Uranium deposits containing molybdenum and fluorite occur in the Central Mining Area, near Marysvale, Utah, and formed in an epithermal vein system that is part of a volcanic/hypabyssal complex. They represent a known, but uncommon, type of deposit; relative to other commonly described volcanic-related uranium deposits, they are young, well-exposed and well-documented. Hydrothermal uranium-bearing quartz and fluorite veins are exposed over a 300 m vertical range in the mines. Molybdenum, as jordisite (amorphous MoS2), together with fluorite and pyrite, increase with depth, and uranium decreases with depth. The veins cut 23-Ma quartz monzonite, 20-Ma granite, and 19-Ma rhyolite ash-flow tuff. The veins formed at 19-18 Ma in a 1 km2 area, above a cupola of a composite, recurrent, magma chamber at least 24 × 5 km across that fed a sequence of 21- to 14-Ma hypabyssal granitic stocks, rhyolite lava flows, ash-flow tuffs, and volcanic domes. Formation of the Central Mining Area began when the intrusion of a rhyolite stock, and related molybdenite-bearing, uranium-rich, glassy rhyolite dikes, lifted the fractured roof above the stock. A breccia pipe formed and relieved magmatic pressures, and as blocks of the fractured roof began to settle back in place, flat-lying, concave-downward, “pull-apart” fractures were formed. Uranium-bearing, quartz and fluorite veins were deposited by a shallow hydrothermal system in the disarticulated carapace. The veins, which filled open spaces along the high-angle fault zones and flat-lying fractures, were deposited within 115 m of the ground surface above the concealed rhyolite stock. Hydrothermal fluids with temperatures near 200 °C, 18OH2O∼−1.5, DH2O∼−130, log f O2 about −47 to −50, and pH about 6 to 7, permeated the fractured rocks; these fluids were rich in fluorine, molybdenum, potassium, and hydrogen sulfide, and contained uranium as fluoride complexes. The hydrothermal fluids reacted with the wallrock resulting in precipitation of uranium minerals. At the deepest exposed levels, wallrocks were altered to sericite; and uraninite, coffinite, jordisite, fluorite, molybdenite, quartz, and pyrite were deposited in the veins. The fluids were progressively oxidized and cooled at higher levels in the system by boiling and degassing; iron-bearing minerals in wall rocks were oxidized to hematite, and quartz, fluorite, minor siderite, and uraninite were deposited in the veins. Near the ground surface, the fluids were acidified by condensation of volatiles and oxidation of hydrogen sulfide in near-surface, steam-heated, ground waters; wall rocks were altered to kaolinite, and quartz, fluorite, and uraninite were deposited in veins. Secondary uranium minerals, hematite, and gypsum formed during supergene alteration later in the Cenozoic when the upper part of the mineralized system was exposed by erosion.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s001260050164","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, C.G., Rasmussen, J., Steven, T.A., Rye, R.O., Rowley, P.D., Romberger, S., and Selverstone, J., 1998, Hydrothermal uranium deposits containing molybdenum and fluorite in the Marysvale volcanic field, west-central Utah: Mineralium Deposita, v. 33, no. 5, p. 477-494, https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260050164.","productDescription":"18 p. 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\"}}]}","volume":"33","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37abe4b0c8380cd6106c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, C. G.","contributorId":76741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"C.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rasmussen, J.D.","contributorId":87826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steven, T. A.","contributorId":42575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steven","given":"T.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rowley, P. D.","contributorId":87551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowley","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Romberger, S.B.","contributorId":24114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romberger","given":"S.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Selverstone, J.","contributorId":24512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selverstone","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70020632,"text":"70020632 - 1998 - Geological setting and petrogenesis of symmetrically zoned, miarolitic granitic pegmatites at Stak Nala, Nanga Parbat - Haramosh Massif, northern Pakistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70020632","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geological setting and petrogenesis of symmetrically zoned, miarolitic granitic pegmatites at Stak Nala, Nanga Parbat - Haramosh Massif, northern Pakistan","docAbstract":"Miarolitic granitic pegmatites in the Stak valley in the northeast part of the Nanga Parbat - Haramosh Massif, in northern Pakistan, locally contain economic quantities of bi- and tricolored tourmaline. The pegmatites form flat-lying sills that range from less than 1 m to more than 3 m thick and show symmetrical internal zonation. A narrow outer or border zone of medium-to coarse-grained oligoclase - K-feldspar - quartz grades inward to a very coarse-grained wall zone characterized by K-feldspar - oligoclase - quartz - schorl tourmaline. Radiating sprays of schorl and flaring megacrysts of K-feldspar (intermediate microcline) point inward, indicating progressive crystallization toward the core. The core zone consists of variable mixtures of blocky K-feldspar (intermediate microcline), oligoclase, quartz, and sparse schorl or elbaite, with local bodies of sodic aplite and miarolitic cavities or \"pockets\". Minor spessartine-almandine garnet and lo??llingite are disseminated throughout the pegmatite, but were not observed in the pockets. The pockets contain well-formed crystals of albite, quartz, K-feldspar (maximum microcline ?? orthoclase overgrowths), schorl-elbaite tourmaline, muscovite or lepidolite, topaz, and small amounts of other minerals. Elbaite is color-zoned from core to rim: green (Fe2+- and Mn2+-bearing), colorless (Mn2+-bearing), and light pink (trace Mn3+). Within ???10 cm of the pegmatites, the granitic gneiss wallrock is bleached owing to conversion of biotite to muscovite, with local quartz and albite added. Schorl is disseminated through the altered gneiss, and veins of schorl with bleached selvages locally traverse the wallrock up to 1 m from the pegmatite contact. The schorl veins can be traced into the outer part of the wall zone, which suggests that they formed from aqueous fluids derived during early saturation of the pegmatite-forming leucogranitic magma rich in H2O, F, B, and Li. Progressive crystallization resulted in a late-stage sodic magma and abundant aqueous fluids. Two late stages of volatile escape are recognized: the first stage caused pressure-quenching of the last magma, which produced aplite and caused albitization (An3 to An8) of earlier crystallized K-feldspar and oligoclase. The second stage, released during the rupture of miarolitic cavities, produced platy albite (\"cleavelandite,\" An1) locally associated with F-rich moscovite and elbaite. Albitization is likely due to cooling of alkali-fluoride-dominated fluids at less than 2 kbar pressure. The pegmatites are derived from Himalayan leucogranitic magma emplaced prior to 5 Ma into granulitic gneiss that was at 300?? to 550??C and 1.5 to 2 kbar. The pegmatites were emplaced during uplift of the Haramosh Massif, since they cross-cut ductile normal faults but are cut by brittle normal faults. Economically important pink tourmaline mineralization formed in pockets concentrated near the crest of a broad antiform, as a result of trapping of late magmatic aqueous fluids that had become Fe-poor owing to the prior crystallization of schorl.