Uranium deposits containing molybdenum and fluorite occur in the Central Mining Area, near Marysvale, Utah, and formed in an epithermal vein system that is part of a volcanic/hypabyssal complex. They represent a known, but uncommon, type of deposit; relative to other commonly described volcanic-related uranium deposits, they are young, well-exposed and well-documented. Hydrothermal uranium-bearing quartz and fluorite veins are exposed over a 300 m vertical range in the mines. Molybdenum, as jordisite (amorphous MoS2), together with fluorite and pyrite, increase with depth, and uranium decreases with depth. The veins cut 23-Ma quartz monzonite, 20-Ma granite, and 19-Ma rhyolite ash-flow tuff. The veins formed at 19-18 Ma in a 1 km2 area, above a cupola of a composite, recurrent, magma chamber at least 24 × 5 km across that fed a sequence of 21- to 14-Ma hypabyssal granitic stocks, rhyolite lava flows, ash-flow tuffs, and volcanic domes. Formation of the Central Mining Area began when the intrusion of a rhyolite stock, and related molybdenite-bearing, uranium-rich, glassy rhyolite dikes, lifted the fractured roof above the stock. A breccia pipe formed and relieved magmatic pressures, and as blocks of the fractured roof began to settle back in place, flat-lying, concave-downward, “pull-apart” fractures were formed. Uranium-bearing, quartz and fluorite veins were deposited by a shallow hydrothermal system in the disarticulated carapace. The veins, which filled open spaces along the high-angle fault zones and flat-lying fractures, were deposited within 115 m of the ground surface above the concealed rhyolite stock. Hydrothermal fluids with temperatures near 200 °C, 18OH2O∼−1.5, DH2O∼−130, log f O2 about −47 to −50, and pH about 6 to 7, permeated the fractured rocks; these fluids were rich in fluorine, molybdenum, potassium, and hydrogen sulfide, and contained uranium as fluoride complexes. The hydrothermal fluids reacted with the wallrock resulting in precipitation of uranium minerals. At the deepest exposed levels, wallrocks were altered to sericite; and uraninite, coffinite, jordisite, fluorite, molybdenite, quartz, and pyrite were deposited in the veins. The fluids were progressively oxidized and cooled at higher levels in the system by boiling and degassing; iron-bearing minerals in wall rocks were oxidized to hematite, and quartz, fluorite, minor siderite, and uraninite were deposited in the veins. Near the ground surface, the fluids were acidified by condensation of volatiles and oxidation of hydrogen sulfide in near-surface, steam-heated, ground waters; wall rocks were altered to kaolinite, and quartz, fluorite, and uraninite were deposited in veins. Secondary uranium minerals, hematite, and gypsum formed during supergene alteration later in the Cenozoic when the upper part of the mineralized system was exposed by erosion.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s001260050164","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, C.G., Rasmussen, J., Steven, T.A., Rye, R.O., Rowley, P.D., Romberger, S., and Selverstone, J., 1998, Hydrothermal uranium deposits containing molybdenum and fluorite in the Marysvale volcanic field, west-central Utah: Mineralium Deposita, v. 33, no. 5, p. 477-494, https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260050164.","productDescription":"18 p. 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\"}}]}","volume":"33","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37abe4b0c8380cd6106c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, C. G.","contributorId":76741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"C.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rasmussen, J.D.","contributorId":87826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steven, T. A.","contributorId":42575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steven","given":"T.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rowley, P. D.","contributorId":87551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowley","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Romberger, S.B.","contributorId":24114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romberger","given":"S.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Selverstone, J.","contributorId":24512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selverstone","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70020636,"text":"70020636 - 1998 - Developmental geology of coalbed methane from shallow to deep in Rocky Mountain basins and in Cook Inlet-Matanuska Basin, Alaska, USA and Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70020636","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Developmental geology of coalbed methane from shallow to deep in Rocky Mountain basins and in Cook Inlet-Matanuska Basin, Alaska, USA and Canada","docAbstract":"The Rocky Mountain basins of western North America contain vast deposits of coal of Cretaceous through early Tertiary age. Coalbed methane is produced in Rocky Mountain basins at depths ranging from 45 m (150 ft) to 1981 m (6500 ft) from coal of lignite to low-volatile bituminous rank. Although some production has been established in almost all Rocky Mountain basins, commercial production occurs in only a few. despite more than two decades of exploration for coalbed methane in the Rocky Mountain region, it is still difficult to predict production characteristics of coalbed methane wells prior to drilling. Commonly cited problems include low permeabilities, high water production, and coals that are significantly undersaturated with respect to methane. Sources of coalbed gases can be early biogenic, formed during the early stages of coalification, thermogenic, formed during the main stages of coalification, or late stage biogenic, formed as a result of the reintroduction of methane-gnerating bacteria by groundwater after uplift and erosion. Examples of all three types of coalbed gases, and combinations of more than one type, can be found in the Rocky Mountain region. Coals in the Rocky Mountain region achieved their present ranks largely as a result of burial beneath sediments that accumulated during the Laramide orogeny (Late Cretaceous through the end of the eocene) or shortly after. Thermal events since the end of the orogeny have also locally elevated coal ranks. Coal beds in the upper part of high-volatile A bituminous rank or greater commonly occur within much more extensive basin-centered gas deposits which cover large areas of the deeper parts of most Rocky Mountain basins. Within these basin-centered deposits all lithologies, including coals, sandstones, and shales, are gas saturated, and very little water is produced. The interbedded coals and carbonaceous shales are probably the source of much of this gas. Basin-centered gas deposits become overpressured from hydrocarbon generation as they form, and this overpressuring is probably responsible for driving out most of the water. Sandstone permeabilities are low, in part because of diagenesis caused by highly reactive water given off during the early stages of coalification. Coals within these basin-centered deposits commonly have high gas contents and produce little water, but they generally occur at depths greater than 5000 ft and have low permeabilities. Significant uplift and removal of overburden has occurred throughout the Rocky Mountain region since the end of the Eocene, and much of this erosion occurred after regional uplift began about 10 Ma. The removal of overburden generally causes methane saturation levels in coals to decrease, and thus a significant drop in pressure is required to initiate methane production. The most successful coalbed methane production in the Rocky Mountain region occurs in areas where gas contents were increased by post-Eocene thermal events and/or the generation of late-stage biogenic gas. Methane-generating bacteria were apparently reintroduced into the coals in some areas after uplift and erosion, and subsequent changes in pressure and temperature, allowed surface waters to rewater the coals. Groundwater may also help open up cleat systems making coals more permeable to methane. If water production is excessive, however, the economics of producing methane are impacted by the cost of water disposal.The Rocky Mountain basins of western North America contain vast deposits of coal of Cretaceous through early Tertiary age. Coalbed methane is produced in Rocky Mountain basins at depths ranging from 45 to 1981 m from coal of lignite to low volatile bituminous rank. Despite more than two decades of exploration for coalbed methane in Rocky Mountain region, it is still difficult to predict production characteristics of coalbed methane wells prior to drilling. Sources of coalbed gases can be early biogenic, formed during the main stages of coa","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(97)00016-5","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R.C., and Flores, R.M., 1998, Developmental geology of coalbed methane from shallow to deep in Rocky Mountain basins and in Cook Inlet-Matanuska Basin, Alaska, USA and Canada: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 35, no. 1-4, p. 241-282, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(97)00016-5.","startPage":"241","endPage":"282","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206971,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(97)00016-5"},{"id":231420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0083e4b0c8380cd4f794","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, R. C. 0000-0002-6197-5165","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6197-5165","contributorId":101621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":386962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flores, R. M.","contributorId":106899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flores","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020633,"text":"70020633 - 1998 - Evidence for pressure-release melting beneath magmatic arcs from basalt at Galunggung, Indonesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70020633","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for pressure-release melting beneath magmatic arcs from basalt at Galunggung, Indonesia","docAbstract":"The melting of peridotite in the mantle wedge above subduction zones is generally believed to involve hydrous fluids derived from the subducting slab. But if mantle peridotite is upwelling within the wedge, melting due to pressure release could also contribute to magma production. Here we present measurements of the volatile content of primitive magmas from Galunggung volcano in the Indonesian are which indicate that these magmas were derived from the pressure-release melting of hot mantle peridotite. The samples that we have analysed consist of mafic glass inclusions in high-magnesium basalts. The inclusions contain uniformly low H2O concentrations (0.21-0.38 wt%), yet relatively high levels of CO2 (up to 750 p.p.m.) indicating that the low H2O concentrations are primary and not due to degassing of the magma. Results from previous anhydrous melting experiments on a chemically similar Aleutian basalts indicate that the Galunggung high-magnesium basalts were last in equilibrium with peridotite at ~1,320 ??C and 1.2 GPa. These high temperatures at shallow sub-crustal levels (about 300-600 ??C hotter than predicted by geodynamic models), combined with the production of nearly H2O- free basaltic melts, provide strong evidence that pressure-release melting due to upwelling in the sub-are mantle has taken place. Regional low- potassium and low-H2O (ref. 5) basalts found in the Cascade are indicate that such upwelling-induced melting can be widespread.