. The use of a standard evaluation method allows for intercomparison between different volcanoes and between ground- and space-based measurements of the same volcanoes. The emission of several weakly degassing volcanoes, undetected by satellites, is presented for the first time. We also compare our results with those reported in the literature, providing ranges of variability in emission not accessible in the past. The open-access data repository introduced in this article will enable further exploitation of this unique dataset, with a focus on volcanological research, risk assessment, satellite-sensor validation, and improved quantification of the prevalent tropospheric component of global volcanic emission.
","language":"English","publisher":"Copernicus","doi":"10.5194/essd-13-1167-2021","usgsCitation":"Arellano, S., Galle, B., Apaza, F., Avard, G., Barrington, C., Bobrowski, N., Bucarey, C., Burbano, V., Burton, M., Chacon, Z., Chigna, G., Clarito, C.J., Conde, V., Costa, F., de Moor, M., Delgado-Granados, H., Di Muro, A., Fernandez, D., Garzon, G., Gunawan, H., Haerani, N., Hansteen, T., Hidalgo, S., Inguaggiato, S., Johansson, M., Kern, C., Kihlman, M., Kowalski, P., Masias, P., Montalvo, F., Moller, J., Platt, U., Rivera, C., Saballos, A., Salerno, G., Taisne, B., Vasconez, F., Velazquez, G., Vita, F., and Yalire, M.M., 2021, Synoptic analysis of a decade of daily measurements of SO2 emission in the troposphere from volcanoes of the global ground-based Network for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric Change: Earth System Science Data, v. 13, p. 1167-1188, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1167-2021.","productDescription":"22 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pluton?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-30T11:52:03.08599","indexId":"70224615","displayToPublicDate":"2021-03-01T06:48:18","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eocene magma plumbing system beneath Cortez Hills Carlin-type gold deposit, Nevada: Is there a deep-seated pluton?","docAbstract":"The magmatic-hydrothermal conceptual model for Carlin-type gold deposit genesis calls upon deep-seated Eocene plutons as the primary source of gold-bearing fluids. However, geophysical surveys, geologic mapping, drilling, geochronology, isotopic tracers, and fluid inclusion chemistry have returned ambiguous evidence for the existence of such plutons. The high-grade Cortez Hills gold deposit in northern Nevada hosts shallow, Eocene syn- and postmineralization intrusions, offering an ideal site to investigate the existence of a deep-seated pluton beneath the district. Here, major and trace element analyses of quartz-hosted melt inclusions from four Eocene rhyolite dikes cropping out within the Cortez Hills pit and results from independent thermobarometers provide a window into the subsurface Eocene magmatic plumbing system to test the existence of a deep-seated source pluton. Dissolved volatile contents, melt inclusion entrapment pressures, and thermodynamic phase equilibria indicate that dike magmas were sourced from ~4- to ≥9-km depth from a polybaric magma reservoir residing as a physically and geochemically interconnected crystal mush with extractable or eruptible magma pockets. Magmas ascended adiabatically (nearly isothermally), exsolving fluids, evolving modestly by fractional crystallization, while trapping quartz-hosted melt inclusions steadily from depth to subvolcanic levels where they were emplaced. These data represent the first unequivocal evidence for a deep-seated magma reservoir from which fluid-saturated magma emanated and released magmatic fluids beneath the Cortez district during gold mineralization. However, further investigation into the specific metallogenic potential and metal budget of parental magmas and the partitioning of gold between silicate melt and aqueous fluids will be necessary to provide evidence that exsolved magmatic fluids may have been gold bearing.
Electromagnetic geophysical methods image the electrical conductivity of the subsurface. Electrical conductivity is an intrinsic material property that is sensitive to temperature, composition, porosity, volatile and/or melt content, and other physical properties relevant to the solid Earth. Therefore, imaging the electrical structure of the crust and mantle yields valuable information on the physical and chemical state of the lithosphere-asthenosphere system.
Here we explore the viability of the passive magnetotelluric (MT) method for constraining upper mantle properties. We approach this problem in four successive steps: 1) review the electrical conductivity behavior of relevant materials; 2) predict the bulk electrical conductivity structure of oceanic and continental lithosphere for a suite of representative physical states; 3) generate synthetic MT data from the conductivity predictions; 4) compare and discuss the conductivity predictions and the synthetic data with select case studies from oceanic and continental settings. Our aim is to clarify the uncertainties associated with drawing inferences from electrical conductivity observations and ultimately to provide a basis for assigning confidence levels to interpretations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.pepi.2021.106661","usgsCitation":"Naif, S., Selway, K., Murphy, B.S., Egbert, G.D., and Pommier, A., 2021, Electrical conductivity of the lithosphere-asthenosphere system: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 313, 106661, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2021.106661.","productDescription":"106661, 24 p.","ipdsId":"IP-122999","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":383704,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"313","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naif, Samer","contributorId":252975,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Naif","given":"Samer","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":50479,"text":"Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Tech; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Selway, Kate","contributorId":224245,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Selway","given":"Kate","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":811218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murphy, Benjamin Scott 0000-0001-7636-3711","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7636-3711","contributorId":242928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":811219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Egbert, Gary D.","contributorId":187462,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Egbert","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":811220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pommier, Anne","contributorId":252976,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pommier","given":"Anne","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":50480,"text":"Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70231781,"text":"70231781 - 2021 - Formation of dense pyroclasts by sintering of ash particles during the preclimactic eruptions of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-27T13:24:00.547192","indexId":"70231781","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-13T08:17:37","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation of dense pyroclasts by sintering of ash particles during the preclimactic eruptions of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991","docAbstract":"Dense, vitric, dacitic pyroclasts (dacite lithics) from the 1991 preclimactic explosions of Mt. Pinatubo were analyzed for their vesicular and crystal textures and dissolved H2O and CO2 contents. Micron-scale heterogeneities in groundmass glass volatile contents (0.9 wt% differences in H2O within 500 μm) are observed and argue that parts of the dacite lithics equilibrated at different depths before finally being constructed. Greater vesicularities and larger and greater number densities of vesicles are observed in groundmass glass around phenocrysts compared to groundmass glass away from phenocrysts, similar to textures produced in experiments that sintered bimodal distributions of particles. Furthermore, increasingly greater proportions of stretched and distorted vesicles are observed in lithics from the later explosions, which parallels the increasingly shorter reposes between explosions. Finally, micron-sized crystal fragments are ubiquitous in groundmass glass of all dacite lithics. The textures, together with the variable volatile contents, lead us to propose a model that the dacite lithics formed by rapid and repetitive sintering of ash particles derived from a variety of depths on the conduit walls above the fragmentation level. We speculate that sintering of conduit material produced impermeable layers that retarded gas flow through the conduit, causing pressure to build until the cap failed and the next explosion occurred.