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"Laurs, B., Dilles, J., Wairrach, Y., Kausar, A., and Snee, L., 1998, Geological setting and petrogenesis of symmetrically zoned, miarolitic granitic pegmatites at Stak Nala, Nanga Parbat - Haramosh Massif, northern Pakistan: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 36, no. 1, p. 1-47.","startPage":"1","endPage":"47","numberOfPages":"47","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231380,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a227de4b0c8380cd570bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laurs, B.M.","contributorId":37086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laurs","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dilles, J.H.","contributorId":25310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dilles","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wairrach, Y.","contributorId":33487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wairrach","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kausar, A.B.","contributorId":16186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kausar","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Snee, L.W.","contributorId":99981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":29774,"text":"wri984010 - 1998 - Geohydrology and distribution of volatile organic compounds in ground water in the Casey Village area, Bucks County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-06T20:48:16.439455","indexId":"wri984010","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4010","title":"Geohydrology and distribution of volatile organic compounds in ground water in the Casey Village area, Bucks County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Casey Village and the adjoining part of the U.S. Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC) are underlain by the Late Triassic-age Stockton Formation, which consists of a dipping series of siltstones and sandstones.
The direction of vertical ground-water gradients in the Stockton Formation varies among well locations and sometimes with time. Vertical gradients can be substantial; the difference in water levels at one well pair (two wells screened at different depths) was 7.1 ft (feet) over a 32-ft vertical section of the aquifer.
Potentiometric-surface maps show a groundwater divide that bisects the Casey Village area. For wells screened between 18 and 64 ft below land surface (bls), the general ground-water gradient is to the east and northeast on the east side of the divide and to the south and southwest on the west side of the divide. For wells screened between 48 and 106 ft bls, the general ground-water gradient is to the northeast on the east side of the divide and to the southwest and northwest on the west side of the divide. An aquifer test at one well in Casey Village caused drawdown in wells on the opposite side of the ground-water divide on the NAWC and shifted the ground-water divide in the deeper potentiometric surface to the west. Drawdowns formed an elliptical pattern, which indicates anisotropy; however, anisotropy is not aligned with strike or dip. Hydraulic stress caused by pumping crosses stratigraphic boundaries.
Between 1993 and 1996, the trichloroethylene (TCE) concentration in water samples collected from wells in Casey Village decreased. The highest concentration of TCE measured in water from one well decreased from 1,200 mg/L (micrograms per liter) in 1993 when domestic wells were pumped in Casey Village to 140 mg/L in 1996, 3 years after the installation of public water and the cessation of domestic pumping. This suggests that pumping of domestic wells may have contributed to TCE migration. Between 1993 and 1996, the tetrachloroethylene (PCE) concentration in water samples collected from wells in Casey Village decreased only slightly. The highest concentration of PCE measured in water from one well decreased from 720 mg/L in 1993 to 630 mg/L in 1996.
The distribution of TCE and PCE in ground water indicates the presence of separate PCE and TCE plumes, each with a different source area. The TCE plume appears to be moving in two directions away from the ground-water divide area. The pumping of a domestic well may have caused TCE migration into the ground-water divide area. From the divide area, the TCE plume appears to be moving both to the east and the west under the natural hydraulic gradient.
Aquifer-isolation tests conducted in the well with the highest TCE concentrations showed that concentrations of TCE in water samples from the isolated intervals were similar but slightly lower in the deeper isolated zones than in the shallower isolated zones. Upward flow was measured in this well during geophysical logging. If the source of TCE to the well was from shallow fractures, upward flow of less contaminated water could be flushing TCE from the immediate vicinity of this well. This may help explain why the concentration of TCE in water from this well decreased an order of magnitude between 1993 and 1996.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984010","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., Conger, R.W., and Grazul, K.E., 1998, Geohydrology and distribution of volatile organic compounds in ground water in the Casey Village area, Bucks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4010, vii, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984010.","productDescription":"vii, 81 p.","onlineOnly":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125174,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4010/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":2486,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4010/wri19984010.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.11 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1998-4010"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
In October 1993, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, began a study of the fill deposits in the Calumet region of northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois. Fill in this area is a mixture of steel-industry wastes, other industrial waste, municipal solid waste, dredging spoil, construction debris, ash, cinders, natural materials, and biological sludge. Fill deposits are concentrated along Lake Michigan; from the Lake Calumet area to the east of the Indiana Harbor Canal; along the Calumet, Little Calumet, and Grand Calumet Rivers; and along the Calumet Sag Channel. Industrial wastes and municipal solid wastes are used as fill near Lake Calumet. Steel-industry wastes, primarily slag, are used as fill along Lake Michigan, Wolf Lake, Lake George, parts of Lake Calumet, and parts of the Calumet and Little Calumet Rivers. Dredging spoil is located along the rivers, and in abandoned river channels, landfills, and tailing ponds. Cinders, ash, construction debris, and natural materials are scattered throughout the area.