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/36087","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Sisson, T.W., and Bronto, S., 1998, Evidence for pressure-release melting beneath magmatic arcs from basalt at Galunggung, Indonesia: Nature, v. 391, no. 6670, p. 883-886, https://doi.org/10.1038/36087.","startPage":"883","endPage":"886","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206962,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/36087"},{"id":231381,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"391","issue":"6670","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d4ee4b0c8380cd52f36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sisson, T. W.","contributorId":108120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bronto, S.","contributorId":65633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bronto","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020632,"text":"70020632 - 1998 - Geological setting and petrogenesis of symmetrically zoned, miarolitic granitic pegmatites at Stak Nala, Nanga Parbat - Haramosh Massif, northern Pakistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70020632","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geological setting and petrogenesis of symmetrically zoned, miarolitic granitic pegmatites at Stak Nala, Nanga Parbat - Haramosh Massif, northern Pakistan","docAbstract":"Miarolitic granitic pegmatites in the Stak valley in the northeast part of the Nanga Parbat - Haramosh Massif, in northern Pakistan, locally contain economic quantities of bi- and tricolored tourmaline. The pegmatites form flat-lying sills that range from less than 1 m to more than 3 m thick and show symmetrical internal zonation. A narrow outer or border zone of medium-to coarse-grained oligoclase - K-feldspar - quartz grades inward to a very coarse-grained wall zone characterized by K-feldspar - oligoclase - quartz - schorl tourmaline. Radiating sprays of schorl and flaring megacrysts of K-feldspar (intermediate microcline) point inward, indicating progressive crystallization toward the core. The core zone consists of variable mixtures of blocky K-feldspar (intermediate microcline), oligoclase, quartz, and sparse schorl or elbaite, with local bodies of sodic aplite and miarolitic cavities or \"pockets\". Minor spessartine-almandine garnet and lo??llingite are disseminated throughout the pegmatite, but were not observed in the pockets. The pockets contain well-formed crystals of albite, quartz, K-feldspar (maximum microcline ?? orthoclase overgrowths), schorl-elbaite tourmaline, muscovite or lepidolite, topaz, and small amounts of other minerals. Elbaite is color-zoned from core to rim: green (Fe2+- and Mn2+-bearing), colorless (Mn2+-bearing), and light pink (trace Mn3+). Within ???10 cm of the pegmatites, the granitic gneiss wallrock is bleached owing to conversion of biotite to muscovite, with local quartz and albite added. Schorl is disseminated through the altered gneiss, and veins of schorl with bleached selvages locally traverse the wallrock up to 1 m from the pegmatite contact. The schorl veins can be traced into the outer part of the wall zone, which suggests that they formed from aqueous fluids derived during early saturation of the pegmatite-forming leucogranitic magma rich in H2O, F, B, and Li. Progressive crystallization resulted in a late-stage sodic magma and abundant aqueous fluids. Two late stages of volatile escape are recognized: the first stage caused pressure-quenching of the last magma, which produced aplite and caused albitization (An3 to An8) of earlier crystallized K-feldspar and oligoclase. The second stage, released during the rupture of miarolitic cavities, produced platy albite (\"cleavelandite,\" An1) locally associated with F-rich moscovite and elbaite. Albitization is likely due to cooling of alkali-fluoride-dominated fluids at less than 2 kbar pressure. The pegmatites are derived from Himalayan leucogranitic magma emplaced prior to 5 Ma into granulitic gneiss that was at 300?? to 550??C and 1.5 to 2 kbar. The pegmatites were emplaced during uplift of the Haramosh Massif, since they cross-cut ductile normal faults but are cut by brittle normal faults. Economically important pink tourmaline mineralization formed in pockets concentrated near the crest of a broad antiform, as a result of trapping of late magmatic aqueous fluids that had become Fe-poor owing to the prior crystallization of schorl.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"Laurs, B., Dilles, J., Wairrach, Y., Kausar, A., and Snee, L., 1998, Geological setting and petrogenesis of symmetrically zoned, miarolitic granitic pegmatites at Stak Nala, Nanga Parbat - Haramosh Massif, northern Pakistan: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 36, no. 1, p. 1-47.","startPage":"1","endPage":"47","numberOfPages":"47","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231380,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a227de4b0c8380cd570bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laurs, B.M.","contributorId":37086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laurs","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dilles, J.H.","contributorId":25310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dilles","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wairrach, Y.","contributorId":33487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wairrach","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kausar, A.B.","contributorId":16186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kausar","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Snee, L.W.","contributorId":99981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70020650,"text":"70020650 - 1998 - The hyporheic zone as a source of dissolved organic carbon and carbon gases to a temperate forested stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-01T06:41:34","indexId":"70020650","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The hyporheic zone as a source of dissolved organic carbon and carbon gases to a temperate forested stream","docAbstract":"The objective of this study was to examine chemical changes in porewaters that occur over small scales (cm) as groundwater flows through the hyporheic zone and discharges to a stream in a temperate forest of northern Wisconsin. Hyporheic-zone porewaters were sampled at discrete depths of 2, 10, 15, 61, and 183 cm at three study sites in the study basin. Chemical profiles of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), CO2, CH4, and pH show dramatic changes between 61 cm sediment depth and the water-sediment interface. Unless discrete samples at small depth intervals are taken, these chemical profiles are not accounted for. Similar trends were observed at the three study locations, despite each site having very different hydraulic-flow regimes. Increases in DOC concentration by an order of magnitude from 61 to 15 cm depth with a corresponding decrease in pH and rapid decreases in the molecular weight of the DOC suggest that aliphatic compounds (likely organic acids) are being generated in the hyporheic zone. Estimated efflux rates of DOC, CO2, and CH4 to the stream are 6.2, 0.79, 0.13 moles m2 d-1, respectively, with the vast majority of these materials produced in the hyporheic zone. Very little of these materials are accounted for by sampling stream water, suggesting rapid uptake and/or volatilization.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1006005311257","issn":"01682563","usgsCitation":"Schindler, J., and Krabbenhoft, D., 1998, The hyporheic zone as a source of dissolved organic carbon and carbon gases to a temperate forested stream: Biogeochemistry, v. 43, no. 2, p. 157-174, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006005311257.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"174","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206876,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006005311257"}],"volume":"43","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacd3e4b08c986b323781","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schindler, J.E.","contributorId":14598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schindler","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, D. P. 0000-0003-1964-5020","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":90765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"D. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6943,"text":"fs05598 - 1998 - Volatile Organic Compounds in Lake Tahoe, Nevada and California, July-September 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:48","indexId":"fs05598","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"055-98","title":"Volatile Organic Compounds in Lake Tahoe, Nevada and California, July-September 1997","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs05598","usgsCitation":"Boughton, C.J., and Lico, M.S., 1998, Volatile Organic Compounds in Lake Tahoe, Nevada and California, July-September 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 055-98, 1 sheet ([2] p.) : col. map ; 28 x 18 cm. col. map ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05598.","productDescription":"1 sheet ([2] p.) : col. map ; 28 x 18 cm. col. map ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117238,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_055_98.bmp"},{"id":733,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/FS/FS-055-98","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fda0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boughton, Carol J.","contributorId":27429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boughton","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lico, Michael S.","contributorId":75897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lico","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223197,"text":"5223197 - 1997 - Toxicity of stormwater treatment pond sediments to Hyallela azteca (Amphipoda)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-30T11:36:56.787818","indexId":"5223197","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:47","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toxicity of stormwater treatment pond sediments to Hyallela azteca (Amphipoda)","docAbstract":"Stormwater wetlands are created to contain runoff from human developments and are designed to retain contaminants such as heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, silt, pesticides, and nutrients before the runoff enter natural waterways. Because of this design, stormwater wetlands have a potential of becoming toxic sinks to organisms utilizing the wetlands for habitat. We conducted a 10-day sediment bioassay on Hyallela azteca as part of a larger study on the possible hazards of stormwater wetlands to aquatic invertebrates. Water and sediments from 10 wetlands separated into reference, residential, commercial, and highway land uses were used. No differences in survival were observed among land use categories, possibly because the ratio of acid volatile sulfides/simultaneously extractable metals (AVS/SEM) was > 1.0 for all of the ponds tested; values > 1 in this ratio are indications that toxic metals may not be bioavailable. Survival and growth rates correlated positively with AVS.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s001289900370","usgsCitation":"Karouna-Renier, N., and Sparling, D.W., 1997, Toxicity of stormwater treatment pond sediments to Hyallela azteca (Amphipoda): Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 58, no. 4, p. 550-557, https://doi.org/10.1007/s001289900370.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"550","endPage":"557","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196075,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699329","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karouna-Renier, N.K.","contributorId":55927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karouna-Renier","given":"N.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sparling, D. W.","contributorId":78675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparling","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25411,"text":"wri964126 - 1997 - Characterization of fill deposits in the Calumet region of northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T11:00:52","indexId":"wri964126","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4126","title":"Characterization of fill deposits in the Calumet region of northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois","docAbstract":"In October 1993, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, began a study of the fill deposits in the Calumet region of northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois. Fill in this area is a mixture of steel-industry wastes, other industrial waste, municipal solid waste, dredging spoil, construction debris, ash, cinders, natural materials, and biological sludge. Fill deposits are concentrated along Lake Michigan; from the Lake Calumet area to the east of the Indiana Harbor Canal; along the Calumet, Little Calumet, and Grand Calumet Rivers; and along the Calumet Sag Channel. Industrial wastes and municipal solid wastes are used as fill near Lake Calumet. Steel-industry wastes, primarily slag, are used as fill along Lake Michigan, Wolf Lake, Lake George, parts of Lake Calumet, and parts of the Calumet and Little Calumet Rivers. Dredging spoil is located along the rivers, and in abandoned river channels, landfills, and tailing ponds. Cinders, ash, construction debris, and natural materials are scattered throughout the area.
Currently (1996), fill covers about 60.2 square miles of the study area. A total volume of about 2.1 x 1010 cubic feet of fill was calculated to be present in the Calumet region. Most of this fill is steel-industry waste.
Fill deposition in the study area has been essentially continuous from about 1870 to the present (1996). Fill deposited before 1964 was used as foundation for streets and railroad tracks, to create land for industrial expansion, and to dispose of waste material. Much of the fill deposited after 1964 was disposed of in landfills designed to minimize environmental effects.
Industrial wastes, municipal solid wastes, steel-industry wastes, and, perhaps, dredging spoil can be associated with increased concentrations of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds, pesticides, cyanide, metals, or major ions in ground water in this area. Construction debris, ash, cinders, and natural fill may be associated with increased concentrations of major ions in ground water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri964126","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Kay, R.T., Greeman, T.K., Duwelius, R.F., King, R.B., Nazimek, J.E., and Petrovski, D.M., 1997, Characterization of fill deposits in the Calumet region of northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4126, Report: iv, 36 p.; 3 Plates: 50.00 x 26.00 inches; Downloads directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964126.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 36 p.; 3 Plates: 50.00 x 26.00 inches; Downloads directory","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360966,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4126/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54135,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4126/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":285873,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4126/Downloads","text":"Downloads Directory","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":285872,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4126/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4126/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":360967,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4126/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":360965,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4126/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Calumet Region","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.666667,41.583333 ], [ -87.666667,41.666667 ], [ -87.166667,41.666667 ], [ -87.166667,41.583333 ], [ -87.666667,41.583333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e499fe4b07f02db5bd544","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kay, Robert T. 0000-0002-6281-8997 rtkay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-8997","contributorId":1122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kay","given":"Robert","email":"rtkay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greeman, Theodore K.","contributorId":30655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeman","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duwelius, Richard F.","contributorId":31378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duwelius","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"King, Robin B.","contributorId":34506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nazimek, John E.","contributorId":19596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nazimek","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Petrovski, David M.","contributorId":76784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petrovski","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":24274,"text":"ofr97402 - 1997 - Characterization of stormwater runoff from the Naval Air Station and Naval Wepons Industrial Reserve Plant, Dallas, Texas, 1994-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T15:41:38","indexId":"ofr97402","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-402","title":"Characterization of stormwater runoff from the Naval Air Station and Naval Wepons Industrial Reserve Plant, Dallas, Texas, 1994-96","docAbstract":"The characterization of stormwater runoff from the Naval Air Station (NAS) and the Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant (NWIRP), Dallas, Texas, is necessary to determine if runoff from the facilities is contributing to off-site contamination of surface waters, A network of five fixed sites and four grab sites was established to collect stormwater-runoff samples from a substantial part of the drainage area of each facility. Fixed sites were instrumented to measure and store precipitation, stage, discharge, and runoff-volume data and to collect flow-weighted composite samples during a storm. Grab and composite samples were collected for six storms at each of the five fixed sites from October 1994 to March 1996. The grab samples were analyzed for about 100 properties and constituents including specific conductance, pH, water temperature, bacteria, trace elements, oil and grease, total phenols, and volatile organic compounds. The composite samples were analyzed for about 220 properties and constituents including specific conductance, pH, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, major ions, suspended and dissolved solids, nutrients, trace elements, total organic carbon, volatile organic compounds, semivolatile organic compounds, and organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides. Grab samples were collected for two storms (September 18,1995, and October 2,1995) at each of the four grab sites. The grab samples were analyzed for about 80 constituents including specific conductance, pH, water temperature, trace elements, and volatile organic compounds. Composite samples were collected for two of the six storms sampled at the fixed sites and analyzed for aquatic toxicity. Fathead minnow growth and survival toxicity tests and water flea reproduction and survival toxicity tests were done.