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00445-020-01427-y","usgsCitation":"Wang, Y., Gardner, J., and Hoblitt, R., 2021, Formation of dense pyroclasts by sintering of ash particles during the preclimactic eruptions of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 83, 6, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-020-01427-y.","productDescription":"6, 13 p.","ipdsId":"IP-123722","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":401291,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Philippines","otherGeospatial":"Mount Pinatubo","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 120.28038024902344,\n 15.101957550324563\n ],\n [\n 120.41015624999999,\n 15.101957550324563\n ],\n [\n 120.41015624999999,\n 15.208662610868245\n ],\n [\n 120.28038024902344,\n 15.208662610868245\n ],\n [\n 120.28038024902344,\n 15.101957550324563\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"83","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Yining","contributorId":292117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Yining","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12430,"text":"University of Texas at Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":843815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, James E.","contributorId":292118,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gardner","given":"James E.","affiliations":[{"id":12430,"text":"University of Texas at Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":843816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoblitt, Richard P. 0000-0001-5850-4760","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5850-4760","contributorId":292119,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoblitt","given":"Richard P.","affiliations":[{"id":62834,"text":"USGS Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":843817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70217133,"text":"pp1867F - 2021 - Groundwater dynamics at Kīlauea Volcano and vicinity, Hawaiʻi","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70217133,"text":"pp1867F - 2021 - Groundwater dynamics at Kīlauea Volcano and vicinity, Hawaiʻi","indexId":"pp1867F","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","displayTitle":"Groundwater Dynamics at Kīlauea Volcano and Vicinity, Hawaiʻi","title":"Groundwater dynamics at Kīlauea Volcano and vicinity, Hawaiʻi"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70217129,"text":"pp1867 - 2021 - The 2008–2018 summit lava lake at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i","indexId":"pp1867","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"title":"The 2008–2018 summit lava lake at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70217129,"text":"pp1867 - 2021 - The 2008–2018 summit lava lake at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i","indexId":"pp1867","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"title":"The 2008–2018 summit lava lake at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-26T15:53:56.65233","indexId":"pp1867F","displayToPublicDate":"2021-01-07T10:14:59","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1867","chapter":"F","displayTitle":"Groundwater Dynamics at Kīlauea Volcano and Vicinity, Hawaiʻi","title":"Groundwater dynamics at Kīlauea Volcano and vicinity, Hawaiʻi","docAbstract":"Kīlauea Volcano, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, is surrounded and permeated by active groundwater systems that interact dynamically with the volcanic system. A generalized conceptual model of Hawaiian hydrogeology includes high-level dike-impounded groundwater, very permeable perched and basal aquifers, and a transition (mixing) zone between freshwater and saltwater. Most high-level groundwater is associated with the low-permeability intrusive complexes that underlie volcanic rift zones and calderas and also act to compartmentalize the groundwater system. Hydrogeologic studies of Kīlauea in recent decades, accompanied by deep research drilling, have shown that high-level groundwater is more widespread than once understood, that permeability decreases dramatically at depth, particularly in rift zones, and that freshwater can occur at depths of as much as several kilometers below the local water table. Copious groundwater recharge causes near-surface conductive heat flow to be near zero over much of Kīlauea. Approximately 95 percent of groundwater discharge occurs offshore, accompanied by approximately 99 percent of the approximately 6,000 megawatts of heat supplied by magmatic intrusion. Here, we summarize current understanding of the groundwater system of Kīlauea Volcano and describe transient changes during the decade or more preceding the 2018 eruption sequence. The changes in groundwater chemistry and thermal structure beneath Kīlauea summit hold implications for volcanic-volatile transport and the potential for explosive volcanism. Between 2008 and 2018, the magma conduit beneath the lava lake likely created an adjacent zone of very hot rock that significantly delayed liquid groundwater inflow to the draining magma conduit. Sulfate concentrations in groundwater beneath Kīlauea summit, sampled at the National Science Foundation-funded drill hole 1.5 kilometers south-southwest of the lava lake, declined substantially between 2010 and present. This decline likely reflects, at least in part, the decreased effectiveness of volatile condensation and solution into groundwater (scrubbing). The vent opening in 2008 presumably focused volatile flux into the vicinity of the vent, and progressive drying of the surroundings further restricted interaction with the groundwater system. The decrease in sulfate concentrations in the drill hole between 2010 and 2018 likely reflects decreased effectiveness of scrubbing.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1867F","usgsCitation":"Hurwitz, S., Peek, S.E., Scholl, M.A., Bergfeld, D., Evans, W.C., Kauahikaua, J.P., Gingerich, S.B., Hsieh, P.A., Lee, R.L., Younger, E.F., and Ingebritsen, S.E., 2021, Groundwater dynamics at Kīlauea Volcano and vicinity, Hawaiʻi, chap. F of Patrick, M., Orr, T., Swanson, D., and Houghton, B., eds., The 2008–2018 summit lava lake at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1867, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1867F.","productDescription":"Report: v, 28 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"28","ipdsId":"IP-113974","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":381967,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9UCGT2F","linkHelpText":"Water level, temperature, and chemistry in a deep well on the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi"},{"id":381966,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1867/f/pp1867f.pdf","text":"Report","size":"24 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":381965,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1867/f/covrthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.68176269531253,\n 18.880300444535045\n ],\n [\n -154.7918701171875,\n 18.880300444535045\n ],\n [\n -154.7918701171875,\n 19.6348270888747\n ],\n [\n -155.68176269531253,\n 19.6348270888747\n ],\n [\n -155.68176269531253,\n 18.880300444535045\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Contact HVO
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
U.S. Geological Survey
1266 Kamehameha Avenue
Suite A-8
Hilo, HI 96720
A steady-state three-dimensional groundwater-flow model based on present conditions is coupled with the particle-tracking program MODPATH to assess the fate and transport of volatile organic-compound plumes within the Magothy and upper glacial aquifers in southeastern Nassau County, New York. Particles are forward tracked from locations within plumes defined by surfaces of equal concentration. Particles move toward ultimate well capture and discharge to the general head and drain boundaries representing natural receptors in the models. Because rates of advection within coarse-grained sediments typically exceed 0.1 foot per day, mechanisms of dispersion and diffusion were assumed to be negligible. Resulting particle pathlines are influenced by hydrogeologic framework features and the interplay of nearby hydrologic stresses. Simulated hydrologic effects include cones of depression near pumping wells and water-table mounding near points of treated water recharge; however, remedial pumping amounts are balanced by treated-water return, and net effects at distant regional boundaries, including freshwater/saltwater interfaces, are minor.