Currently (1996), fill covers about 60.2 square miles of the study area. A total volume of about 2.1 x 1010 cubic feet of fill was calculated to be present in the Calumet region. Most of this fill is steel-industry waste.
Fill deposition in the study area has been essentially continuous from about 1870 to the present (1996). Fill deposited before 1964 was used as foundation for streets and railroad tracks, to create land for industrial expansion, and to dispose of waste material. Much of the fill deposited after 1964 was disposed of in landfills designed to minimize environmental effects.
Industrial wastes, municipal solid wastes, steel-industry wastes, and, perhaps, dredging spoil can be associated with increased concentrations of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds, pesticides, cyanide, metals, or major ions in ground water in this area. Construction debris, ash, cinders, and natural fill may be associated with increased concentrations of major ions in ground water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri964126","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Kay, R.T., Greeman, T.K., Duwelius, R.F., King, R.B., Nazimek, J.E., and Petrovski, D.M., 1997, Characterization of fill deposits in the Calumet region of northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4126, Report: iv, 36 p.; 3 Plates: 50.00 x 26.00 inches; Downloads directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964126.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 36 p.; 3 Plates: 50.00 x 26.00 inches; Downloads directory","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360966,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4126/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54135,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4126/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":285873,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4126/Downloads","text":"Downloads Directory","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":285872,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4126/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4126/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":360967,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4126/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":360965,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4126/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Calumet Region","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.666667,41.583333 ], [ -87.666667,41.666667 ], [ -87.166667,41.666667 ], [ -87.166667,41.583333 ], [ -87.666667,41.583333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e499fe4b07f02db5bd544","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kay, Robert T. 0000-0002-6281-8997 rtkay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-8997","contributorId":1122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kay","given":"Robert","email":"rtkay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greeman, Theodore K.","contributorId":30655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeman","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duwelius, Richard F.","contributorId":31378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duwelius","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"King, Robin B.","contributorId":34506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nazimek, John E.","contributorId":19596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nazimek","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Petrovski, David M.","contributorId":76784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petrovski","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":24274,"text":"ofr97402 - 1997 - Characterization of stormwater runoff from the Naval Air Station and Naval Wepons Industrial Reserve Plant, Dallas, Texas, 1994-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T15:41:38","indexId":"ofr97402","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-402","title":"Characterization of stormwater runoff from the Naval Air Station and Naval Wepons Industrial Reserve Plant, Dallas, Texas, 1994-96","docAbstract":"The characterization of stormwater runoff from the Naval Air Station (NAS) and the Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant (NWIRP), Dallas, Texas, is necessary to determine if runoff from the facilities is contributing to off-site contamination of surface waters, A network of five fixed sites and four grab sites was established to collect stormwater-runoff samples from a substantial part of the drainage area of each facility. Fixed sites were instrumented to measure and store precipitation, stage, discharge, and runoff-volume data and to collect flow-weighted composite samples during a storm. Grab and composite samples were collected for six storms at each of the five fixed sites from October 1994 to March 1996. The grab samples were analyzed for about 100 properties and constituents including specific conductance, pH, water temperature, bacteria, trace elements, oil and grease, total phenols, and volatile organic compounds. The composite samples were analyzed for about 220 properties and constituents including specific conductance, pH, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, major ions, suspended and dissolved solids, nutrients, trace elements, total organic carbon, volatile organic compounds, semivolatile organic compounds, and organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides. Grab samples were collected for two storms (September 18,1995, and October 2,1995) at each of the four grab sites. The grab samples were analyzed for about 80 constituents including specific conductance, pH, water temperature, trace elements, and volatile organic compounds. Composite samples were collected for two of the six storms sampled at the fixed sites and analyzed for aquatic toxicity. Fathead minnow growth and survival toxicity tests and water flea reproduction and survival toxicity tests were done.