\nMedian event-mean concentrations computed for 12 selected constituents in samples from NAS and NWIRP fixed sites were compared to median event-mean concentrations for residential, commercial, industrial, and highway land uses within the Dallas-Fort Worth area computed from data collected for the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System program. NAS and NWIRP median event-mean concentrations also were compared to those for residential and commercial land uses from the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97402","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Raines, T.H., Baldys, S., and Lizarraga, J., 1997, Characterization of stormwater runoff from the Naval Air Station and Naval Wepons Industrial Reserve Plant, Dallas, Texas, 1994-96: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-402, iv, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97402.","productDescription":"iv, 80 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155029,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0402/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53396,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0402/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raines, T. H.","contributorId":88389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baldys, Stanley sbaldys@usgs.gov","contributorId":3366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldys","given":"Stanley","email":"sbaldys@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":191614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lizarraga, J.S.","contributorId":17875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lizarraga","given":"J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25677,"text":"wri974171 - 1997 - Natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in a freshwater tidal wetland, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:10","indexId":"wri974171","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4171","title":"Natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in a freshwater tidal wetland, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","docAbstract":"Ground-water contaminant plumes that are flowing toward or currently discharging to wetland areas present unique remediation problems because of the hydrologic connections between ground water and surface water and the sensitive habitats in wetlands. Because wetlands typically have a large diversity of microorganisms and redox conditions that could enhance biodegradation, they are ideal environments for natural attenuation of organic contaminants, which is a treatment method that would leave the ecosystem largely undisturbed and be cost effective. During 1992-97, the U.S. Geological Survey investigated the natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOC's) in a contaminant plume that discharges from a sand aquifer to a freshwater tidal wetland along the West Branch Canal Creek at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. Characterization of the hydrogeology and geochemistry along flowpaths in the wetland area and determination of the occurrence and rates of biodegradation and sorption show that natural attenuation could be a feasible remediation method for the contaminant plume that extends along the West Branch Canal Creek. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974171","usgsCitation":"Lorah, M.M., Olsen, L., Smith, B.L., Johnson, M.A., and Fleck, W.B., 1997, Natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in a freshwater tidal wetland, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4171, x, 95 p. : ill. (some col.), maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974171.","productDescription":"x, 95 p. : ill. 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Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are found in almost all natural and synthetic materials and are commonly used in fuels, fuel additives, solvents, perfumes, flavor additives, and deodorants. Potential health hazards and environmental degradation resulting from the widespread use of VOCs has prompted increasing concern among scientists, industry, and the general public.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs19497","usgsCitation":"O’Brien, A.K., Reiser, R.G., and Gylling, H., 1997, Spatial variability of volatile organic compounds in streams on Long Island, New York, and in New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 194-97, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs19497.","productDescription":"6 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117840,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0194/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34114,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0194/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, New York","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.82861328125,\n 41.05864414643029\n ],\n [\n -72.410888671875,\n 40.84706035607122\n ],\n [\n -73.1964111328125,\n 40.61812224225511\n ],\n [\n -73.9105224609375,\n 40.543026009954986\n ],\n [\n -73.948974609375,\n 40.38839687388361\n ],\n [\n -74.102783203125,\n 39.72831341029745\n ],\n [\n -74.3994140625,\n 39.342794408952386\n ],\n [\n -74.92675781249999,\n 38.882481197550774\n ],\n [\n -75.0146484375,\n 38.955137225429574\n ],\n [\n -74.90478515625,\n 39.172658670429946\n ],\n [\n -75.16845703124999,\n 39.1854331703021\n ],\n [\n -75.552978515625,\n 39.45316112807394\n ],\n [\n -75.5859375,\n 39.6437675734185\n ],\n [\n -75.465087890625,\n 39.78321267821705\n ],\n [\n -75.16845703124999,\n 39.918162846609455\n ],\n [\n -74.761962890625,\n 40.17887331434696\n ],\n [\n -75.0970458984375,\n 40.44694705960048\n ],\n [\n -75.223388671875,\n 40.57224011776902\n ],\n [\n -75.20690917968749,\n 40.77638178482896\n ],\n [\n -75.0970458984375,\n 40.88860081193033\n ],\n [\n -75.157470703125,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -74.92675781249999,\n 41.17451935556443\n ],\n [\n -74.827880859375,\n 41.33970040774419\n ],\n [\n -74.70703125,\n 41.372686481864655\n ],\n [\n -73.89404296875,\n 41.000629848685385\n ],\n [\n -73.948974609375,\n 40.78054143186031\n ],\n [\n -73.71826171874999,\n 40.89275342420696\n ],\n [\n -73.465576171875,\n 40.95915977213492\n ],\n [\n -73.2293701171875,\n 40.925964939514294\n ],\n [\n -73.1195068359375,\n 40.98819156349393\n ],\n [\n -72.6470947265625,\n 40.992337919312284\n ],\n [\n -72.366943359375,\n 41.17038447781618\n ],\n [\n -72.04833984375,\n 41.29431726315258\n ],\n [\n -71.82861328125,\n 41.05864414643029\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e66d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Brien, Anne K.","contributorId":52955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reiser, Robert G. 0000-0001-5140-2745 rreiser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5140-2745","contributorId":4083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiser","given":"Robert","email":"rreiser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gylling, Helle","contributorId":66248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gylling","given":"Helle","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24395,"text":"ofr97563 - 1997 - Summary of published aquatic toxicity information and water-quality criteria for selected volatile organic compounds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:19","indexId":"ofr97563","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-563","title":"Summary of published aquatic toxicity information and water-quality criteria for selected volatile organic compounds","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97563","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Rowe, B., Landrigan, S., and Lopes, T.J., 1997, Summary of published aquatic toxicity information and water-quality criteria for selected volatile organic compounds: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-563, v, 60 :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97563.","productDescription":"v, 60 :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0563/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53491,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0563/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698c45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowe, B.L.","contributorId":22384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landrigan, S.J.","contributorId":73639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landrigan","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lopes, T. J.","contributorId":9631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopes","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22268,"text":"ofr97583 - 1997 - Water-quality assessment of the Lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland: Design and implementation of water-quality studies, 1992-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-27T21:49:10.641431","indexId":"ofr97583","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-583","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland: Design and implementation of water-quality studies, 1992-95","docAbstract":"From 1992 through 1995, nearly 1,200 water-quality samples from about 500 sites were collected, processed, and analyzed for the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania and Maryland. Sites were selected and samples were collected for 28 integrated water-quality studies designed to provide a comprehensive and nationally consistent description of current water-quality conditions, to begin to identify trends in water quality, and to determine the major factors that affect observed water quality. To achieve this, stream-water, ground-water, streambed-sediment, and biota samples were collected, and habitat assessments were conducted at selected data-collection sites.
This report discusses the water-quality study design, site-selection strategy, and implementation steps used to obtain water-quality and related data. Methods employed to collect, process, and analyze samples, characterize sites, and assess habitat are described. A comprehensive list of all sites employed in these studies and their characteristics is provided. Sample analyses conducted for the water-quality studies described in this report, including nutrients, pesticides, major ions, volatile organic compounds (VOC's), and trace elements, as well as measured or observed physical properties and habitat characteristics, also are listed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr97583","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Siwiec, S.F., Hainly, R.A., Lindsey, B., Bilger, M.D., and Brightbill, R.A., 1997, Water-quality assessment of the Lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland: Design and implementation of water-quality studies, 1992-95: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-583, xii, 121 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97583.","productDescription":"xii, 121 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393478,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18818.htm"},{"id":350520,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0583/ofr19970583.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.70 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1997-0583"},{"id":154467,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0583/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Lower Susquehanna River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.9040,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -75.76,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -75.76,\n 41.206\n ],\n [\n -78.9040,\n 41.206\n ],\n [\n -78.9040,\n 39.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Water samples were collected from a network of 72 shallow monitoring wells to assess the chemical quality of recently recharged ground water in the surficial Kirkwood- Cohansey aquifer system of southern New Jersey. The wells are randomly distributed among agricultural, urban, and undeveloped areas to provide data representative of chemical conditions of ground water underlying each of these land-use settings. Samples were analyzed for nutrients, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds (VOC's). Concentrations of nitrate were highest in agricultural areas, where the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 mg/L (milligrams per liter) as nitrogen was exceeded in 60 percent of the samples. Concentrations of nitrate were intermediate in urban areas, where the 10-mg/L concentration was exceeded in only 1 of 44 samples. All concentrations in samples from undeveloped areas were less than 1.0 mg/L. Pesticides and VOC's were frequently detected; however, concentrations were low and rarely exceeded established or proposed USEPA or N.J. Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) drinking-water regulations. With the exception of the agricultural pesticide dinoseb, established regulations are at least 2.9 times the maximum concentration for pesticides and at least 5 times the maximum concentration for VOC's reported in the samples from the 72-well network.