Once a steady-state model was developed and calibrated, eight hypothetical remedial scenarios were evaluated to hydraulically contain the volatile organic-compound plumes. Specifically, the remedial scenarios were optimized to achieve full containment by altering the pumping-well locations, adjusting the pumping rates, and adjusting the discharge locations and rates. Based on the results, total hypothetical extraction rates varied from about 5,462 gallons per minute during an anticipated near-future condition to about 13,340 gallons per minute during full hydraulic containment of all site-related compounds identified by the New York State standards, criteria, and guidance for environmental investigations and cleanup. Targeting of high-concentration zones of the plume increases the total amount of remedial pumpage necessary to capture all parts of the plume but may decrease the total amount of time necessary to operate a remedial system. Simulated time frames of advective transport ranged from about 12 years to capture zones with elevated concentrations of volatile organic compounds (mean particle travel time plus the standard deviation of travel time) to more than 100 years to capture all zones.
Groundwater-flow model analysis indicates that all the optimal plume-containment scenarios would have negligible effects on streams and the saltwater-freshwater interface along the south shore of Long Island. Massapequa, Bellmore, Seaman, and Seaford Creeks are represented by using MODFLOW drain-boundary conditions. Saltwater-freshwater interfaces are represented by using MODFLOW general head-boundary conditions where the Magothy aquifer discharges upward into saline groundwater across the Gardiners clay confining unit and the Lloyd aquifer discharges upward into saline groundwater across the Raritan confining unit.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205090","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Misut, P.E., Walter, D., Schubert, C., and Dressler, S., 2020, Analysis of remedial scenarios affecting plume movement through a sole-source aquifer system, southeastern Nassau County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5090, 83 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205090.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 83 p.; Data Release; 5 Figures","numberOfPages":"83","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-105143","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380266,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5090/sir20205090_figures.zip","text":"High-resolution figures","size":"159 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"linkHelpText":"- Figures 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24"},{"id":380264,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9DOBQ8N","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW–NWT and MODPATH6 model use to analyze remedial scenarios affecting plume movement through a sole-source aquifer system, southeastern Nassau County, New York"},{"id":380262,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5090/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":380263,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5090/sir20205090.pdf","text":"Report","size":"18.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020-5090"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Nassau County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.87619018554688,\n 40.482470524589516\n ],\n [\n -73.289794921875,\n 40.482470524589516\n ],\n [\n -73.289794921875,\n 40.81796653313175\n ],\n [\n -73.87619018554688,\n 40.81796653313175\n ],\n [\n -73.87619018554688,\n 40.482470524589516\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Road
Troy, NY 12180–8349
Previous work has proposed transfer of kinetic heat energy from low-energy broad ion beam (BIB) milling causes thermal alteration of sedimentary organic matter, resulting in increases of organic matter reflectance. Whereas, other studies have suggested the organic matter reflectance increase from BIB milling is due to decreased surface roughness. To test if reflectance increases to sedimentary organic matter (vitrinite) caused by BIB milling were related to molecular aromatization and condensation, Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies were used to evaluate potential compositional changes in the same vitrinite locations pre- and post-BIB milling. The same locations also were examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) to determine topographic changes caused by BIB milling (as quantified by the areal root-mean-square roughness parameter Sq). Samples consisted of four medium volatile bituminous coals. A non-aggressive BIB milling approach was used with conditions of 5 min, 4 keV, 15°incline, 360° rotation at 25 rpm and 100% focus (1.5 kV discharge; ∼100 μA). This gentle BIB milling caused vitrinite reflectance (VRo) increases of 12 to 36% of the original values determined optically before milling (average 26% increase). When molecular proxies from FTIR (A- and C-factor, branching ratio) were plotted against each other for the same vitrinite locations pre- and post-milling, mean data points for each sample generally lie within error of a 1:1 line. Likewise, mean Raman thermal proxy [full-width half maximum of G-band (G-FWHM), Raman band separation (RBS) and D1/G band intensity ratio] values were similar for pre- and post-milled locations, also plotting within error of a 1:1 line. AFM confirms the majority (24 of 36) of pre- and post-ion milled surface pairs were smoother (lower Sq values) after BIB milling. These results are interpreted to indicate VRo increase induced by the gentle BIB milling conditions used in this study is an effect of decreased diffuse reflectance due to flatter surfaces, causing more photons to reflect directly back to the detector. Little evidence was observed for molecular aromatization and condensation of vitrinite molecules following BIB milling (with the conditions used). The presence of milling-induced artifacts, including differential milling effects dependent on location and the development of self-organized patterned structures, indicate much work remains in standardization of BIB milling before its promulgation as a routine sample preparation technique for organic petrography. These results provide better understanding of anthropogenic-induced changes to geological samples caused by the now widespread adoption of BIB milling as a disruptive innovation in sample preparation.