\nMedian event-mean concentrations computed for 12 selected constituents in samples from NAS and NWIRP fixed sites were compared to median event-mean concentrations for residential, commercial, industrial, and highway land uses within the Dallas-Fort Worth area computed from data collected for the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System program. NAS and NWIRP median event-mean concentrations also were compared to those for residential and commercial land uses from the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97402","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Raines, T.H., Baldys, S., and Lizarraga, J., 1997, Characterization of stormwater runoff from the Naval Air Station and Naval Wepons Industrial Reserve Plant, Dallas, Texas, 1994-96: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-402, iv, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97402.","productDescription":"iv, 80 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155029,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0402/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53396,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0402/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raines, T. H.","contributorId":88389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baldys, Stanley sbaldys@usgs.gov","contributorId":3366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldys","given":"Stanley","email":"sbaldys@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":191614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lizarraga, J.S.","contributorId":17875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lizarraga","given":"J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28793,"text":"wri974195 - 1997 - Hydrogeology and water quality of a surficial aquifer underlying an urban area, Manchester, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-06T22:38:26.063223","indexId":"wri974195","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4195","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality of a surficial aquifer underlying an urban area, Manchester, Connecticut","docAbstract":"The quality of water along flowpaths in a surficial aquifer system in Manchester, Connecticut, was studied during 1993-95 as part of the National Water Quality Assessment program. The flowpath study examined the relations among hydrogeology, land-use patterns, and the presence of contaminants in a surficial aquifer in an urban area, and evaluated ground water as a source of contamination to surface water. \r\n\r\nA two-dimensional, finite-difference groundwater- flow model was used to estimate travel distance, which ranged from about 50 to 11,000 feet, from the source areas to the sampled observation wells. Land use, land cover, and population density were determined in the source areas delineated by the ground-water-flow simulation. Source areas to the wells contained either high- or medium-density residential areas, and population density ranged from 629 to 8,895 people per square mile. \r\n\r\nConcentrations of selected inorganic constituents, including sodium, chloride, and nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, were higher in the flowpath study wells than in wells in undeveloped areas with similar aquifer materials. One or more of 9 volatile organic compounds were detected at 12 of 14 wells. The three most commonly detected volatile organic compounds were chloroform, methyl-tert-butyl ether, and trichloroethene. Trichloroethene was detected at concentrations greater than the maximum contaminant level for drinking water (5 micrograms per liter) in samples from one well. Four pesticides, including dichloro diphenyl dichloroethylene, dieldrin, dichloroprop, and simazine were detected at low concentrations. \r\n\r\nConcentrations of sodium and chloride were higher in samples collected from wells screened in the top of the saturated zone than in samples collected from deeper zones. Volatile organic compounds and elevated concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen were detected at depths of as much as 60 feet below the water table, indicating that the effects of human activities on the ground-water quality extends to the bottom of the surficial aquifer. \r\n\r\nThe age of ground water, as determined by tritium and 3helium concentrations, was 0.9 to 22.6 years. pH, alkalinity, and calcium were higher and concentrations of dissolved oxygen were lower in ground-water samples with ages of 10 years or more than in samples younger than 10 years. In addition, concentrations of sodium, chloride, and nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen were low in ground-water samples with ages of 10 years or more, indicating that concentrations of these compounds may be increasing with time or that the recharge areas to these wells may have had less intensive urban land use. Methyl-tert-butyl ether was detected only in wells with ground water ages of less than 11 years, which is consistent with the date of introduction of this compound as a gasoline additive in Connecticut. \r\n\r\nAnalysis of additional samples collected for analysis of stable nitrogen isotopes indicated that the most likely source of elevated concentrations of nitrate nitrogen was lawn and garden fertilizers, but other sources, including wastewater effluents, soil organic nitrogen, and atmospheric deposition, may contribute to the total. Population density was positively correlated (at the 97 percent confidence level) to concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen. \r\n\r\nWater quality in the Hockanum River aquifer has been degraded by human activities, and, after discharge to surface water, affects the water quality in the Hockanum River. On an annual basis, ground-water discharge from the study area to the river (as measured at a downstream continuous-record gaging station) contributes about 5 percent of the annual load of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, but, during low flow, contributes 11 percent of the nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, 32 percent of the calcium, and 16 percent of the chloride to the river.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri974195","usgsCitation":"Mullaney, J.R., and Grady, S.J., 1997, Hydrogeology and water quality of a surficial aquifer underlying an urban area, Manchester, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4195, vii, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974195.","productDescription":"vii, 40 p.","costCenters":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":411536,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48806.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57664,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4195/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124803,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4195/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","city":"Manchester","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.65670776367188,\n 41.61749568924243\n ],\n [\n -72.36557006835938,\n 41.61749568924243\n ],\n [\n -72.36557006835938,\n 41.9196507151163\n ],\n [\n -72.65670776367188,\n 41.9196507151163\n ],\n [\n -72.65670776367188,\n 41.61749568924243\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62540e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mullaney, John R. 0000-0003-4936-5046 jmullane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4936-5046","contributorId":1957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullaney","given":"John","email":"jmullane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":196,"text":"Connecticut Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grady, Stephen J.","contributorId":101636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grady","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25677,"text":"wri974171 - 1997 - Natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in a freshwater tidal wetland, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:10","indexId":"wri974171","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4171","title":"Natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in a freshwater tidal wetland, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","docAbstract":"Ground-water contaminant plumes that are flowing toward or currently discharging to wetland areas present unique remediation problems because of the hydrologic connections between ground water and surface water and the sensitive habitats in wetlands. Because wetlands typically have a large diversity of microorganisms and redox conditions that could enhance biodegradation, they are ideal environments for natural attenuation of organic contaminants, which is a treatment method that would leave the ecosystem largely undisturbed and be cost effective. During 1992-97, the U.S. Geological Survey investigated the natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOC's) in a contaminant plume that discharges from a sand aquifer to a freshwater tidal wetland along the West Branch Canal Creek at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. Characterization of the hydrogeology and geochemistry along flowpaths in the wetland area and determination of the occurrence and rates of biodegradation and sorption show that natural attenuation could be a feasible remediation method for the contaminant plume that extends along the West Branch Canal Creek. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974171","usgsCitation":"Lorah, M.M., Olsen, L., Smith, B.L., Johnson, M.A., and Fleck, W.B., 1997, Natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in a freshwater tidal wetland, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4171, x, 95 p. : ill. (some col.), maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974171.","productDescription":"x, 95 p. : ill. (some col.), maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122916,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_97_4171.jpg"},{"id":1809,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri97-4171/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6981e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorah, Michelle M. 0000-0002-9236-587X mmlorah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-587X","contributorId":1437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorah","given":"Michelle","email":"mmlorah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsen, Lisa D. ldolsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Lisa D.","email":"ldolsen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Barrett L.","contributorId":16450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Barrett","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Mark A. majohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Mark","email":"majohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":194617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fleck, William B.","contributorId":17587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":23824,"text":"ofr97246 - 1997 - NAWQA, National Water-Quality Assessment Program; Allegheny-Monongahela River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T09:55:45","indexId":"ofr97246","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-246","title":"NAWQA, National Water-Quality Assessment Program; Allegheny-Monongahela River Basin","docAbstract":"Surface-water and ground-water quality and aquatic life can be significantly affected by the following principal issues identified in the Allegheny-Monongahela River Basin:
Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
From 1992 through 1995, nearly 1,200 water-quality samples from about 500 sites were collected, processed, and analyzed for the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania and Maryland. Sites were selected and samples were collected for 28 integrated water-quality studies designed to provide a comprehensive and nationally consistent description of current water-quality conditions, to begin to identify trends in water quality, and to determine the major factors that affect observed water quality. To achieve this, stream-water, ground-water, streambed-sediment, and biota samples were collected, and habitat assessments were conducted at selected data-collection sites.