Investigations by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) are ongoing in southern New Jersey to evaluate the (1) presence and concentration of pesticide-degradation byproducts in shallow ground water; (2) presence and movement of nitrate, pesticides, and VOC's in the atmosphere, streams, unsaturated zone, and aquifers; (3) transport and fate of these compounds as they migrate deeper into the aquifer system; and (4) implications of these findings for the integrity of the regional water supply.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974241","usgsCitation":"Stackelberg, P.E., Hopple, J.A., and Kauffman, L.J., 1997, Occurrence of nitrate, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, southern New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4241, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974241.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124970,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4241/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58719,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4241/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400830,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48848.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.3042,\n 39.45\n ],\n [\n -74.8528,\n 39.45\n ],\n [\n -74.8528,\n 39.8583\n ],\n [\n -75.3042,\n 39.8583\n ],\n [\n -75.3042,\n 39.45\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af5e4b07f02db69237f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stackelberg, Paul E. 0000-0002-1818-355X pestack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1818-355X","contributorId":1069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stackelberg","given":"Paul","email":"pestack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopple, Jessica A. 0000-0003-3180-2252 jahopple@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3180-2252","contributorId":992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopple","given":"Jessica","email":"jahopple@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":202325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kauffman, Leon J. 0000-0003-4564-0362 lkauff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4564-0362","contributorId":1094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"Leon","email":"lkauff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25914,"text":"wri974067 - 1997 - Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas -- Shallow ground-water quality and land use in the Albuquerque area, central New Mexico, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-16T19:13:35.333046","indexId":"wri974067","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4067","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas -- Shallow ground-water quality and land use in the Albuquerque area, central New Mexico, 1993","docAbstract":"This report describes the quality of shallow ground water and the \r\nrelations between land use and the quality of that shallow ground water \r\nin an urban area in and adjacent to Albuquerque, New Mexico. Water\r\nsamples were collected from 24 shallow wells. Samples were analyzed for \r\nselected common constituents, nutrients, trace elements, radionuclides, \r\nvolatile organic compounds, and pesticides. \r\n\r\n The study area, which is in the Albuquerque Basin in central New Mexico, \r\nwas limited to the Rio Grande flood plain; depth to water in this area \r\ngenerally is less than 25 feet. The amount and composition of recharge to \r\nthe shallow ground-water system are important factors that affect shallow \r\nground-water composition in this area. Important sources of recharge that \r\naffect shallow ground-water quality in the area include infiltration of \r\nsurface water, which is used in agricultural land-use areas to irrigate \r\ncrops, and infiltration of septic-system effluent in residential areas. \r\nAgricultural land use represents about 28 percent of the area, and residential \r\nland use represents about 35 percent of the total study area. In most of the \r\nstudy area, agricultural land use is interspersed with residential land use \r\nand neither is the dominant land use in the area. Land use in the study area \r\nhistorically has been changing from agricultural to urban. \r\n\r\n The composition of shallow ground water in the study area varies \r\nconsiderably. The dissolved solids concentration in shallow ground water in \r\nthe study area ranges from 272 to 1,650 milligrams per liter, although the \r\nrelative percentages of selected cations and anions do not vary substantially. \r\nCalcium generally is the dominant cation and bicarbonate generally is the \r\ndominant anion. Concentrations of nutrients generally were less than 1 \r\nmilligram per liter. The concentration of many trace elements in shallow \r\nground water was below or slightly above 1 microgram per liter and there was \r\nlittle variation in the concentrations. Barium, iron, manganese, molybdenum, \r\nand uranium were the only trace elements analyzed for that had median \r\nconcentrations greater than 5 micrograms per liter. Volatile organic \r\ncompounds were detected in 5 of 24 samples. Cis-1,2-dichloroethene and \r\n1,1-dichloroethane were the most commonly detected volatile organic compounds \r\n(detected in two samples each). Pesticides were detected in 8 of 24 samples. \r\nPrometon was the most commonly detected pesticide (detected in 5 of 24 \r\nsamples). Concentrations of volatile organic compounds and pesticides detected \r\nwere much smaller than any U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards \r\nthat have been established. \r\n\r\n Infiltration of surface water and the evaporation or transpiration of \r\nthis water, which partially is the result of past and present agricultural \r\nland use, seem to affect the concentrations of common constituents in shallow \r\nground water in the study area. The small excess chloride in shallow ground \r\nwater relative to surface water that has been affected by evaporation or \r\ntranspiration could be due to mixing of shallow ground water with small \r\namounts of precipitation/bulk deposition or septic-system effluent. \r\n\r\n Infiltration of septic-system effluent (residential land use) has \r\naffected the shallow ground-water composition in parts of the study area on \r\nthe basis of the small dissolved oxygen concentrations, large dissolved \r\norganic carbon concentrations, and excess chloride. Despite the loading of \r\nnitrogen to the shallow ground-water system as the result of infiltration of \r\nseptic-system effluent, the small nitrogen concentrations in shallow ground \r\nwater probably are due to the small dissolved oxygen concentrations and \r\nrelatively large dissolved organic carbon concentrations. \r\n\r\n The small concentrations and lack of variation of most trace elements \r\nindicate that land use has not substantially affected the concentration","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974067","usgsCitation":"Anderholm, S.K., 1997, Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas -- Shallow ground-water quality and land use in the Albuquerque area, central New Mexico, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4067, vii, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974067.","productDescription":"vii, 73 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393012,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48693.htm"},{"id":54675,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4067/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4067/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","city":"Albuquerque","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.864013671875,\n 34.63772760271713\n ],\n [\n -106.534423828125,\n 34.63772760271713\n ],\n [\n -106.534423828125,\n 35.294952147406576\n ],\n [\n -106.864013671875,\n 35.294952147406576\n ],\n [\n -106.864013671875,\n 34.63772760271713\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a55e4b07f02db62cf55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderholm, Scott K.","contributorId":94270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderholm","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25720,"text":"wri974097 - 1997 - Preliminary conceptual models of the occurrence, fate, and transport of chlorinated solvents in karst regions of Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:15","indexId":"wri974097","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4097","title":"Preliminary conceptual models of the occurrence, fate, and transport of chlorinated solvents in karst regions of Tennessee","docAbstract":"Published and unpublished reports and data from 22 contaminated sites in Tennessee were reviewed to develop preliminary conceptual models of the behavior of chlorinated solvents in karst aquifers. Chlorinated solvents are widely used in many industrial operations. High density and volatility, low viscosity, and solubilities that are low in absolute terms but high relative to drinkingwater standards make chlorinated solvents mobile and persistent contaminants that are difficult to find or remove when released into the groundwater system. The major obstacle to the downward migration of chlorinated solvents in the subsurface is the capillary pressure of small openings. In karst aquifers, chemical dissolution has enlarged joints, bedding planes, and other openings that transmit water. Because the resulting karst conduits are commonly too large to develop significant capillary pressures, chlorinated solvents can migrate to considerable depth in karst aquifers as dense nonaqueous-phase liquids (DNAPL?s). Once chlorinated DNAPL accumulates in a karst aquifer, it becomes a source for dissolved-phase contamination of ground water. A relatively small amount of chlorinated DNAPL has the potential to contaminate ground water over a significant area for decades or