Thirty water wells were sampled in 2018 to understand the geochemistry and age of groundwater in the Williston Basin and assess potential effects of shale-oil production from the Three Forks-Bakken petroleum system (TBPS) on groundwater quality. Two geochemical groups are identified using hierarchical cluster analysis. Group 1 represents the younger (median 4He = 21.49 × 10−8 cm3 STP/g), less chemically evolved water. Group 2 represents the older (median 4He = 1389 × 10−8 cm3 STP/g), more chemically evolved water. At least two samples from each group contain elevated Cl concentrations (>70 mg/L). Br/Cl, B/Cl, and Li/Cl ratios indicate multiple sources account for the elevated Cl concentrations: septic-system leachate/road deicing salt, lignite beds in the aquifers, Pierre Shale beneath the aquifers, and water associated with the TBPS (one sample). 3H and 14C data indicate that 10.8, 21.6, and 67.6% of the samples are modern (post-1952), mixed age, and premodern (pre-1953), respectively. Lumped-parameter modeling of 3H, SF6, 3He, and 14C concentrations indicates mean ages of the modern and premodern fractions range from ~1 to 30 years and 1300 to >30,000 years, respectively. Group 2 contains the highest CH4 concentrations (0.0018–32 mg/L). δ13C–CH4 and C1/C2+C3 data in groundwater (−91.7 to −70.0‰ and 1280 to 13,600) indicate groundwater CH4 is biogenic in origin and not from thermogenic shale gas. Four volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected in two samples. One mixed-age sample contains chloroform (0.25 μg/L) and dichloromethane (0.05 μg/L), which are probably associated with septic leachate. One premodern sample contains butane (0.082 μg/L) and n-pentane (0.032 μg/L), which are probably associated with thermogenic gas from a nearby oil well. The data indicate hydrocarbon production activities do not currently (2018) widely affect Cl, CH4, and VOC concentrations in groundwater. The predominance of premodern recharge in the aquifers indicates the groundwater moves relatively slowly, which could inhibit widespread chemical movement in groundwater overlying the TBPS. Comparison of groundwater-age data from five major unconventional hydrocarbon-production areas indicates aquifer zones used for water supply in the TBPS area have a lower risk of widespread chemical movement in groundwater than similar aquifer zones in the Fayetteville (Arkansas) and Marcellus (Pennsylvania) Shale production areas, but have a higher risk than similar aquifer zones in the Eagle Ford (Texas) and Haynesville (Texas, Louisiana) Shale production areas.
Blue Lake crater (<3 ka) is monogenetic volcano that produced one of the youngest eruptions in the central Oregon Cascades. Understanding monogenetic volcano behavior – from storage through eruption – is imperative in planning for future eruptions. Here we combine physical volcanology and geochemistry to determine the pre-eruptive storage conditions, ascent rate, eruption style, and deposit distribution of this young eruption. We find that the eruption of Blue Lake was initially phreatomagmatic, producing lithic-rich fall deposits and thin surge deposits and excavating the maar crater, before transitioning rapidly to a final voluminous magmatic-volatile driven explosive eruption. The mapped fall deposit has an estimated volume of 3.9 × 107 m3 (2.2 × 107 m3 DRE) which suggests a VEI of 3. Although similar in magnitude (as measured by fall deposit volume) to many other recent cinder cone eruptions in the Cascades, the Blue Lake crater eruption lacks an effusive phase. The absence of lava flows may reflect the lack of evidence for syn-eruptive magma storage at shallow levels. Indeed, corrected volatile contents of olivine-hosted melt inclusions (2.9–4.2 wt% H2O, 910–1330 ppm CO2) are strikingly uniform and indicate storage and crystallization at a restricted pressure range (average ~ 235 MPa), equating to a depth of ~8.6 km. Melt inclusion geochemistry indicates that the basaltic andesite magma cooled and crystallized ~25% during storage at this pressure. Crystals in the Blue Lake magma show evidence of mixing with, or entrainment in, a more evolved magma. Feldspar crystals have large An-rich cores (An80–85) and abrupt An-poor rims (An60–70); olivine crystals have large, broad cores (~Fo82–84) and thin rims with lower Fo and NiO contents. Diffusion modeling of olivine zoning suggests that an intrusion event occurred ~10–60 days prior to eruption. Diffusive loss of H+ from melt inclusions was minimal (<1.3 wt% H2O) during magma ascent, from which we calculate minimum ascent times from 235 MPa of <1 day. Many inclusions indicate ascent times of <3 h, corresponding to ascent rates of ~1 to >13 m/s. This study illustrates the pre-eruptive and eruptive complexities of monogenetic volcanoes and highlights the minimal warning that may precede future eruptions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.107103","usgsCitation":"Johnson, E.R., and Cashman, K., 2020, Understanding the storage conditions and fluctuating eruption style of a young monogenetic volcano: Blue Lake crater (<3 ka), High Cascades, Oregon: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 408, 107103, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.107103.","productDescription":"107103, 13 p.","ipdsId":"IP-123764","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392386,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Blue Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.79752349853516,\n 44.40202390088682\n ],\n [\n -121.7233657836914,\n 44.40202390088682\n ],\n [\n -121.7233657836914,\n 44.451183121531336\n ],\n [\n -121.79752349853516,\n 44.451183121531336\n ],\n [\n -121.79752349853516,\n 44.40202390088682\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"408","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Emily Renee 0000-0002-7967-6913","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7967-6913","contributorId":269628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"Renee","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":827605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cashman, Katharine V.","contributorId":40097,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cashman","given":"Katharine V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70215522,"text":"sir20205066 - 2020 - Variable-density groundwater flow and contaminant transport, Operable Unit 1, Naval Base Kitsap, Keyport, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-23T17:59:27.675906","indexId":"sir20205066","displayToPublicDate":"2020-10-21T15:42:09","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-5066","displayTitle":"Variable-Density Groundwater Flow and Contaminant Transport, Operable Unit 1, Naval Base Kitsap, Keyport, Washington","title":"Variable-density groundwater flow and contaminant transport, Operable Unit 1, Naval Base Kitsap, Keyport, Washington","docAbstract":"Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) have migrated to groundwater beneath a former 9-acre landfill at Operable Unit 1 (OU-1) on Naval Base Kitsap, which was active from the 1930s through 1973 on the Keyport Peninsula, in Kitsap County, Washington. Biodegradation of CVOCs at OU-1 limits the mass of dissolved-phase CVOCs in groundwater that discharges to surface water, but contaminant concentrations up to 630 milligrams per liter persist in localized areas, likely from the dissolution of residual, non-aqueous phase liquids. Variable-density groundwater-flow and contaminant-transport models were developed using the SEAWAT-Version 4 computer program to simulate the direction and rate of groundwater flow in a 5.9 square-mile (mi2) - area surrounding the Keyport Peninsula, to estimate the CVOC mass in groundwater and the rate of mass loading, and to assess possible remedial activities at OU-1.