This report discusses the water-quality study design, site-selection strategy, and implementation steps used to obtain water-quality and related data. Methods employed to collect, process, and analyze samples, characterize sites, and assess habitat are described. A comprehensive list of all sites employed in these studies and their characteristics is provided. Sample analyses conducted for the water-quality studies described in this report, including nutrients, pesticides, major ions, volatile organic compounds (VOC's), and trace elements, as well as measured or observed physical properties and habitat characteristics, also are listed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr97583","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Siwiec, S.F., Hainly, R.A., Lindsey, B., Bilger, M.D., and Brightbill, R.A., 1997, Water-quality assessment of the Lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland: Design and implementation of water-quality studies, 1992-95: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-583, xii, 121 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97583.","productDescription":"xii, 121 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393478,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18818.htm"},{"id":350520,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0583/ofr19970583.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.70 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1997-0583"},{"id":154467,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0583/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Lower Susquehanna River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.9040,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -75.76,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -75.76,\n 41.206\n ],\n [\n -78.9040,\n 41.206\n ],\n [\n -78.9040,\n 39.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are found in almost all natural and synthetic materials and are commonly used in fuels, fuel additives, solvents, perfumes, flavor additives, and deodorants. Potential health hazards and environmental degradation resulting from the widespread use of VOCs has prompted increasing concern among scientists, industry, and the general public.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs19497","usgsCitation":"O’Brien, A.K., Reiser, R.G., and Gylling, H., 1997, Spatial variability of volatile organic compounds in streams on Long Island, New York, and in New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 194-97, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs19497.","productDescription":"6 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117840,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0194/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34114,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0194/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, New York","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.82861328125,\n 41.05864414643029\n ],\n [\n -72.410888671875,\n 40.84706035607122\n ],\n [\n -73.1964111328125,\n 40.61812224225511\n ],\n [\n -73.9105224609375,\n 40.543026009954986\n ],\n [\n -73.948974609375,\n 40.38839687388361\n ],\n [\n -74.102783203125,\n 39.72831341029745\n ],\n [\n -74.3994140625,\n 39.342794408952386\n ],\n [\n -74.92675781249999,\n 38.882481197550774\n ],\n [\n -75.0146484375,\n 38.955137225429574\n ],\n [\n -74.90478515625,\n 39.172658670429946\n ],\n [\n -75.16845703124999,\n 39.1854331703021\n ],\n [\n -75.552978515625,\n 39.45316112807394\n ],\n [\n -75.5859375,\n 39.6437675734185\n ],\n [\n -75.465087890625,\n 39.78321267821705\n ],\n [\n -75.16845703124999,\n 39.918162846609455\n ],\n [\n -74.761962890625,\n 40.17887331434696\n ],\n [\n -75.0970458984375,\n 40.44694705960048\n ],\n [\n -75.223388671875,\n 40.57224011776902\n ],\n [\n -75.20690917968749,\n 40.77638178482896\n ],\n [\n -75.0970458984375,\n 40.88860081193033\n ],\n [\n -75.157470703125,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -74.92675781249999,\n 41.17451935556443\n ],\n [\n -74.827880859375,\n 41.33970040774419\n ],\n [\n -74.70703125,\n 41.372686481864655\n ],\n [\n -73.89404296875,\n 41.000629848685385\n ],\n [\n -73.948974609375,\n 40.78054143186031\n ],\n [\n -73.71826171874999,\n 40.89275342420696\n ],\n [\n -73.465576171875,\n 40.95915977213492\n ],\n [\n -73.2293701171875,\n 40.925964939514294\n ],\n [\n -73.1195068359375,\n 40.98819156349393\n ],\n [\n -72.6470947265625,\n 40.992337919312284\n ],\n [\n -72.366943359375,\n 41.17038447781618\n ],\n [\n -72.04833984375,\n 41.29431726315258\n ],\n [\n -71.82861328125,\n 41.05864414643029\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e66d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Brien, Anne K.","contributorId":52955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reiser, Robert G. 0000-0001-5140-2745 rreiser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5140-2745","contributorId":4083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiser","given":"Robert","email":"rreiser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gylling, Helle","contributorId":66248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gylling","given":"Helle","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24515,"text":"ofr97401 - 1997 - Field guide for collecting samples for analysis of volatile organic compounds in stream water for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:04","indexId":"ofr97401","displayToPublicDate":"1998-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-401","title":"Field guide for collecting samples for analysis of volatile organic compounds in stream water for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","docAbstract":"For many years, stream samples for analysis of volatile organic compounds have been collected without specific guidelines or a sampler designed to avoid analyte loss. In 1996, the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program began aggressively monitoring urban stream-water for volatile organic compounds. To assure representative samples and consistency in collection procedures, a specific sampler was designed to collect samples for analysis of volatile organic compounds in stream water. This sampler, and the collection procedures, were tested in the laboratory and in the field for compound loss, contamination, sample reproducibility, and functional capabilities. This report describes that sampler and its use, and outlines field procedures specifically designed to provide contaminant-free, reproducible volatile organic compound data from stream-water samples. \r\n\r\nThese guidelines and the equipment described represent a significant change in U.S. Geological Survey instructions for collecting and processing stream-water samples for analysis of volatile organic compounds. They are intended to produce data that are both defensible and interpretable, particularly for concentrations below the microgram-per-liter level. The guidelines also contain detailed recommendations for quality-control samples.