longer. Conceptual models are needed to assist regulators and site managers in characterizing chlorinated-solvent contamination in karst settings and in evaluating clean-up alternatives. Five preliminary conceptual models were developed, emphasizing accumulation sites for chlorinated DNAPL in karst aquifers. The models were developed for the karst regions of Tennessee, but are intended to be transferable to similar karst settings elsewhere. The five models of DNAPL accumulation in karst settings are (1) trapping in regolith, (2) pooling at the top of bedrock, (3) pooling in bedrock diffuse-flow zones, (4) pooling in karst conduits, and (5) pooling in isolation from active ground-water flow. More than one conceptual model of DNAPL accumulation may be applicable to a given site, depending on details of the contaminant release and geologic setting. Trapping in regolith is most likely to occur where the regolith is thick and relatively impermeable with few large cracks, fissures, or macropores. Accumulation at the top of rock is favored by flat-lying strata with few fractures or karst features near the bedrock surface. Fractures or karst features near the bedrock surface encourage migration of chlorinated DNAPL into karst conduits or diffuse-flow zones in bedrock. DNAPL can migrate through one bedrock flow regime into an underlying flow regime with different characteristics or into openings that are isolated from significant ground-water flow. As a general rule, the difficulty of finding and removing DNAPL increases with depth, lateral distance from the source, and complexity of the ground-water flow system. The prospects for mitigation are generally best for DNAPL accumulation in the regolith or at the bedrock surface. However, many such accumulations are likely to be difficult to find or remove. Accumulations in bedrock diffuse-flow zones or in fractures isolated from flow may be possible to find and partially mitigate, but will likely leave significant amounts of contaminant in small fractures or as solute diffused into primary pores. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974097","usgsCitation":"Wolfe, W., Haugh, C., Webbers, A., and Diehl, T., 1997, Preliminary conceptual models of the occurrence, fate, and transport of chlorinated solvents in karst regions of Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4097, vii, 80 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974097.","productDescription":"vii, 80 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1836,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974097","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156915,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c5da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolfe, W.J.","contributorId":10069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haugh, C.J.","contributorId":24380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haugh","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Webbers, Ank","contributorId":74782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webbers","given":"Ank","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Diehl, T.H.","contributorId":89170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diehl","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":44846,"text":"wri974082B - 1997 - Quality of shallow ground water in alluvial aquifers of the Willamette Basin, Oregon, 1993-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:55","indexId":"wri974082B","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4082","chapter":"B","title":"Quality of shallow ground water in alluvial aquifers of the Willamette Basin, Oregon, 1993-95","docAbstract":"The current (1993?95) quality of shallow ground water (generally, <25 meters below land surface) in Willamette Basin alluvium is described using results from two studies. A Study-Unit Survey, or regional assessment of shallow groundwater quality in alluvium, was done from June through August 1993. During the Study-Unit Survey, data were collected from 70 domestic wells chosen using a random-selection process and located mostly in areas of agricultural land use. An urban Land-Use Study, which was a reconnaissance of shallow urban ground-water quality from 10 monitoring wells installed in areas of residential land use, was done in July 1995. Concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate (henceforth, nitrate, because nitrite concentrations were low) ranged from <0.05 to 26 mg N/L (milligrams nitrogen per liter) in ground water from 70 Study-Unit-Survey wells; concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 mg N/L in 9 percent of Study-Unit-Survey samples. Relationships were observed between nitrate concentrations and dissolved-oxygen concentrations, the amount of clay present within and overlying aquifers, overlying geology, and upgradient land use. Tritium (3H) data indicate that 21 percent of Study-Unit-Survey samples represented water recharged prior to 1953. Nitrogen-fertilizer application rates in the basin have increased greatly over the past several decades. Thus, some observed nitrate concentrations may reflect nitrogen loading rates that were smaller than those presently applied in the basin. Concentrations of phosphorus ranged from <0.01 to 2.2 mg/L in 70 Study-Unit-Survey wells and exceeded 0.10 mg/L in 60 percent of the samples. Phosphorus and nitrate concentrations were inversely correlated. From 1 to 5 pesticides and pesticide degradation products (henceforth, pesticides) were detected in ground water from each of 23 Study-Unit-Survey wells (33 percent of 69 wells sampled for pesticides) for a total of 51 pesticide detections. Thirteen different pesticides were detected; atrazine was the most frequently encountered pesticide. Although detections were widespread, concentrations were low (generally <1,000 ng/L [nanograms per liter]). (One ng/L is equal to 0.001 mg/L [micrograms per liter].) One detection (dinoseb, at 7,900 ng/L) exceeded a USEPA MCL. Relationships were observed between the occurrence of pesticides and the amount of clay present within and overlying aquifers, overlying geology, and land use. Between 1 and 5 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected at each of 7 Study-Unit-Survey sites (11 percent of 65 sites evaluated), for a total of 14 VOC detections. One detection (tetrachloroethylene, at 29 mg/L) exceeded a USEPA MCL. Other detections were at low concentrations (0.2 to 2.0 mg/L). VOC detections generally were from sites associated with urban land use. Concentrations of arsenic ranged from <1 to 13 mg/L in 70 Study-Unit-Survey wells. Concentrations in 16 percent of samples exceeded the USEPA Risk-Specific-Dose Health Advisory of 2 mg/L. Radon concentrations ranged from 200 to 1,200 pCi/L (picocuries per liter) in 51 Study-Unit-Survey wells. All samples exceeded the USEPA Risk-Specific-Dose Health Advisory of 150 pCi/L. All urban Land-Use-Study samples were well oxygenated; thus, nitrate reduction probably did not affect these samples. Urban Land-Use-Study nitrate concentrations were similar to those of the well oxygenated, agricultural subset of Study-Unit-Survey samples. Pesticides were detected in samples from three urban Land-Use-Study sites, but concentrations were low (1 to 5 ng/L). In contrast, VOCs were detected in ground water from 80 percent of urban Land-Use-Study wells; concentrations ranged up to 7.6 mg/L. Trace-element concentrations in the urban Land-Use Study samples were low. Median concentrations consistently were <10 mg/L and frequently were <1 mg/L","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri974082B","usgsCitation":"Hinkle, S.R., 1997, Quality of shallow ground water in alluvial aquifers of the Willamette Basin, Oregon, 1993-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4082, x, 48 p. : ill., maps (some col.) ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974082B.","productDescription":"x, 48 p. : ill., maps (some col.) ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3951,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://oregon.usgs.gov/pubs_dir/Pdf/97-4082b.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":168874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4082b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":82202,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4082b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8ee4b07f02db6549fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkle, Stephen R. srhinkle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkle","given":"Stephen","email":"srhinkle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29816,"text":"wri974059 - 1997 - Nitrogen and phosphorus loading from drained wetlands adjacent to Upper Klamath and Agency lakes, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:42:37","indexId":"wri974059","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4059","title":"Nitrogen and phosphorus loading from drained wetlands adjacent to Upper Klamath and Agency lakes, Oregon","docAbstract":"Upper Klamath Lake and the connecting Agency Lake constitute a large, shallow lake in south-central Oregon that the historical record indicates has likely been eutrophic since its discovery by non-Native Americans. In recent decades, however, the lake has had annual occurrences of near-monoculture blooms of the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae that are thought to be a result of accelerated eutrophication. In 1988, two sucker species endemic to the lake, the Lost River sucker (Deltistes luxatus) and the shortnose sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris), were listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and it has been proposed that their decline is due to the poor water quality associated with extremely long and productive algal blooms. It has also been proposed that the effluent drained from wetlands has contributed to accelerated eutrophication.