The study area is underlain by Quaternary deposits consisting of alternating glacial and interglacial sediments ranging from 500 to 1,500 feet (ft) thick. A hydrogeologic model delineated a sequence of 10 units including a relatively thin package (less than 100 ft) of recent sediments (Vashon Stade and younger) beneath the Keyport Peninsula that are underlain by the much thicker (more than 300 ft) Clover Park Aquitard, which overlies a confined, sea-level aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205066","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Northwest","usgsCitation":"Yager, R.M., Welch, W.B., Headman, A., and Dinicola, R.S., 2020, Variable-density groundwater flow and contaminant transport, Operable Unit 1, Naval Base Kitsap, Keyport, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5066, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205066.","productDescription":"x, 62 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-112628","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":379666,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P95WQ7TM","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Soil water balance (SWB) model of Keyport, Washington"},{"id":379617,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5066/sir20205066.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020-5066"},{"id":379667,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9YNPPNL","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW-2005, MODFLOW-NWT, and SEAWAT V.4 models used to simulate variable-density groundwater flow and contaminant transport at Naval Base Kitsap, Keyport, Washington"},{"id":379616,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5066/coverthb2.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Keyport","otherGeospatial":"Naval Base Kitsap","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.65,\n 47.6666\n ],\n [\n -122.60833,\n 47.6666\n ],\n [\n -122.60833,\n 47.71666\n ],\n [\n -122.65,\n 47.71666\n ],\n [\n -122.65,\n 47.6666\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Washington Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
Groundwater provides nearly half of the Nation’s drinking water. As the Nation’s population grows, the importance of (and need for) high-quality drinking-water supplies increases. As part of a national-scale effort to assess groundwater quality in principal aquifers (PAs) that supply most of the groundwater used for public supply, the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project staff sampled six principal aquifers in the western United States between 2013 and 2017: (1) the Basin and Range carbonate-rock aquifers, (2) Basin and Range basin-fill aquifers, (3) Rio Grande aquifer system, (4) High Plains aquifer, (5) Colorado Plateaus aquifers, and (6) Columbia Plateau basaltic-rock aquifers. These six PAs supply a large part of the Nation’s drinking water and cover a large geographic extent of the western conterminous United States. Groundwater samples were analyzed for a large suite of water-quality constituents including major ions, nutrients, trace elements, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pesticide compounds, radioactive constituents, age tracers, and, in selected PAs, perchlorate. Two types of assessments were made: (1) a status assessment that describes the quality of the groundwater resource at time of collection and (2) an understanding assessment that evaluates relations between groundwater quality and potential explanatory factors that represent characteristics of the aquifer system. The assessments characterize untreated groundwater quality, which might be different than the quality of drinking water delivered to consumers. The assessments are based on water-quality data collected from 352 wells and 6 springs using an equal-area grid sampling design. This sampling approach allows for the estimation of the proportion of high, moderate, or low concentrations relative to federal water-quality benchmarks of selected constituents in the area of each PA. Results were compared to established benchmarks for drinking-water quality to provide context for evaluating the quality of untreated groundwater: Federal regulatory benchmarks for protecting human health, non-regulatory human-health benchmarks, and non-regulatory benchmarks for nuisance chemicals. Not all constituents that were analyzed have benchmarks and thus were not considered for assessments. Concentrations are characterized as high if they are greater than their benchmark. Concentrations are considered moderate if they are greater than one-half their benchmark (for inorganic constituents), or greater than one-tenth their benchmark (for organic constituents). Concentrations are considered low if they are less than moderate or the constituent was not detected.
Status assessment results indicated that inorganic constituents more commonly occurred at high and moderate concentrations in the six PAs than organic constituents, and organic constituents predominately occurred at low concentrations. Inorganic constituents that exceeded health-based benchmarks (high concentrations) were present in all six PAs; aquifer-scale proportion were 30 percent in the Rio Grande aquifer system, 22 percent in the Basin and Range basin-fill aquifers, 20 percent in the Basin and Range carbonate-rock aquifers, 19 percent in the High Plains aquifer, 16 percent in the Colorado Plateaus aquifers, and 8 percent in the Columbia Plateau basaltic-rock aquifers. Arsenic, fluoride, manganese, and total dissolved solids were the constituents most commonly present at high concentrations. Organic constituents with human-health benchmarks (pesticide compounds and VOCs) did not occur at high concentrations and moderate concentrations were infrequent; aquifer-scale proportions ranged from 0 to 5 percent. Detections of organic compounds at low concentrations, however, occurred in all six PAs, with detection frequencies ranging from 10 to 26 percent for pesticide compounds and from 10 to 46 percent for VOCs. Specific organic constituents with detection frequencies greater than 10 percent were four herbicides (atrazine, didealkylatrazine, bromoform, and propazine), one insecticide (propoxur), and two VOCs (the trihalomethanes chloroform and bromodichloromethane). Where collected—in the Rio Grande aquifer system and High Plains aquifer—perchlorate did not occur at high concentrations; moderate aquifer-scale proportions were 3 and 11 percent, respectively.