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97401","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Shelton, L.R., 1997, Field guide for collecting samples for analysis of volatile organic compounds in stream water for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-401, vii, 14 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97401.","productDescription":"vii, 14 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155906,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0401/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53567,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0401/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e499fe4b07f02db5bcd9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shelton, Larry R.","contributorId":62237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelton","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6898,"text":"fs06397 - 1997 - Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in streams on Long Island, New York, and New Jersey; overview of available data and reconnaissance sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:54","indexId":"fs06397","displayToPublicDate":"1998-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"063-97","title":"Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in streams on Long Island, New York, and New Jersey; overview of available data and reconnaissance sampling","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs06397","usgsCitation":"Terracciano, S.A., and O’Brien, A.K., 1997, Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in streams on Long Island, New York, and New Jersey; overview of available data and reconnaissance sampling: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 063-97, 1 folded sheet (4) p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. maps ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs06397.","productDescription":"1 folded sheet (4) p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. maps ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0063/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34200,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0063/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db6920a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Terracciano, Stephen A. saterrac@usgs.gov","contributorId":1076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terracciano","given":"Stephen","email":"saterrac@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":153536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Brien, Anne K.","contributorId":52955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25914,"text":"wri974067 - 1997 - Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas -- Shallow ground-water quality and land use in the Albuquerque area, central New Mexico, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-16T19:13:35.333046","indexId":"wri974067","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4067","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas -- Shallow ground-water quality and land use in the Albuquerque area, central New Mexico, 1993","docAbstract":"This report describes the quality of shallow ground water and the \r\nrelations between land use and the quality of that shallow ground water \r\nin an urban area in and adjacent to Albuquerque, New Mexico. Water\r\nsamples were collected from 24 shallow wells. Samples were analyzed for \r\nselected common constituents, nutrients, trace elements, radionuclides, \r\nvolatile organic compounds, and pesticides. \r\n\r\n The study area, which is in the Albuquerque Basin in central New Mexico, \r\nwas limited to the Rio Grande flood plain; depth to water in this area \r\ngenerally is less than 25 feet. The amount and composition of recharge to \r\nthe shallow ground-water system are important factors that affect shallow \r\nground-water composition in this area. Important sources of recharge that \r\naffect shallow ground-water quality in the area include infiltration of \r\nsurface water, which is used in agricultural land-use areas to irrigate \r\ncrops, and infiltration of septic-system effluent in residential areas. \r\nAgricultural land use represents about 28 percent of the area, and residential \r\nland use represents about 35 percent of the total study area. In most of the \r\nstudy area, agricultural land use is interspersed with residential land use \r\nand neither is the dominant land use in the area. Land use in the study area \r\nhistorically has been changing from agricultural to urban. \r\n\r\n The composition of shallow ground water in the study area varies \r\nconsiderably. The dissolved solids concentration in shallow ground water in \r\nthe study area ranges from 272 to 1,650 milligrams per liter, although the \r\nrelative percentages of selected cations and anions do not vary substantially. \r\nCalcium generally is the dominant cation and bicarbonate generally is the \r\ndominant anion. Concentrations of nutrients generally were less than 1 \r\nmilligram per liter. The concentration of many trace elements in shallow \r\nground water was below or slightly above 1 microgram per liter and there was \r\nlittle variation in the concentrations. Barium, iron, manganese, molybdenum, \r\nand uranium were the only trace elements analyzed for that had median \r\nconcentrations greater than 5 micrograms per liter. Volatile organic \r\ncompounds were detected in 5 of 24 samples. Cis-1,2-dichloroethene and \r\n1,1-dichloroethane were the most commonly detected volatile organic compounds \r\n(detected in two samples each). Pesticides were detected in 8 of 24 samples. \r\nPrometon was the most commonly detected pesticide (detected in 5 of 24 \r\nsamples). Concentrations of volatile organic compounds and pesticides detected \r\nwere much smaller than any U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards \r\nthat have been established. \r\n\r\n Infiltration of surface water and the evaporation or transpiration of \r\nthis water, which partially is the result of past and present agricultural \r\nland use, seem to affect the concentrations of common constituents in shallow \r\nground water in the study area. The small excess chloride in shallow ground \r\nwater relative to surface water that has been affected by evaporation or \r\ntranspiration could be due to mixing of shallow ground water with small \r\namounts of precipitation/bulk deposition or septic-system effluent. \r\n\r\n Infiltration of septic-system effluent (residential land use) has \r\naffected the shallow ground-water composition in parts of the study area on \r\nthe basis of the small dissolved oxygen concentrations, large dissolved \r\norganic carbon concentrations, and excess chloride. Despite the loading of \r\nnitrogen to the shallow ground-water system as the result of infiltration of \r\nseptic-system effluent, the small nitrogen concentrations in shallow ground \r\nwater probably are due to the small dissolved oxygen concentrations and \r\nrelatively large dissolved organic carbon concentrations. \r\n\r\n The small concentrations and lack of variation of most trace elements \r\nindicate that land use has not substantially affected the concentration","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974067","usgsCitation":"Anderholm, S.K., 1997, Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas -- Shallow ground-water quality and land use in the Albuquerque area, central New Mexico, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4067, vii, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974067.","productDescription":"vii, 73 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393012,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48693.htm"},{"id":54675,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4067/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4067/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","city":"Albuquerque","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.864013671875,\n 34.63772760271713\n ],\n [\n -106.534423828125,\n 34.63772760271713\n ],\n [\n -106.534423828125,\n 35.294952147406576\n ],\n [\n -106.864013671875,\n 35.294952147406576\n ],\n [\n -106.864013671875,\n 34.63772760271713\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a55e4b07f02db62cf55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderholm, Scott K.","contributorId":94270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderholm","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44846,"text":"wri974082B - 1997 - Quality of shallow ground water in alluvial aquifers of the Willamette Basin, Oregon, 1993-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:55","indexId":"wri974082B","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4082","chapter":"B","title":"Quality of shallow ground water in alluvial aquifers of the Willamette Basin, Oregon, 1993-95","docAbstract":"The current (1993?95) quality of shallow ground water (generally, <25 meters below land surface) in Willamette Basin alluvium is described using results from two studies. A Study-Unit Survey, or regional assessment of shallow groundwater quality in alluvium, was done from June through August 1993. During the Study-Unit Survey, data were collected from 70 domestic wells chosen using a random-selection process and located mostly in areas of agricultural land use. An urban Land-Use Study, which was a reconnaissance of shallow urban ground-water quality from 10 monitoring wells installed in areas of residential land use, was done in July 1995. Concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate (henceforth, nitrate, because nitrite concentrations were low) ranged from <0.05 to 26 mg N/L (milligrams nitrogen per liter) in ground water from 70 Study-Unit-Survey wells; concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 mg N/L in 9 percent of Study-Unit-Survey samples. Relationships were observed between nitrate concentrations and dissolved-oxygen concentrations, the amount of clay present within and overlying aquifers, overlying geology, and upgradient land use. Tritium (3H) data indicate that 21 percent of Study-Unit-Survey samples represented water recharged prior to 1953. Nitrogen-fertilizer application rates in the basin have increased greatly over the past several decades. Thus, some observed nitrate concentrations may reflect nitrogen loading rates that were smaller than those presently applied in the basin. Concentrations of phosphorus ranged from <0.01 to 2.2 mg/L in 70 Study-Unit-Survey wells and exceeded 0.10 mg/L in 60 percent of the samples. Phosphorus and nitrate concentrations were inversely correlated. From 1 to 5 pesticides and pesticide degradation products (henceforth, pesticides) were detected in ground water from each of 23 Study-Unit-Survey wells (33 percent of 69 wells sampled for pesticides) for a total of 51 pesticide detections. Thirteen different pesticides were detected; atrazine was the most frequently encountered pesticide. Although detections were widespread, concentrations were low (generally <1,000 ng/L [nanograms per liter]). (One ng/L is equal to 0.001 mg/L [micrograms per liter].) One detection (dinoseb, at 7,900 ng/L) exceeded a USEPA MCL. Relationships were observed between the occurrence of pesticides and the amount of clay present within and overlying aquifers, overlying geology, and land use. Between 1 and 5 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected at each of 7 Study-Unit-Survey sites (11 percent of 65 sites evaluated), for a total of 14 VOC detections. One detection (tetrachloroethylene, at 29 mg/L) exceeded a USEPA MCL. Other detections were at low concentrations (0.2 to 2.0 mg/L). VOC detections generally were from sites associated with urban land use. Concentrations of arsenic ranged from <1 to 13 mg/L in 70 Study-Unit-Survey wells. Concentrations in 16 percent of samples exceeded the USEPA Risk-Specific-Dose Health Advisory of 2 mg/L. Radon concentrations ranged from 200 to 1,200 pCi/L (picocuries per liter) in 51 Study-Unit-Survey wells. All samples exceeded the USEPA Risk-Specific-Dose Health Advisory of 150 pCi/L. All urban Land-Use-Study samples were well oxygenated; thus, nitrate reduction probably did not affect these samples. Urban Land-Use-Study nitrate concentrations were similar to those of the well oxygenated, agricultural subset of Study-Unit-Survey samples. Pesticides were detected in samples from three urban Land-Use-Study sites, but concentrations were low (1 to 5 ng/L). In contrast, VOCs were detected in ground water from 80 percent of urban Land-Use-Study wells; concentrations ranged up to 7.6 mg/L. Trace-element concentrations in the urban Land-Use Study samples were low. Median concentrations consistently were <10 mg/L and frequently were <1 mg/L","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri974082B","usgsCitation":"Hinkle, S.R., 1997, Quality of shallow ground water in alluvial aquifers of the Willamette Basin, Oregon, 1993-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4082, x, 48 p. : ill., maps (some col.) ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974082B.","productDescription":"x, 48 p. : ill., maps (some col.) ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3951,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://oregon.usgs.gov/pubs_dir/Pdf/97-4082b.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":168874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4082b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":82202,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4082b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8ee4b07f02db6549fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkle, Stephen R. srhinkle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkle","given":"Stephen","email":"srhinkle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29902,"text":"wri974241 - 1997 - Occurrence of nitrate, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, southern New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-08T13:33:10.673476","indexId":"wri974241","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4241","title":"Occurrence of nitrate, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, southern New Jersey","docAbstract":"Water samples were collected from a network of 72 shallow monitoring wells to assess the chemical quality of recently recharged ground water in the surficial Kirkwood- Cohansey aquifer system of southern New Jersey. The wells are randomly distributed among agricultural, urban, and undeveloped areas to provide data representative of chemical conditions of ground water underlying each of these land-use settings. Samples were analyzed for nutrients, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds (VOC's). Concentrations of nitrate were highest in agricultural areas, where the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 mg/L (milligrams per liter) as nitrogen was exceeded in 60 percent of the samples. Concentrations of nitrate were intermediate in urban areas, where the 10-mg/L concentration was exceeded in only 1 of 44 samples. All concentrations in samples from undeveloped areas were less than 1.0 mg/L. Pesticides and VOC's were frequently detected; however, concentrations were low and rarely exceeded established or proposed USEPA or N.J. Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) drinking-water regulations. With the exception of the agricultural pesticide dinoseb, established regulations are at least 2.9 times the maximum concentration for pesticides and at least 5 times the maximum concentration for VOC's reported in the samples from the 72-well network.