\nSince the turn of century, most of the wetlands adjacent to Upper Klamath Lake have been drained for agriculture--cultivation of crops and grazing of cattle. Wetland areas were reclaimed from the lake by building dikes to isolate them from the lake, constructing a series of drainage ditches, and installing pumps to drain the water and maintain a lowered water table. A consequence of lowering the water table is the increased ability of air and oxygenated water to move through the subsurface and facilitate the rapid aerobic decomposition of the peat soils. Nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus, are then liberated, leach into adjacent ditches, and are subsequently pumped to the lake or its tributaries. The rate of peat decomposition may be related to the time since drainage and the type of agricultural land use. On lands cultivated for crops, farming practices, such as disking and furrowing, could enhance the movement of air and oxygenated water, resulting in a rapid rate of decomposition. In contrast, on grazed lands, the compaction of soils by cattle probably inhibits the movement of air and oxygenated water and results in a slower rate of decomposition relative to drained wetlands used for the cultivation of crops.
\nThis report presents the results of a cooperative study between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Bureau of Reclamation whose overall objective was to determine the nutrient loading to Upper Klamath Lake from adjacent drained wetlands. Nutrient loading from drained wetlands was estimated using two independent techniques. The first method involved the measurement of the quantity and quality of water discharged by pumps draining the wetlands. The second method was used to estimate the initial (before drainage) and present-day nutrient mass of the organic soils within the drained wetlands and to calculate the change (or loss) in nutrient mass.
\nIn an effort to estimate the nutrient contributions from the water pumped off selected drained wetlands adjacent to Upper Klamath Lake, annual loads and yields of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were estimated from concentration data and the volume of water pumped during the water year. In general, there was little variation among sites or among years in the annual total nitrogen (median load of about 18 tons per year and median yield of about 8 pounds per acre per year) or the annual total phosphorus (median load of about 3 tons per year and median yield of about 2 pounds per acre per year) contributions. The sum of the annual loads of nitrogen and phosphorus calculated for each of the pumping stations in 1995 was 80 tons per year and 15 tons per year, respectively.
\nIn 1995, soil-coring activities were undertaken to ascertain the nature and extent of the organic soils in the drained and undrained wetlands. The present-day nutrient mass was calculated for each drained wetland using the nutrient content (concentration) and the present-day peat mass. The initial nutrient mass prior to drainage was estimated for each drained wetland by using the initial nutrient content (assumed to be equal to the nutrient content of the undrained wetlands) and the initial peat mass as determined using the amount of accumulated decomposition residue. The cumulative loss of nutrient mass since drainage was calculated as the change between initial and present-day nutrient mass for each drained area.
\nThe cumulative yield of total nitrogen and total phosphorus loss from the organic soils of individual wetlands since drainage ranged from 3,000 to 70,000 pounds per acre and from 0 to 1,300 pounds per acre, respectively. For all the drained wetlands sampled, the cumulative nitrogen and phosphorus loss since drainage totaled 250,000 tons and 4,300 tons, respectively. This represents about 30 percent and 22 percent of the mass of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, that initially existed in the organic soils. The loss of nutrients from the drained wetlands is considered to be a maximum estimate of the possible contribution of nutrients to Upper Klamath Lake from the peat soils of the drained wetlands sampled. However, not all the nutrients released by the soils are discharged to the lake. Nutrients lost from the peat soils of the drained wetlands may have been taken up by crops and harvested or consumed by grazing cattle. In addition, nitrogen can be lost to the atmosphere by denitrification and the volatilization of ammonia; phosphorus may be bound to adjacent soil layers by adsorption.
\nThe annual nutrient loss for the period 1994–95 was calculated using a first-order rate law to describe nutrient loss since drainage began. For individual drained wetlands, the yield of nitrogen and phosphorus lost from the organic soils for the period 1994–95 ranged from 27 to 540 pounds per acre per year and from 0 to 15 pounds per acre per year, respectively. The total mass of nitrogen and phosphorus loss during this period was 3,000 tons per year and 60 tons per year, respectively, for all drained wetlands that were sampled. The yield and mass of nutrient loss determined in this fashion reflect what might be expected on the basis of time-averaged or longterm contributions of nutrients to the lake and do not reflect the specific conditions existing during the period 1994–95.
\nThe results of this study could be useful in helping to prioritize which drained wetlands may provide the greatest benefits with regard to reducing nutrient loads to the lake if restoration or land-use modifications are instituted. Recent acquisition and planned restoration of drained wetland areas at the Wood River and Williamson River North properties may produce significant reduction in the quantity of nutrients released by the decomposition of peat soils of these areas. If the water table rises to predrainage levels, the peats soils may become inundated most of the year, resulting in the continued long-term storage of nutrients within the peat soils by reducing aerobic decomposition. The maximum benefit, in terms of decreasing potential nutrient loss due to peat decomposition, could be the reduction of total nitrogen and total phosphorus loss to about one-half that of the 1994–95 annual loss estimated for all the drained wetlands sampled for this study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/wri974059","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Snyder, D.T., and Morace, J.L., 1997, Nitrogen and phosphorus loading from drained wetlands adjacent to Upper Klamath and Agency lakes, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4059, Report: ix, 67 p.; 2 Plates: 36.00 x 25.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974059.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 67 p.; 2 Plates: 36.00 x 25.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58617,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4059/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"2.44 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate-1"},{"id":58619,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4059/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.02 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":58618,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4059/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"2.44 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate-2"},{"id":119751,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4059/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Agency Lake, Klamath Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.42614746093749,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -122.42614746093749,\n 43.257205668363206\n ],\n [\n -120.89904785156251,\n 43.257205668363206\n ],\n [\n -120.89904785156251,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -122.42614746093749,\n 42.00032514831621\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c01a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, Daniel T. dtsnyder@usgs.gov","contributorId":820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Daniel","email":"dtsnyder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":202179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morace, Jennifer L. 0000-0002-8132-4044 jlmorace@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8132-4044","contributorId":945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morace","given":"Jennifer","email":"jlmorace@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29503,"text":"wri964292 - 1997 - Effects of land use and geohydrology on the quality of shallow ground water in two agricultural areas in the western Lake Michigan drainages, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T12:25:02","indexId":"wri964292","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4292","title":"Effects of land use and geohydrology on the quality of shallow ground water in two agricultural areas in the western Lake Michigan drainages, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Water-quality and geohydrologic data were collected between September 1993 and September 1994, from 56 wells and 2 springs, in two agricultural areas in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study unit of the National-Water Quality Assessment Program. These data were used to study the effects of land use and geohydrology on shallow ground-water quality. Water samples from each well and spring were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, pesticides, volatile organic compounds, oxygen and hydrogen isotopes, and uranium; measurements of temperature, pH, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen were made in the field. Ground-water samples were also analyzed for tritium or chlorofluorocarbons, or both, to estimate the recharge date of the ground water. Slug tests were performed on most of the wells to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of the surficial deposits in the vicinity of the well.
\nThe two areas chosen for study had similar agricultural land uses but different geohydrologic characteristics. Sampled monitor wells and springs were located down gradient from farm fields having similar crop rotation patterns, mainly corn and alfalfa. Area l is characterized by sand and clay surficial deposits overlying carbonate bedrock, and area 2 is characterized by sand and gravel surficial deposits overlying sandstone or crystalline bedrock. The depth to water was significantly deeper and the hydraulic conductivity of the surficial deposits was significantly higher in area 2.
\nWater-quality analyses indicate that agricultural land use has affected the ground-water quality of both of the study areas, however, Wisconsin ground-water-quality enforcement standards were exceeded in only 22 percent (13 of 58) of samples for dissolved nitrate and 2 percent (l of 58) of samples for dissolved atrazine plus deethyl atrazine. There was a significant difference between the two areas in the concentrations of dissolved nitrate and atrazine plus deethyl atrazine in the shallow ground water. Although the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and manure applied to the land surface was similar or slightly higher in area 2, as compared to area 1, and atrazine application rates may have been slightly higher in area l, area 2 had significantly higher concentrations of both dis solved nitrate and atrazine plus deethyl atrazine in shallow ground water. The areal difference in nitrate and atrazine concentrations was likely due to the relatively higher permeability and lower organic matter content of the surficial deposits in area 2. The more permeable surficial deposits in area 2 allowed nitrate and atrazine (and its metabolites) to readily move from the land surface to ground water. Additionally, the lower organic matter content in area 2 helped to maintain higher dis solved oxygen concentrations in recharging water and throughout the saturated zone, thus reducing the possibility of denitrification or assimilative uptake.