The understanding assessment included statistical tests to evaluate relations between constituent concentrations and potential explanatory factors to identify natural and human factors that affect groundwater quality. Potential explanatory factors included depth to bottom of well perforation, groundwater age category, land use, aquifer lithology, hydrologic conditions, and geochemical conditions. Higher concentrations of trace elements, radioactive constituents, and constituents with non-health-based benchmarks generally were associated with unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifer lithologies, premodern groundwater age, greater aridity, and more alkaline pH. Organic constituents with detection frequencies greater than 10 percent generally were associated with urban land use, shallower well depths, and higher total dissolved solids concentrations. The results for the six western PAs provide important insights into the quality of groundwater that is used for drinking water in the western United States, as well as natural and human factors that affect groundwater quality in this region.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205078","collaboration":"National Water Quality Program","usgsCitation":"Rosecrans, C.Z., and Musgrove, M., 2020, Water Quality of groundwater used for public supply in principal aquifers of the western United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5078, 142 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205078.","productDescription":"Report: x, 142 p.; 5 Data Releases","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-097925","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":378206,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5078/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":378207,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5078/sir20205078.pdf","text":"Report","size":"29.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020-5078"},{"id":378208,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7HQ3X18","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Groundwater quality data from the National Water Quality Assessment Project, May 2012 through December 2013"},{"id":378209,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7W0942N","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Datasets from groundwater-quality data from the National Water-Quality Assessment Project, January through December 2014 and select quality-control data from May 2012 through December 2014"},{"id":378210,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7XK8DHK","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Datasets from groundwater-quality and select quality-control data from the National Water-Quality Assessment Project, January through December 2015 and previously unpublished data from 2013 to 2014"},{"id":378211,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9W4RR74","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Datasets from groundwater-quality and select quality-control data from the National Water-Quality Assessment Project, January through December 2016, and previously unpublished data from 2013 to 2015"},{"id":378212,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P916H748","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Data for groundwater-quality and select quality-control data for the Colorado Plateaus Principal Aquifer"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -126.2548828125,\n 27.605670826465445\n ],\n [\n -96.0205078125,\n 27.605670826465445\n ],\n [\n -96.0205078125,\n 49.296471602658066\n ],\n [\n -126.2548828125,\n 49.296471602658066\n ],\n [\n -126.2548828125,\n 27.605670826465445\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
As part of a regional effort to characterize groundwater in rural areas of Pennsylvania, water samples from 47 domestic wells in Potter County were collected from May through September 2017. The sampled wells had depths ranging from 33 to 600 feet in sandstone, shale, or siltstone aquifers. Groundwater samples were analyzed for physicochemical properties that could be evaluated in relation to drinking-water health standards, geology, land use, and other environmental factors. Laboratory analyses included concentrations of major ions, nutrients, bacteria, trace elements, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ethylene and propylene glycol, alcohols, gross-alpha/beta-particle activity, uranium, radon-222, and dissolved gases. A subset of samples was analyzed for radium isotopes (radium-226 and -228) and for the isotopic composition of methane.
Results of this 2017 study show that groundwater quality generally met most drinking-water standards that apply to public water supplies. However, a percentage of samples exceeded maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for total coliform bacteria (69.6 percent), Escherichia coli (30.4 percent), arsenic, and barium; and secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCLs) for field pH, manganese, sodium, iron, total dissolved solids, aluminum, and chloride. All of the analyzed VOCs were below limits of detection and associated drinking water criteria. Radon-222 activities exceeded the proposed drinking-water standard of 300 picocuries per liter in 80.9 percent of the samples.
The field pH of the groundwater ranged from 4.6 to 9.0. Generally, the lower pH samples had greater potential for elevated concentrations of dissolved metals, including beryllium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc, whereas the higher pH samples had greater potential for elevated concentrations of total dissolved solids, sodium, fluoride, boron, and uranium. Near-neutral samples (pH 6.5 to 7.5) had greater hardness and alkalinity concentrations than other samples with pH values outside this range. Calcium/bicarbonate waters were the predominant hydrochemical type for the sampled aquifers, with mixed water types for many samples, including variable contributions from calcium, magnesium, and sodium combined with bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, and nitrate.
Water from 45 wells had concentrations of methane greater than the 0.0002 milligrams per liter (mg/L) detection limit. One sample had the maximum value of 11 mg/L, which exceeds the Pennsylvania action level of 7 mg/L. Additionally, three other samples had concentrations of methane greater than 4 mg/L. Outgassing of such levels of methane from the water to air within a confined space can result in a potential hazard. The elevated concentrations of methane generally were associated with suboxic groundwater (dissolved oxygen less than 0.5 mg/L) that had near-neutral to alkaline pH with relatively elevated concentrations of iron, manganese, ammonia, lithium, fluoride, and boron. Other constituents, including barium, sodium, chloride, and bromide, commonly were elevated, but not limited to, those well-water samples with elevated methane. Low levels of ethane (as much as 1.2 mg/L) were present in eight samples with the highest methane concentrations. Five samples were analyzed for methane isotopes. The isotopic and hydrocarbon compositions in these five samples suggest the methane may be of microbial origin or a mixture of thermogenic and microbial gas, but differed from the compositions reported for mud-gas logging samples collected during drilling of gas wells.