Investigations by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) are ongoing in southern New Jersey to evaluate the (1) presence and concentration of pesticide-degradation byproducts in shallow ground water; (2) presence and movement of nitrate, pesticides, and VOC's in the atmosphere, streams, unsaturated zone, and aquifers; (3) transport and fate of these compounds as they migrate deeper into the aquifer system; and (4) implications of these findings for the integrity of the regional water supply.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974241","usgsCitation":"Stackelberg, P.E., Hopple, J.A., and Kauffman, L.J., 1997, Occurrence of nitrate, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, southern New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4241, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974241.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124970,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4241/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58719,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4241/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400830,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48848.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.3042,\n 39.45\n ],\n [\n -74.8528,\n 39.45\n ],\n [\n -74.8528,\n 39.8583\n ],\n [\n -75.3042,\n 39.8583\n ],\n [\n -75.3042,\n 39.45\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af5e4b07f02db69237f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stackelberg, Paul E. 0000-0002-1818-355X pestack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1818-355X","contributorId":1069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stackelberg","given":"Paul","email":"pestack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopple, Jessica A. 0000-0003-3180-2252 jahopple@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3180-2252","contributorId":992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopple","given":"Jessica","email":"jahopple@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":202325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kauffman, Leon J. 0000-0003-4564-0362 lkauff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4564-0362","contributorId":1094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"Leon","email":"lkauff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25720,"text":"wri974097 - 1997 - Preliminary conceptual models of the occurrence, fate, and transport of chlorinated solvents in karst regions of Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:15","indexId":"wri974097","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4097","title":"Preliminary conceptual models of the occurrence, fate, and transport of chlorinated solvents in karst regions of Tennessee","docAbstract":"Published and unpublished reports and data from 22 contaminated sites in Tennessee were reviewed to develop preliminary conceptual models of the behavior of chlorinated solvents in karst aquifers. Chlorinated solvents are widely used in many industrial operations. High density and volatility, low viscosity, and solubilities that are low in absolute terms but high relative to drinkingwater standards make chlorinated solvents mobile and persistent contaminants that are difficult to find or remove when released into the groundwater system. The major obstacle to the downward migration of chlorinated solvents in the subsurface is the capillary pressure of small openings. In karst aquifers, chemical dissolution has enlarged joints, bedding planes, and other openings that transmit water. Because the resulting karst conduits are commonly too large to develop significant capillary pressures, chlorinated solvents can migrate to considerable depth in karst aquifers as dense nonaqueous-phase liquids (DNAPL?s). Once chlorinated DNAPL accumulates in a karst aquifer, it becomes a source for dissolved-phase contamination of ground water. A relatively small amount of chlorinated DNAPL has the potential to contaminate ground water over a significant area for decades or longer. Conceptual models are needed to assist regulators and site managers in characterizing chlorinated-solvent contamination in karst settings and in evaluating clean-up alternatives. Five preliminary conceptual models were developed, emphasizing accumulation sites for chlorinated DNAPL in karst aquifers. The models were developed for the karst regions of Tennessee, but are intended to be transferable to similar karst settings elsewhere. The five models of DNAPL accumulation in karst settings are (1) trapping in regolith, (2) pooling at the top of bedrock, (3) pooling in bedrock diffuse-flow zones, (4) pooling in karst conduits, and (5) pooling in isolation from active ground-water flow. More than one conceptual model of DNAPL accumulation may be applicable to a given site, depending on details of the contaminant release and geologic setting. Trapping in regolith is most likely to occur where the regolith is thick and relatively impermeable with few large cracks, fissures, or macropores. Accumulation at the top of rock is favored by flat-lying strata with few fractures or karst features near the bedrock surface. Fractures or karst features near the bedrock surface encourage migration of chlorinated DNAPL into karst conduits or diffuse-flow zones in bedrock. DNAPL can migrate through one bedrock flow regime into an underlying flow regime with different characteristics or into openings that are isolated from significant ground-water flow. As a general rule, the difficulty of finding and removing DNAPL increases with depth, lateral distance from the source, and complexity of the ground-water flow system. The prospects for mitigation are generally best for DNAPL accumulation in the regolith or at the bedrock surface. However, many such accumulations are likely to be difficult to find or remove. Accumulations in bedrock diffuse-flow zones or in fractures isolated from flow may be possible to find and partially mitigate, but will likely leave significant amounts of contaminant in small fractures or as solute diffused into primary pores. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974097","usgsCitation":"Wolfe, W., Haugh, C., Webbers, A., and Diehl, T., 1997, Preliminary conceptual models of the occurrence, fate, and transport of chlorinated solvents in karst regions of Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4097, vii, 80 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974097.","productDescription":"vii, 80 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1836,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974097","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156915,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c5da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolfe, W.J.","contributorId":10069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haugh, C.J.","contributorId":24380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haugh","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Webbers, Ank","contributorId":74782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webbers","given":"Ank","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Diehl, T.H.","contributorId":89170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diehl","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}