\nEstimated recharge dates showed that historic patterns of atrazine plus deethyl atrazine concentrations in ground water mimic historic patterns of atrazine use on corn. Concentrations in ground water that recharged prior to the early 1960s, when atrazine started to become widely used on corn in Wisconsin, were very low or not detectable. As atrazine use on corn steadily increased from the late 1960s to the late 1970s and early 1980s, detectable concentrations of atrazine plus deethyl atrazine in ground water became more common. The recharge dates of some of the highest measured concentrations of atrazine plus ethyl atrazine in ground water from both study areas correspond to the period of highest atrazine use on corn within the State.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964292","usgsCitation":"Saad, D.A., 1997, Effects of land use and geohydrology on the quality of shallow ground water in two agricultural areas in the western Lake Michigan drainages, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4292, Report: viii, 69 p.; Errata, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964292.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 69 p.; Errata","numberOfPages":"77","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1993-09-01","temporalEnd":"1994-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124720,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_96_4292.jpg"},{"id":12286,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri96-4292/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":310465,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri96-4292/"},{"id":310466,"rank":2,"type":{"id":12,"text":"Errata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri96-4292/errata.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.2646484375,\n 45.836454050187726\n ],\n [\n -88.077392578125,\n 46.78501604269254\n ],\n [\n -88.406982421875,\n 46.702202151643455\n ],\n [\n -88.70361328125,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -89.01123046875,\n 45.55252525134013\n ],\n [\n -89.219970703125,\n 45.1510532655634\n ],\n [\n -89.5166015625,\n 44.74673324024678\n ],\n [\n -89.69238281249999,\n 43.213183300738876\n ],\n [\n -88.70361328125,\n 42.76314586689494\n ],\n [\n -88.341064453125,\n 42.65012181368025\n ],\n [\n -87.879638671875,\n 42.569264372193864\n ],\n [\n -87.725830078125,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -87.6708984375,\n 43.14909399920127\n ],\n [\n -87.4072265625,\n 44.174324837518895\n ],\n [\n -87.418212890625,\n 44.6061127451739\n ],\n [\n -86.781005859375,\n 45.19752230305685\n ],\n [\n -86.59423828125,\n 45.55252525134013\n ],\n [\n -86.2646484375,\n 45.836454050187726\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6250d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saad, David A. dasaad@usgs.gov","contributorId":121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saad","given":"David","email":"dasaad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29778,"text":"wri964286 - 1997 - Hydrogeologic investigation of the Malvern TCE Superfund Site, Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-13T19:18:56.660641","indexId":"wri964286","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4286","title":"Hydrogeologic investigation of the Malvern TCE Superfund Site, Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The Malvern TCE Superfund Site, a former solvent recycling facility that now stores and sells solvents, consists of a plant and disposal area, which are approximately 1,900 ft (feet) apart. The site is underlain by an unconfined carbonate bedrock aquifer in which permeability has been enhanced in places by solution. Water levels respond quickly to precipitation and show a similar seasonal variation, response to precipitation, and range of fluctuation. The altitude of water levels in wells at the disposal area is nearly identical because of the small hydraulic gradient. A comparison of water-table maps for 1983, 1993, and 1994 shows that the general shape of the water table and hydraulic gradients in the area have remained the same through time and for different climatic conditions.
The plant area is underlain by dolomite of the Elbrook Formation. The dolomite at the plant area does not yield as much water as the dolomite at the disposal area because it is less fractured, and wells penetrate few water-bearing fractures. Yields of nine wells at the plant area range from 1 to 200 gal/min (gallons per minute); the median yield is 6 gal/min. Specific capacities range from 0.08 to 2 (gal/min)/ft (gallons per minute per foot). Aquifer tests were conducted in two wells; median transmissivities estimated from the aquifer-test data ranged from 528 to 839 feet squared per day. Maximum concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOC's) in ground water at the plant area in 1996 were 53,900 ug/L (micrograms per liter) for trichloroethylene (TCE), 7,110 ug/L for tetrachloroethylene (PCE), and 17,700 ug/L for 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA).
A ground-water divide is located between the plant area and the disposal area. Ground-water withdrawal for dewatering the Catanach quarry has caused a cone of depression in the water-table surface that reaches to the plant area. From the plant area, ground water flows 1.2 miles to the northeast and discharges to the Catanach quarry. The regional hydraulic gradient between the plant and the Catanach quarry is 0.019. Concentrations of VOC's in water from wells drilled northeast and donwgradient of the plant property boundary are one to two orders of magnitude less than concentrations in water from wells less than 100 ft away at the plant.
A capture-zone analysis was performed for two wells at the plant area. The analysis showed that pumping well CC-19 at 20 gal/min would be sufficient to capture all ground-water flow from the plant area. Although water from other wells at the plant site contains higher concentrations of VOC's than water from well CC-19, pumping well CC-19 would induce the flow of water with higher concentrations of VOC's; however, pumping well CC-19 might causes VOC's to move lower into the aquifer.
The disposal area is underlain by the Ledger Dolomite. The dolomite at the disposal area is much more fractured than the dolomite at the plant area. Although many of the fractures are filled or partially filled with clay, the dolomite at the disposal area yields more water than the dolomite at the plant area. Yields of eight wells at the disposal area range from 15 to more than 200 gal/min; the median yield is greater than 100 gal/min. Specific capacities range from 2 to 280 (gal/min)/ft. Aquifer tests were conducted in two wells; estimated transimissivities were 34,900 and 56,300 feet squared per day. Concentrations of VOC's in ground water are lower at the disposal area than at the plant area. Water samples collected from wells at the disposal area in 1996 had maximum concentrations of TCE of 768 ug/L, PCE of 111 ug/L, and TCA of 108 ug/L. These concentrations are lower than concentrations in water samples collected before cleanup of drums in the disposal area was completed in 1984.
Ground water from the disposal area flows south-southeast toward Valley Creek. The hydraulic gradient between the disposal area and Valley Creek is 0.001. A well-defined plume of VOC’s in ground water extends downgradient from the disposal area toward Valley Creek. A comparison of data from 1995 to 1996 with data from 1981 to 1984 shows that concentrations of TCE, PCE, and TCA in water from most off-site wells have decreased and that water from fewer wells contains detectable concentrations of those compounds.
A capture-zone analysis was performed for three wells at the disposal area. The analysis showed that pumping wells CC-16, CC-17, and CC-18 at a combined rate of 270 gal/min would form a capture zone ranging from approximately 443 to 477 ft wide at a distance 500 ft upgradient from the center of the pumping wells. Pumping wells CC-16 and CC-17 together at a combined rate of 172 gal/min would form a capture zone ranging from approximately 172 to 400 ft wide at a distance 500 ft upgradient from the center of the pumping wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri964286","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., 1997, Hydrogeologic investigation of the Malvern TCE Superfund Site, Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4286, Report: xiv, 124 p.; 1 Plate: 15.81 x 22.82 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964286.","productDescription":"Report: xiv, 124 p.; 1 Plate: 15.81 x 22.82 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415723,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48610.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":95781,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4286/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58580,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4286/wri19964286.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1996-4286"},{"id":119626,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4286/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Chester County","otherGeospatial":"Malvern TCE Superfund Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.6,\n 40.0778\n ],\n [\n -75.6,\n 40.0458\n ],\n [\n -75.525,\n 40.0458\n ],\n [\n -75.525,\n 40.0778\n ],\n [\n -75.6,\n 40.0778\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070