The concentrations of sodium (median 8.2 mg/L), chloride (median 7.64 mg/L), and bromide (median 0.02 mg/L) for the 47 groundwater samples collected for this study ranged widely and were positively correlated with one another and with specific conductance and associated measures of ionic strength. Sixty percent of the Potter County well-water samples had chloride concentrations less than 10 mg/L. Samples with higher chloride concentrations had variable bromide concentrations and corresponding chloride/bromide ratios that are consistent with sources such as road-deicing salt and septic effluent (low bromide) or brine (high bromide). Brines are naturally present in deeper parts of the regional groundwater system and, in some cases, may be mobilized by gas drilling. It is also possible that valley wells were drilled close to or into the brine-freshwater interface, so brine signatures do not necessarily indicate contamination due to drilling. The chloride, bromide, and other constituents in road-deicing salt or brine solutions tend to be diluted by mixing with fresh groundwater in shallow aquifers used for water supply. Although 1 of 8 groundwater samples with the highest methane concentrations (greater than 0.2 mg/L) had concentrations of chloride and bromide with corresponding chloride/bromide ratios that indicated mixing with road-deicing salt, the other 7 of 8 samples with elevated methane had concentrations of chloride and bromide with corresponding chloride/bromide ratios that indicated mixing with a small amount of brine (0.02 percent or less) similar in composition to those reported for gas and oil well brines in Pennsylvania. In several eastern Pennsylvania counties where gas drilling is absent, groundwater with comparable chloride/bromide ratios and chloride concentrations have been reported. Approximately 50 percent of Potter County well-water samples, including two samples with the fourth (72.9 mg/L) and fifth (47.0 mg/L) highest chloride concentrations, have chloride/bromide ratios that indicate predominantly anthropogenic sources of chloride, such as road-deicing salt or septic effluent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205038","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the County of Potter","usgsCitation":"Galeone, D.G., Cravotta, C.A., III, and Risser, D.W., 2020, Groundwater quality in relation to drinking water health standards and hydrogeologic and geochemical characteristics for 47 domestic wells in\nPotter County, Pennsylvania, 2017: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5038, p.67, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205038.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 67 p.; 2 Appendixes, Data Release","numberOfPages":"67","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-111083","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":377852,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5038/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":377854,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5038/sir20205038.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.77 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020-5038"},{"id":377855,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5038/sir20205038_appendix3.xlsx","text":"Appendix 3","size":"30.3 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"linkHelpText":"- Excel file"},{"id":377856,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5038/sir20205038_appendix3.csv","text":"Appendix 3","size":"9.00 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"linkHelpText":"- CSV file"},{"id":377857,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9EBORD5","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Compilation of wells sampled, physical characteristics of wells, links to water-quality data, and quality assurance and quality control data for domestic wells sampled by the U.S. Geological Survey in Potter County, Pennsylvania, April–September 2017"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Potter County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-77.7513,41.999],[-77.7031,41.9991],[-77.6884,41.9992],[-77.6096,41.9998],[-77.6077,41.9211],[-77.6076,41.9174],[-77.6076,41.9015],[-77.6063,41.8402],[-77.6057,41.8334],[-77.6056,41.8121],[-77.6056,41.8093],[-77.605,41.8007],[-77.605,41.7944],[-77.6043,41.7558],[-77.6043,41.7499],[-77.6043,41.7472],[-77.603,41.7186],[-77.603,41.6999],[-77.6017,41.6518],[-77.6017,41.6437],[-77.601,41.6128],[-77.601,41.5987],[-77.5997,41.5497],[-77.5991,41.5424],[-77.5991,41.5256],[-77.5991,41.5211],[-77.5984,41.5002],[-77.5978,41.4784],[-77.6155,41.4784],[-77.664,41.4784],[-77.6977,41.4779],[-77.6989,41.4779],[-77.7093,41.4778],[-77.7498,41.4778],[-77.7645,41.4777],[-77.7774,41.4772],[-77.8006,41.4772],[-77.8123,41.4772],[-77.8282,41.4767],[-77.8454,41.4766],[-77.8742,41.4761],[-77.903,41.476],[-77.922,41.4755],[-77.9514,41.4754],[-77.9796,41.4757],[-77.9876,41.4757],[-78.0513,41.4768],[-78.0643,41.4881],[-78.0773,41.5003],[-78.094,41.5157],[-78.0958,41.5175],[-78.0977,41.5193],[-78.1107,41.5315],[-78.1119,41.5328],[-78.1243,41.5437],[-78.1379,41.5568],[-78.1769,41.5933],[-78.1831,41.5992],[-78.1862,41.6019],[-78.1992,41.6136],[-78.2035,41.6177],[-78.2054,41.619],[-78.2048,41.625],[-78.2062,41.6967],[-78.2065,41.7875],[-78.2065,41.7925],[-78.2066,41.8029],[-78.2068,41.8197],[-78.2071,41.8479],[-78.2073,41.866],[-78.2067,41.8697],[-78.2068,41.881],[-78.2075,41.8865],[-78.2078,41.9196],[-78.2078,41.9786],[-78.2085,41.9859],[-78.2086,42],[-77.9943,41.999],[-77.9662,41.9988],[-77.8686,41.9989],[-77.7513,41.999]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Potter\",\"state\":\"PA\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Despite the reliance on groundwater by approximately 2.4 million rural Pennsylvania residents, publicly available data to characterize the quality of private well water are limited. As part of a regional effort to characterize groundwater in rural areas of Pennsylvania, samples from 54 domestic wells in Clinton County were collected and analyzed in 2017. The samples were evaluated for a wide range of constituents and compared to drinking-water health standards and geochemical characteristics. The sampled wells were completed to depths ranging from 46 to 500 feet in bedrock that was of predominantly sandstone, shale, or carbonate lithology. Results of this study show that the sampled groundwater quality in Clinton County generally met most drinking-water standards that apply to public water supplies. However, a percentage of samples exceeded drinking-water maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for total coliform bacteria (57.4 percent), Escherichia coli (E. coli) (25.9 percent), nitrate (1.9 percent), and arsenic (1.9 percent); and secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCLs) for pH (31.5 percent), manganese (29.6 percent), iron (13 percent), total dissolved solids (7.4 percent), aluminum (1.9 percent), and chloride (1.9 percent). Sodium concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water advisory recommendation in 16.7 percent of the samples. Radon-222 activities exceeded the proposed drinking-water standard of 300 picocuries per liter (pCi/L) in 59.3 percent of the samples. The only volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detected were acetone and methyl ethyl ketone in two separate samples; neither constituent exceeded drinking-water standards.
Higher median nitrate concentrations were found in the carbonate (3.26 milligrams per liter [mg/L]) versus shale (less than 0.04 mg/L) and sandstone (0.27 mg/L) aquifer subsets. Most of the elevated nitrate concentrations were associated with E. coli detections in the carbonate aquifers, where transmissive bedrock can facilitate groundwater contamination by human activities at the land surface.
The median pH of groundwater from the sandstone aquifers (6.53) was less than those for the shale aquifers (7.31) and carbonate aquifers (7.43). Generally, the lower pH samples had greater potential for elevated concentrations of dissolved metals, including beryllium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc, whereas the higher pH samples had greater potential for elevated concentrations of total dissolved solids, sodium, fluoride, boron, and uranium. Near-neutral samples (pH 6.5 to 7.5) had greater hardness and alkalinity concentrations than other samples with pH outside this range. Many samples from the shale or sandstone aquifers, particularly those with pH less than 6.5, were identified as having serious potential corrosivity based on the combination of the calcite saturation index and the chloride to sulfate mass ratio; however, none of the samples from the carbonate aquifers was identified as seriously corrosive.
Groundwater from 3.7 percent of the wells had concentrations of methane greater than the Pennsylvania action level of 7 mg/L, and 48 of the 54 wells (88.9 percent) had detectable concentrations of methane greater than the 0.0002 mg/L detection limit. Greater methane concentrations were found more frequently in groundwater sampled from the shale aquifers than the carbonate or sandstone aquifers in the study area. Most of the samples containing elevated methane (greater than 0.2 mg/L) were located outside the area of the Appalachian Plateaus. The elevated concentrations of methane generally were associated with suboxic groundwater (dissolved oxygen less than 0.5 mg/L) that had near-neutral to alkaline pH and were correlated with concentrations of iron, manganese, ammonia, sodium, lithium, barium, fluoride, and boron. The stable carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of methane in two of four samples analyzed for isotopes were consistent with compositions reported for mud-gas logging samples from gas-bearing geologic units (thermogenic gas) in the Appalachian Plateaus region, whereas two others were consistent with methane of microbial origin or a mixture of microbial and thermogenic gas.
Forty-two percent of samples had chloride concentrations greater than 20 mg/L with variable bromide concentrations. Corresponding chloride/bromide ratios are consistent with low-bromide sources such as road-deicing salt and septic effluent or animal waste, or, in a few cases, high-bromide brine. Brines characterized by relatively high bromide are naturally present in deeper parts of the regional groundwater system and, in some cases, may be mobilized by gas drilling. The chloride, bromide, and other constituents in road-deicing salt or brine solutions tend to be diluted by mixing with fresh groundwater in shallow aquifers used for water supply. One of the four groundwater samples with methane concentrations greater than 4 mg/L had chloride and bromide concentrations and a chloride/bromide ratio that indicates mixing with a salinity source such as road-deicing salt, whereas the chloride and bromide concentrations and ratios for the other three high-methane samples indicate mixing with a small amount of brine (0.03 percent or less). In two other eastern Pennsylvania county studies where gas drilling is absent, groundwater with comparable chloride/bromide ratios, bromide, and chloride concentrations plus other element associations have been reported. Additional sampling and analysis, such as isotopic analysis of the dissolved gas, fracture analysis, and more detailed evaluation of surrounding land uses, may be warranted to better understand the origin of the methane and brine constituents in groundwater at specific locations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205022","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Clinton County Commissioners","usgsCitation":"Clune, J.W., and Cravotta, C.A., III, 2020, Groundwater quality in relation to drinking water health standards and geochemical characteristics for 54 domestic wells in Clinton County, Pennsylvania, 2017 (ver 1.1, July 2020): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5022, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205022.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 72 p.; Data Release; Appendix","numberOfPages":"84","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-109062","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376698,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5022/sir20205022_appendix3.pdf","text":"Appendix 3","size":"130 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1.1: July 2020; Version 1.0: May 2020","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Dwarf planet Ceres is a compelling target as an evolved ocean world with, at least, regional brine reservoirs and potentially ongoing geological activity. As the most water-rich body in the inner solar system (in relative abundance), it is a representative of the population of planetesimals that brought volatiles and organics to the inner solar system. Situated in the Main Belt of asteroids, Ceres is accessible enough for a sample return with the resources of a typical medium-class (New Frontiers) NASA mission. Under the Discovery program, Dawn explored Ceres from 2015 to 2018. The extensive dataset revealed the presence of liquid, brine-driven activity, organic matter, and a rich salt chemistry. With this evidence, the overarching goals of the mission concept presented herein are to quantify Ceres’ current habitability potential and origin.
","language":"English","publisher":"NASA","usgsCitation":"Castillo-Rogez, J.C., Brody, J., Bland, M.T., Buczkowski, D., Grimm, R., Hendrix, A., Miller, K., Prettyman, T., Quick, L., Raymond, C., Scully, J., Sori, M.M., Sekine, Y., Williams, D., and Zolensky, M., 2020, Planetary science decadal survey planetary mission concept study report: Ceres: Exploration of Ceres’ habitability: Cooperator Report, 360 p.","productDescription":"360 p.","ipdsId":"IP-120108","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":378672,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":378651,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://science.nasa.gov/science-red/s3fs-public/atoms/files/Exploration%20of%20Ceres%20Habitability.pdf"}],"otherGeospatial":"Ceres","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Titus, Timothy N. 0000-0003-0700-4875 ttitus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0700-4875","contributorId":146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titus","given":"Timothy","email":"ttitus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":799381,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Castillo-Rogez, J. 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Poor water quality in the upper Illinois Waterway, may be a factor contributing to the stalling of the carp population front near river mile 278. In 2015, the U.S. Geological Survey collected 4 sets of water samples from two sites upstream and 4 sites downstream from river mile 278, and one tributary. Each sample was analyzed for up to 649 unique parameters of which 287 were detected including 96 pesticides, 62 pharmaceuticals, 39 wastewater indicator compounds, 29 metals, 19 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), six disinfection by-products (DBPs), five hormones, and five carboxylic acids. Potential for bioactivity was estimated by comparing chemical concentrations to aquatic life or human health criteria and to in-vitro bioactivity screening results in the U.S EPA ToxCast™ database. The resulting hazard quotients and exposure-activity ratios (EARs) are toxicity indexes, that can be used to rank potential bioactivity of individual chemicals and chemical mixtures. This analysis indicates that several bioactive chemicals (BCs) including: carbendazim, 2,4-D, metolachlor, terbuthylazine, and acetochlor (pesticides); 1,4-dioxane (VOC); metformin, diphenhydramine, sulfamethoxazole, tramadol, fexofenadine, and the anti-depressants (pharmaceuticals); bisphenol A, 4-nonylphenol, galaxolide, 4-tert-octylphenol (wastewater indicator chemical); lead and boron (metals); and estrone (hormone) all occur in the upper Illinois Waterway at concentrations that produce elevated EARs values and may be adversely affecting carp reproduction and health. The clear differences in water quality upstream and downstream from river mile 278 with higher contaminant concentrations and potential bioactivity upstream could represent a barrier to carp range expansion.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139458","usgsCitation":"Battaglin, W., Duncker, J.J., Terrio, P.J., Bradley, P., Barber, L., and DeCicco, L.A., 2020, Evaluating the potential role of bioactive chemicals on the distribution of invasive Asian carp upstream and downstream from river mile 278 in the Illinois waterway: Science of the Total Environment, v. 735, 139458, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139458.","productDescription":"139458, 18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-111948","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - 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